MISAMIS UNIVERSITY

Ozamiz City 7200, Philippines

Tel No. +63 88 521-0367 / Telefax No. +63 88 521-2917
E-mail Address: mu@mu.edu.ph
CERTIFIED: ISO 9001:2015 Risk Management – Det Norske Veritas, The Netherlands
ACCREDITED: Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities Commission on Accreditation
(PACUCOA)

HANDOUTS

MODULE 1.1 – 1.7

STS

Prepared by: Celada, Kyrriel J.

June 10, 2021
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 MISAMIS UNIVERSITY
Ozamiz City 7200, Philippines
Tel No. +63 88 521-0367 / Telefax No. +63 88 521-2917
E-mail Address: mu@mu.edu.ph
CERTIFIED: ISO 9001:2015 Risk Management – Det Norske Veritas, The Netherlands
ACCREDITED: Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities Commission on Accreditation
(PACUCOA)

MODULE 1.1
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE COURSE AND
TECHNOLOGY
LEARNING OUTCOME
 At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to: describe the interactions between Science,
technology and society throughout history. 
OUTLINE
Science and Technology in Different Periods
 Ancient Period
 Medieval Period
 Renaissance Period
 Industrial Period
 In the 19th Century
 In the 20th Century
INTRODUCTION:
 Throughout history, Science and Technology development has been a part of mankind from its earliest
days to today’s generation.
 “The science of today is the technology of tomorrow.”-Edward Teller
________________________________________________________________________________________________
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN DIFFERENT PERIOD
ANCIENT PERIOD (C.A. 3,500 B.C - 500 A.D.)
 Stone was primarily used as a tool
 Fire was discovered 
 Wheel and paper were invented
 System of writing with the Cuneiform (Sumeriand) and hieroglyphics (Egyptians)
 Seven wonders of the Ancient World
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MEDIEVAL PERIOD (C.A 500 - 1500)
 Also known as the “Dark Ages”
 Mechanical clocks, water mills and vertical windmills invented 
 Printing press was invented by Johannes Gutenberg
________________________________________________________________________________________________
RENAISSANCE PERIOD (14TH - 17TH CENTURY)
 Renaissance- “period of rebirth”
 Printing books helped spread knowledge and information
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 MISAMIS UNIVERSITY
Ozamiz City 7200, Philippines
Tel No. +63 88 521-0367 / Telefax No. +63 88 521-2917
E-mail Address: mu@mu.edu.ph
CERTIFIED: ISO 9001:2015 Risk Management – Det Norske Veritas, The Netherlands
ACCREDITED: Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities Commission on Accreditation
(PACUCOA)
 Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton made their remarkable discoveries and
theories about the Solar system.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (18TH CENTURY)
 Manual labor was transferred from human hands to machines.
 Began in Great Britain and then spread across the world.
 Inventions of this period include the steam engine (James Watt), steamboat (Robert Fulton), and
the steam locomotive (George Stephenson).
________________________________________________________________________________________________
IN THE 19TH CENTURY
 Development of Chemistry, Biology and Physics
 Electricity became a trend
 Cars became the main mode of transportation on land, while the airplane became the
transportation on air.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
IN THE 20TH CENTURY
 Communication and transportation system was greatly enhanced
 Personal Computer, the Internet and the mobile phone paved the way for the so-called
“Communication Age”
 Artificial Intelligence was realized
________________________________________________________________________________________________
CONCLUSION
 Throughout the history of mankind, the interaction of Science and Technology shaped its existence into
this world and allowed him to make progress, making his life better and comfortable, paving the way for
a brighter future.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
MODULE 1.2
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
LEARNING OUTCOME
 At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to: describe the different paradigm shifts in history.
OUTCOME
1. Intellectual Revolutions
2. Copernican Revolution
3. Darwinian Revolution
4. Freudian revolution
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 MISAMIS UNIVERSITY
Ozamiz City 7200, Philippines
Tel No. +63 88 521-0367 / Telefax No. +63 88 521-2917
E-mail Address: mu@mu.edu.ph
CERTIFIED: ISO 9001:2015 Risk Management – Det Norske Veritas, The Netherlands
ACCREDITED: Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities Commission on Accreditation
(PACUCOA)
________________________________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
 Intellectual Revolution is a period in the history of Science and Technology when people’s perceptions
and traditional beliefs are changed in favor of an opposite and novel idea.
 Described by the philosopher Thomas Kuhn in his book (The Structure Revolutions) as a “Paradigm
Shift”.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
 Its main principles are Earth is not special in a cosmological sense.
 Seriously by Nicolaus Copernicus, authored in De Revolutionibus
 It was not well accepted by scholars or the public. It violated the religious teaching of the time. 
 Galileo Galilei’s observation of the sun, the moon and the planets Venus and Jupiter provided the
necessary evidence to prove Copernicus Theory.
 Unfortunately, these findings led to his house arrest later in his life.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
THE DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
 The Darwinian Revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhibited by unchanging
species.
 Charles Darwin's journey on the Galapagos Island led to his publication of the book On the Origin of
Species, which focused on the process of natural selection. 
ID: Instincts EGO: Reality SUPEREGO: Morality
________________________________________________________________________________________________
CONCLUSION
These intellectual revolutions created what we called a “Paradigm Shift” that changed our perspectives and
view of the world as what it is and helped shape our society as what it is today.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
MODULE 1.3
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF S & T POLICIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
FILIPINO NATION

