erotatin Gravitation NEWTON'S UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION Section - 1 Every body attracts inthis universe every other body with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Let m, and m, be the masses of two bodies and r be the separation between them. ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY (of Earth) : Section - 2 IEMis the mass of earth and R is the radius, the earth attracts a mass m on its surface by a force F given as GMm pect ie ‘This force imparts an acceleration to the mass m which is known as ‘centre Acceleration Due to Gravity(g) By Newton's Tind Law, wehave ‘Acceleratios GM m Fg GM so ae > mom om. > Onthe surface of earth, g= ‘Substituting the values of GM, R we get g=9.81 mie Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Bee ed 1Gravitation Vidyamandir Classes Variation in acceleration due to gravity (a) Above the Surface of Earth : [Ata poit whichis leat at aight above he en's surface, acseation du ogy (es gven ss he (b) Below the Surface of Earth : Letus place a mass m ata depth h below the surface of earth, This mass mis attracted towards the centre of earth by gravitational force due to shaded sphere of radius (R ~ fi). The net gravitational force on m due tothe remaining portion of earth (outside the shaded portion) is zero. Let the mass of the shaded portion =" “Assuming earth to be a sphere of uniform density d, M far Vy 3 = ‘volume of shaded part (density) . = (n—n) xz u{A-4) tae 3 ‘The net force on m= force exerted by shaded portion GM'm _GMm(R-hy _GMm (R-hP (R-APR R = rales] ‘Where g = acceleration due to gravity at the surface. Force = (R-n) ‘Note: It should be noted that value of g decreases if we move above the surface or below the surface of the earth (2) With Latitudes : ‘Consider a point A on the earth’s surface where the line joining centre O toA makes an angle @ with the equatorial plane as shown. The angle 6 is said to be the latitude of the point A, 2 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Supportion teu iners Gr Letus place a small mass m at A. Analysing the forces on m, from the reference frame of (or relative to) the earth, we find two forces - gravitational force (mg) and pseudo force (m 077), Here ris the radius ofthe circular path followed by m. = Roost ‘The resultant force on masses m is given by mg? + mar? +2 (mg) (mo*r) cos (#- 8) ‘The effective gravity at point A is Ve tat -20% gr cos 0 = rte (4) ont -3(*B) ute f ¢ ‘Where g is the acceleration due to gravity atthe surface ofthe earth neglecting the effect of the rotation. In Particular 1. AtPoles: 0=90° => gs Hence the rotation of the earth has no effect on the gravity at poles. 2. At Equator : a0 ESCAPE VELOCITY Section - 3 Itis the minimum velocity with which body must be projected from the surface of earth so that it permanently overcomes and escapes the gravitational field of the earth. We can also say that a body projected with escape velocity will be able to 200 point which is at infinite distance from the eatth. ‘Let us imagine what happens to a body of mass m if itis throwa from the earth with a velocity V, (escape velocity). As the body moves away from the earth, it slows down (due to gravitational pull of the earth) and hence its kinetic energy is converted into gravitational potential energy of the mass-carth system. Let us imagine that is just able toreach upto infinity (where GP-Eis zero) Self Study Course for ITJEE with Online Support UTES” 3