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TOPIC OUTLINE  source of person's disposition
I. History of MT in a Global Context
I. History of MT in United States of America
II. History of MT in the Philippines
III. Career in Clinical Laboratory Science
HISTORY OF MT IN GLOBAL CONTEXT
300 BC – 180 AD
 Hippocrates - "Father of Medicine"
- He did some qualitative assessment of
disorder the measurement of body fluid.
Four Humors
o Blood, Phlegm, Yellow bile and Black
Bile
o Humors in the body are called fluid
wherein they influence our health,
personality, temperament, and more.
o We have many body fluids in the body
such as urine, cerebrospinal fluid, gastric
lavage, sperm, feces, and more.
- He also advocates the tasting of urine,
listening to the lungs (auscultation),
observing appearances in diagnosis diseases.
S/S – Signs and Symptoms
o Signs
 Objective evidence
 This is the manifestation of the
disease that your physician
perceives.
 Ex. Skin rash, redness of eye due
to conjunctivitis.
o Symptoms
 Subjective evidence
 This is the manifestation of the
disease apparent to the patient.
 Ex. Stomach cramps, headache,
fatigue and body pain.
- He formulated the Hippocratic oath.
- He wrote “uroscopy."
o Uroscopy is the old way of testing urine.
- He formulated the humoral pathology.
and
disease in ancient times
Historical Perspectives
 URINE was used as a marker for diagnosis
 Urinalysis
- New way of testing urine.
1st Phase: Physical Exam
o Check the color, clarity, and odor of
urine.
2nd Phase: Chemical Exam
o The use of reagent strips.
- a strip wherein there are chemicals
impregnated in it which are then dipped
into the urine to check if there will be
different chemical reactions.
3rd Phase: Microscopic Exam
o The most important phase.
o Check if there are formed elements (red
blood cells, white blood cells, or other
microorganisms)
 Polyuria
- Excessive urination; more than 2.5 liters
per day.
- Polyuria is a sign and symptom of:
1. Diabetes
2. Kidney stones
3. Bladder infection
4. Kidney failure
 Hindu physicians - recorded the sweet taste of
diabetic urine.
 Greeks - conclude diabetes by observing the
urine if ants are attracted to it.
 Chinese - practiced immunization to smallpox.
 Romans - developed scalpels, forceps, specula,
surgical needles.
 India - practice of toxicology, distillation,
pharmacy analysis and separation of minerals
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 Rufus of Ephesus - 1st described hematuria by o Natural - you are naturally exposed to an
correlating the presence of blood to the antigen.
physiological function of the kidney. Book on o Artificial - vaccine; inject weakened
Characteristics of Urine was written. antigen.

o Passive
 Early Egyptians - tagged by Herodotus as the o Natural - maternal antibodies are passed
healthiest man. to the fetus.
o Artificial – antitoxins; inject antibodies.

Medical Terminologies Medieval Laboratory Practices (16th-18th Century)

 Immunity  Advancements in technology

- Protection against infectious agents such as
bacteria, fungi, virus, and etc.  Development of new scientific methods

- If you are exposed to a certain disease, you can  Discovery of disease-causing microorganisms
be exposed to it again without becoming infected
because the body already produced antibodies  Inventions of microscope by Zacharias Janssen
against that disease.
 Outbreak of Cholera was traced by Jon Snow
 Antigen - infectious agents
 Antibody - proteins which are produced
when we are exposed to antigens Important Contributors in Medical Technology during
Medieval Era
 Vaccine
- A preparation used to stimulate the body’s Scientist Contribution
immune response against infectious agents.
Used microscope to
- Weakened or attenuated antigens are injected in Athanasius Kircher investigate the causes of
our body. diseases.
Robert Hooke Published micrographia.
Types of Immunity Developed the gravimetric
Jean Baptiste van Helmont analysis of urine.
 Innate/Natural Immunity
- Inborn Frederick Dekkers Described protein in urine.
- Skin barrier, cough reflex, mucus
Richard Lower Performed the 1st blood
- White blood cells transfusion in animals.
o Granulocytes
1. Neutrophil - fight against bacteria
2. Eosinophil - parasitic infections Described the process of
3. Basophil - allergic reactions William Hewson coagulation.

o Agranulocytes Developed The yeast test for

Francis Home sugar in diabetic urine.
1. Lymphocytes - T cells for immune
response and B cells produce
antibodies.
2. Monocytes - considered as Matthew Dobson Identified sugar in the blood
phagocytes. and urine of diabetics

 Adaptive/Acquired Immunity o Gravimetric analysis - measure the specific gravity

- Active of urine.
o Hematuria - presence of blood in urine.

