FIRE FIGHTING [lta NUON ON aed Peano Te eee eo Bol en ee} Tien nage aed Ne een)petrol, oil, etc. NON-SMOKING AREA stopped CAUSES OF FIRE | + Poor house keeping: Cotton, clothes, paper, etc. are the sources of ignition. They should be kept away from combusting materials like ‘Smoking; Careless smoking in % non smoking areas should be + Welding/ Gas cutting: Gas welding or oxy-acetylene cutting produces flying sparks which falls on inflammable material and fire takes place. IN A BUILDING Rok «1 lack of awareness, incorrect use of inflammable and electric equipment, etc. Kitchen: Most sensible area ina building. Oil fire and gas fire can take place. Electrical panel room: No material should be stored in electrical panel room. Even a small short circuit can lead into big fire break.| CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE 1.A Class (Solid, wood, paper, etc.) 2.B Class (Oil, paint, etc.) 3.€ Class (Electrical panel, wiring etc.) 4,D Class (Metal, zinc, copper, etc.) 5.K Class (kitchen, cooking oil, etc.) a Flammable Liquids Equipment Wood, Paper, Cloth, Ete. Grease, Oil, Paint, Solvents Live Electrical] Electrical Panel, Motor, Wiring, Etc. Combustible | Magnesium, Commercial Cooking Equipment ‘Aluminum, Etc. Cooking Oils, ‘Animal Fats, fegetable OilsFIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM & EQUIPMENTS IN BUILDING1. SYSTEMS & EQUIPMENTS| FIRE EXTINGUISHERS 1.Water type: + Removes heat ie,, cooling. + Only for A class fire. 2.Foam type: + Cutting of oxygen ie, smothering (or blanketing + cooling). + Only on A,B class fires. 3.CO2tyi + Displace oxygen ie., smothering. + Use only on B,C. class fires. 4.DCP type: + Cutting of oxygen ie., smothering. + Use only B,C.E class fires. + If ammonium phosphate is used then it can be used on A class also.FIRE HOSE REELS + Fire hose reels are provided for use by occupants as a ‘first attack’ firefighting measure but may, in some instances, also be used by firefighters. + Because hose reels are generally located next to an exit, in an emergency it is possible to ; reach a safe place simply by following the hose.FIRE HYDRANT SYSTEMS + All fire hydrants shall be equipped with an auxiliary gate valve installed between the service line and the hydrant to _ permit repair or replacement of the A hydrant without disruption of water 4 service. 2 + All fire hydrants shall have two hose outlets of two and one-half inches in diameter, and one outlet of four inches in diameter, with a five-inch Storz adapter and cap. ae atFIRE HYDRANT SYSTEMS + The tops of hydrants are painted in sonnet colors to indicate how much flow they can produce in gallons per minute. (gpm) * Blue ~ over 1,500 gallons per minute at (gpm) * Green - 1000 to 1,499 gpm. * Orange - 500 to 999 gpm. 7 ot A a a + Red - less than 500 gpm| AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM Automatic sprinkler systems are one of the most reliable methods available for controlling fires. * Sprinklers Save Lives * Reduces Risk of Damage * Relatively Inexpensive + Low MaintenanceACCESSIBILITY OF SPRINKLER SYSTEM All parts of the sprinkler system need to be positioned so that there are no obstructions and that it is accessible, in particular: + The control panels + The end-of-line test pipes + The pump room * The reels connected to the network If necessary, use metal fences or yellow lines near these parts. CLEARANCES FOR SPRINKLER SYSTEM [ JS a Definitely respect the clearances (the distance between sprinkler deflector plates and the top of the stack). If you stack the goods too high, the functioning of the system could be in danger.DOWN-COMER * An arrangement of fire fighting within the building by means of down-comer pipe connected to terrace tank through terrace pump, gate valve and non-return valve and having mains not less than 100 mm internal diameter with landing valves on each floor/landing + It is also fitted with inlet connections at ground level for charging with water by pumping from, fire service appliances and air release valve at roof level to release trapped air inside.DRY RISER + An arrangement of fire fighting within the building by means of vertical rising mains not less than 100 mm internal diameter with landing valves on each floor/landing which is normally dry but is capable of being charged with water usually by pumping from fire service appliances.CONTROL ROOM + There shall be a control room on the entrance floor of the building with communication systern (suitable public address system) to all floors and facilities for receiving the message from different floors. Details of all floor plans along with the details of fire fighting equipment and installation shall be maintained in the Control Room. + The Control Room shall also have facility to detect the fire on any floor through indicator boards connecting fire detection and alarm system on all floors.2. EXITS & PASSAGESFIRE EXITS Fire exit door should be given in each floor. All fire escapes shall be directly connected to the ground. Entrance to the fire escape shall be separate and remote from internal staircase. + Fire escape shall be constructed of non- combustible materials. + Fire escape stairs shall have straight flight not less than 125 cm wide with 25 cm treads and risers not more than 19. cm. + Handrails shall be at a height not less than 100 em.