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Ch.3 Data Handling Notes 21-22
Ch.3 Data Handling Notes 21-22
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RANGE
The difference between the highest and the lowest observation gives the Range of the observation.
Therefore, Range = Highest observation – Lowest observation
Let us consider an example. In {4, 6, 9, 3, 7} the lowest value is 3, and the highest is 9,
so, the Range is 9-3 =6.
EXERCISE 3.1
1.Find the range of heights of any 10 students of your class.
Sol:-
Let us have the heights of the 10 students as follows: -
131cm,121cm,125cm,130cm,133cm,131cm,121.5cm.129cm.132cm,130cm
Range of heights = Highest observation – Lowest observation
= 133 – 121 =12cm
2.Organise the following marks in a class assessment in a tabular form
4,6,7,5,3,5,4,5,2,6,2,5,1,9,6,5,8,4,6,7
(i)Which number is the highest? (ii)Which number is the lowest?
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(iii) What is the range of the data? (iv)Find the arithmetic mean
Solution: -
(i)Highest number = 9
(ii) Lowest number = 1
(iii) Range = Highest obs. – Lowest obs. = 9 -1 =8
(iv) Arithmetic
= = =5
3.Find the mean of first five whole numbers.
Solution :- First five whole numbers are: 0,1,2,3,4
= = =2
5.Following table shows the points of each player scored in four games:
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Solution:-
(i) = = = 12.5
(ii)To find the mean number of points per game for C,we will divide the total points by 3
Because C played three games.
(iv)The best performer should have the greates average among all.Now we observe that the
average of
A is 12.5 which is greater than the average of B and C.
Therefore,A is the best performer among the three.
(iii) =
= = 73
7.The enrolment in a school during six consecutive years was as follows:
1555,1670,1750,2013,2540,2820
Find the mean enrolment of the school for this period.
Solution:-
= = = 2058
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8. The rainfall (in mm) in a city on seven days of a certain week was recorded as follows:
. . . . . . . .
(ii) = = = 5.9mm
9.The heights of ten girls were measured in cm and the results are as follows:
135,150,139,128,151,132,146,149,143,141.
(i)What is the height of the tallest girl?
(ii)What is the height of the shortest girls?
(iii)What is the range of the data?
(iv)What is the mean height of the girls?
(v)How many girls have heights more than the mean height?
Solution:-
(i)Height of the tallest girl = 151cm
(ii)Height of the shortest girl = 128cm
(iii)Range of the data = Highest observation – Lowest observation = 151-128 = 23cm
(iv) =
= =141.5cm
MODE
Mode is another form of central tendency or representative value. Mode is the observation that
appears most frequently in a set. A set of numbers may have one mode, more than one mode, or
no mode at all.
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Solution: For finding the mode, first we will arrange the given data in ascending or descending
order.
Ascending order of the given data: 1,1,1,2,2,2,2,3,4,4
In the given data, 2 appears for the maximum number of times (i.e.4 times)
Therefore, 2 is the mode of the given data.
***For large data, arrange the data using frequency distribution table
MEDIAN:
Median is one of the measures of central tendency.
The median of a set of data is the middlemost number in the set. The median is also the number
that is halfway into the set. To find the median, the data should first be arranged in the ascending
or descending order.
E.g. Given data: 35, 32, 35, 42, 38, 32, 34.
Ascending order of the data: 32, 32, 34, 35, 35, 38, 42
As, the number of observations in the given data is 7, the 4 th observation lies in the middle of the
data.
Therefore, Median of the given data = 35
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EXERCISE 3.2
1.The scores in mathematics test (out of 25) of 15 students is as follows:
19, 25, 23, 20, 9, 20, 15, 10, 5, 16, 25, 20, 24, 12, 20.
Find the mode and median of the data. Are they same?
Solution:
Arranging the scores in ascending order: 5, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 23, 24, 25, 25
The median of a set of data is the middlemost number in the set and mode is the observation that
appears most frequently in a set.
As there are 15 items in the data, the median is the ( ) th observation i.e. the 8th observation
from the data.
Hence, Median = 20
Also, it can be observed that 20 occurs 4 times (i.e. the maximum number of times) in the data.
⸫ Mode of this data = 20
Yes, they are same.
= = = 39
The median of a set of data is the middlemost number in the set and mode is the observation that
appears most frequently in a set.
As the data has total 11 observations, so the middlemost observation i.e. the 6 th observation is the
median.
Therefore, Median = 15
Also, it can be observed that 15 occurs 3 times (i.e. the maximum number of times) in the data.
⸫ Mode of this data = 15
No, these three are not same.
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The median of a set of data is the middlemost number in the set and mode is the observation that
appears most frequently in a set.
(i) As the data has total 15 observations, so the middlemost observation i.e. the 8 th observation is
the median.
Therefore, Median = 40
Also, it can be observed that 38 and 43 both occurs 3 times (i.e. the maximum number of times)
in the data.
⸫ Mode of this data = 38 and 43
(ii0 Yes, there are two modes in the data.