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o Proteinuria - presence of protein in urine.

o Coagulation - clotting of blood.
- To prevent this, we need anti-coagulants.

 Vivian Herrick traces the beginning of Medical

Technology.
- Intestinal parasites were first identified.

Intestinal Parasites

o Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm)

o Trichuris trichiuria (whipworm)
o Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator
americanicus (hookworms)
o Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworms)
o Enterobius vermicularis (sitworms)

 Ebers Papyrus believe that Medical Technology

began when a book of treatment of disease
published which also contained the three stages
of hookworm infection (egg, larva, adult).

 Ruth Williams - Medical Technology began from

medieval period.

 Early Hindu doctors made the scientific

observation that the urine of certain individuals
attracted ants and what such urine has sweetish
taste.

HISTORY OF MT IN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

 Anne Fagelson - Medical Technology started

when an Italian doctor employed Alessandra
Giliani to perform different tasks in the lab but she
has died.

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 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - invented the 2 important events that paved the way for medical
compound microscope. laboratory practice in the Philippines
 Discoveries in using his microscope:
- describe RBC, see protozoa, and classify
bacteria according to shape. 1. Opening of Suez Canal
2. Outbreak of World War 2
 Marcelo Malpighi - the greatest of the early
microscopist.
Year Event
 Rudolf Virchow - one of the youngest medical
specialists; first to describe leukemia.
The University of
 Herman Fehling - performed the first quantitative Pennsylvania's William
1895
test for urine sugar. Pepper Laboratory of Clinical
Medicine was opened to
 19th century - emergence of clinical laboratories. highlight the service role of
clinical laboratories.
 William H. Welch established lab in the Bellevue
Hospital Medical College (1878).
- offered the 1st course in pathology
- 1st professor of pathology at John Hopkins 1918 John Kolmer - Certification of
University. Medical Technology nation
scale.
 A clinical lab was also opened in the University
of Pennsylvania in 1896.
Administrative units of clinical
 Manual of Clinical Diagnosis - written by James 1920 laboratories in large hospitals
C. Todd were directed by a chief
- Renamed to: Clinical Diagnosis by physician.
Laboratory Methods
- became the standard reference for American Society for Clinical
laboratories. 1922 Pathology (ASCP) was
founded of encouraging the
cooperation between
 World War I - An event that played an important Physicians and Clinical
Factor in the growth of clinical lab and produced a Pathologist.
great demand for technicians.

 University of Minnesota - one of the 1st schools

for training workers. Medical Technology in US
- issued a course bulletin entitled: 1950 sought professional
“courses in Medical Technology for recognition from the
clinical and laboratory Technicians” in government of their
1992. educational qualifications
- 1st to offer a degree level program thru licensure laws.

HISTORY OF MT IN THE PHILIPPINES

 WWII marked effect on lab medicine

Year Event
- use of blood increased
- blood collection using the "closed system” (use
of tubes and syringes) First hospital Spaniards
1565 established - Hospital Real
- Lab medicine certainly moved into era of
in Cebu, was moved to
sophistication.

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Manila to cater Military

Patients. The 26th Medical Laboratory,
US Army introduced the
practice of medical
technology in the
Franciscans built San Philippines by establishing
1578 Lazaro Hospital for the the first clinical laboratory at
poor and lepers. 1944 - 1945 (End of WWII)
Quiricada Street, Santa
Cruz, Manila where the
Manila Public Health
1596 Hospital de San Juan de
Laboratory was now located
Dios.

