Chapter6existingenvironment 2023 02-15-03!42!50pm

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) FOR PROPOSED FOREST PLANTATION

(EUCALYPTUS SP. AND OTHER SPECIES) ON SULTANATE LAND PT5358, BLOCK E (408.99 HA), AT REV:00
MUKIM LUBOK BONGOR, DAERAH KUALA BALAH, JAJAHAN JELI, KELANTAN DARUL NAIM
(SCHEDULE 1)
CHAPTER 6
EXISTING ENVIRONMENT
6.1 INTRODUCTION
In an Environmental Impact Assessment study, physical environment of the Project site is one of
the most important areas that need to be considered. These physical land characteristics are
sourced from various published reports, books and maps. Field works have also been undertaken
for verification and confirmation purposes.
6.2 TOPOGRAPHY AND TERRAIN
Basically, the Project site is located on Kelantan Sultanate Land which is a secondary forest
populated with flora and fauna. The project site is mainly drained by the tributaries of Sungai
Tamu, Sungai Seting, Sungai Suda and Sungai Tapah where the runoff is expected to flow
towards Sungai Pergau which is the main river in the vicinity of the Project site. The existing
topography of the proposed forest plantation site is shown in Figure 6.1.
The contour line of topography map illustrates the elevation of the Project site. The applied area
is hilly and undulating. The contour height varied from 462 meters to 833 meters from mean sea
level (MSL).
The slope is classified by degree and interpreted by colour codes. The slope unit is defined in
degree (°). The highest surface area for proposed site is 15°-25° which is colour coded in light
blue whilst the lowest surface area is between 0°-5° which is colour coded in white. The detail
analysis of slope of the proposed Project site are given in Figure 6.2. Figure 6.3 shows digital
elevation of proposed project site.
Table 6.1 shows the slope analysis for the proposed project. When land clearing activities are
being undertaken, the potential for soil erosion by hydrological forces and subsequent sediment
pollution will be greatly increased. These hazards will be most when the vegetative cover has
been removed and the exposed soils are further disturbed.
NILAIMAS SERVICES– EIA & TRAFFIC CONSULTANT 6-1

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.1 : Slope analysis for the proposed project
Slope Gradient Class Slope Area (Ha) Percentage (%)

0°-5° I 8.276 2.02
5°-15° II 113.117 27.66
15°-25° III 192.250 47.01
25°-35° IV 84.725 20.72
35°-60° V 10.619 2.60
>60° VI 0.000 0.00
6.3 LAND USE AND VISUAL
Basically, the Project site is a secondary forest populated with flora and fauna. The site area is
covered with shrubs, bushes and trees that is being leased to Sin Agro Murni Sdn Bhd. Land use
map of 5km radius from project site can be found in Figure 6.4. The land use zoning of project
site is under Blok Perancangan (BP) 3: Lubok Bongor.
6.3.1 Surrounding land use – 0 to 5 km area from proposed project site
The areas in the range of five (5) km from the proposed site are mainly forest. Within this five
(5) km domain, there are utilities, roads, commercial and residential areas. The nearest settlement
is around 4.00 km from project boundary are Kg. Jabir, Kg Lubok Bongor, Kg Kubur Datu and
Kg Selar.
6.4 GEOLOGY
Based on the geology map shown in Figure 6.5, the geology of this territory is composed of
Intrusive rocks mainly granite with minor granodiorite. Figure 6.6 shows mineral distribution of
project site.

(SCHEDULE 1)
PROPOSED FOREST PLANTATION ON

SULTANATE LAND PT 5358, BLOCK E
(408.987HA) AT MUKIM LUBOK BONGOR,
DAERAH KUALA BALAH, JAJAHAN JELI,
KELANTAN DARUL NAIM
Figure 6.1: Topography map

(SCHEDULE 1)

KELANTAN DARUL NAIM
Figure 6.2: Slope analysis for the proposed project

(SCHEDULE 1)

KELANTAN DARUL NAIM
Figure 6.3: Digital Elevation Model

(SCHEDULE 1)

KELANTAN DARUL NAIM
Figure 6.4: Land use map of 5 km radius from project site

(SCHEDULE 1)

KELANTAN DARUL NAIM
Figure 6.5: Geology map of the project site.

(SCHEDULE 1)

KELANTAN DARUL NAIM
Figure 6.6: Mineral Distribution of Project Site

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.5 CLIMATE
No meteorological observations are available at the Project site. However, the Malaysian
Meteorological Service (MMS) conducted a principal meteorological station in Kuala Krai
for surface winds data, rainfall, temperature and relative humidity. For the purpose of this
study, meteorological observations taken at the station can be considered as representative of
the Project site. The climate of the area is of the equatorial type, which is characterized by
relatively high and uniform temperatures throughout the year, high rainfall, high humidity
and light winds. The meteorological of areas under this climate regime is influenced very
much by local factors such as the topography of the area, land cover and water bodies. The
meteorological data by MMS are shown in Appendix 6-A.
6.5.1 Source of Data
The meteorological observations taken at the meteorological station of Malaysia

Meteorological department (MMD) include temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind rose,
rainfall and rain days. Details of meteorology stations can be referred in Table 6.2. The
climate of the area is of the equatorial type, which is characterized by relatively high and
uniform temperatures throughout the year, high rainfall, high humidity and light winds. The
meteorological condition under this climate regime is influenced very much by local factors
such as the topography of the area, land cover and water bodies.
Table 6.2 Meteorology station
NO. STATION COORDINATE

DATA OBTAINED
Rainfall
5°34’N Rain days Temperature
1. Kuala Krai
102°02'E Humidity
Wind Speed Wind rose
(Source: Malaysia Meteorological Department)

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.5.2 Temperature and Relative Humidity
The trend for annual 24-hours mean temperature and relative humidity for January 2013 until
May 2022 is shown in Table 6.3 and Table 6.4 respectively. Based on the result, there are some
defective value recorded. Between the periods of 10 years, December 2014 and January 2021
recorded the lowest temperature with 28.8°C while the highest temperature is recorded in April
2016 with 37.1°C. The lowest annual 24 hour mean relative humidity recorded is 82.8% (April
2016) whilst the highest is 98.8% in January 2017. The monthly variations coincide with the dry
and wet seasons. It is expected that the project site would experience a similar range of humidity.
Mean Relative Humidity in Kuala Krai

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Records of Mean 24 Hour Temperature

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Figure 6.7: Temperature and Relative Humidity

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.3: Records of Mean 24 Hour Temperature
MONTH
YEAR ANNUAL
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
2013 30.3 30.0 33.8 33.7 34.3 34.2 33.2 33.4 33.2 32.7 31.0 28.9 32.4
2014 29.1 33.0 33.8 35.0 34.5 34.3 33.2 32.5 32.5 32.3 30.3 28.8 32.4
2015 30.0 32.0 34.7 34.8 35.2 34.0 33.9 33.3 33.4 32.5 31.0 31.0 33.0
2016 32.2 31.2 34.9 37.1 36.1 34.2 33.9 34.1 34.0 33.3 31.0 30.1 33.5
2017 29.8 Def. Def. Def. 34.1 34.0 33.4 33.1 33.3 33.2 31.3 30.2 -
2018 30.3 32.6 32.6 34.2 34.7 33.8 34.0 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.2 30.2 33.0
2019 30.5 32.6 32.6 35.5 35.0 33.9 34.1 33.8 33.4 32.0 30.9 29.3 33.0
2020 31.5 31.7 31.7 34.6 34.9 33.5 33.4 33.7 33.2 33.0 30.7 30.1 32.9
2021 28.8 32.9 32.9 33.4 33.7 33.6 33.5 32.5 32.9 33.3 30.8 29.8 32.4
2022 31.5 30.2 30.2 33.5 33.8
Notes: Notes: Def. means defective value (Sources : Malaysian Meteorological Department, 2022)

