I = Dq To I = n V9

Dt Dt

Dg Ng= V AL
=

I= Ng ↳ I= n Alg
At Dt

N = N N = NV V= L =) I = n
Avg
V Dt

Potential Difference DC
Potential Difference
Potential difference is of the electrical potential transferred from
electron energy a measure an

it points as moves between two in a conductor

Potential difference is work done per unit charge

It is also known as voltage
Potential difference is calculated : V= W
9

Where :

-
V= potential difference in volts ( v )

-
W = work done in joules (J)

- 9= Charge in coulombs (C)

-1
note that .
I ✓ = 1 JC

The Electronvolt
The energy values associated to electrons and other microscopic particles small when

expressed
are very
in SI units
for this reason it is often more convenient to use another unit for energy -
the electron volt (ex)
,

The electronvolt is defined as :

The amount of
energy needed to move an electron through a potential difference of one v0 It

Worked Example

One electronvolt is the work W associated to an electron of charge e moving through a potential
difference V -
_
IV

W = EV

%
'

e
_

-
= 1.6×10

To W = ( 1.6×10-19 c) ✗ IV

%
'

W
_

= 1.6 ✗ 10

electronvolt is equal to 1.6×10

'•
one joules
-

Direct Current
The potential difference in a circuit is provided by cells or batteries

-
each cell has a positive terminal ( high potential location) and a

negative terminal Clow potential location)

-
a
battery is a collection of cells arranged positive terminal to

negative terminal
.
When a cell or a battery is conducted to a loop of copper wire ,
a

cuircut is formed
•
the battery is the source of the potential energy as
they move through the battery
.
electro

-
they the leave the battery and move through the wire

-
a little amount of their energy is transferred to the metal atoms of the wire