Health Notions, Volume 6 Number 11 (November 2022) ISSN 2580-4936

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33846/hn61104
http://heanoti.com/index.php/hn

RESEARCH ARTICLE
URL of this article: http://heanoti.com/index.php/hn/article/view/hn61104

The Effectiveness of Rice Washing Waste on the Growth of Stem Height and Leaf
Width of Green Spinach Plants (Amaranthus hybridus L.)

Veronika Amelia Simbolon1(CA), Annisa Pratiwi Putri2, Hendra Dermawan Sitanggang3, Iza Lianti4
1(CA)
Lecturer of the D3 Environmental Health Study Program / Center of Excellence on Island Community of
Health, Poltekkes Kemenkes Tanjungpinang, Indonesia; veronika@poltekkes-tanjungpinang.ac.id
(Corresponding Author)
2
Instructor of D3 Environmental Health Study Program / Center of Excellence on Island Community of Health,
Poltekkes Kemenkes Tanjungpinang, Indonesia; annisapratiwip@gmail.com
3
Lecturer of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Jambi, Indonesia; hendrasitanggang@unja.ac.id
4
Student of D3 Environmental Health Study Program, Poltekkes Kemekes Tanjungpinang, Indonesia;
izalianti7@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Rice washing waste can cause pollution if not treated, the waste can be used as liquid organic fertilizer. The
fertilizer contains the nutrients needed by plants and is environmentally friendly. The purpose of the study was to
determine the effectiveness of rice washing waste on the growth of stem height and leaf width of green spinach
plants. This research was an experimental study with a factorial design. The factorial pattern was 2 x 3 with 3
repetitions. The first factor was rice washing waste and the second factor was variations in the concentration of
liquid fertilizer. Variations in the concentration of liquid organic fertilizer from rice washing waste were 50%,
75% and 100%. The sample of this study was 100 stems of green spinach plants. Post hoc test found that the most
effective concentration of liquid organic fertilizer on green spinach plant height was 50% (fermented) and 75%
(without fermentation), while the leaf width concentration was 75%. There was no effect of giving liquid organic
fertilizer from rice washing waste to the number of green spinach leaves. There was an effect of giving organic
fertilizer from rice washing waste on stem height and leaf width of green spinach plants

Keywords: liquid organic fertilizer; rice washing waste; green spinach plant

INTRODUCTION

Background

Yellowish in color, rocky, and containing bauxite, is a characteristic of the soil found in the Tanjungpinang
City area. The level of soil fertility in such conditions is quite low so it is not suitable for use as agricultural land.
Based on the results of previous studies, it is known that characteristics of the soil studied in several areas were
red with rounded particle sizes, soft (easy to knead), moderate plasticity, and dry soil conditions. Efforts are made
by farmers to increase fertility or soil health by adding soil fertilizing agents(1).
The application of inorganic fertilizers is a method used by farmers to fertilize the soil, with the
assumption that the use of inorganic fertilizers can accelerate the planting period and increase crop yields,
without knowing the impact of long-term use. The impact of giving inorganic fertilizers continuously and with
excessive doses can result in physical damage to the soil. If efforts are not made to maintain soil quality, it is
feared that plant nutrient needs cannot be met.
Soil damage due to the use of inorganic fertilizers can be avoided by replacing inorganic fertilizers with
organic fertilizers. The use of liquid organic fertilizer is one of the efforts to solve environmental problems,
especially waste. Management of waste into liquid fertilizer can reduce the level of pollution in the environment.
Organic fertilizers can quickly overcome nutrient deficiencies, do not damage soil humus and easily dissolve in
the soil and carry essential nutrients for soil fertility. Organic fertilizers do not have an impact on the environment
or soil if used for a long time, because the constituent materials consist of natural ingredients.

