(United Republic of Tanzania),

, 945 087 , 3520

(2002 )
300

78 10 1886
(Tanganyika)
1917 11 1920
1946 1961 5
1 12 9 1962 12 9
(Zanzibar) 1890 1963 6 24
12 10 1964 1 12
1964 4 26
10 29
19611965
19651992 1992

1965
1977

2003 HTTP://www.worldbank.org/data/dataquery/html.

90

1990
1991 2

11 80%
45%
1992 2
4 1992

1995 10 13 4
61.8%

232 186
80.2%2000 10
71.1%

1
1992

1992 7

Reverende Mtikila
Abdulla FundikiraJames Mapalala
1991 11 Malesera

A.N.Kweka, One-Party Democracy and the Multi-Party State, in C.Legum and G.Mmari(ed.), Mwalimu:
the Influence of Nyerere, Britain-Tanzania Society, 1995, p.75.
ibid., pp.76-77.
Africa South of the Sahara, Europa Publications Limited, 1998, p.1037.
Goran Hyden,Top-Down Democratization in Tanzania, in Journal of Democracy, October 1999, Vol.10, No.4p.143.

1990
3 1993 1 8

1992
1995 1 25 United Democratic PartyUDP
10 29
1995 3 26

1992 4 3 Horace Kolimba

1993 6 9
Hon. Samwel Witta,

1992 12
17
1995

1977

1995 4 5 National Electoral Commission12

11 11

Uhuru, November1991.
1998 82
Emmanuel J.E. Makaidi ed., Emmas Encyclopaedia Tanzaniana of National Records, 1497-1995, Sunrise
Publishers, 1995, p.256.
Ibid., p.209.
Ibid., p.229.
Ibid., p.209.
Ibid, p. 249.
Ibid., p. 262.

1992
1995

1992

1977 1992
20
Preventive Detention
Act
1999

2000 2
50%
15% 25% 2000

2
90

2004 358
USAID/Tanzania, Democracy and Governance Assessment of Tanzania: Transitions from the Single-Party
State, Sean Hall, 2003, p.vii.
Goran HydenTop-down Democratization in Tanzaniain Journal of Democracy, No.3, 1999, p.148.


90

30

100

1994 10 Mtikila
1992

48
2002 5000
Pius Msekwa

NCCRAugustine Mrema
TLP

p.23.

USAID/Tanzania, Democracy and Governance Assessment of Tanzania: Transitions from the Single-Party State, Sean Hall, 2003,

Ibid., p.25.
Tanzanias Tomorrow, An Eastern and Southern African Universities Research Programme Publications,
TEMA Publishers Company Ltd., 1996, pp.107-108.
USAID/Tanzania, Democracy and Governance Assessment of Tanzania: Transitions from the Single-Party
State, Sean Hall, 2003, p.26.

 1995
27.8% 16 2000
1 1995 ,, 2000 7.8%
5
1995

1995
83%

20001500
19992400

1
20%

1995

2000 5 Lamwai
2000

URT, The Presidential Commission on Single Party or Multiparty System in Tanzania, Report and Recommendations of the
Commission on the Democratic System in Tanzania, Dar es Salaam University Press, Dar es Salaam, 1992.
Jonas Ewald, Electionalism or Democracy? The interface between economic reforms and democratisation in Tanzania Oslo,
Norway, Peace and Development Studies /Centre for Africa Studies, 2002, p.14.
Ibid.
Evelyne van Herfkens, Supporting Political Parties: Well Worth the Risk, Dar es Salaam, 2001.
Abubakar Salim, Illegal Practices during the Election Processes in the Light of the Elections Act, Dar es
Salaam, 1985, p.58.


12
14 5

90

199220029
944118Majira
3Uhuru
1.11.212
7

1999

,,
,

2002 Mara
Commissioner 7

2003
4 3 7
1 2.5

M. Mmuya, Milestones in the Democratisation Process in Tanzania, in Political Handbook and NGO
Calendar 2002, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2002, p.140.
Ibid., 2003, pp.110-113.

Goran Hyden,Top-Down Democratization in Tanzania, in Journal of Democracy, October 1999, Vol.10,

No.4, p.152.
USAID/Tanzania, Democracy and Governance Assessment of Tanzania: Transitions from the Single-Party
State, Sean Hall, 2003, p.27.