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.4: Records of 24 hour mean relative humidity (%)
Month
Year ANNUAL
2013 96.5 97.4 92.9 91.4 92.0 88.4 90.4 87.9 88.6 90.8 94.4 95.3 92.2
2014 93.7 84.0 89.8 89.7 91.6 92.5 92.0 93.1 92.9 95.8 97.3 97.8 92.5
2015 96.7 89.7 89.7 95.4 88.2 91.3 92.0 93.0 89.9 94.0 96.7 96.6 92.8
2016 93.8 93.6 84.3 82.8 89.6 91.1 91.1 89.9 95.0 94.7 97.0 98.7 91.8
2017 98.8 Def. Def. Def. 92.7 91.6 91.9 93.3 92.5 92.3 96.5 95.6 -
2018 95.1 89.0 89.9 92.2 90.5 92.0 90.8 87.5 89.0 93.4 95.2 96.0 91.7
2019 95.0 95.3 88.3 Def. 88.2 90.8 86.3 87.7 92.5 94.5 97.0 96.5 -
2020 93.5 93.3 84.6 91.1 88.9 90.2 87.8 86.0 89.2 90.7 96.4 97.4 90.8
2021 97.2 85.6 95.9 90.7 92.2 90.1 91.0 94.7 92.1 91.0 96.5 97.4 92.9
2022 90.9 97.8 93.5 93.7 91.9
Note:Def.: Defective vaue (Sources : Malaysian Meteorological Department, 2022)

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.5.3 Rainfall and Raindays
Table 6.5 shows the monthly rainfall amount recorded in Kuala Krai Station while Table 6.6
shows the records of number of raindays in Kuala Krai Stations for 10 years. The data collected
throughout the years were deemed defective. However, the monthly variations coincide with the
rainy seasons every year. From tables, the highest monthly rainfall amount reading is 916.2 mm
which was recorded in January 2017, while 0.4 mm that recorded in February 2021 is the lowest
monthly mean rainfall reading recorded compared to the other years. For number of raindays, the
highest number of raindays are on November 2015 which are 30 days while no rain recorded in
February 2014.
Monthly Rainfall Amount Reported at Kuala Krai Station

1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Monthly Rainy days Amount Reported at Kuala Krai Station

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Figure 6.8: Monthly Rainfall and Rainy days Amount Reported at Kuala Krai Station

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.5: Records of monthly rainfall amount
Month
Year ANNUAL
2013 228.2 766.4 49.2 145.2 215.4 107.6 142.6 213.6 208.8 238.0 252.6 566.4 3134.0
2014 244.4 Trace 120.8 43.0 163.2 77.0 136.8 209.0 167.2 152.4 417.4 #### 3117.8
2015 164.9 23.8 10.4 92.2 206.4 129.8 110.8 270.4 150.6 125.6 447.8 479.4 2212.1
2016 112.4 180.0 2.2 24.0 122.2 259.8 110.0 74.6 204.2 301.4 261.8 635.8 2288.4
2017 916.2 99.2 68.4 180.8 216.4 249.6 243.0 278.0 178.4 169.4 598.8 259.2 3457.4
2018 227.8 48.6 53.0 97.2 172.2 296.6 201.8 114.4 194.0 153.4 252.4 485.8 2297.2
2019 149.4 52.8 32.6 166.4 62.2 243.0 143.6 110.0 177.4 211.8 494.4 470.0 2313.6
2020 71.8 217.2 4.6 107.2 171.0 269.4 211.4 180.8 89.8 249.4 529.8 674.0 2776.4
2021 612.6 0.4 229.2 147.6 187.4 202.2 95.8 150.0 Def. 87.8 392.0 713.8 -
2022 56.6 815.2 97.8 125.6 148.6
Note:Def.: Defect (Sources : Malaysian Meteorological Department, 2022)

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.6: Records of number of raindays
Month
Year ANNUAL
2013 12 18 6 18 19 8 16 16 11 23 19 20 186
2014 11 0 7 3 13 8 15 17 17 18 23 25 157
2015 14 3 3 10 8 11 15 18 16 11 30 21 160
2016 14 16 1 4 12 17 15 15 14 15 23 24 170
2017 19 16 9 13 17 20 16 21 17 15 24 20 207
2018 19 5 5 10 12 13 17 11 16 23 20 20 171
2019 16 5 4 11 9 19 11 16 19 25 25 20 180
2020 12 15 3 14 15 19 15 15 17 23 25 17 190
2021 18 1 13 11 16 11 8 23 Def. 16 25 24 -
2022 8 20 14 13 17
Note:Def.: Defect (Sources : Malaysian Meteorological Department, 2022)

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.5.4 Windrose
Wind rose profiles recorded at Kuala Krai Station.for ten years from January 2013 to May 2022
are tabulated in Table 6.7 and portrayed as annual in Figure 6.9. Based on the wind profile, it is
noted that calm weather occurs frequently on an annual basis accounting for 34.6%. Apart from
the calm period, the wind blows evenly in all directions registering mean speed of 0.8 m/s in the
southeast direction to a maximum of 1.9 m/s in the North-East direction.
Table 6.7: Percentage frequencies of occurrence for concurrent wind direction (degrees)
and speed (m/s) within specified ranges [%]
Wind speed range

Mean
Direction 0.3-1.5 1.6-3.3 3.4-5.4 5.5-7.9 8.0-10.7 >10.7 Total
Speed
Calm 34.6
Variable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N 4.8 2.1 0.1 0 0 0 7 1.3
NE 4.7 5 1.5 0 0 0 11.3 1.9
E 5.8 1 0.1 0 0 0 6.9 1
SE 6.1 0.6 0 0 0 0 6.7 0.8
S 7.1 0.8 0 0 0 0 7.9 0.9
SW 6.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 8.1 1.1
W 6.5 2.2 0.2 0 0 0 9 1.3
NW 4.3 1.1 0.1 0 0 0 5.5 1.1
(Source: Department of Meteorology Malaysia, 2022)

(SCHEDULE 1)
(Source: Department of Meteorology Malaysia, 2022)

Figure 6.9: Annual Wind Rose Profile

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.6 SURFACE HYDROLOGY
Due to the nature of uphill forest, it is common to be understood that the ground water table is
generally high with high surface runoff and seepage force. Besides that, the convergence of the
groundwater flows regime into the valley meanings that the slopes across these sections shall
require proper both surface and subsurface drainage controls. Preparation of earth drains and
siltation pond to control peak discharge and reduce sediment delivered to the receiving Sungai
Tamu, tributaries of Sungai Seting, tributaries of Sungai Suda and tributaries of Sg Tapah, which
are main rivers nearby project site. Perimeter shall be undertaken during the development and
operation stages of the project. Earthworks to be planned and carried out in accordance with the
guidelines of the prevention and control of erosion and siltation. Run-off water from the Project
site ultimately flows through the outfall drains before entering to the silt traps and discharges to
nearest streams then, finally flowing into the nearest river basin (Kelantan River Basin). The
river basin near project site is shown in Figure 6.10.