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One type of organic fertilizer that is easily processed and applied to plants is liquid fertilizer. The raw
materials for liquid fertilizer are easy to obtain and the method of manufacture is simple, but the benefits are very
good for plants, one of which is liquid organic fertilizer from rice washing waste. Rice washing waste is a waste
that is definitely generated from household activities and is a waste that is rarely reused. The volume of rice
washing water waste that is simply thrown into the environment is increasing along with population growth. Rice
washing waste is usually directly disposed of through sewerage, so it has the potential to cause environmental
pollution and the emergence of various diseases.
Previous research, it is known that rice washing water waste contains abundant nutrients, including
carbohydrates in the form of 85-90% starch, fat, gluten protein, cellulose, hemicellulose, sugar, and high
vitamins. Rice washing water contains vitamins such as niacin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, and thiamin, as well as
minerals such as Ca, Mg, and Fe which are necessary for fungal growth(2).
Previous research result, showed that giving rice washing water at a dose of 20 ml/liter of water had an
effect on plant height and the number of green mustard leaves(3). In another study using rice washing waste (4),
it was found that liquid organic fertilizer from modified rice washing water was effective in the growth of green
beans.
Based on the description of the background above, the researchers felt to research to see the effectiveness
of the utilization of fermented rice waste with varying concentrations on the growth of green spinach plants.

Purpose
Purpose research to see the effectiveness of the utilization of fermented rice washing waste with varying
concentrations on the growth of green spinach plants.

METHODS
This type of research was experimental with a factorial design. The purpose of this study was to investigate
the presence or absence of a causal relationship by giving certain treatments to several experimental groups and
providing control as a comparison.
The basic design was a Completely Randomized Block Design with a 2 x 3 factorial pattern with 3
repetitions. The first factor was the type of liquid organic fertilizer (P), namely liquid fertilizer of rice washing
waste with fermentation and liquid fertilizer of rice washing waste without fermentation. The second factor was
the variation in the concentration of liquid fertilizer. Concentrations of variations in liquid fertilizer of rice
washing waste were 50%, 75% and 100%.
Determination of the concentration of liquid organic fertilizer from rice washing waste in this study refers
to a study conducted by Jemali which stated that the best concentration that could increase the rate of growth of
plant height and dry weight of plants was at a concentration treatment of 90%. Furthermore, 70% concentration
is the best treatment to increase the growth rate of plant stem diameter, and 80% concentration is the best
concentration in increasing the growth rate of leaf number and wet weight of spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L). (5)
The population in this study were green spinach plants that grew after the nursery. The sample of this
study was 100 stems of green spinach plants with the same size with three repetitions for each concentration.
Measurement of spinach plant growth was carried out starting at the age of 7 days after growing. The
measurement period was carried out for 28 days from the start of the measurement.
Descriptive analysis was carried out to determine the average and standard deviation of each variable in
this study, namely the growth of red and green pulled spinach plants (stem height, number of leaves, and leaf
width) with variations in the concentration of liquid fertilizer.
Analysis to determine the effectiveness of the utilization of fermented rice waste with various
concentrations on the growth of green spinach plants. The data has been obtained based on observations of stem
height, leaf width and number of leaves. To determine the effectiveness of the dose based on each type of fertilizer
using the Annova test. Furthermore, the mean difference test (independent t test) was carried out to determine the
difference in the growth of red and green pulled spinach plants based on stem height, the number of leaves, and
leaf width.

RESULTS

Average Steam Height, Leaf Width, Number Leave of Green Spinach

Research conducted on spinach plants to determine the growth of spinach plants after being given liquid
organic fertilizer treatment from rice washing wastewater can be seen in the following descriptive analysis. Based
on table 1, it is known that there is a difference in the average height of green spinach stems in the treatment of
fermented liquid organic fertilizer, not fermented with control. Stem height of green spinach plants was lower in

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control compared to stem height of green spinach plants treated with liquid organic fertilizer (fermented and
without fermentation).

Table 1. Average stem height of green spinach plants

Observations on spinach plants

Concentration (%)
Fermentation (cm) No fermentation (cm)
Control 9.40 9.30
50 12.89 10.80
75 10.99 11.08
100 9.55 11.64
Average 10.71 10.70

Table 2. Average leaf width of green spinach plants

Observations on spinach plants

Concentration (%)
Fermentation (cm) No fermentation (cm)
Control 3.58 3.53
50 4.35 3.40
75 4.40 3.83
100 3.70 4.08
Average 4.01 3.71

The growth of leaf width of spinach plants given liquid organic fertilizer from rice washing waste with
fermentation had a higher average value than the control. While the average value of leaf width of spinach plants
given liquid organic fertilizer of rice washing waste without fermentation at one concentration of leaf width had
a smaller average value when compared to the control, namely at a concentration of 50%.