LEARNING OUTCOME
Assess the impact of actual science and technology policies on the development of the Filipino Nation.
OUTCOME
Assess the impact of Science and Technology to the flourishing of the human person in the society and to the
meaning of good life. 
________________________________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
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 MISAMIS UNIVERSITY
Ozamiz City 7200, Philippines
Tel No. +63 88 521-0367 / Telefax No. +63 88 521-2917
E-mail Address: mu@mu.edu.ph
CERTIFIED: ISO 9001:2015 Risk Management – Det Norske Veritas, The Netherlands
ACCREDITED: Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities Commission on Accreditation
(PACUCOA)
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE BUILDING OF THE FILIPINO NATION
 Development has become synonymous with the word technology. In these modern times, technological
advancement has been the key to a successful and wealthy nation, especially when talking about those
countries that have become technological giants, like the United States, UK, Russia and Japan to name a
few. 
 Here in the Philippines, we have already embraced technological advancement for decades already, even
before the Spaniards came here. 
 In terms of consumption, we are on par with other countries, as evident by the various technologies we
can see on the market, but in terms of production, we are not yet on par with those giants in terms of
quality and quantity. 
 But despite this setback, our government implemented many policies in order for the Philippines to stay
in the race for technological supremacy. Throughout the history of the Philippines, we Filipinos have
shown that we effectively utilize technology that led us to become one Filipino nation.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
 Even before the Spaniards colonized the country, Science and Technological development is already
evident through the use of medicinal plants and herbs, modes of transportation such as boats, and the
rice terraces of the Cordillera regions.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
COLONIAL PERIOD
 The Spaniards provided our country with modern means of construction like walls, roads, and bridges,
as well as health and education systems. 
 On the other hand, the Americans modernized the mode of living in the Philippines, while establishing
agencies dedicated to science, such as the Bureau of Science.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
 The Philippines continues to grow scientifically and technologically after we gain independence, with
each president having his own agenda that ensured the continuation of scientific agencies and
organizations that help ushered in a new generation of scientific enthusiasts in our country. 
 Of these presidents, Ferdinand Marcos helped ushered in advancements in S&T, with scientific agencies
such as PAGASA, NAST and NSTA (now DOST) founded during his term.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
MODULE 1.4
HUMAN FLOURISHING
PART II: Science, Technology and Society and the Human Condition 

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 MISAMIS UNIVERSITY
Ozamiz City 7200, Philippines
Tel No. +63 88 521-0367 / Telefax No. +63 88 521-2917
E-mail Address: mu@mu.edu.ph
CERTIFIED: ISO 9001:2015 Risk Management – Det Norske Veritas, The Netherlands
ACCREDITED: Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities Commission on Accreditation
(PACUCOA)
LEARNING OUTCOME
 At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to: describe the human condition in order to deeply
reflect and express philosophical ramifications that are meaningful to the students as a part of society. 
OUTLINE
1. The Human Person Flourishing in terms of Science and Technology
2. Selected Views on Technology
3. Heidegger on Science and Technology
4. Aristotle’s Four Causes
5. Heidegger's Technology as a Way of Revealing
6. The Essence of Technology
________________________________________________________________________________________________
THE HUMAN PERSON FLOURISHING IN TERMS OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY SELECTED VIEWS ON TECHNOLOGY:

ARISTOTELIANISM
 Views technology as basically a means to an end.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
TECHNOLOGICAL PESSIMISM
 Technology is progressive and beneficial in many ways, it is also doubtful in many ways.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
EXISTENTIALISM
 This view investing the meaning of existence of being. 
 Martin Heidegger is one of its most known supporters.
 The real essence lies in enframing.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
HEIDEGGER ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
 For Heidegger, technology is a way of revealing.
 He defined two definitions of technology: INSTRUMENTAL and ANTHROPOLOGICAL.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
ARISTOTLE’S FOUR CAUSES:
1. Formal Cause
2. Final Cause
3. Material Cause
4. Efficient Cause
________________________________________________________________________________________________
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 MISAMIS UNIVERSITY
Ozamiz City 7200, Philippines
Tel No. +63 88 521-0367 / Telefax No. +63 88 521-2917
E-mail Address: mu@mu.edu.ph
CERTIFIED: ISO 9001:2015 Risk Management – Det Norske Veritas, The Netherlands
ACCREDITED: Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities Commission on Accreditation
(PACUCOA)

SO, WHAT IS THE ESSENCE OF TECHNOLOGY?