(SCHEDULE 1)

KELANTAN DARUL NAIM
Figure 6.10: Kelantan River Basin

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.6.1 Scope of Study
The study covers the impact of the proposed forest plantation area to the downstream area of
the proposed project. The location of the proposed forest plantation area is shown in Figure
6.1. The proposed forest plantation area will somehow generate an increase in the volume of
surface runoff towards the receiving water bodies. There are also contributions of stream flow
from the upstream area of the forest plantation area. The discharge from the forest plantation
area will be drained towards the nearest river. The surface runoff from the site will also be
drained toward the same river, before discharging toward nearby rivers. There are also many
natural lakes within the project area. The recent case of flooding in the downstream area of
Sg. Pergau should provide a good lesson on the importance of preserving the natural
catchment area within the river basin.
The proposed development area lies within Sg. Pergau catchment. Most of the project area
drains toward a few catchment areas before draining toward Sg. Pergau. The total project area
that drains toward their respective catchment area is listed in Table 6.8. The proposed
development area drains toward a small river within the site and merge with another river
before discharging toward Sg. Tamu and finally toward Sg. Pergau. Sg. Kelantan River Basin
is one of the biggest river basin within the state of Kelantan. The outlet of Sg. Kelantan River
Basin faces the South China Sea on the eastern side. The tidal influence for Sg. Kelantan
could travel up a few kilometers upstream of the estuary, but it would not reach the proposed
development site as the project area is located at the most upstream area of the Sg. Kelantan
river basin.
Table 6.8: Project Area within Respective Catchment
Catchment/ Phase Area (HA)

1 109
2 100
3 100
4 100

(SCHEDULE 1)
The forest plantation area is divided into four phases as shown in Figure 5.2 (chapter 5).
Based on the location of proposed project site, it is found that the proposed project site is not
affected by any major floods event since it is located at the upstream area of Sg. Pergau and
at the middle reaches of Sg. Pergau. The surrounding area has many secondary forest with
natural depression storages that serves as flood storage. The proposed development area is
not affected during the flood, basically due to the surrounding area has plenty of flood
storages. However, rapid land use changes within the catchment area has most of these
natural hydrological processes and interception storages being removed for forest plantation.
6.6.2 Rainfall Station Network
Figure 6.11 shows the location of the rainfall stations and the boundary of the projest site in
Google Map, while Figure 6.12 shows the selected rainfall stations from many stations that
are located near the project site. There are about 5 rainfall stations all together that are close
to the project area. Table 6.9 shows the list of rainfall stations neighbouring the study area
that was established by JPS. Some of these rainfall stations are still operational, while a few
stations have been closed or shifted to other locations. The rain gage at the rainfall stations
are either manual or automatic gage with logger. The same table provides all the necessary
information about the rainfall stations including it’s locations. Only rainfall with long period
of data will be used in this study to derive the rainfall isohyets.
Table 6.10 and Table 6.11 shows the lists of rainfall stations that were used to derive the
annual average rainfall (AAR) and monthly Average Rainfall (MAR). However, there are
still a number of rainfall stations that were listed on the JPS list but the data are not available.

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.9: Lists of Rainfall Stations Used to Derive Mean Annual Rainfall (Jeli,
Kelantan)
LIPIS
NO STN STN NAME START END ∑ YEAR
NO AVAIL.
1 5718033 Kg Jeli, Tanah Merah 1972 2015 43
2 5120025 Balai Polis Bertam 2003 2012 9
3 5322047 JPS Kuala Krai 2010 2021 11
4 5520001 Ulu Sekor 1977 2012 35
Study Area
Figure 6.11: Location of Rainfall Stations Within and Surrounding Project Area

(SCHEDULE 1)
Study Area
Figure 6.12: Selected Rainfall Stations Within and Near Study Area
6.6.3 Rainfall Result and Analyses
The annual average rainfall (AAR) and monthly average rainfall (MAR) were derived from
the available rainfall data from each rainfall station. The result of the AAR and MAR for the
nearest rainfall station is shown in Table 6.10 and Table 6.11. The result from the nearest
station is Kg. Jeli, Tanah Merah station (5718033) will be adopted for the project site. The
AAR for the study area is shown in Table 6.9. The result also shows that the rainfall is quite
localized and shows large variation spatially. The Kg. Jeli, Tanah Merah station (5718033)
which is the closest station to the project site receives about 3253 mm. The monthly average
rainfall (MAR) was derived based on the average monthly rainfall during one year and based
on average monthly rainfall for a specific month (January to December). Table 6.10 shows
the MAR based on Kg. Jeli, Tanah Merah station (5718033). The result shows that the month
of October to January receives more rainfall than the other months, while February is the
driest month.

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.10: Annual Rainfall for Various Stations
NO STN NO STN NAME AAR
1 5718033 Kg Jeli, Tanah Merah 3253

2 5120025 Balai Polis Bertam 1838
3 5322044 Kg. Lalok 2145

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.11: MAR for Kg. Jeli, Tanah Merah station (5718033)
Year
Month
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Jan 333 497 363 197 435 312 187 103 296 206 16 263 241 155 169 0 280 316.5 96.5 457.1
Feb 142 312 334 310 287 325 135 66 166 283 395.6 234 184 213 414 201.5 130.5 124 546.5 287.7
March 119 477 272 342 594 384 473 0 341 52 52 325.9 268 293 446 347.5 297.5 1284.9 221 374.4
April 1001.1 225 1314 469 635 639 465 0 787.9 116.2 300 358 354 349.2 443 792.1 92 320 139.5 850.5
May 309 235.1 263 843 437.5 634 229 34 102 346.8 259 662 1111 743.9 371 586 111.6 293 394.4 433.5
June 56 211 126 74 11 1 268 9 71 220.4 49 94 346.8 127 103 181.5 233 30.5 244.4 44
July 81 44 154 213 43 68 107 204 240 48.7 26 2 254.2 225 31 60.5 434.1 162 68 47.5
August 102 109 195 129 131 74 30 46 45 138.6 104 68 258 381 125 104 129.5 282 136 111.5
Sept 296 173 406 280 154 116 77 372 107 272.7 205.1 40 352 207 0 205 401 210.5 292.3 340
Oct 116 290.1 98 127 224 211 282 328 242 348 281 298 275 348 117 180 263 81 63.7 171
Nov 116 183 280 91 185 276 165 139 134 81 219 223 48 6 286 120.5 173.5 316.5 403 113.5
Dec 295.6 515 115 212 164 247 96 184 170 43 134 373 177 137 104 111.5 436 221 228.8 252.5
Total MAR 2966.7 3271.2 3920 3287 3300.5 3287 2514 1485 2701.9 2156.4 2040.7 2940.9 3869 3185.1 2609 2890.1 2981.7 3641.9 2834.1 3483.2
Year
Month
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Jan 241.5 231.5 299 251 460.5 156.5 871 397.5 196.1 0 0 0 0 0 41.5 747.5 229.5 196
Feb 242 497 198 263 214 69 215 136 218.6 0 0 0 0 0 212 347 188.5 606
March 701.5 1086 181 27.5 357 340 290.5 359.5 324.1 0 0 0 0 57 229 333 117 527.5
April 862.5 361 383 386.5 231 78.5 819.5 442.5 598 176.5 0 0 0 404.5 72 209 359 77
May 98.5 172.5 706.5 1685.4 467.5 187.5 1110 921.3 67 116 0 0 0 351.5 0 253.5 1079.5 276.6
June 355 238 358.5 1258.1 485 610.5 178 353.9 0 0 0 0 0 641.5 0 652 0 167.5
July 25.5 223 951.5 279.2 276.5 229.5 100.5 129 0 0 0 0 0 51 0 197 0 210.5
August 189.5 220 290.5 310.7 66 154.5 71 395.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46.5 0 161
Sept 153 642 56.5 0 59.5 124 116 314.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38.5 33.5 9
Oct 326.5 397.5 296 4.5 251.5 265 383.1 151.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 191.5 195.5 225.5 77
Nov 309 166 338.5 277.5 306 83 274.5 148 0 0 0 0 726 0 407.5 418.5 159.5 214
Dec 93.5 207.5 350.5 77.5 192.5 263 372 345 0 0 0 125 0 0 136.5 108 149.5 65
Total
3598 4442 4409.5 4820.9 3367 2561 4801.1 4094.7 1403.8 292.5 0 125 726 1505.5 1290 3546 2541.5 2586.5
MAR