| FIRE EXITS + Exit doorways shall open outwards, that is, away from the room, but shall not obstruct the travel along any exit. + No door, when opened, shall reduce the required width of stairway or landing to less than 900 mm; overhead or sliding doors shall not be installed. + No exit doorway shall be less than 1000 mm in width except assembly buildings where door width shall be not less than 2000 mm. Doorways shall be not less than 2000 mm in height Exit door shall not open immediately upon a flight of stairs; a landing equal to at least the width of the door shall be provided in the stairway at each doorway; the level of landing shall be the same as that of the floor which it serves + Exit doorways shall be openable from the side which they serve without the use of a key. Mirrors shall not be placed in exit ways or exit doors to avoid confusion regarding the direction of exit. Every exit doorway shall open into an enclosed stairway or a horizontal exit of a corridor or passageway providing continuous and protected means of egress.| FIRE LIFTS * Provision of the lifts shall be made for all multi-storeyed building having a height of 15.0 m. and above. + Lift shall have minimum capacity of 8 persons and have closing doors which can resist fire for atleast 2 hours + The speed of the fire lift shall be such that it can reach to the top floor from ground level within one minute. + Telephone/talk back communication facilities may be provided in lift cars for communication system and lifts shall be connected to the fire control room of the building.| FIRE LIFTS + In case of fire, only fireman shall operate the fire lift. In normal course, it may be used by other persons + Each fire lift shall be equipped with suitable inter-communication equipment for communicating with the control room on the ground floor of the building, + The number and location of fire lifts in a building shall be decided after taking into consideration various factors like building population, floor area, compartmentation, etc * Alternate power supply is provided 24/7 for these lifts ++ Fire rated Cage Roof “ Fire rated Cage Panels Fire rated Cage base| EXTERNAL STAIRCASE An external staircase is desirable to be provided for high rise buildings. External stairs, when provided shall comply the following: + External stairs shall always be kept in sound operable conditions. + All external stairs shall be directly connected to the ground. + Entrance to the external stairs shall be separate and remote from the internal staircase. + Care shall be taken to ensure that no wall opening or window opens on to or close to an external stairs + The route to the external stairs shall be free of obstructions at all times. + The external stairs shall be constructed of non-combustible materials, and any doorway leading to it shall have the required fire resistance. + No external staircase, used as a fire escape, shall be inclined at an angle greater than 45° from the horizontal + External stairs shall have straight flight not less than | 250 mm wide with 250 mm treads and risers not more than 190 mm. The number of risers shall be limited to 15 per flight.| EXTERNAL STAIRCASE + Handrails shall be of a height not less than 1000 ram and not exceeding 1200 mm. There shall be provisions of balusters with maximum gap of 150 mm. + The use of spiral staircase shall be limited to low occupant load and to a building not exceeding 9 m in height. * A spiral stair case shall be not less than 1 500 mm in diameter and shall be designed to give adequate headroom. + Unprotected steel frame staircase will not be accepted as means of escape. However, steel staircase in an enclosed fire rated compartment of 2 h will be accepted as means of escape| CORRIDORS AND PASSAGEWAYS + Exit corridors and passageways shall be of width not less than the aggregate required width of exit doorways leading from them in the direction of travel to the exterior. + Where stairways discharge through corridors and passageways, the height of corridors and passageways shall be not less than 2.4 m. + All means of exit including staircases lifts lobbies and corridors shall be adequately ventilated.