1641 Hospital de San Jose was

1944, February Training programs were
founded in Cavite.
offered to high school
graduates by the clinical
laboratory
1611 Dominicans founded the
UST.
The US Army left the clinical
1945, June laboratory to the Department
of Health (DOH), but the
1871 UST established first latter rendered it non-
faculties of Pharmacy and functional for some time.
Medicine.
Dr. Pio de Roda formally
1945, October 1 organized the Manila Public
Health Laboratory from the
1876 First Provincial Medical remnants of the clinical
Officer were appointed. laboratory. He was assisted
by Dr. Mariano Icasiano,
Manila City Health Officer.
Establishment of Board of
1883-1886 Health and Charity.
Dr. de Roda and Dr.
Prudencia Sta. Ana revived
the training of high school
1947 graduates to work as medical
Laboratorio Municipal de
Manila was established – technicians, but with no
1887 definite period of training set
testing for food, water and
clinical samples and no certificates given to
trainees which eventually
disinterested them.

1901 Established Bureau of A six-month laboratory

Government Laboratories training with certificate upon
completion was given to
1954 trainees and Dr. Sta. Ana
prepared the syllabus for
the training program. Dr.
Tirso Briones also joined
Drs. De Roda and Sta. Ana
in the said training program.
 Willa Hilgert-Hedrick (“Founder of Medical
Technology Education in the Philippines") – an
American medical practitioner and a missionary of

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the Seventh Day Adventist Church in the
Philippines offered the first four-year BS degree
course in medical technology through the
Philippine Union College (Adventist University of
the Philippines) and the Manila Sanitarium (Manila
Adventist Medical Center).
The five-year curriculum
leading to the degree BS
in Medical Technology of
the Philippine Union
1954 College (PUC) and the
Manila Sanitarium was
approved by the
Department of Education,
Culture, and Sports
(DECS).
PUC produced its first
1956 graduate - Dr. Jesse
Umali, who became a
successful OB-
Gynecologist and owner
of Omega Laboratory at
Vito Cruz, MAnila.
1957 - 1958
Dr. Antonio Gabriel and
Dr. Gustavo Reyes,
Faculty of Pharmacy,
University of Santo
Tomas (UST), offered
medical technology as an
elective subject to 4th
and 5th Years BS
Pharmacy students.
Subsequently, Rev. Fr.
Lorenzo Rodriguez
decided to offer medical
technology as a course in
UST because of its
popularity among
pharmacy students.
A temporary permit was
1957, June 17 issued to UST by DECS
for the first third year
students.
The permit for the
1960, June internship program was
issued to UST.
The full recognition of the
1961, June 14 four-year BS Medical
Technology was given to
UST.
Centro Escolar University
(CEU), thru Purificacion
Sunico-Suaco, after the
1960 approval of Carmen de
Luna, President, offered
BS Medical Technology.
The first graduates of
CEU was in 1962.
Far Eastern University
(FEU) started its school
of medical technology,
1961 thru Dr. Horacio llagan
Ylagan and Dr. Serafin
Juliano after the
approval of Dr. Lauro
Panganiban and Dr.
Jesus Nolasco, Dean
and Secretary of the FEU
Institute of Medicine,
respectively.
FEU formally opened its
school of medical
technology after the
1962, July 5 Bureau of Education
approved its
application. Dr. Ylagan
became the Technical
Director and the first
graduates of the school
were on 1963.
 University of the Philippines (UP) - BS in Public
Health
--Post-graduate Studies—
 Philippine Women's University (PWU), Saint
Louis University (SLU), Baguio City, and
University of Santo Tomas (UST) - Master of
Science in Medical Technology
 UP - Master in Public Health
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 CSU - Master in Public Health (Thesis and Non-

Thesis)

 Commission on Higher Education – requires

post-graduate studies as an important
requirement for tertiary faculty members and as a
prerequisite for accreditation for schools of
medical technology that wish to upgrade their
levels (CMO No. 14, s. 2006)

Defining Medical Technology

 An auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine which

deals with the examination by various chemical,
microscopic, bacteriologic, and other medical
laboratory procedures or technique which will aid
the physician in the diagnosis, study, and
treatment of disease and in the promotion of
health in general (RA 5527, Sec. 2).
o Registration of MT, Defining their practice,
and other purposes.

