EAPP

DETERMINING TEXTUAL EVIDENCES (DPAEED)

1. Determining the genre, author’s purpose and audience.

- determine the kinds of words the writer will use (technical words, street words, legal terms or religious
words)
- bears on the kind of writing style the writer will employ

2. Pointing out the most significant idea.

- part of reacting to a text
- may not be the same as the main idea or the thesis sentence
- a reader will consider the most significant idea by depending it on the circumstances surrounding his/her
interaction with the text
- a reader may change his/her considered as most significant idea after a subsequent interaction with the
text.

3. Avoiding too much subjectivity in making an evaluation.

- must be done when evaluating statements about a text to avoid being subjective or critical
- adhering to common and accepted standards or measure

4. Evaluating the strength of an author’s arguments

- must be done in evaluating the author’s claims or conclusions to know if arguments are strong enough to
support them
- considering whether or not the author’s premises are actually reasonable
- tracing the logical step by step approach of the author in building his or her case
NON SEQUITUR
- faulty idea or an idea that does not logically result from the first one

5. Evaluating the wording of the author’s claims

- the way an author states his or her claims has a strong bearing on how acceptable the claims are

6. Differentiating arguments based on evidence vs arguments based on rhetoric.

- authors who back up their claims using reliable facts, statistics or logical reasoning use arguments that are
based on evidence. In contrast, some authors use emotional words and other rhetoric devices.

RHETORICAL DEVICES

- examples of non-logical means by persuading readers to accept idea.

HINDI SIYA MENU BUT HERE ARE THE ADD-ONS (LOL)

 The most significant idea in a text will differ from one reader to another
 The author’s purpose and audience will influence the genre of the text.
 You can determine the genre, author’s purpose and audience through a careful reading of the text.
 A comment that is too subjective is not acceptable to educated readers.
 A reader may develop bias toward a writer based on such differences as religion, gender, ethnicity, economic
status, age, educational level, political affiliation and even time period. (GRAPE TpEsEl)
 To avoid bias, focus only on the ideas expressed in the text and not on the person of the author.
 A strong argument stems from premises in order to establish their reasonability
 An author who uses broad, generalizing words will require more substantive evidence that is true for all cases.
 An author who avoids making broad claims will mention exceptions to any generalization he or she makes.
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FACTS AND OPINIONS

FACT

- statement that can be proven true or false.

- used in discussing the significance of something that in the case noun
- information used as evidence or as part of a report or news article
- confirmed or validated to such an extent that is considered reality

OPINION

- expression of a person’s feelings that cannot be proven

- can be based on facts or emotions and sometimes they meant to deliberately mislead others
- view, belief, or judgement formed about something not necessarily based on fact or knowledge

LOGICAL FALLACIES

- errors in reasoning that invalidate an argument

COMMON LOGICAL FALLACIES WE CAN ENCOUNTER IN OUR READINGS: (ABC HERNEFF)

1. Appeal to Authority
- uses famous personalities in their fields to endorse a particular idea, product, or even another person

2. Bandwagon
- assumes that everybody should agree with the majority
- used to make one feel left out because he or she is not doing what most people are doing

3. Circular Reasoning
- merely repeats or restates the conclusion using different words instead of providing an evidence or reason

4. Either-or Fallacy
- presupposes that there are only two sides with no other available option

5. Emotional Manipulation
- use of emotionally toned language involves exaggeration to make words appeal to our prejudices, emotions,
senses, and needs
- distracts the audience from the truth because there is no concrete evidence to support a generalization or
conclusion

6. FALSE/CARELESS ANALOGY
- seemingly presents the important points of similarity between two things, ideas, or situations. However, they
are more different than alike

7. FALSE/PERSONAL ATTACK
- focuses on the personality rather than actual actions or ideas

8. HASTY GENERALIZATION
- based on insufficient evidence

9. NON-SEQUITUR
- faulty idea or an idea that does not logically result from the first one

10. RED HERRING

- technique used to divert the attention of the audience by including a detail which does not support the claim

 These errors can contribute to inappropriate evaluation of information so we should make a conscious effort in
checking for the validity and sufficiency of supporting points in order to avoid committing these fallacies.
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POSITION PAPER