 The gathering of the setting upon which challenges man to bring the unconcealed to un-concealment is
called enframing with which also shows the essence of modern technology. 
________________________________________________________________________________________________

CONCLUSION
 Science and Technology gives meaning to the life of a person living in this world. As he continues to
create and utilize these technologies, we must also examine its greater impact not only on us
individually but for humanity as a whole as well.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
MODULE 1.5
THE GOOD LIFE
LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to: Examine shared concerns that make up the good life in
order to come up with innovative, creative solutions to contemporary issues guided by ethical standards
OUTLINE
 The Concept of Being Good
 Aristotle's Concept of Good
 The Good Life
________________________________________________________________________________________________
THE CONCEPT OF BEING GOOD
 The adjectives "good" and "right" are related in meaning but are not synonyms.
–Traer (2007)
Right Actions (Duty and Rights)
 The "right action" means correctly applying a norm, standard, rule or law.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
THE CONCEPT OF BEING GOOD
 Being good involves nurturing character and fostering relationships.
Being Good (Character and Relationships)
 For Aristotle, the good is the set of activities in which the life functions specific to human beings are
most fully realized.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
ARISTOTLE'S CONCEPT OF GOOD
This concept is found in his world Nicomachean Ethics
 Every human activity is aimed at something “good”. 

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 MISAMIS UNIVERSITY
Ozamiz City 7200, Philippines
Tel No. +63 88 521-0367 / Telefax No. +63 88 521-2917
E-mail Address: mu@mu.edu.ph
CERTIFIED: ISO 9001:2015 Risk Management – Det Norske Veritas, The Netherlands
ACCREDITED: Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities Commission on Accreditation
(PACUCOA)
 To achieve “happiness”, one must live a life of “virtue”
 True “happiness” is the ultimate end of every human action.
 Aristotle called this “happiness” as “eudaimonia”, which literally means “good spirated”.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
THE GOOD LIFE
 The meaning of this terms is still vague until the present.
 For Socrates, "the unexamined life is not worth living for".
 For Aristotle, it is the nature of man to seek good life with and for others rather than experiencing it by
himself.
 It is characterized by happiness that springs from living and doing well.
 For Heidegger, it is more realistic to deal more on how we live an "authentic life" rather than dealing
with "good life"
________________________________________________________________________________________________
GOOD LIFE IN THE MODERN WORLD
 Modern World tends to answer the problem of what constitutes the good life through modern science
and technology.
 Various scientific disciplines have devised different methods for assessing different states of happiness
and wellbeing
 The unending desire for perfection of altering human condition and productivity continues to flourish
despite its questionable results
________________________________________________________________________________________________
CONCLUSION
 Living a good life requires us to do everyday things according with excellence, in order to achieve our
goals and in doing so, we can be assured of true happiness.
Modern technology provides man with a mechanism to improve his life through the possession of material
things, but does not always guarantee a path towards good life, especially if left unchecked.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
MODULE 1.6
SPECIFIC TOPICS IN STS: INFORMATION SOCIETY,
BIODIVERSITY AND GMOS
LEARNING OUTCOMES
 At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to: 
 Apply STS concepts to specific issues in the Scientific and Technological world, including:
 Information Society • Biodiversity and Genetically-Modified Organism
 GMO)
OUTLINE
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 MISAMIS UNIVERSITY
Ozamiz City 7200, Philippines
Tel No. +63 88 521-0367 / Telefax No. +63 88 521-2917
E-mail Address: mu@mu.edu.ph
CERTIFIED: ISO 9001:2015 Risk Management – Det Norske Veritas, The Netherlands
ACCREDITED: Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities Commission on Accreditation
(PACUCOA)
 What is Information Society?ss
 What is Biodiversity?
 What is GMO?
________________________________________________________________________________________________
WHAT IS INFORMATION SOCIETY?
 Information Society is a term for a society in which the creation, distribution, and manipulation of
information has become the most significant economic and cultural activity. 
 In contrast to the industrial society, which relied on internal combustion engines to augment the physical
labor of humans, the information society relies on computer technologies to augment mental labor.
________________________________________________________________________________________________  
WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY?
 Biodiversity is a term used to describe the enormous variety of life on Earth (National Geographic) 
 There are around 8.7 million species of plants and animals in existence, with only around 1.2 million
were described or identified so far
  Hot spots have exceptionally high biodiversity, since they contain at least 1,500 endemics
________________________________________________________________________________________________
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT THREATS TO
BIODIVERSITY?
 Habitat Destruction
 Invasive Species
 Pollution
 Population of Humans
 Overharvesting
________________________________________________________________________________________________
WHAT IS A GMO?
 GMOs or Genetically Modified Organisms are living organisms whose genetic material has been
artificially manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering.
 Agricultural plants are one of the most frequently cited examples of genetically modified organisms.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
WHAT ARE THE IMPACTS OF GMO TO BIODIVERSITY
AND ENVIRONMENT?
 An insect resistant GM crop could have direct toxic effect on non-target species 
 A GM crop could have an indirect effect to other species by reducing the source of food for other
wildlife such as birds