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.6.4 Water Balance at Project Site
Water balance equation is used to obtain the total volume of rain water that infiltrate into soil as
recharge to groundwater. The sandy soil within the area provides recharge area to the saturated
zone. The water balance equation is as follows:-
ΔS/ΔT = P – R – G – ET
Where;
ΔS/ΔT - Storage
P - Precipitation
R - Runoff
G - Groundwater
ET - Evapotranspiration
Therefore, G = P - ΔS/ΔT – R – ET
Precipitation data
The precipitation data was obtained from Kg. Jeli, Tanah Merah station (4923001) since it is the
closest station to the project site. The monthly and annual average rainfall for this station are
shown in Table 6.12 and Table 6.13 respectively. The annual average is lower than the national
average by 1000mm. The monthly average shows that February is the driest month. The rest of
the months provide plenty of rainfall for groundwater recharge and storm water.

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.12:Monthly Rainfall Data Obtained from Kg. Jeli, Tanah Merah station (4923001)
Month
Year
Jan Feb March April May June July August Sept Oct Nov Dec
1975 333 142 119 1001.1 309 56 81 102 296 116 116 295.6
1976 497 312 477 225 235.1 211 44 109 173 290.1 183 515
1977 363 334 272 1314 263 126 154 195 406 98 280 115
1978 197 310 342 469 843 74 213 129 280 127 91 212
1979 435 287 594 635 437.5 11 43 131 154 224 185 164
1980 312 325 384 639 634 1 68 74 116 211 276 247
1981 187 135 473 465 229 268 107 30 77 282 165 96
1982 103 66 0 0 34 9 204 46 372 328 139 184
1983 296 166 341 787.9 102 71 240 45 107 242 134 170
1984 206 283 52 116.2 346.8 220.4 48.7 138.6 272.7 348 81 43
1985 16 395.6 52 300 259 49 26 104 205.1 281 219 134
1986 263 234 325.9 358 662 94 2 68 40 298 223 373
1987 241 184 268 354 1111 346.8 254.2 258 352 275 48 177
1988 155 213 293 349.2 743.9 127 225 381 207 348 6 137
1989 169 414 446 443 371 103 31 125 0 117 286 104
1990 0 201.5 347.5 792.1 586 181.5 60.5 104 205 180 120.5 111.5
1991 280 130.5 297.5 92 111.6 233 434.1 129.5 401 263 173.5 436
1992 316.5 124 1284.9 320 293 30.5 162 282 210.5 81 316.5 221
1993 96.5 546.5 221 139.5 394.4 244.4 68 136 292.3 63.7 403 228.8
1994 457.1 287.7 374.4 850.5 433.5 44 47.5 111.5 340 171 113.5 252.5
1995 241.5 242 701.5 862.5 98.5 355 25.5 189.5 153 326.5 309 93.5
1996 231.5 497 1086 361 172.5 238 223 220 642 397.5 166 207.5
1997 299 198 181 383 706.5 358.5 951.5 290.5 56.5 296 338.5 350.5
1998 251 263 27.5 386.5 1685.4 1258.1 279.2 310.7 0 4.5 277.5 77.5
1999 460.5 214 357 231 467.5 485 276.5 66 59.5 251.5 306 192.5
2000 156.5 69 340 78.5 187.5 610.5 229.5 154.5 124 265 83 263
2001 871 215 290.5 819.5 1110 178 100.5 71 116 383.1 274.5 372
2002 397.5 136 359.5 442.5 921.3 353.9 129 395.9 314.8 151.3 148 345
2003 196.1 218.6 324.1 598 67 - - - - - - -
2004 0 0 0 176.5 116 - - - - - - -
2005 - - - - - - - - - - - -
2006 - - - - - - - - - - - -
2007 - - - - - - - - - - 726 -
2008 - - 57 404.5 351.5 641.5 51 -
2009 41.5 212 229 72 - - - - - 191.5 407.5 136.5
2010 747.5 347 333 209 253.5 652 197 46.5 38.5 195.5 418.5 108
2011 229.5 188.5 117 359 1079.5 - - - 33.5 225.5 159.5 149.5
2012 196 606 527.5 77 276.6 167.5 210.5 161 9 76.5625 213.9375 64.875
AVERAGE 272 250 340 432 467 252 167 153 195 222 224 206

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.13: Annual Rainfall Data Obtained from Station Kg. Jeli, Tanah Merah (4923001)
ANNUAL RAINFALL
4923001
1974 2967
3271
1975
3920
1976
3287
1977
3301
1978
3287
1979
2514
1980
1485
1981
2702
1982
2156
1983
2041
1984
2941
1985
3869
1986
3185
1987
2609
1988
2890
1989
2982
1990
3642
1991
2834
1992

(SCHEDULE 1)
3483
1993
3598
1994
4442
1995
4410
1996
4821
1997
3367
1998
2561
1999
4801
2000
4095
2001
-
2002
-
2003
-
2004
-
2005
-
2006
-
2007
-
2008
3546
2009
-
2010
2586
2011
2012 2967
AVERAGE 3253

(SCHEDULE 1)
Surface Runoff (R)

Runoff (R) is estimated to be about 40% of the total precipitation, therefore the R value is shown
in Table 6.14.
Table 6.14: Estimated Runoff (mm/month)
Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DIS
Runoff (mm) 109 100 136 173 187 101 67 61 78 89 90 82
Evaporation (E)
Evaporation (E) for project site is obtained from the nearest evaporation station measured in
Kota Bharu. This station is suitable for the study since this station is located near coastal area.
The evaporation rate for the project site is based on the value obtained from other evaporation
station (Kota Bharu). The recorded evaporation rate is from 1993 to 2014 (Table 6.15). The
average evaporation rate ranges from 2.8 mm/day to 4.6 mm/day. The month of December
records the lowest evaporation rate while month of April records the highest evaporation rate.