Table 3. Average number of leaves of green spinach plants

Observations on spinach plants

Concentration (%)
Fermentation (strands) No fermentation (strands)
Control 8 8
50 10 9
75 9 8
100 9 7
Average 9 8

The average number of leaves given liquid organic fertilizer of rice washing waste with fermentation had
more number of leaves than the control, while the average number of leaves on the application of liquid organic
fertilizer of rice washing waste without fermentation had fewer leaves than the control on one of the concentration
is at a concentration of 100%.

Statistical Analysis

In this study used the Anova test with a completely randomized design (CRD). This analysis aims to
determine the effect of liquid fertilizer application on green spinach plants. The presentation of Anova data can
be seen in the following table:

Table 4. Effectiveness of fermented rice waste liquid fertilizer at 50%, 75%, and 100% concentrations on stem
height

Concentration Mean Std. Deviation 95% CI p-value

50% 26.6667 2.08167 21.4955 - 31.8378
75% 25.1633 0.56766 23.7532 - 26.5735 0.026
100% 21.6867 0.05132 21.5592 - 21.8141

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Based on statistical tests, obtained p value = 0.026 (<0.05), this means that there is a significant difference
in stem height between the 3 concentrations (50%, 75%, and 100%). The test results showed that the liquid organic
fertilizer of rice washing waste with fermentation had an effect on the growth of green spinach stems.

Table 5. Effectiveness of liquid fertilizer for rice washing waste without fermentation at concentrations of 50%,
75%, and 100% against stem height

Concentration Mean Std. Deviation 95% CI p-value

50% 230000 2000000 27.9683 - 27.9683
75% 27.8000 0.98489 25.3534 - 30.2466 0.014
100% 27.5667 1.38684 24.1216 - 31.0118

The results of the statistical test in Table 4.5 are known to have p value = 0.014 (< 0.05), so it can be seen
that there are significant similarities in stem height between the 3 concentrations (50%, 75%, and 100%). Based
on these tests, it was concluded that the liquid organic fertilizer of rice washing waste without fermentation was
not effective on the growth of green spinach stem height

Table 6. Effectiveness of fermented rice laundry waste liquid fertilizer at 50%, 75%, and 100% concentrations
on leaf width

Concentration mean Std. Deviation 95% CI p-value

50% 8.6833 0.50083 7.4392 – 9.9275
75% 10.0867 0.15044 9.7129 – 10.4604 0.001
100% 7.7633 0.20817 7.2462 – 8.2804

Statistical test in table 6 obtained p value = 0.001 (<0.05), this means that there is a significant difference
in leaf width between the 3 concentrations (50%, 75%, and 100%). It can be seen that the liquid organic fertilizer
of rice washing waste with fermentation has an effect on the growth of green spinach leaf width.

Table 7. The effectiveness of liquid fertilizer for rice washing waste without fermentation at concentrations of
50%, 75%, and 100% against leaf width

Concentration mean Std. Deviation 95% CI p-value

50% 7.0533 0.55003 5.6870 - 8.4197
75% 8.3867 1.9630 7.8990 - 8.8743 0.001
100% 9.0833 0.16258 8.6795 - 9.4872

Based on the data in table 7, it can be seen that the p value = 0.001 (<0.05), this means that there is a
significant difference in leaf width between the 3 concentrations (50%, 75%, and 100%). It can be concluded that
the liquid organic fertilizer of rice washing waste without fermentation has an effect on the growth of green
spinach leaf width.

Table 8. The effectiveness of fermented rice laundry waste liquid fertilizer at 50%, 75%, and 100%
concentrations on the number of leaves

Concentration mean Std. Deviation 95% CI p-value

50% 15.6667 3.05505 8.0775 - 23.2558
75% 14.6667 0.57735 13.2324 - 16.1009 0.582
100% 140000 1.0000 11.5159 - 16.4841

The results of the statistical test table 8 obtained p value = 0.582 (> 0.05), this means that there are significant
similarities in the number of leaves between the 3 concentrations (50%, 75%, and 100%). The conclusion of the
test is that the liquid organic fertilizer of rice washing waste with fermentation has no effect on the growth of the
number of green spinach leaves.

