UNIT II

HOUSEHOLD WIRING AND LAYOUTS

 WIRING MATERIALS AND ACCESSORIES
Wiring Components

1. Switches
A switch is used to make or break the electric circuit.

a) Surface switch (or) Tumbler switch

These switches are mounted on the mounting block directly fixed over the surface of the wall. Such
types of switches project out of the surface of the wall.

b) Flush Switch
The flush switch is fixed in-fixed with the wall and it does not project out.
 WIRING MATERIALS AND ACCESSORIES
c) Pull switches (or) Ceiling Switches
The pull switches are fixed on the ceiling and all the live parts are out of reach of the operator. The
switch has a strong mechanical action and is usually operated with a single pull on the chord for on or off.

d) Rotary Snap Switches

The rotary switch consists of an insulated handle to which are fixed the blades. These blades move in
steps by the movement of the handle and make contact with the terminals to which are connected the wires in the
electric circuits. The movement of the handle is controlled by a cam or a spring. As the handle is moved by a
quarter turn the blade is released and moves over quickly (with the help of spring) to make or break the circuit.
 WIRING MATERIALS AND ACCESSORIES
e) Pull Button Switch
This type of switch consists of one blade only. The blade is given a rocking action by press buttons and
its movement is controlled by spring. Thus, the blade opens or closes with quick motion.

f) Iron-clad Water Tight Switches

Such switches are of cast iron and have robust construction. A cook gasket is fitted between the case
and the cover which makes it watertight.
 WIRING MATERIALS AND ACCESSORIES
Wiring Components

2. Lamp Holders
A lamp holder is used to hold the lamp for lighting purposes. The different types are as follows:
Pendent holder
Batten holder — for incandescent bulbs
Screw lamp holders — for bulbs rated 200W and above
Fluorescent lamp holders — for fluorescent tubes
Starter holders — for tube light starters
 WIRING MATERIALS AND ACCESSORIES
Wiring Components

3. Plugs

These are used for tapping power from socket outlets.

 WIRING MATERIALS AND ACCESSORIES
Wiring Components

4. Ceiling Roses

These are used to provide a tapping to the lamp holder through the flexible wire or a connection to a fluorescent
tube or a ceiling fan.
WIRING MATERIALS AND ACCESSORIES
WIRING TOOLS
 WIRING TOOLS
• Cutting plier • Ball plane Hammer
• Long nose plier • Claw hammer
• Knife • Wire cutter
• Screw driver • Wire Stripper
• Tester • Hand drilling machine
• Try square
• Pocker
• Wire gauge plate
• Jumper
• Multimeter
• Wood saw • Soldering Iron
• Hack saw
WIRING TOOLS
WIRING TOOLS
WIRING TOOLS
WIRING TOOLS
WIRING TOOLS

1/18 wire
37/16 wire

Strand/Swg
WIRING TOOLS
WIRING TOOLS
WIRING TOOLS
 Types of Wiring
(Based on connection of wires)
• Cleat wiring.

• Wooden Casing and Capping Wiring.

• Tough Rubber Sheath (TRS) wiring.

• Lead sheathed wiring

• Conduit Wiring
Cleat wiring

• Wood or plastic cleats are fixed to walls or ceilings at regular intervals.

• PVC insulated cables are taken through the holes of each cleat and hence cleat support
and holds wire.
Cleat wiring

• Wood or plastic cleats are fixed to walls or ceilings at regular intervals.

• PVC insulated cables are taken through the holes of each cleat and hence cleat support
and holds wire.
Wooden Casing and Capping Wiring

• Cable is run through a wood casing having grooves.

• The wood casing is prepared in such a way that it is of a required fixed length with parallel grooves that
accommodates the cables.
• The wooden casing is fixed to the walls or ceiling with screws.
• After placing the cables inside the grooves of casing, a wooden cap with grooves is placed on it to cover
the cables.
Wooden Casing and Capping Wiring

• Cable is run through a wood casing having grooves.

• The wood casing is prepared in such a way that it is of a required fixed length with parallel grooves that
accommodates the cables.
• The wooden casing is fixed to the walls or ceiling with screws.
• After placing the cables inside the grooves of casing, a wooden cap with grooves is placed on it to cover
the cables.
TRS Wiring
Conduit wiring
• Surface conduit wiring
• Concealed conduit wiring

PVC cables are taken through either PVC conduit pipes or through steel conduit pipes. This
conduit wiring can be either surface conduit wiring or concealed conduit wiring.
Lead sheathed wiring
 Types of Wiring
(Based on applications)

• Domestic wiring.