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.15: Evaporation Rate Measured in Kota Bharu
Month
Year Jan Feb March April May June July August Sept Oct Nov Dec
2000 129 125 136.9 127.1 160.9 117.3 131.7 143.7 127.1 124.1 90.5 100.2
2001 99.4 117.6 135.7 149.8 138.8 141.9 158.2 116.4 125.7 122.2 85 130.8
2002 155.1 150.5 176.5 170.6 140.2 136.3 147.4 137 139 132.1 97.5 111.7
2003 126.1 131.3 149 175.6 136.6 127.8 114.2 127.7 150.7 113.9 102.3 96
2004 156.5 147.5 172.9 178.1 145.9 133.2 130.8 144.9 142 105.7 92.9 105.2
2005 139.1 142.9 161.5 153.1 150 131.3 127.1 143.5 126.5 124.8 88.7 82.6
2006 107.7 116.3 157.9 141.7 154.5 127.4 124.4 134.2 139.1 117.6 91.6 114
2007 96.3 131.1 144 142.1 136.1 141.4 113.6 126.8 144.6 124.7 82.6 116.3
2008 99.9 119.3 128.7 142.6 130.4 119.6 134.6 139.1 135.1 150.7 113.1 46.4
2009 108.4 129 129.3 127.4 146.6 119.8 135 121.7 115 114.3 116.4 78.6
2010 115.9 113 159.9 152 159.3 130.9 117.9 109.3 127.3 123.6 90.3 87.2
2011 90.4 123.9 138.2 113.8 179.1 136.1 127.4 147.5 132.2 121 88.5 94.4
2012 80.9 96.6 123.4 122.5 133.1 117.3 136.7 137 122.8 113.3 99.1 92.9
2013 66.7 104.9 118.2 129.3 143.3 119.1 127.4 131.9 127.1 126 80.5 85.6
Average 112 125 145 145 147 129 130 133 132 122 94 96
ΔS/ΔT is assumed to be zero

The monthly recharge to groundwater (G) values is calculated using the water balance equation as shown
in Table 6.16. The trend of the groundwater recharge is shown in Error! Reference source not found.6.13.
The driest month in February provides little or no recharge to the groundwater. The project proponent
should provide storage for storing surface runoff during wet season and use it during dry season. The
continuous recharge throughout the year should provide enough groundwater to be used during the dry
season.
Table 6.16: Monthly Groundwater Recharge (mm/month)
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DIS
51 25 59 114 133 22 0 0 0 11 40 27

(SCHEDULE 1)
GROUNDWATER RECHARGE
160
140
120
RECHARGE (MM)
100
80
60
40
20
0
jan feb march april may june july august sept oct nov dec
MONTH
Figure 6.13: Trend of Groundwater Recharge
6.6.5 Catchments Area Characteristics
The proposed forest plantation area lies within four (4) catchment area. Figure 6.14 shows the
location of the project site in relation to the Sg. Pergau tributary catchments. The project site is
located relatively at the middle stretch of the Sg. Pergau catchment, and at the upstream of Sg.
Kelantan river basin. The catchment area for the forest plantation area is listed in Table 6.8. The
proposed project site drains into a small stream that traverses the site before joining a much
bigger river. The river then joins with a few other major tributaries before flowing towards the
estuary.

(SCHEDULE 1)
C1
C2
C3
C4
Figure 6.14: Location of Project area within Sg. Tamu Catchment.
Within the project site itself, there are small streams or channels flowing through the project site.
However, in the upstream area of Sg. Pergau, the main river flows through the project
development area. However, the proposed drainage system is designed that the surface runoff
from the project development area would only discharge toward Sg. Pergau catchment. The
forest plantation area can be subdivided into four catchments.
The changing of land use from forested area to forest plantation areas causes an increase of peak
flow and volume in surface runoff water. The green areas that have been providing canopy

(SCHEDULE 1)
storage for interception of rainfall have been chopped down, and this causes the increase of
surface runoff that will be drained to the drainage system.
DP 1
DP 2
DP 3
DP 4
Figure 6.15: Proposed Layout of Flood Detention Pond (Sg. Pergau Catchment)
6.6.6 Hydrologic Modelling
Hydrologic modelling of the pre and post-development flows for the catchment area was carried
out using HEC-HMS model. The development area is located within four phases with 4 sub-
catchments (Figure 6.13). The representation of the sub-catchments for the project development
area in HEC-HMS is shown in Figure 6.15. Catchment represents the catchment area that drains
naturally toward the outlet based on the topography. The discharge from the project area that lies
within Sg. Pergau catchment would be flowing toward Sg. Pergau. The design storm selected for
this study depends on the time of concentration of the study area (tc). The tc (to + td ) was

(SCHEDULE 1)
estimated by using the overland flow time formulae and drain flow time formulae. The estimated
tc at the outlet of the sub-catchment is listed in Table 6.17.
Figure 6.16: Representations of the Project Area Sub-Catchment
Table 6.17: Estimated tc values (Pre-Development)
Catchment Area (HA) Tc (Hr)

1 1.09 0.4
2 1 0.5
3 1 0.4
4 1 0.5

(SCHEDULE 1)
The time of concentration (tc) ranges from 23 to 30 minutes for the pre-development condition.
However, the tc for the post-development will only be for the discharge from forest plantation
area only. Therefore, the adopted storm duration for this study is based on the longest time of
concentration which is about 1 hour.
The derived Tc serves as the storm duration for the design storm. The design storm intensity for
the area can be derived from the IDF curve. The IDF equation used to derive the rainfall intensity
is shown in equation 2. There are a number of IDF curves within the state of Kelantan (Table
6.18). The closest IDF curve available for this study area is Kg. Jeli, Tanah Merah station is
located within the river basin of Sg. Kelantan. Therefore, the station is selected based on the
station that is located within the same river basin. In this study, the IDF derived for the Kg. Jeli,
Tanah Merah (Figure 6.17) will be used for the simulation of surface runoff as the station is
located within the same river basin as the project development site. The temporal pattern used for
this study is based on the Kelantan temporal pattern. The design storm hyetograph of 5, 50 years
and 100 years ARI will be used in this study. Table 6.19 and Table 6.20 listed the rainfall
intensity used in this study for various ARI’s.
Equation 2:
λ Tκ
i=
( d + θ )η
where,
i = Average rainfall intensity (mm/hr);
T = Average recurrence interval - ARI (0.5 ≤ T ≤ 12 month and 2 ≤ T ≤ 100 year);
d = Storm duration (hours), 0.0833 ≤ d ≤ 72; and
λ, κ, θ and η = Fitting constants dependent on the rain gauge location

(SCHEDULE 1)
JPS KUALA KRAI
Study Area
Figure 6.17: Study Area and Selected Design Storm Station

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.18: IDF Curves for Various Stations within Kelantan
Table 6.19: Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr) for various duration (minutes)

ARI
30 60 90 120 180 360
(yrs)
2 91.92 66.60 53.45 45.21 35.27 22.52
5 110.01 79.71 63.96 54.10 42.20 26.95
10 126.02 91.31 73.27 61.98 48.35 30.87
20 144.35 104.59 83.93 70.99 55.38 35.36
50 172.75 125.17 100.44 84.96 66.28 42.32
100 197.89 143.38 115.06 97.32 75.92 48.48
Table 6.20: Rainfall depth (mm) for various duration (minutes)

ARI
30 60 90 120 180 360
(yrs)
2 45.96 66.60 80.17 90.42 105.80 135.11
5 55.00 79.71 95.94 108.20 126.61 161.69
10 63.01 91.31 109.90 123.95 145.04 185.22
20 72.18 104.59 125.89 141.99 166.14 212.18
50 86.38 125.17 150.66 169.92 198.83 253.92
100 98.94 143.38 172.58 194.65 227.76 290.87

(SCHEDULE 1)
The temporal pattern used for this study is based on the temporal pattern for Kelantan state. The
design storm hyetograph of 5, 50 years and 100 years ARI’s for 1 hour storm duration is also
shown in Table 6.21.
Table 6.21: Temporal Pattern for 0.5 hour Storm
Pattern 5 Year 50 year 100 Year