 11 1993

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

20

6,5,PF

6,5,NF

6,6,NF

5,5,PF

5,5,PF

5,5,PF

5,4,PF

4,4,PF

4,4

http://www.freedomhouse.org.
PF Partly FreeNF Not Free
20042005 2003

transformationreplacement

1995200040%1995

Goran Hyden, Top-Down Democratization in Tanzania, in Journal of Democracy, October 1999, Vol.10, No.4, p.154.
See Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave, University of Okalahoma Press, Norman, 1991, pp.124-151.
Tundu Antiphas Lissu, Repacking Authoritarianism, USAID, 2001.
Ibid.

,
90

,
,
, 120 ,,
,,
,;,
,
;,
,,
,,,
,
,,,
,,
,
,
,,
,

1998 90
,,,

1995 2000

1995 Augustine Mrema

Chaga

,,1987 1/2 , 40
1990 8
1991 3 65
:,1991 2 , 4551
The Right to Choose a Leader, Dar es Salaam, 1996, p.12.

dala dala1995

27.8%

2002
40

,
,

1964

90
1992 12

1995
0.4%
5

1964

300

Ibid.

Africa South of the Sahara, Europa Publications Limited, 1998, p.1037.

1964

1.

2.
3.

1.
2.
3.

1999 425
Haussler, Peter Angela K. Ishengoma, Cornelie Butz, eds., Political Handbook & NGO Calendar 2003, Dar
es Salaam, 2002, pp.175-177.

4.

5.

6.

1.

2.

1.

2.

3.

25%,

1995

1964
1964
30
1992

90

1964

1995 2000

1964
2

1964 4

2004 19 50
Amir A. Mohammed, A Guide to a History of Zanzibar, Good Luck Publishers, Zanzibar, 2nd edition,
1997, p.73.
Greg CameronZanzibars Turbulent Transition, Review of African Political Economy, No.92,
2002p.320.
The GuardianOctober 122000.
Mafia Island 30 160 18
394

The GuardianOctober 162000.

1964 1

1964

1964

Kariokoo

2004
56 , 31
Greg CameronZanzibars Turbulent Transition, Review of African Political Economy, No.92,
2002p.328.
Daily News, September 302000.
Observation, October 16, 2000.
Nipashe, October 17, 2000.

 40
42%

40%

1960

2%

98%
2

Jambiani

KwahaniNgambo

1990

3
2003
20

1964 1

Kizimkazi

NipasheOctober 122000.
Greg CameronZanzibars Turbulent Transition, in Review of African Political Economy, No.92,
2002pp.323-324.
The Guardian, October 9, 2000.
Daily News, October 21; The Guardian, October 25, 2000.


1995 50.1%
49.3%49.8%50.2%

1 -

2 1964
90%

1961 1963

-
30

19611963 1995
1963 1964

1995

2000
C. K. Mtaki ed., Towards Multi-Party Democracy in Tanzania: A Documentary Overview, ARIESA (Association for Regional
Integration of Eastern and Southern Africa), 1997, p.5.
T.L. Maliyamkono, ed., The Political Plight of Zanzibar, Dar es Salaam, TEMA Publishers Company Ltd.,
2000, pp.245-247.
T.L. Maliyamkono, ed., op. cit., pp.245-247.
Ibid.
Ibid., p.245.

1995
165 271
163 706 50.2% 49.8% 1 565
0.4%
157 351 166 522 8171
3.2%

Greg Cameron 2000

1992

2005
1964

BakariMohammed Ali, The Democratisation Process in Zanzibar: A Retarded Transition, Institute of African Affairs, Hamburg,
2001, p.321.
Greg CameronZanzibars Turbulent Transition, in Review of African Political Economy, No.92,
2002pp.323-324.

1967

70

70

1985 11 5
80
1986 10

1986

1
,
,
,,
2001
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries InitiativeHIPC, 20
30 54%

,,
90 1998
3%1999 2003
5%2003 6.3%
30%

2002 1955 23
1998/1999
1995 1 595 1998
1 665 2001 1 820
2003 19.7 14.2 5.4
90 1

IMF and World Bank Support US$3 billion In Debt Service Relief For Tanzania Under Enhanced HIPC
Initiative, http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2001/pr0148.htm.
Tanzania: Slow but Sure Progress, in African Business, No.287, 2003, p.27.
Ibid., p.28.