• Commercial Wiring.

• Industrial wiring.
Staircase Wiring
Corridor Wiring
Fluorescent Tube Wiring
 Simple Domestic wiring Layout

Domestic wiring in a house requires a number of electric devices to run simultaneously. Thus, they should be
independent of each other i.e. the working of one device should not depend on the working of another device.
For example, the working of a fan should not be affected when a bulb in the room gets fused. In parallel
circuits, if one appliance stops working, all other appliances work as usual. Hence, parallel circuiting is used
in house wiring or in lights used to decorate buildings on occasions. This is done to ensure that if one bulb
fuses, the others remain functioning.
Simple Domestic wiring Layout
Simple Domestic wiring Layout
Simple Domestic wiring Layout
Simple Domestic wiring Layout
Simple Domestic wiring Layout
 Basic safety measures at home and industry
Home, General

1. Never handle electric appliances with wet hands.

2. Secure electric sockets around toddlers and babies.
3. Eliminate defective or worn electric wires.
4. Never pour water on an electric fire.
5. Never work on electric equipment with the power on.
6. Never use extension cords as a permanent substitute for additional outlets.
7. Keep ladders at least 10 feet from power lines.
8. Never touch a downed power line.
 Basic safety measures at home and industry
Industries, Laboratories

1. When it is necessary to handle equipment that is plugged in, be sure hands are dry
and, when possible, wear nonconductive gloves, protective clothes and shoes with
insulated soles.
 Basic safety measures at home and industry
Industries, Laboratories

2. Use only tools and equipment with non-conducting handles when working on electrical
devices.
3. If water or a chemical is spilled onto equipment, shut off power at the main switch
or circuit breaker and unplug the equipment.
4. If an individual comes in contact with a live electrical conductor, do not touch the
person. Disconnect the power source from the circuit breaker or pull out the plug.
5. Drain capacitors before working near them.
6. Never touch other’s equipment or electrical control devices unless instructed to do so.
7. Do not store highly flammable liquids near electrical equipment.
8. Do not wear loose clothing or ties near electrical equipment.
9. Know your switchboard- Read the single line diagram and wiring schemes.
10. Know First aid and make every one aware.
 Importance of energy saving
1. Unplug electronic devices when they are not in use.
2. Turn off computer monitors.
3. Keep on only the lights that are being used.
4. Use energy-saving light bulbs.
5. Take advantage of natural light.
6. Use energy efficient appliances.
7. Open the refrigerator door only when necessary.
8. Efficient use of air conditioning.
9. Opt for clean energies such as solar panels.
10. Reduce the frequency of use of the television and other non-essential appliances.
 Simple layout of generation, transmission and distribution of power
Structure of power system

An electric supply system consists of three components viz.,

the power station, the transmission lines and the distribution system.

Electric power is produced at the power stations which are

located at favourable places, generally quite away from the consumers.
It is then transmitted over large distances to load centres with the help
of conductors known as transmission lines. Finally, it is distributed to a
large number of small and big consumers through a distribution
network, supply system can be broadly classified into (i) d.c. or a.c.
system (ii) overhead or underground system.

Nowadays, 3-phase, 3-wire AC system is universally

adopted for generation and transmission of electric power as an
economical proposition. However, distribution of electric power is done
by 3-phase, 4-wire a.c. system.

The underground system is more expensive than the

overhead system. Therefore, the overhead system is mostly adopted for
transmission and distribution of electric power.
Simple layout of generation, transmission and distribution of power
Structure of power system
 Basic structure of an Electric power system (Energy supply system)
Electricity is generated at central power stations and then transferred to loads (i.e, Domestic, Commercial and Industrial) through
the transmission and distribution system. A combination of all these systems is known as an Electric Power System.
Basic structure of an Electric power system (Energy supply system)
 Components in Power system
Generation System

Electrical power is generated normally at 11 kV (or) at 6.6 kV by number of generators in parallel. Generation at still higher
voltage will impose some technical problems. Power generated at 11 kV is stepped upto 110 kV (or) 230 kV (or) 400 kV (or) still higher
voltage with the help of power transformers.