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Table 9. Effectiveness of non-fermented rice laundry waste liquid fertilizer at 50%, 75%, and 100%
concentrations on number of leaves

Concentration Mean Std. Deviation 95% CI p-value

50% 130000 1.0000 10.5159 - 15.4841
75% 13.3333 1.15470 10.4649 - 16.2018 0.813
100% 12.6667 1.52753 8.8721 - 16.4612

Based on statistical tests obtained p value = 0.813 (> 0.05), this means that there are significant similarities
in the number of leaves between the 3 concentrations (50%, 75%, and 100%), so it can be concluded that the
liquid organic fertilizer of laundry waste unfermented rice has no effect on the growth of the number of green
spinach leaves.

Table 10. Post hoc analysis comparison of stem height between concentrations

Concentration Difference mean p-value

50% vs 75% 1.503 0.570
50% vs 100% 4.98 0.008
75% vs 100% 3.47 0.043

Post hoc analysis proved that the concentrations that were significantly different were concentrations of
50% with 100% and 75% with 100%. Meanwhile, between 50% and 75% were not proven to be significant, which
means that the concentrations of 50% and 75% were statistically proven to have almost the same average on stem
height growth. However, based on the mean value, it can be concluded that 50% concentration is the most effective
concentration on stem height growth

Table 11. Post hoc analysis comparison of leaf width between concentrations

Concentration Difference mean p-value

50% vs 75% 1.40 0.006
50% vs 100% 0.92 0.040
75% vs 100% 2.32 0.000

Post hoc analysis proved that the concentrations that were significantly different were concentrations of
50% with 100%, 75% with 50%, and 75% with 100%. Based on this analysis, it was also known that the 75%
concentration was significantly proven to be the most effective concentration on leaf width, with a mean value of
10.0867.

DISCUSSION

Plant growth can be influenced by several factors, there are internal factors consisting of genetics and
hormones from the plant itself and external factors consisting of the plant's growing environment. The plant
growing environment has a factor that is closely related to the success of plant growth. An optimal growing
environment is necessary to maximize plant development. Several environmental factors affect plant growth,
including air, water, light, soil, climate, and nutrients. Nutrients have an important role in plant growth
metabolism, if plants lack nutrients then their growth and development can be disrupted and susceptible to plant
diseases. Nutrient levels can vary from one land to another, This causes the growth of similar plants to differ in
different regions. There are several ways to meet plant nutrient needs, one of which is through the fertilization
process.
Fertilization is an activity that is widely known by the community, especially in the agricultural sector.
Various types of fertilizers have been circulating in the community. The types of fertilizers that are common in
the community are organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers are fertilizers without the
addition of chemicals, while inorganic fertilizers are fertilizers with a mixture of chemicals. Excessive use of
inorganic fertilizers can cause disturbances in the natural balance. Some examples of natural damage that can be
caused by excessive use of inorganic fertilizers are soil damage and reduced crop production. The high price and
amount of use of inorganic fertilizers in agricultural activities encourage farmers to use organic fertilizers.
Organic fertilizers circulating in the market can be in liquid and solid forms. Organic fertilizers can be
produced from the rest of the results of human activities that are no longer used. One of the residual sources of

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human activities is household activities. The rest of human activities can be reused as fertilizer after going through
the processing process. Waste from human activities so far is still underutilized and is directly dumped into the
sewer. One example of the waste that is produced every day from daily activities is rice washing water.
According to the results of previous studies, it is known that rice washing water contains very important
soil nutrients, namely carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, and vitamin B1(6).
Efforts to increase the main nutrients such as phosphorus, Soil nitrogen, and potassium can be done by using rice
washing water waste as water for watering plants, in addition to the above content, it can also increase N, P, and
K nutrients (7). The purpose of selecting the main raw material for rice washing water is to utilize the rest of the
daily activities.
Based on the results of previous research, it is know that the NPK content of glutinous rice water fertilizer
which was fermented anaerobically was higher than that of unfermented glutinous rice water. The fermentation
process in the composting process aims to increase the development of microbial decomposers. Based on these
results, in this study two groups of fertilizers were made, there were fermented and unfermented liquid ertilizers.
Making liquid organic fertilizer from fermented rice washing wastewater by adding brown sugar and coconut (8).
Fertilization is carried out on plants that are given fertilizer treatment. The control plants were not given
fertilizer. The fertilizer used in spinach plants is liquid organic fertilizer from rice washing wastewater with
concentrations of 50%, 75%, and 100%. Fertilizer was applied to spinach plants with different polybags. Fertilizer
treatment was repeated three times for each fertilizer variation and spinach type. The growth of spinach plants
was assessed by measuring the height of the stem, counting the number of leaves, and measuring the width of the
leaves.