1985

50%

600
23 3.8% 70
70 4.0% 1995
1997 4.2% 19.2% 19951997
19791981

20% 20%

35
3 10%

60%
2000-2001 2001 293

The Planning Commission of the United Republic of Tanzania, The Economic Survey, 2001, p.127.

1999 73
90% 13 1999 2.67
35%
9 4

70%

1997 1999 3.95 7.78

8.77

8.5
9000 12%

Kisumu

, 1980-1989
3.1%1990-2000 2.8%

80 6070
1983 93%90
The Planning Commission of the United Republic of Tanzania, The Economic Survey, 2003, p.112.
Ibid.
Ibid.
2003/2004 2004 228

 1998 46% 80 70
10%

100%
87%

90%
80%
68%

70%
60%

57%

53%

50%

50%

48%

47%

47%

48%

48%

48%

1989

1990

1991

1995

1996

1997

46%

40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1974

1980

1983

1987

1988

1998

1980 90%1990 75% 1997

66% 1980-1993 52%19941997
49%
19922002
43.1706040

1998 2001/2002 2001 288

60
52

52

53

52

52

51

51

51

51

50
43

49

48

45

47

45

44

43. 7

43. 1

1999

2000

2001

2002

40

30

20

10

0
1965

1975

1980

1985

1986

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

65


50
43. 7

45

46. 2
43. 1

45. 8

40
35
30

25
20
15
10
5
0

0
2001

2002

50% 0.65 36%

0.5
,,
2000 35 40 15 15

15 15
45%

, 14.9%, 44 1980
1990 52 56 , 8.8%,
,2001 14 ,
;,
,
,
National Bureau of Statistics Tanzania, Household Budget Survey 2001/02, Dar es Salaam, 2003, p.17
H. RwegoshoraChild Labour in TanzaniaPolitical Handbook and NGO Calendar 2003, Friedrich Ebert
Stiftung, 2002, p.127.
World Bank, World Development Report 2003, World Bank and Oxford University Press, 2000, pp.235259.
UNAIDS, Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic 2002, UNAIDS - Joint United Nations Program on
HIV/AIDS, July 2002, p.190.
Goran Hyden, op.cit., p.153.

,
,,
,
,,

80 90

1992
1987 1991 11280
9560 8020 7500
7480 6320 6080 5020
4960 3340 1920
CIDA
1986 1987

34
1989 1989
1990
1991
37
38
1990 1990

11

1989

50

Goran Hyden, Aid and Developmentalism in Southern Africa, in Stephen W. Hook, ed., Foreign Aid
Toward the Millennium, Boulder, 1996, pp.199-200.
Prompting Democratic Transition from Abroad: International Donors and Multi-partism in Tanzania, in
Democratization, Vol.7, No.4, Winter 2000, p.139.


1991
1038 37.1%1990
1155 48.2%

1991 1992

8
4.19

20 90 190 120
10

10%
1/3 20012002
48%90%
2000 4

2000 10

,
,,
,,

United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 1993, Oxford University Press,
New York, 1993, p.173.
World Bank, World Development Report 1992, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, p.256.
41
2003 1 19
22
Jonas Ewald, Electionalism or Democracy? The Interface between Economic Reforms and
Democratisation in Tanzania, Oslo, Norway, Peace and Development Studies /Centre for Africa Studies, 2002,
p.12.
Julius K. Nyerere, The Arusha Declarationin Freedom and Socialism, Oxford University Press, 1968p.239.
Julius K. Nyerere, op.cit., pp.240-241.


90

1995

2001 10

100 106

1992

1985

80
1986
2003 10 29
2003 1 20

1987
19872002

90

1992

1989

1991 8

:
,
Dean E. McHenry, Limited Choice: the Political Struggle for Socialism in Tanzania, London, 1994, p.177.
1992 5 4
ESAURP, The Road to Democracy, Tema Publishers Company Ltd., 1998, p.80.
New York TimesFebruary 27, 1990.
Goran HydenTop-down Democratization in Tanzaniain Journal of Democracy, No.3, 1999, p.144.
1992 1 14

,
1995 6
1995 6
Chimwaga

2000 2

1977

1999 10 1 ; Administration, http://www.tanzania.go.tz/administration.html.