 The diagnostic or therapeutic application of

science and technology to improve the
management of health conditions. Technologies
may encompass any means of identifying the
nature of conditions to allow intervention with
devices, pharmacological, biological, or other
methods to increase life span and/or improve the
quality of life (Wikipedia);

 The application of principles of natural, physical,

and biological sciences to the performance of
laboratory procedures which aid in the diagnosis
and treatment of diseases (Heinemann);

 A branch of medicine concerned with the

performance of laboratory determinations and
analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of
disease and the maintenance of health
(Fagelson);

 A health profession concerned with performing

laboratory analyses in view of obtaining
information necessary in the diagnosis and
treatment of disease as well as in the

CAREER IN CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

maintenance of good health (Walters);

Why Choose to Become a Clinical Laboratory

Professional?

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 Clinical laboratory professionals analyze blood, o Sales, marketing, and product

body fluids, tissues, and cells to determine the development
presence or absence of disease; o Law and public advocacy
o Education
 They are highly skilled in the use of the latest in
bio-medical techniques and instrumentation.
A degree in Clinical Laboratory Science is also an
excellent starting point for career advancement in
Important work
o Medicine
 Clinical laboratory professionals are vital o Public Health
members of the healthcare team; o Biomedical Technology
o Healthcare Management and
 Up to 70% of physician decisions regarding
Administration
patient diagnosis and therapy are based on
laboratory test results;
Who Works in a Clinical Laboratory?

 Modern medicine cannot function without clinical  Clinical Laboratory Scientist or Technician
laboratory professionals.
 Analyzes body fluids for many diverse
proteins, sugars, enzymes, lipids, hormones,
Opportunities and drugs;
 Clinical laboratory professionals are in great
demand;  Provides information to physicians to help
diagnose
 Multiple employment opportunities immediately - Cancer
after graduation; - Diabetes and kidney disease
- Drug overdose

 Flexibility in working hours and shifts;  Detects and identifies disease-causing

bacteria and parasites;
 An excellent background in careers in research,
medicine, and biotechnology.  Determines the best antibiotics to be used for
bacterial infections;
Where do Clinical Laboratory Professionals Work?
 Most clinical laboratory professionals work in –  Examines and counts blood cells to detect
abnormalities found in anemia.
o Hospital clinical laboratories
o Physician office laboratories  Analyzes blood to find causes for abnormal
o Commercial or reference laboratories bleeding or clotting;
o Public health laboratories

 Tests plasma to monitor therapy with

There are many other exciting employment anticoagulant drugs;
opportunities for clinical laboratory professionals –
 Prepares red blood cells, platelets, and
plasma for safe transfusion;
o Pharmaceutical and chemical industries
o Biotechnology companies  Uses techniques to detect antibodies to
o Forensic and law enforcement streptococcal infections, Lyme Disease,
laboratories Infectious Mononucleosis, and many other
o Veterinary clinics diseases;
o Research and teaching institutions  Performs testing on DNA, RNA, and
o Transplant and blood donor centers chromosomes to help identify genetic causes
o Fertility clinics of disease or to identify pathogens and their
o Cosmetic and food industry drug resistance mutations.
o Medical informatics
o Basic science and cancer research
 Cytotechnologist

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 Examines cell samples on slides to determine

the presence of benign or cancerous
diseases;

 Analyzes microscopic cellular changes that

can directly affect a patient's course of
treatment;

 Assists in the early detection of cancer;

 Examines cells from all body sources taken by

swab or fine needle biopsy (e.g., Pap Smear –
most common).

 Histotechnologist or Histotechnician

 Sections, stains, and analyzes tissues from

surgery for examination by a Pathologist;

 Allows the Pathologist to determine if disease

is present in a tissue.

 Phlebotomist

 Collects blood specimens from patients;

 Are careful and accurate in processing
samples;

 Are excellent communicators with patients.

 At Masteral, Doctoral, and MD Level

 Pathologist
 Administrative Director
 Manager
 Technical Supervisor
 Laboratory Information Specialist Quality
Assurance (QA) Coordinator Point-of-Care
Testing (POCT) Coordinator

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