Derivatives 31/01/2023, 1:05 PM

Book Title: eTextbook: Mathematical Applications for the Management, Life, and Social Sciences
9. Derivatives

9. Derivatives

Introduction
If a firm receives $90,000 in revenue during a 30-day month, its average revenue per day is

$90,000∕30 = $3000 . This does not necessarily mean the actual revenue was $3000 on any

one day, just that the average was $3000 per day. Similarly, if a person drove 50 miles in

one hour, the average velocity was 50 miles per hour, but the driver still could have

received a speeding ticket for traveling 70 miles per hour.

The smaller the time interval, the nearer the average velocity will be to the instantaneous
velocity (the speedometer reading). Similarly, changes in revenue over a smaller number of

units can give information about the instantaneous rate of change of revenue. The

mathematical bridge from average rates of change to instantaneous rates of change is the
limit.

This chapter is concerned with limits and rates of change. We will see that the derivative of

a function can be used to determine instantaneous rates of change.

The topics and some representative applications discussed in this chapter include the
following.

SECTIONS APPLICATIONS

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CHAPTER WARM-UP

9.1 Limits Cost-benefit models

9.2 Continuous Functions; Federal income taxes

Limits at Infinity

9.3 Rates of Change and Marginal revenue, velocity,

Derivatives elderly in the workforce

9.4 Derivative Formulas Personal income, Internet users,

revenue

9.5 The Product Rule and Sensitivity to a drug, marginal

the Quotient Rule revenue

9.6 The Chain Rule and Demand, allometric relationships

the Power Rule

9.7 Using Derivative Revenue

Formulas

9.8 Higher-Order Cellular subscribers, acceleration

Derivatives

9.9 Applications: Marginals for cost, revenue, and

Marginals and profit; competitive markets

Derivatives

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Chapter Warm-Up

For
Prerequisite Problem Type Section Answer

x2 − x − 6 9.1, (a) −5.1

If f(x) = , then find:
x+2 9.2,

9.3, (b) undefined

(a) f(−2.1) 9.4,

9.5,
(b) f(−2)
9.6,
9.7,

9.8,

and
9.9

x2 + 1 if x≤1 9.1 (a) 1.9801

Let f(x) = { ,
x+2 if x>1 (b) 3.01
find:

(a) f(0.99)

(b) f(1.01)

Factor: 9.1 (a) (x + 2)(x − 3)

(a) x2 − x − 6 9.7 (b) (x − 2)(x + 2)

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(b) x2 − 4 (c) (x + 1)(x + 2)

(c) x2 + 3x + 2

Write as a power: 9.4, (a) t1∕2

9.5,
(a) √ t (b) x−1
9.6,
9.7,
1 (c) (x2 + 1)
−1∕3
(b) and
x
9.8

1
(c)
√
3
x2 +1

Simplify: 9.3 (a) 8x + 4h

4(x + h)2 − 4x2 9.5 (b)

(a) if h ≠ 0
h 10x4 + 33x2 + 2x + 12
9.7

(c) 2x
(b)
(2x3 + 3x + 1)(2x) + (x2 + 4)(6x2 + 3)

x(3x2 ) − x3 (1)
(c) if x ≠ 0
x2

Simplify: 9.1 (a) x − 3

9.7 (b) x + 2

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x2 − x − 6
(a) if x ≠ −2
x+2

x2 − 4
(b) if x ≠ 2
x−2

If f(x) = 3x2 + 2x , find 9.3 6x + 3h + 2

f(x + h) − f(x) if
h≠0
h

Find the slope of the line passing 9.3 2

through (1, 2) and (2, 4) .

Write the equation of the line 9.3 y = 8x − 3

passing through (1, 5) with slope 8 .

9.4

9.6

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