0.124 6.8 10.7 12.3
0.13 7.2 11.2 12.9
0.365 20.1 31.5 36.1
0.152 8.4 13.1 15.0
0.126 6.9 10.9 12.5
0.103 5.7 8.9 10.2
The hydrologic losses for the area will be based on initial and continuing loss method. The initial
loss is assumed to be 10 mm and the continuing loss is assumed to be 15 mm/hr. It is also
assumed that the pre-development land cover consists of 10% impervious area, and the post-
forest plantation consists of 45% impervious area. The transformation of effective rainfall to the
outlet area will be based on Clark time-area method. The two parameters used for the
development of this synthetic unit hydrograph are TC and R. These two parameters can be
obtained from observed hydrograph. In the absence of the observed hydrograph, the parameters
can be estimated from regression equations derived areas with gauged data. The regression
equation used in this study is derived from a study in about 43 watersheds in Malaysia (HP 27,
2000). The regression equations are as listed below.
Tc = 2.32A-0.1188L0.9573S-0.5074 .....................................................Equation 2.
R=2.976A-0.1943L0.9995S-0.4588 ...................................................Equation 3.
Where:
tc is the time of concentration in minutes
Se is the equal area slope of the main stream projected to the catchment divide (m/km)

(SCHEDULE 1)
L is the main stream length measured to the catchment divide (km)
A is the area of the catchment (km2)
The TC and R for the pre and post-development within the sub-catchments are listed in Table
6.22. L is the stream length measured along the main channel from the outlet to the watershed
divide-in km.R is the main channel slope determined from elevation at points that represent 10
and 85 percent of the distance along the channel from the outlet to the watershed divide in m/km.
The TC and R for the study area within the sub-catchments are listed in Table 6.22.
Table 6.22: Tc and R for the Study Area
Pre Post
Catchment Area (HA) Tc (Hr) R (Hr) Tc (Hr) R (Hr)
1 109 0.4 0.32 0.28 0.25
2 100 0.5 0.39 0.33 0.31
3 100 0.4 0.43 0.27 0.35
4 100 0.5 0.36 0.32 0.29
The base flow for the area is assumed to be constant at 0.1 m3/sec. Based on these input data, the
result obtained from the simulation is shown in Table 6.22. Comparison of estimated flow with
other method such as Rational Method is also shown in the table. The flow hydrograph generated
at the outlet for pre and post-development based on various storm duration and average
recurrence interval is listed in Table 6.23.
Table 6.23: Comparison of estimated flow (Pre-Development) using Clark Time-Area

Method with Rational Method (50 Year ARI)
Q (HMS) Q (Rational)
Catchment Area (HA) m3/s m3/s
6.1
1 109 23.7
2 100 19.6 6.1
3 100 19.2 5.8
4 100 20.6 4.4

(SCHEDULE 1)
The new drainage manual (MASMA2) specifically mentioned that the post-development flow at
the outlet must be equal to or less than the pre-development level. The result clearly shows that
the 50 year ARI post-development peak flow for Catchment 1 (33.8 m3/s) exceeds the pre-
development peak flow (23.7 m3/s) by about 10.1 m3/sec. The pre and post development peak
flow for all the catchment is shown in Table 6.23. The proposed detention ponds intend to bring
down the post-development flow to the pre-development level. The sediment basins that were
used to trap sediment during clearing works will be converted into flood detention pond once the
area has been replanted. The number of proposed flood detention ponds that will be located
within the proposed development area is 4. The ponds should provide temporary storage for the
excess runoff during storm event. The total combine surface area for the proposed flood
detention pond will be based on the catchment area, which is about 8.51 hectares. The total
volume of flood storage provided for a 3 meter depth of flood detention pond is about 255300
cubic meter. Ample space should be provided at the proposed community pond for future
expansion of the pond whenever it is necessary in the event of the development of the upstream
area in the future. Detention pond normally consists of storage area, inlet to the pond and outlet
out of the pond. The proposed pond in the study area is a dry pond. A typical dry pond is as
shown in Figure 6.18.
Figure 6.18: Typical Design of a Dry Pond

(SCHEDULE 1)
The design storm should accommodate storm of 50 year ARI, while its spillway should be able
to cater for 100 year storm. Therefore, enough storage volume within the ponds should be
provided in order to control flood of 50 year ARI. The required storage volume can be estimated
by using the linear regression formula developed by USDOT (Equation 4). The preliminary
required storage volume for these ponds is listed in Table 6.24.
1
Vs = ti (Qi − Qo ) ................................Equation 4.
2
Where,
Vs = estimated storage volume (m3/s)
Qi = inflow hydrograph peak flow rate (m3/s)
Qo = allowable peak outflow rate (m3/s)
ti = time base of the inflow hydrograph (minutes)
Table 6.24: Preliminary Estimation of storage volume Based on 50 Year ARI
Qpre Qpost Required Pond

CATCHMENT Area (HA)
(m3/s) (m3/s) Storage Volume
(m3)
1 109 23.7 33.8 65400
2 100 19.6 28.1 60000
3 100 19.2 27.0 60000
4 100 20.6 29.3 62000
The estimated storage volume required for the four detention ponds is about 255300 cubic meter.
Assuming that the shape of the pond is rectangular and the depth of the pond not exceeding 3.0
meter, the proposed surface area of the pond is also shown in the Table 6.25 below.
Based on this required storage volume, the outlet for the pond is designed in order to develop the
Storage Indication Curve. The outlets need to be design appropriately so that the discharge
would meet the storm water control objective (less than pre-development discharge). The
proposed outlet from the ponds should either consist of a culvert or an orifice to regulate the

(SCHEDULE 1)
storm water flow up to 50 year ARI (major storm). The outlet should also consist of abroad
crested weir to cater for rare storm of 50 year. The trial size of the outlets (culvert and broad
crested weir) and pond size were used initially in order to determine the appropriate size. Using
these trial data, the flow routing for the community pond is modeled using HEC-HMS. However,
the size of the community pond will be based on the proposed size of the sediment basins. The
adopted detention ponds storage volume is similar to the total storage volume of the total
sediment basins volume. The results of the routed flow through the catchments and detention
ponds are shown in Table 6.26. The result also clearly shows that the post-development with
pond outflow is less than the pre-development flow.
Table 6.25: Adopted Storage Volume
Catch Pond Pond Pond

Pond Vol
CATCHMENT Area Width Length Depth
(m3)
(HA) (m) (m) (m)
1 109 110 210 3 69300
2 100 100 200 3 60000
3 100 100 200 3 60000
4 100 110 200 3 66000
Table 6.26: Pre and Post Development Flows with and without Ponds (50 year ARI)
Qpre Qpost Qpost + pond Reduction

CATCHMENT
m3/s m3/s m3/s (%)
1 23.7 33.8 23.0 32
2 19.6 28.1 17.2 39
3 19.2 27.0 17.0 37
4 20.6 29.3 18.5 37
The objective of constructing a detention pond is to meet the condition where the post-
development peak outflow at the outlet is less than or equal to the pre-development condition.
The result shows that this objective can be achieved through the proposed design of the
community pond. This will help authorities control flooding downstream of the project area. The
efficiency of the detention pond in peak flow reduction is shown in Table 6.25.

(SCHEDULE 1)
The percentage of peak flow reduction ranges from about 32 to 39 percent. The detention ponds
should also be designed to be able to withstand rarer flood (100 year ARI). The designed flood
detention pond should be capable of draining the 100 year ARI peak flow from the ponds with its
emergency spillway. The result of 100 year ARI discharge from the detention ponds is shown in
Table 6.27. The outflow from the detention ponds is slightly more than the predevelopment
level. It is important that the spillway is capable to drain the 100 year flood flow in order to
prevent it from overtopping the detention pond. The maximum water level is slightly below the
crest and the free board level (1.7 m).
Table 6.27 : 100 Year Discharge from Detention Pond
Qpost +
CATCHMENT Qpre Qpost Water Level
pond
(m)
m3/s m3/s m3/s
1 6.3 11.9 5.6 1.7
2 6.3 11.9 5.6 1.7
3 6.2 11.8 5.3 1.6
4 5.9 11.5 5.0 1.6
6.6.7 Flood Simulation
Flood map may help to provide flood alert or flood warning if flood water level at the proposed
site is rising. The simulation was conducted based on the meteorological data of rainfall amount
from Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia. Based on flood map in Figure 6.19, the location of flood
simulation surrounding the project area shows that the project site not within flood risk areas.
Hydrological modeling of Qpre and Qpost conditions before and after the forest plantation
project was implemented to carried out the flood risk. Based on the location (Refer Figure 6.12),
it is found that the proposed forest plantation area is not affected by any major floods event since
it is located at the upstream area of Sg. Pergau. However, rapid land use changes within the
catchment area has most of these natural hydrological processes and interception storages being
removed for forest plantation.