4.Find the mode and the median of the data: 13, 16, 12, 14, 19, 12, 14, 13, 14
Solution:
Ascending order of the data: 12, 12, 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 16, 19
The median of a set of data is the middlemost number in the set and mode is the observation that
appears most frequently in a set.
As the data has total 9 observations, so the middlemost observation i.e. the 5 th observation is the
median.
Therefore, Median = 14
Also, it can be observed that 14 occurs 3 times (i.e. the maximum number of times) in the data.
⸫ Mode of this data = 14
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= = =8
BAR GRAPH
A bar graph is a representation of numbers using bars of uniform width and the lengths of the
bars depend upon the frequency and scale we have chosen.
Rules for drawing a bar graph:
1.Collect your data. The first thing you must do is to collect all your data. Remember that a bar
graph should show a comparison among categories.
2.Draw an x and a y-axis. This will look like a large "L" shape.
3.Label the x-axis (horizontal) and the y-axis (vertical).
4.Mark the point of intersection of x and y axis as 0 (zero).
5.Choose a proper scale and write scale on the top right corner of the bar graph.
6.Mark equal divisions on y-axis using the scale chosen.
7.Draw bars of uniform width with uniform spacing from x-axis.
8.Write what each bar represents.
EXERCISE 3.3
1.Use the bar graph, to answer the following questions:
a) Which is the most popular pet? b) How many students have dog as a pet?
Solution:
a) Since the bar representing cat is the tallest, cat is the most
popular pet.
b) The number of children having dog as the pet are 8.
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(ii) 475 books were sold in the year 1990 and 225 books were sold in the year 1992.
(iii) In the year 1989 and 1992 fewer than 250 books were sold.
(iv) From the graph, the number of books sold in the year 1989 is 1 and ¾ th of the unit.
Also, 1unit = 100 books
Therefore, 1 and 3/4 unit = 100 + ¾×100 = 100+75 = 175 books.
3. Number of children in six different classes are given below. Represent the data on a bar graph.
4.The performance of students in 1st term and 2nd term is given. Draw a double bar graph
choosing appropriate scale and answer the following questions:
i) In which subject, has the child improve his performance the most?
ii) In which subject is the improvement the least?
iii) Has the performance gone down in any subject?
Solution:
A double bar graph for the given data is as follows:
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(i)There was a maximum increase in marks obtained in Maths. Therefore, the child has improved
his performance in Maths.
(ii)From the graph it is concluded that the improvement was the least in S.S.
(iii) From the graph it is observed that the performance in Hindi has gone done.
i) Draw a double bar graph choosing an appropriate scale. What do you infer from the bar graph?
ii) Which sport is most popular?
iii) Which is more preferred, watching or participating in sports?
Solution:
A double bar graph for the given data is as follows:
(i)The double bar graph represents the number of
people who like watching and participating in
different sports.
(ii) From the bar graph it can be observed that
bar representing the number of people who like
watching and participating in cricket is the tallest
among all the bars. Hence, cricket is the most
popular sport.
(iii)The bars representing watching sports are
longer than the bars representing participating in
sports. Hence, watching different types of sports
is more preferred than participating in sports.
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6.Take the data giving the minimum and the maximum temperature of various cities. Plot a
double bar graph using the data and answer the following questions:
ii) Which is the hottest city, and which is the coldest city?
iv) Name the city which has the least difference between its
minimum and the maximum temperature.
Solution: -
A double bar graph for the given data is as follows:
(i) From the graph it can be concluded that Jammu
has the largest difference in the minimum and
the maximum temperature on the given date.
(ii) From the graph it can be concluded that
Jammu is the hottest city and Bangalore is the
coldest city.
(iii) Two cities where maximum temperature of one
was less than the minimum temperature of the other are
Bangalore and Ahmedabad
Bangalore and Jaipur.
(Iv) From the graph it can be concluded that the
city which has the least difference between its
minimum and the maximum temperature is
Mumbai.
PROBABILITY
**Probability is a measure of the likelihood of an event to occur.
**Many events cannot be predicted with total certainty. We can predict only the chance of an
event to occur i.e. how likely they are to happen, using it.
**Probability can range in between 0 to 1, where 0 means the event to be an impossible one
and 1 indicates a certain event.
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EXERCISE 3.4
1.Tell whether the following is certain to happen, impossible, can happen but not certain:
(i) You are older today than yesterday.
(ii) A tossed coin will land heads up.
(iii) A die when tossed shall land up with 8 on top.
(iv) The next traffic light seen will be green.
(v) Tomorrow will be a cloudy day.
Solution:
(i) Certain
(ii) Can happen but not certain.
(iii) Impossible as there are only six faces on a dice marked as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 on it.
(iv) Can happen but not certain.
(v) Can happen but not certain.
2.There are six marbles in a box with numbers from 1 to 6 marked on each of them.
(i) What is the probability of drawing a marble with number 2?
(ii) What is the probability of drawing a marble with number 5?
Solution: -
Probability of an event to happen =
3. A coin is flipped to decide which team starts the game. What is the probability that
your team will start?
Solution: -
A coin has two faces – Head and Tail. One team can opt either Head or Tail.
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