POSITION PAPER

- essay that professionals and scholars write in order to express their view on a certain topic

USES:

1. Raise awareness
2. Shares information
3. Build skills (Research, Perception, Persuasion, Analysis)

PARTS OF POSITION PAPER:

1. INTRODUCTION
- start with an interesting sentence to draw the attention of readers
- introduce your topic and thesis statement (reveals the position you take)
2. BODY
- 1st paragraph includes argument with at least three facts of evidence to support
- 2nd paragraph contains the second argument with supporting evidence
- 3rd paragraph should have another argument to support your position with supporting evidence
3. CONCLUSION
- summary of arguments and claims with a statement to emphasize the position of the paper

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CONCEPT PAPER

CONCEPT PAPER

- serves the purpose of providing in-depth discussion of a topic

- refers to an academic or research paper that is written with the primary purpose of identifying and explaining an
idea or a concept related to a particular scholarly field or discipline before conducting research

PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT: (DD CCC IN MEAL)

1. Defining
2. Describing
3. Comparing
4. Making an Analogy
5. Contrasting
6. Classifying
7. Illustrating
8. Narrating
9. Explaining a Process
10. Analyzing Cause and Effect
11. Listing
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WRITING A CONCEPT PAPER

ELEMENTS OF CONCEPT PAPER:

1. A clear description of the research topic, including summary of what is already known about the topic
2. A one-sentence statement of the research question that the project will seek to answer. The concept paper
should connect this question to the existing literature-something that almost always takes more than one
sentence to accomplish.
3. A demonstration of why it is important to answer this research question. What good comes of this answer? Why
is this project worth anybody’s time?
4. A description of why it is important to answer this question. This includes: A) a description of the data that the
researcher plans to gather or use; B) a description of how the researcher will analyze these data; C) a
demonstration of how these data and this analytic method will answer the research question; D) and a summary
of any ethnical issues that may arise in the research paper
5. A statement of the limitations of this research, specifically the things that it cannot discover (and why)
6. Longer projects-term papers, masters’ theses, dissertations, and professional research – also typically include a
selected bibliography.

PARTS OF A CONCEPT PAPER: (IPSC)

1. INTRODUCTION
- Background section
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
- Project’s Goals and Objectives.
- Methodology (sometimes called Project Activities, Action Plan, or Approach.)
- Benefits (or Anticipated Outcomes)
3. SUPPORT OR BUDGET
4. CONTACT INFORMATION
NOT A PARCEL BUT HAS FREEBIES (LOL PT. 2)

CONCEPT PAPER

- written mainly to identify the examples of a concept.

 The etymology of a concept or word clarifies the changes in the meaning of the word.

POSITION PAPER

- Convince that a policy or action must or must not be adopted with the intent of improving the organization
- Express one’s ideas to give explanation to existing problem

INTRODUCTION

- author provides counterarguments against the possible weaknesses of his/her arguments

BODY

- a part of the position in which it presents the issue while grabbing the attention of the readers.
- quotation, a challenge, or a question are usually found

CONCLUSION

- author restates the position and main argument

MAIN IDEA

- statistical data, interviews and testimonies are found

CRITICISM

- makes your stand on your position paper weakens

FALSE DELIMMA

- occurs when an arguer presents his/her arguments as one of only two options despite the presence of multiple
possibilities

(RESEARCH REPORT)

TITLE PAGE

- contains the content of the paper, author of the paper and the data submitted in the paper

ABSTRACT

- 100-250 words summary of the research paper

INTRODUCTION

- contains the problem of the study and identifies the research gaps

METHODOLOGY

- contains the research instruments used in the study, how you gather and interpret the data

RESULTS

- contains the summary and synthesis of all available sources directly related to the study

DISCUSSION

- the why’s of the results

CONCLUSION

- author restates the major findings, limitations of the study, recommendations and implications.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE/STUDIES

- contains the summary and synthesis of all available sources directly related to the study

REFERENCES

- the sources of all concepts the author included in the paper

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

- recognition of the persons significant in the making of the research paper