(SCHEDULE 1)
PROPOSED FOREST PLANTATION (EUCALYPTUS

SP. AND OTHER SPECIES) ON SULTANATE LAND
PT5358, BLOCK E(408.99 HA), AT MUKIM LUBOK
BONGOR, DAERAH KUALA BALAH, JAJAHAN
JELI, KELANTAN DARUL NAIM
Figure 6.19: Flood Prone Area

(SCHEDULE 1)

KELANTAN DARUL NAIM
Figure 6.20: Flow pattern of river

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.7 WATER INTAKE
There is ‘air tandak’ area within 5km from project area. The nearest ‘air tandak’ is located
5.30km from project site (upstream of project site and isolated) GFS Kampung Renyuk. Figure
6.21 shows the location of ‘air tandak’. The nearest resident in Kg. Renyuk used ‘air tandak’ as a
daily used. Other than that, the resident of Kg. Jabir, Kg. Lubok Bongor, kg. Kubur Datu and Kg.
Bukit Selar used piped water (from Air Kelantan Sdn Bhd) directly flow to their houses. All the
houses are equipped with water tank for water storage purposes. There is a Water Treatment
Plant (WTP) Kuala Balah 6.10 km radially dowstream of the project site as shown in Figure
6.22.

(SCHEDULE 1)

KELANTAN DARUL NAIM
Figure 6.21: Air Tandak

(SCHEDULE 1)
PROPOSED FOREST PLANTATION AT SULTANATE

LAND PT 5358, BLOCK E (408.987HA) ON MUKIM
LUBOK BONGOR, DAERAH KUALA BALAH,
JAJAHAN JELI, KELANTAN DARUL NAIM
Figure 6.22: Nearest Water Treatment Plant (WTP)

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.8 WATER QUALITY
6.8.1 Water Quality Standard
Water quality (WQ) is characterized by the values of some appropriate parameters of variables at
those points where the water is to be used for spesific purpose. In this respect, the Department of
Environment (DOE) has established a set of criteria by which water bodies are classified into
five categories based on the prevailing quality of their water in relation to the various
downstream needs. As the DOE WQ Interim Standards is specifically tailored for local
environment valuations and interpretation of water quality data gathered during this study will be
based primarily on this standards. Table 6.28 summarized the Department Interim National
Water Quality Standards (INWQS).
Table 6.28: The Department of Environment Interim National Water Quality Standards
CLASS
PARAMETERS UNIT
I IIA IIB III IV V
Temperature ̊C normal - normal - - -
pH - 6.5-8.5 6-9 6-9 5-9 5-9 -
DO mg/l 7 5-7 5-7 3-5 <3 <1
BOD5 mg/l 1 3 3 6 12 >12
COD mg/l 10 25 25 50 100 >100
Oil & Grease mg/l natural Nil nil - - -
Total Suspended Solid mg/l 25 50 50 150 300 >300
Ammonical-N mg/l 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.9 2.7 >2.7
Faecal Coliform CFU/100ml 10 100 400 5000 5000 -
Class I represents water bodies of excellent quality. Standards are set for the conservation of
natural environment in its undisturbed state. Water bodies such as those in the national park
areas, fountain-heads, and in high land and undisturbed areas come under this category where
strictly no discharge of any kind is permitted. Water bodies in this category meet the most
stringent requirements for human health and aquatic life protection.
Class II represents water bodies of good quality. Most exiting raw water supply sources come
under category. In practice, no body contact activity is allowed in this water for the prevention of

(SCHEDULE 1)
probable human pathogens. There is a need to introduce another class for water bodies not used
for water supply but of similar quality which may be referred to as Class IIB. The determination
of Class IIB standards is based on criteria for recreational use and protection of sensitive aquatic
species.
Class III is defined with the primary objective of protecting common and moderately tolerant
aquatic species of economic value. Water under classification may be used for water supply with
extensive/advanced treatment. This class of water is also defined to suit livestock drinking needs.
Class IV defines water quality required for major agricultural irrigation activities which may not
cover minor applications to sensitive crops.
Class V represents other waters which do not meet any of the above uses.
6.8.2 Existing Water Quality Status
The water quality status of principal watercourses, which receive surface run-offs from the
Project site, is of main concern here. Its quality has been assessed based on information garnered
from water quality monitoring exercices carried out during the course of this EIA study and other
relevant desk studies.
6.8.3 Sampling Locations
The in-situ measurement and grab samplings were taken at 23 different locations for analyses.
The locations of the sampling points are shown in Figure 6.23 while the coordinates of water
sampling locations were tabulated in Table 6.29.

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.29: Water Sampling Locations
MARKING LOCATION MARKING LOCATION
5° 31' 11.583" N 5° 30' 43.729" N

101° 53' 34.194" E 101° 51' 23.209" E
W1 W7
5° 30' 16.016" N 5° 30' 45.764" N

101° 53' 41.301" E 101° 51' 9.231" E
W2 W8
5° 29' 45.383" N 5° 30' 46.306" N

101° 53' 35.792" E 101° 50' 54.070" E
W3 W9
5° 29' 18.706" N 5° 31' 12.739" N

101° 54' 1.082" E 101° 51' 19.193" E
W4 W10
5° 29' 49.951" N 5° 31' 13.057" N

101° 52' 2.997" E 101° 50' 58.824" E
W5 W11
5° 29' 0.830" N 5° 31' 32.324" N

101° 49' 3.163" E 101° 50' 29.174" E
W6 W12

(SCHEDULE 1)
MARKING LOCATION MARKING LOCATION
5° 29' 27.780" N 5° 32' 9.981" N

101° 50' 46.094" E 101° 51' 23.567" E
W19
W13
5° 30' 46.890" N 5° 33' 1.657" N

101° 49' 55.541" E 101° 53' 32.785" E
W14
W20
5° 31' 7.588" N 5° 33' 54.418" N

101° 49' 59.818" E 101° 53' 12.981" E
W15
W21
5° 31' 59.893" N 5° 34' 1.152" N

101° 50' 32.925" E 101° 53' 7.702" E
W16 W22
5° 32' 19.903" N 5° 34' 31.213" N

101° 50' 29.691" E 101° 53' 18.588" E
W17
W23
5° 32' 18.139" N
101° 50' 52.366" E
W18

(SCHEDULE 1)

