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Coordination
Chemistry
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K4 [Fe (CN)6 ]
Number of ligands

Ligand

Ionic Sphere Central Metal Cation (CMC)

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Central metal cation (CMC): Complex ion contains metal atom or ion known as the
central metal atom or ion or nuclear atom.
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Ligands: atom or ions that donates LP of electrons to CMC

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Denticity: No. of LP of electrons that a ligand can donate to CMC

Types:
Monodentate (can donate one LP of electron),
Bidentate (can donate two LP of electron)
[Note: H2O has two LP of electrons on O-atom but is not a bidentate ligand. A bidentate
ligand is the one which has two donor atoms],
Tridenatate (can donate three LP of electron) etc.
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Negative Name always ends with “O”, halogens name ends with “ido”
Positive Name always ends with “ium”
Neutral Special names are given for them
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Some important Example:

Ligand Charge Name NH4+ +ive ammonium

NO Zero Nitrosyl NH3 Zero Ammine
NO+ +ive Nitrosonium
NH2– –ive Amido
NO3– –ive nitrato
NH2– 2–ive Imido
ONO– –ive Nitrito
NO2 – –ive Nitro N3– –ive Nitrido

NO2+ +ive Nitronium N3– 3–ive Azido

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SO42– 2–ive Sulphato H2O Zero Aqua

SO32– 2–ive Sulphito
OH– –ive hydroxo
S2– –ive Sulphido
(C6H5)3P Zero Triphenyl phosphine
CN– –ive cyano
NC– –ive isocyano PH3 Zero Phosphine
NCS– –ive isothiocynato
CO Zero Carbonyl
SCN– –ive thiocyanato
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Zero Ethylenediamine (en) Or Ethane–1,2–diamine

(Didentate ligand) Symmetrical

2–ive Oxalate (ox)

(Didentate ligand) Symmetrical
–ive Glycinato
Unsymmetrical

4–ive Ethylenediaminetetraacetato (EDTA4-)

Unsymmetrical
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Chelating ligand: Bidentate or polydentate ligand forms ring like structure with CMC such
a ligand is known as chelating ligand process is called chelation. Due to chelation stability
of complex ↑ this is also known as chelating effect,

Ethylenediamine
(Didentate ligand)
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Ambident ligands: ligand which possesses 2 donor atom but in forming complex
formation donates electron by one atom only.
NO2 (nitro), ONO (nitrito) CN (cyano), NC (isocyano),
SCN (thiocyanide), NCS (isothiocyanide)
Bridging ligands: ligands that link the two metal atoms simultaneously
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Co-ordination Sphere or Coordination entity: Ligand & CMC are kept in square bracket
[ ] is called co-ordination sphere (Note: it does not dissociate even if we dissolve
compound in water i.e. it is non-ionisable)
Ionisation Sphere: part outside of square bracket (Note: it dissociates if we dissolve
compound in water i.e. it is ionisable).

K4 [Fe (CN)6 ]
Number of ligands

Ligand

Ionic Sphere Central Metal Cation (CMC)

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Coordination polyhedron: The spatial arrangement of the ligand atoms which are
directly attached to the central atom/ion is called coordination polyhedron around
the-central atom/ion.
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Homoleptic and Heteroleptic complexes.

Only one type of ligands are called homoleptic complexes, e.g., [Co(NH3)6]3+.
More than one kind of ligands are called heteroleptic complexes, e.g., [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+
Homonuclear and Polynuclear complexes.
Only one metal atom are known as homonuclear complexes, e.g., [Co(NH3)6]3+.
More than one metal atom are known as polynuclear complexes. e.g.,
[(CO)3Fe(CO)3Fe(CO)3]
Co - ordination Number: No. of coordinate bonds attached to CMC
Co-ordination number = σ Number of ligands x Denticity of the ligand
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Q. 1. Explain the following terms giving a suitable example in each case:
(i) Ambident ligand [AI 09, 11] [NE]
(ii) Denticity of a ligand [AI 11]
(iii) Coordination polyhedron [NE]
(iv) Chelate effect [AI 09C]
(v) Ligand [DB 08] [NE]
(vi) Bidentate ligand [DB 08] [NE]
(vii) Coordination entity [NE]
(viii) Coordination number[NE]
(ix) Homoleptic [NE]
(x) Heteroleptic. [NE]
(xi) Unidentate ligand [NE]
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Oxidation state: It is a number which represents the electric charge on the central
metal atom of a complex ion.
For example,
[Fe(CN)6]4–,
[Co(NH3)6]3+
Ni(CO)4.
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Q. 2. How many ions are produced from the complex, Co(NH3)6Cl2 in solution?
(a) 6
(b) 4
(c) 3
(d) 2 [NE]
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Q. 3. The oxidation number of cobalt in K[Co(CO)4] is

(a) +1
(b) +3
(c) –1
(d) –3 [NE]
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Q. 4. Write the oxidation state, electronic configuration and coordination number of
metal in the complex:
(i) K[Cr(H2O)2(C2O4)2].3H2O[NE]
(ii) CrCl3(py)3[NE]
(iii) K4[Mn(CN)6] [NE]
(iv) [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2[NE]
(v) Cs[FeCl4] [NE]
(vi) [Co(H2O)(CN)(en)2]2+[NE]
(vii) [PtCl4]2–[NE]
(viii) [Cr(NH3)3Cl3] [NE]
(ix) [CoBr2(en)2]+ [NE]
(x) K3[Fe(CN)6] [NE]
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