| FIRE TOWER + Fire towers are the preferred type of escape route for storeyed buildings and these shall be considered as the safest route for escape. Their number, location and size shall depend on the building concerned, and its associated escape routes. + In high rise buildings with over 8 storeys or 24 m in height, at least one required means of egress shall preferably be a fire tower. + The fire towers shall be constructed of walls with a 2h fire resistance rating without ‘openings other than the exit doorways, with platforms, landings and balconies having the same fire-resistance rating. + Ramps shall comply with all the applicable requirements for stairways regarding enclosure.| HORIZONTAL EXITS + The width of horizontal exit shall be same as for the exit doorways. + Ahorizontal exit shall be equipped with at least one fire/smoke door of minimum 1h fire resistance, of self-closing type. Further, it is required to have direct connectivity to the fire escape staircase for evacuation. + For buildings more than 24 m in height, refuge area of 15 m? or an area equivalent to 03 'm per person to accommodate the occupants of two consecutive floors, whichever is higher, shall be provided as under: + The refuge area shall be provided on the periphery of the floor or preferably on a cantilever projection and open to air at least on one side protected with suitable railings.RESTRICTING HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL SPREAD OF FIRE Generally walls restrict horizontal movement and slabs restrict vertical movement of fire. + Interior or barrier or enclosure wall Propagation of fire, smoke, gas or fume through the openings or shafts or penetrations of fire resistive floors and walls shall be restricted by sealing with an approved material which shall have a fire resistance rating at least equal to that of the floor-wall assembly. The sealing material shall be capable of preventing passage of flame and hot gases sufficient to ignite cotton waste when tested in accordance with ASTM EN19, Exterior walls Permitted unprotected openings in the exterior wall in two consecutive floors lying within 1.5 m laterally or vertically shall be separated with flame barriers as similar as sunshades or cornices or projected wall at least 750 mm from the external face of the exterior wall. The flame barrier shall have a fire resistance rating of not less than three-fourths hour.3. EVACUATION & SIGNAGES| FIRE SAFETY PLAN + Intended to reduce the destruction caused [21 re by fire. EMERGENCY EVACUATION PLAN + Fire safety measures include those that are intended to prevent ignition of an IN CASE |GROMTEN I) emace 4 OF FIRE om uncontrolled fire, and those that are used to. |= limit the development and effects of afire | 1! after it starts. = + Natural disasters, fires, hazardous leaks and _| 2 Stet other disaster events are reasons for companies to have a safe evacuation that ana needs the designing of an emergency plan. —y + First of all, in drawing an emergency planis | 4 sim, to put an evacuation manager that will rm develop an emergency evacuation = procedure. fe]SIGNAGES & ALARM SYSTEM > ala oN * 3 i>! iliil4. SETBACKSSETBACKS FOR BUILDINGS Section : As per table 2 of section 8.2.3.1 of part III of N.B.C.| SETBACKS FOR BUILDINGSSETBACKS FOR BUILDINGS For other Occupancies the setbacks shall have to be allowed as follows: 1. Educational buildings - Except for nursery schools, the open space shall not be less than 6 meters 2.Institutional buildings - open space shall not be less than 6 meters. 3. Assembly building - Except in front, open space shall not be less than 6 meter and front open space shalll not be less than 12 meters. 4.Business/Mercantile & storage building - Open space around the building shall not be less than 4.5meters. It can be relaxed in certain circumstances. 5, Industrial/Hazardous building - Minimum 4.5 meters open space shall be kept around the building for the height up tolé meters. Open space shall be increased by 0.25meters for next each 1 meter height of the building.5. BUILDING FIRE PROTECTION DESIGNTHE BASICS OF BUILDING FIRE PROTECTION DESIGN 1.Understand which Codes Govern Fire Protection Systems. 2. Determine What Fire Protection Systems are Required On Design Projects. 3.Evaluate the Water Supply. 4.Which Fire Protection Systems are in General Use and There Principles of Operation. 5.Required Testing & Records.| CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING BASED ON OCCUPANCY All buildings, whether existing or hereafter erected shall be classified according to the use or the character of occupancy in one of the following groups: + Group A Residential + Group B Educational + Group C Institutional + Group D Assembly + Group E Business + Group F Mercantile + Group G Industrial + Group H Storage + Group 3 HazardousMINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE FIGHTING INSTALLATIONS Sg |= "—s 22 2 = =|=|2) = |S ee | | = = seMINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE FIGHTING INSTALLATIONS S| See | |e | cre SheeMINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE FIGHTING INSTALLATIONS eee) Seas | ES | See | Sos =" =MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE FIGHTING INSTALLATIONS iil eekeels os fe k aehel sais | EE) + aj pide of 8 aha Aree + be ba Wi fe EO ek mt HEE | [+E mu TEE = aH 1H fee RF ae i nn a | aay fe ~~ = = i iHMINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE FIGHTING INSTALLATIONS Same Same | | | PS ae aie aMINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE FIGI z 5S, || See | ES | ES | os Pr Sa a ae aMINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE FIGHTING INSTALLATIONS Sooo swomee See se aa od er eee al a aA coeff pe |e | me | ae fee) TsMINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE FIGHTING INSTALLATIONSMINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE FIGHTING INSTALLATIONSMINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE FIGHTING INSTALLATIONS6. CASE STUDIES| CASE STUDY-1 MAPLE HIGH STREETMethod of working of Fire Pumps + There is master pump when the pressure gets down first 6kg one starts + Incase a big fire accident occurs then hydrant pump starts which is 1Shp pump + How we distinguish the pump? They depend on hp and kilo watts + Hydrant pump is also called as spare pump + They come in 5 nomes only and its 7ohp + Jockey capacity is 15 hp + Sprinkler pump is having a separate pump incase if it is damaged Control PanelMethod of working of Fire Pumps + Dg pump - Diesel Generator Pump its of 94hp Incase the fire occurs electricity cuts then dg pump activates itself + 15-20 meters space is provided which is must Also 10-15 meters is must left around the building for fire vehicle to go around + The pipes will be connected to the total building in all floors Fire Hose Cabinet+ Depending upon the water body like fire hydrant needs more water? + On basis of nomes 8kg pressure for 24mteres is must if it needs more height the we can increase the pressure + There are three types of pipes are there one is sprinkler pipe-150, fire hydrant pipe-100, riser is of 150 + Sprinkler pipe is distributed into two types one 6inch and one is 4 inch but main will be 6inch onlySteps in extinguishing fire + One tank will be given top which is called over head tank it of 60,000-80,000 liters as per this building * If ground tank fails tp supply water then over head tank will be used and if this also fails to supply water then back of the building there is provided a pipe which the fire vehicle comes and connects which gives water supplyhi gfire Steps in extingu' * Everything is automatic not manually maintained + This is the other method of supply of water which are placed so that the fire fighting vehicle would attach to the pipes and supply the water takes placeThere are three types of water supply Rrovided for fire extinguishing_ + lakh litre of water tank is provided underground and is circulated through pump system + If this system fails overhead water tank of 60,000 lit is provided which is directly connected to the system + If this system also fails water from the fire fighting vehicles can be supplied into the main system by the pipes given outside the building which connects externally Standpipes Provided Outside The BuildingCASE STUDY-2 PEOPLE'S HOSPITALMethod Of Working. Fire Exits: 9 - of which 8 staircases, 1 ramp Staircase width - (standard) Fire Control Room: Storage of building plans, Hose pipes, Hose reel, Officer’s desk Fire pump house: Panel for control of water pumps, 2 water pumps 25 and 75 horsepower respectively, pressure gauge to display water pressure through pumps, underground water storage tank Pumps are tested weekly to ensure they are in proper working condition. They have a separate pipeline system that is wholly automatic and is spread throughout the building. ‘Once activated through the main panels, no other fire fighting equipment is required.Method Of Working_ + Fire pump house: Panel for control of water pumps, 2 water pumps 25 and 75 horsepower respectively, pressure gauge to display water pressure through pumps, underground water storage tank.Plan Showing Way To Exit In Case Of Fire