T.L. Maliyamkono, The Race for the Presidency: The First Multiparty Democracy in Tanzania, Tema Publishers Company Ltd.,
1995, p.27.
The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania, 1997, Printed by the Government Printer, Dar es
Salaam, 2003. the Edition incorporates and consolidates all amendments make in the Constitution since 1977
up to the 30th June, 2000, p.77.
Julius K. Nyerere, The Arusha Declaration, in Freedom and Socialism, Oxford University Press, 1968,
pp.231-232.

1994

5000
5%

, ,
,,
,,

vigilance

1961

20 60 70

1981
10

2000 5

2000 1
ESAURP, eds., Tanzanias Tomorrow, An Eastern and Southern African Universities Research Programme Publications, TEMA
Publishers Company Ltd., 1996, p.110.
C.Legum and G. Mmari(ed.), Mwalimu: the Influence of Nyerere, Britain-Tanzania Society, 1995, p.75.
Bruce Heilman and Dr. Laurean Ndumbaro, Corrubption, Politics, and Societal Values in Tanzania: An Evaluation of the Mkapa
Administrations Anti-corruption Efforts, in African Journal of Political Science, Vol.7, No.1, 2002, p.15.

1978

1983

1979

1967 2

35

1975 6
4

1970 80

1978

Economic and Social Research Foundation,

http://www.esrftz.org/anticorruption/corruption_in_tz.htm.

Report

on

Corruption

in

Tanzania,

in

1983 3

1990 3 7

90 1990 2

Mr. Ruksa

1995

90

1995 12

Ethics Secretariat

6
1996 1 17 Warioba
Sedigh, shahr-zad & Alex maganda, The Fight against Corruption, in Tick Stapenhurst & Sahr. J.
Kpundeh, (ed.), Curbing Corruption: Toward a Model for Building National Integrity, World Bank, Washington,
C.D., 1999, p.153.
Ibid., p.156.

Presidential Commission on Corruption

1996 12

1998 Prevention of Corruption Bureau, PCB 1975

,
1995 256 2000 1461

1995 168 2000 1128

2001 Human Rights and Good Governance
Commission

20

2001 4
2003

2000

Bruce Heilman and Dr. Laurean Ndumbaro, Corrubption, Politics, and Societal Values in Tanzania: An
Evaluation of the Mkapa Administrations Anti-corruption Efforts, in African Journal of Political Science, Vol. 7,
No.1, 2002, p.7.
The Guardian, May 6, 2003.
ESAURP, eds., Tanzanias Tomorrow, An Eastern and Southern African Universities Research Programme
Publications, TEMA Publishers Company Ltd., 1996, p.110.
The Guardian, December 12, 1997.
Bruce Heilman and Dr. Laurean Ndumbaro, Corrubption, Politics, and Societal Values in Tanzania: An
Evaluation of the Mkapa Administrations Anti-corruption Efforts, in African Journal of Political Science, Vol. 7,
No.1, 2002, p.9.

Transparency International1997
1.9 90
199819992000
71310 2001 2002
23 35 2.5

1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003

1.9
1.9
2.5
2.2
2.7
2.5

81/85
93/99
76/90
82/91
71/102
92/133

4
7
13
10
23
35

1995

27.8% 6.9%

2000

http://www.transparency.org 1992

0 10

1998
1997

khanga
T
2000 7 8

1995

BundaTemeke 9
1995
134

1999
2003 717576
Herry Lyimo, Engineers take up Mkapas challenge on graft, in Sunday Observer, August 13, 2000.
Abubakar Salim, Illegal Practices during the Election Processes in the Light of the Elections Act, Dar es
Salaam, 1985, p.52.
ESAURP Elections Monitoring Team, Evaluation Report of the 1995 General Elections in Tanzania, TEMA Publishers Company
Ltd., 1996p.19.
Abubakar Salim, op. cit., p.56.
Ibid., p.55.
Bruce Heilman and Dr. Laurean Ndumbaro, Corrubption, Politics, and Societal Values in Tanzania: An
Evaluation of the Mkapa Administrations Anti-corruption Efforts, in African Journal of Political Science, Vol. 7,
No.1, 2002, p.14.


Nzega

1992

90

Bruce Heilman and Dr. Laurean Ndumbaro, op. cit., p.15.

Ibid., p.14.