•

diode it allows current to flow in one direction

:
only .

-
it is often used for rectification -
i. e. Conversion of AC into DC .

.
eight emitting
-
diode CLEM it emits
:
light when a current passes through it
.

.
light bulb a resistor : that transforms electric potential energy into such large thermae energy that

energy is dissipated as eight emitted to the surroundings .

ammeter it measures : the current in the circuit .

.
Voltmeter : it measures the potential difference of an electrical component .

Worked example

B.

For a circuit to be connected , the switch must be closed

↳ this is either circuit B or D

The other circuit symbol is a diode

↳ diodes only allow current to flow in one direction
since current flow is from positive to negative , a forward -

biased diode must point in this direction in order for

current to flow .

Ammeters and Voltmeters

Electric current is measured using an ammeter

Ammeters should always be connected in series within a circuit

An ideal ammeter should have zero resistance

.
this way it will not take any
, energy from the electrons flowing through
it

.
Otherwise it would after the value of the current it is trying to measure

Measuring Potential Difference :

Potential Difference (or voltage) is measured using a voltmeter

A voltmeter is
always set up in parallel to the component is being measured
whose
voltage
-
this means that the voltmeter must be hooked across the terminals of the

component
when electrons flow through a component in the circuit
-
they transfer some of their electrical potential energy to it

-
the component transforms this electrical potential energy into some other form of

energy
Measuring the potential difference across a component means
comparing the value
of the electric potential
energy of the electrons before they enter the component to when they
leave it .

Resistance and Resistors

Resistance
As electrons move through the metal wire of a circuit, they

transfer some of their electrical potential energy to the positive

ions of the metal .

This energy results in an increase in the kinetic energy of

the lattice
which internal energy of the metal
means a higher
The macroscopic result of this transfer is the
heating
up of the wire
some metals heat up more than others