Transmission System

The powers generated at the generating stations is transmitted at higher voltage to the main load centers. This transmission
system is known as primary transmission system. The voltage level here may be 1500 kV, 700 kV, 400 kV (or) 230 kV.
Advantages of high voltage transmission system
(i) The volume of conductor material required is low.
(ii) For a given amount of power transmitted, the current through the line is reduced, when the transmission system voltage is high. This
reduces the line losses and hence efficiency of transmission is increased.
(iii) As the current is reduced the voltage in the line is reduced and hence the line regulation is improved.
The power from the main load centers is transmitted to different sub-load centers at voltages 33 kV, 66 kV or even at 110 kV.
This part of transmission is known as secondary transmission system.

The primary transmission system employs overhead lines in general. The secondary transmission of power is either by means of
Overhead (OH) lines or underground cable. In rural areas, OH lines are used and in city areas, underground cable system is used.
 Components in Power system (Contd…)
Advantage of HVDC transmission System over HVAC transmission system
(i)The amount of insulation required is less in dc transmission as compared to that for ac transmission.
(ii) The size of towers, cross arms required are small for dc transmission system.
(iii) It improves the stability of the system.
(iv) Power factor of dc transmission system is unity.
(v) There is no changing current.
(vi) There is skin effect. Skin effect increases the effective resistance of the line conductors.
Disadvantage of HVDC transmission System over HVAC transmission system
(i)There is no equipment like a transformer, available for step-up or step-down the voltage. So this has to be done on the ac side
only.
(ii) Power cannot be generated at higher voltages because of commutation problem.
(iii) There are limitations with HVDC switching devices and circuit measures.

The HVDC transmission system is more economical when the distance of transmission is more than 600 km for OH line.

Distribution System
The power is received at the sub-load centre at voltages of 33 kV, 66 kV or 110 kV. The voltage level is stepped down to 11 kV
at the sub-load centers.
The power is distributed through the 11 kV lines, which runs along the main roads. This distribution system is referred to as
primary distribution system.
 Components in Power system (Contd…)

Secondary Distribution System

Number of 11 kV/415 volts transformers are connected

enroute 11 kV lines. Now the power is distributed through distribution
lines, which run along all the streets of town/city/villages. This
distribution line is called a distributor.

The power is distributed with the help of 3-phase, 4-wire

lines/cables. Voltage levels available are 1-phase or 230 V and 3-phase
415 volts. The lines feeding the power from the distribution transformer
to the distributors are called feeders.

From the distributors, power is supplied to the consumers by

means of lines called service lines. The feeder distribution and service
lines combinedly, form the secondary distribution system which is shown
in Fig.
The distributors may be radial or ring. The secondary
distribution of power is by means of ac only. This is because all the loads
are designed to work on ac only, which are most efficient and less in cost.
COMPARISON OF OVERHEAD (OH) AND UNDERGROUND (UG) SYSTEMS
 POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA

Source: Ministry of Power, Government of India

POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA (Contd…)
 POWER GRID IN INDIA
The FIVE regional power grids in india, which were interconnected to establish the National grid.

a) Northern Region
b) Western Region
c) Southern Region
d) Eastern Region
e) North Eastern Region

Load despatch centres (LDCs)

1. National Load despatch centre (NLDC) @ New Delhi.

2. Regional Load despatch centres (RLDCs)

a) Northern Regional Load despatch centre (NRLDC) - New Delhi.

b) Western Regional Load despatch centre (WRLDC) - Mumbai.
c) Eastern Regional Load despatch centre (ERLDC) - Kolkata.
d) Southern Regional Load despatch centre (SRLDC) - Bangalore.
e) North-Eastern Regional Load despatch centre (NERLDC) - Shillong.

3. State Load despatch centres (SLDCs)

 RLDC STATES IN INDIA

1. Northern Region 3. Southern Region

i) New Delhi i) Andhra Pradesh

ii) Haryana ii) Telangana
iii) Himachal Pradesh iii) Karnataka
iv) Jammu & Kasmir and Ladakh iv) Kerala
v) Punjab v) Tamilnadu
vi) Rajasthan vi) Puducherry
5. North Eastern Region
vii) Uttar Pradesh
viii) Uttarakhand i) Assam
ix) Chandigarh ii) Arunachal Pradesh
iii) Meghalaya
iv) Tripura
2. Western Region 4. Eastern Region
v) Manipur
vi) Nagaland
i) Goa i) Bihar
vii) Mizoram
ii) Gujarat ii) Jharkhand
iii) Madhya Pradesh iii) West Bengal
iv) Chhattisgarh iv) Odisha
v) Maharashtra v) Sikkim