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 MISAMIS UNIVERSITY
Ozamiz City 7200, Philippines
Tel No. +63 88 521-0367 / Telefax No. +63 88 521-2917
E-mail Address: mu@mu.edu.ph
CERTIFIED: ISO 9001:2015 Risk Management – Det Norske Veritas, The Netherlands
ACCREDITED: Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities Commission on Accreditation
(PACUCOA)
 Pest resurgence could be resulted from insects which become resistant to chemicals when used on pest
tolerant GM crops repeatedly and may increase the number of insect pest
 Creating an imbalance in nature by changing the predator/prey ratio
 The Information Society, Biodiversity and GMOs are three current issues in our society today that are
greatly influenced by Science and Technology.
________________________________________________________________________________________________

MODULE 1.7
APPLYING STS CONCEPTS TO SPECIFIC ISSUES IN THE SCIENTIFIC
AND TECHNOLOGICAL WORLD (GENE THERAPY,
NANOTECHNOLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE)
COURSE OUTCOME
 Assess the impact of Science and Technology to the flourishing of the human person in the society and
to the meaning of good life.
LEARNING OUTCOME
 Apply STS concepts to specific issues in the Scientific and Technological world, including:
o Gene Therapy
o Nanotechnology
o Climate Change
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

INTRODUCTION
 In this lesson, you will apply the concepts of STS you learned in the previous lessons in addressing
specific issues in the modern society that involves the Scientific and Technological World. For this term,
we will tackle of three of them, which are the following: Gene Therapy, Nanotechnology and Climate
Change. Each student will create a documentary video that depicts each of these specific issues.
 Below are key concepts for reading. Details of these concepts are discussed further in the
hand-outs/photocopies attached herein
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

GENE THERAPY

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 MISAMIS UNIVERSITY
Ozamiz City 7200, Philippines
Tel No. +63 88 521-0367 / Telefax No. +63 88 521-2917
E-mail Address: mu@mu.edu.ph
CERTIFIED: ISO 9001:2015 Risk Management – Det Norske Veritas, The Netherlands
ACCREDITED: Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities Commission on Accreditation
(PACUCOA)
 When identifying the contribution of technology to biology, the first place to look would the field of
human health. The whole vast concerns of human health including aging, disease, treatment and
prevention, and diet and general lifestyle have greatly benefited from technology. One such technology
is Gene Therapy, which aims to treat diseases, specifically genetic disorders, by eliminating the cause at
the gene level, by way of replacing the defective gene, or the one that causes the disease, with the
correct one, thereby slowly but surely eliminating any traces of the disease. However, the financial cost
of this therapy is not trivial. Each of the steps in making this possible requires expertise and
technological aid. Therefore, gene therapy can be costly.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

NANOTECHNOLOGY
 In the pursuit of science and technology, humans are now dealing more and more with a world not seen
by the naked eye. This is not surprise as the study of science keeps leading us beyond the world of
everyday. The information we search for is always available in nature but we need tools to harvest it.
Nanotechnology, like other scientific principles, provides both knowledge and instrument to control
nature. This science about the manipulation of matter at a scale of about 1 to 100 nanometers, involves
the characterization, design, and production of structures, devices, and systems with unique properties
by fine tuning the physical, chemical, mechanical, and optical properties of materials at the nanoscale.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

CLIMATE CHANGE
 All of the discussions regarding the specific issues regarding science, technology and society conclude
with a current controversial topic --- climate change. It is current in a sense that it has been put under
international spotlight since the start of the 21st century.
 It is controversial in the sense that the modernization of our society mainly due to the utilization of
technology has been one of the main reasons for climate change to occur. For the past decades until
today, evidence of climate change had already been presented -- including but not limited to global
warming and greenhouse effect, and we have already been experiencing its drastic effects. While it is
true that science and technology has given humans a tool for improvement and modernization, it must be
realized that unchecked experimentation and innovation could lead to disastrous results, and climate
change is one of those results that affects us globally.

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