Stem Height Growth

The stem height of the green spinach plant at the age of 7 days after sowing with the average stem height
was relatively the same, namely 4 cm from the soil surface. During the observation period, the height of the
green spinach stems grew. During the observation period, the growth of Batam height of green spinach plants
began to vary, starting to see differences between the growth of groups of various concentrations in both the
fermented fertilizer group and the unfermented fertilizer group.
Based on table 4.1, it is known that the growth of stem height in green spinach plants at each
concentration has a different growth. From the table, it can be seen that for the group of liquid organic fertilizers
from fermented rice washing wastewater, the most significant concentration in stem height growth was a
concentration of 50%. The concentration of 50% is the lowest in this study. This is in line with other studies,
that rice washing water has the potential to be used on celery plants but at a more dilute concentration (third
rinse rice washing water) (9).
In the group of liquid organic fertilizers from rice washing wastewater without fermentation, the growth
of stem height on green spinach plants was different. For a concentration of 100%, the stem height of green
spinach plants experienced significant growth. This is in line with previous research, namely the application of
20 ml of rice washing water fertilizer has the most significant effect on the height of mustard plants(3). This can
be caused because this treatment contains a lot of Pseudomonas fluorescent nutrients which are microbes that
play a role in triggering plant growth. In addition, the nutrients contained in liquid organic fertilizer from rice
washing wastewater without fermentation are still lacking to meet the growing needs of green spinach plants.
The content of N, P, and K in glutinous rice water fertilizer that is fermented anaerobically is higher than that
of unfermented glutinous rice water. Good nutrient content will provide maximum growth to plants(8).
One of the nutrients needed by plants to support plant growth is Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P). Each
of these elements has a very good role and function for plant growth which can later have an impact on increasing
plant productivity (10). Vitamin B1 contained in rice washing water has a role in converting high carbohydrate
content into energy to drive plant activity. Convective carbohydrates also act as an intermediary for the
formation of the hormones auxin and gibberellins which can stimulate root growth (11).
In general, growth and development in plants begin with the zygote stage which is the result of
fertilization of female sex cells with males. The division of the zygote produces a meristematic tissue that will
continue to divide and differentiate. The growth of plant stem height occurs in the intercalary meristems of the
stem segments.
Green spinach plants are one of the plants that have a short harvest life, ranging from 21 days to 35 days
after sowing(12). This is in line with the results of the research conducted, namely, on the 28th day, the height of
the green spinach tree trunk reached 28.80 cm at a concentration of 75% for the liquid organic fertilizer group
from rice washing wastewater without fermentation. This could be because the nutrients contained in liquid
organic fertilizer from rice washing wastewater were able to meet the needs of spinach plants.

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Leaf Width Growth

The process of leaf width growth at the time of observation experienced several variations. The average
leaf width when first observed was 0.5-0.7 cm. Over time, the width of the leaves of green spinach plants has
developed. Observations in this study were carried out every two days for 28 days. The growth of leaf width in
this study can be said to be relatively fast. The growth and development of leaf width can reach 0.3 - 0.4 cm per
observation.
Based on the results, the observation group of liquid organic fertilizer from fermented rice washing
wastewater at a concentration of 75% had the highest average growth value, while for the liquid organic fertilizer
group from rice washing wastewater without fermentation the concentration was 100%. This is because liquid
organic fertilizer from rice washing wastewater can meet the nutrient needs of plant growth. The results of this
study are inversely proportional to theprevious studies which stated that the lack of rice washing water on Pak
Choy plants and errors in determining the dose would make growth less than optimal(11).
Rice washing water contains elements of carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium,
sulfur, iron, and vitamin B1 which are needed for plant growth. The dose of fertilizer given to plants must be
right, giving excessive doses of fertilizer will make plant growth less than optimal. Leaf width is closely related
to the process of photosynthesis, where the intake of nutrients is less it will affect the productivity of plants in
producing oxygen. The wider the width of the leaf, the rate of photosynthesis will increase, and the absorption
of sunlight can be carried out optimally. If the photosynthesis process is carried out optimally, then the
assimilation from the photosynthesis process can be optimally accumulated in the growth organs of plants such
as roots, stems, and leaves which describe plant biomass.
The application of liquid fertilizer with a high concentration will provide more optimal plant growth, this
can happen because the nutrients provided are also more and more sufficient for plant growth. Giving fertilizer in
liquid form can also facilitate absorption by plant roots so that the supply of stems and leaves is also more optimal.
In this study, the application of liquid organic fertilizer with a high concentration gave the most optimal leaf
growth results in both the fermented and non-fermented fertilizer groups, this could be due to the lack of nutrients
in the soil used for plant growth. The results of previous studies stated that the application of organic fertilizer of
20 ml of rice washing water affects the growth of the leaves of the mustard plant, the leaves are the site of the
photosynthesis process of the plant which is assisted by the provision of liquid organic fertilizer so that the number
of leaves is more. According to other research results, the leaf area of a plant is influenced by the number of leaves
on the plant, the more the number of leaves, the wider the leaf area of a plant(13).

Growth Number of Leaves

The process of growing the number of leaves at the time of observation experienced several variations.
The average number of leaves when first observed was 3-4 pieces. Over time, the number of green spinach
leaves has grown. Observations in this study were carried out every two days for 28 days. The growth of the
number of leaves in this study can be said to be relatively fast. The growth of the number of leaves can reach 1-
2 leaves per observation.
In this study, the highest average leaf number growth for the 50% concentration group with fermented
liquid fertilizer and the lowest average leaf growth rate was at 100% concentration with unfermented liquid
fertilizer. The incubation period of giving rice washing fertilizer did not significantly affect the number of leaves,
leaf area, dry weight, and the number of carotenoids in mustard greens(13). In this study, the application of organic
fertilizer for rice washing wastewater with fermentation showed the highest average growth of the number of
leaves. In mustard plants given organic fertilizer of rice washing water as much as 20 ml/liter of water, the more
dominant influence on the number of leaves(3). Leaves are the site of plant photosynthesis and are assisted by
this liquid organic fertilizer so that the number of leaves is more than the control. Rice washing water organic
fertilizer also contains 80% vitamin B1, 70% vitamin B3, 90% vitamin B6, and nitrogen content which can
trigger the growth of the number of leaves.
Leaves are a very important part of plant growth because leaves have a role in the process of
photosynthesis. If the number of leaves on a plant is quite a lot, the photosynthesis process will take place
optimally. Leaves are plant organs where synthesizing food occurs for plant needs or as food reserves(14).
Nutrients have an important role in the formation of leaves, especially the element N. Rice washing waste
contains many nutrients needed for plants, including carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, sulfur, iron,
vitamin B1, and magnesium(16). The magnesium contained in rice washing water helps the process of forming
green leaves or chlorophyll and plays a role in helping the process of transporting phosphate in plants. In addition
to nutrient content, water also has an important role in plant growth, because water can dissolve nutrients so that
they are easily absorbed by plant roots.
The results of the study were in line with the growth of stem height, a concentration of 50% in the organic
fertilizer group of unfermented rice washing water had the highest stem height growth. This can be due to the

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higher the plant, the more the number of leaves that grow. The results of photosynthesis in the leaves are used by
plants to reproduce. Plant growth can be an increase in the size of the stem height and the formation of new
branches and leaves. The results of this study indicate that there is a close relationship between the growth of stem
height and the growth of the number of leaves, which can produce optimal photosynthetic activities.

CONCLUSION

There was a significant effect of giving fermented and unfermented liquid organic fertilizer on the growth
of stem height and leaf width of green spinach. The application of liquid organic fertilizer for fermented and
unfermented rice washing had no effect on the growth of the number of green spinach leaves.

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475 | Publisher: Humanistic Network for Science and Technology