KELANTAN DARUL NAIM
Figure 6.23: Water quality stations for the proposed project

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.8.4 Data Analyses and Results
Water sampling, in-situ measurements and laboratory analyses were carried out on the very same
day the samples being taken. Non-conservatives non preservable parameters were analyzed in-
situ during the sampling exercises. Samples for non-conservative but preservable parameters and
other conservative preservable parameters were acidified to pH 2 prior to analyses at the
laboratory. The water quality parameters measured were the physical parameter of pH, Turbidity,
Temperature, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total
Suspended Solid (TSS), Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium Hexavalent (Cr6+), Arsenic
(As), Cyanide (CN), Lead (Pb), Chromium Trivalent (Cr3+), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn),
Nickel (Ni), Tin (Sn), Zinc (Zn), Boron (B), Iron (Fe), Aluminium (Al), Barium (Ba),Selenium
(Se), Fluoride (F), Argentum (Ag), Colour ADMI (original pH), Colour ADMI (pH adjusted
@7), Formaldehyde, Phenol, Free Chlorine (Cl2), Sulphide (S2-), Sulphate (SO4), Oil & Grease
and the content of Ammonical Nitrogen (NH3-N). The physical parameter would give a rapid
indication of the state of water quality. The BOD parameter would induce degree of pollution by
organisms. The level of nutrients would primarily indicate pollution by sewage, industrial and
agricultural activities. Water quality data obtained from this exercise are summarized in Table
6.30. Certificates of the water quality analysis are enclosed in Appendix 6-B Generally, water
quality at all sampling stations fall under Class II of the water Quality Index (WQI) or the
moderately polluted category on the day the sampling work were carried out. Understandably,
the sampling results represents only the conditions prevailing during sampling exercise. Brief
account on selected water quality parameters are presented in the following paragraphs:
pH
There are only few significant and adverse pH levels were observed from the samples collected.
The analyses show that all samples with pH values are comply with INWQS Class IIB were
ranging from 6.67-7.70.
Temperature
Normal (thermal unpolluted) and favourable for dissolved oxygen. The obtained temperature
readings were ranging 26.5 ˚C-27.6 ˚C.

(SCHEDULE 1)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Standard limit for DO level ranged from 5 mg/l to 7 mg/l. If high levels of DO appear, it
indicates low organic loading which reflective of unpolluted watercourses. Thus, DO is a vital
component for living organism in any water body system. The Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels
analyzed those complied to NWQS gave readings between 5.05 mg/l to 5.24 mg/l which fall
within Class IIB of the NWQS Standard.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

The COD levels of all water samples are between 10 mg/l until 19 mg/l. The permisible limit for
INWQ Standards is 25 mg/L. The concentration of COD measures the presence of non-
biodegradable matter in water body. It may act as indicator of chemical pollution in any
waterbody.
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

The BOD5 recorded most the samplings points were not complying the limits of Class II NWQ
Standards except W3 and W9 with reading 3 mg/l. As indicated by the BOD level, the organic
loading of existing waterbodies are with range between 4 mg/l to 5 mg/l, reflective of polluted
watercourses. BOD is normally used as an indicator for organic loading of natural waterbody.
The level of BOD indicates the level of the presence of decomposing organic matter which is
also reflective to the DO level.
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

Levels of TSS are range from 8 mg/l to 38 mg/l which fall under Class IIB, NWQ Standards.
That indicates that there is no erosion of unconsolidated taking place in the vicinity of the
waterbodies. TSS in water is indicative of the presence of inorganic and organic particles and
immiscible liquids. These materials are common constituents of surface water due to water
erosion and may include silt, clay, plant fibres and biological solids.
Turbidity
Turbidity is measure of the amount of particulate matter and dissolved colour that is suspended
in water. Water that has high turbidity appears cloudy. High turbidity can cause high temperature
of water because of suspended particles absorb more heat and can also reduce the amount of light
penetrating the water. Most points recorded results that complying the limits of Class I and II,
NWQ Standards with range from 6.10 NTU to 25.3 NTU.
(SCHEDULE 1)
Ammonical Nitrogen (NH3-N)

Samples taken at most stations read from 0.09 mg/l to 0.13 mg/l which falls under Class IIB,
NWQ Standards. The presence of excessive concentration of NH3-N and phosphorus is generally
caused by the agricultural activities namely plantation in the vicinity of the Project site, which
shall lead to eutrophication which then reduce DO. Eutrophication shall impede the regeneration
of the benthic organisms and the quality of the water ecosystem.
Oil and Grease (O&G)

Oil and Grease (O&G) in water can cause surface films and shoreline deposits leading to
environmental degradation, and can induce human health risks when discharged in surface or
ground waters. But, the O&G result for this test are ND(<1), where ND stands for Not Detected.
Based on the DOE Class IIB (NWQS), the result supposed to be (ND) Not Detected.
E.coli
E. coli is a subgroup of the faecal coliform group. Most E. coli bacteria are harmless and exist in
the intestines of people and warm-blooded animals. The presence of E. coli in a drinking water
sample usually indicates recent faecal contamination. That means there is a greater risk that
pathogens are present. All samples show E.coli counts below 400; complied to NWQS.
Non-metal
There is a non-metal detected in the water which are fluoride. Fluoride is a mineral that occurs
naturally that released from rocks into the soil, water and air. Only few sampling points detect
fluoride but still below 1.5mg/L; comply with NWQS Class IIB.
Metals
There few metals detected in the water quality samples which are copper, manganese, zinc, iron,
aluminium, barium and argentum. Most of parameters detected comply with NWQS Class IIB.

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.30: Result of Water Quality Sampling

DOE
CLASS
PARAMETER W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 W13 W14 W15 W16 W17 W18 W19 W20 W21 W22 W23
IIB
(NWQS)
pH 7.70 7.42 7.25 7.32 7.45 7.45 7.19 7.32 6.67 6.90 7.00 7.10 7.10 7.08 7.10 7.17 7.16 7.20 7.21 7.19 7.40 7.28 6.89 6-9
Temperature oC 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.1 27.1 26.9 27.2 27.4 27.6 27.5 27.5 27.4 27.4 27.4 27.3 27.2 27.0 26.9 26.8 26.7 26.5 26.6 26.7 -
DO, mg/L 5.12 5.15 5.05 5.10 5.12 5.10 5.08 5.17 5.12 5.24 5.20 5.18 5.14 5.16 5.18 5.18 5.18 5.12 5.16 5.26 5.19 5.24 5.22 5-7
COD, mg/L 13 13 10 16 13 16 13 16 10 19 13 16 13 19 16 13 13 16 13 16 13 16 19 25
BOD5, mg/L 4 4 3 5 4 5 4 5 3 5 4 5 4 5 5 4 4 5 4 5 4 5 5 3
TSS, mg/L 32 9 18 38 9 16 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 9 14 8 8 9 22 8 9 29 50
Turbidity, NTU 25.3 7.25 14.6 29.7 7.22 7.22 6.20 7.21 6.21 6.32 6.15 6.20 6.10 7.22 7.20 10.2 6.12 6.05 7.11 18.2 6.12 7.15 23.8 50
NH3-N, mg/L 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.3
O&G, mg/L ND(<1) ND(<1) ND(<1) ND(<1) ND(<1) ND(<1) ND(<1) ND(<1) ND(<1) ND(<1) ND(<1) ND(<1) ND(<1) ND(<1) ND(<1) ND(<1) ND(<1) ND(<1) ND(<1) ND(<1) ND(<1) ND(<1) ND(<1) 40
Mercury (Hg), ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
0.001
mg/L (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002)
Cadmium (Cd), ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
0.01
mg/L (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001)
Chromium
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Hexavalent 0.05
(<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02)
(Cr6+), mg/L
Arsenic (As), ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
0.05
mg/L (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002)
Cyanide (CN), ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
0.02
mg/L (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1)
Lead (Pb), mg/L 0.05
(<0.001) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002)
Chromium
Trivalent (Cr3+), -
(<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02) (<0.02)
mg/L
Copper (Cu), ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
0.003 0.001 0.002 0.02 0.02
mg/L (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001)
Manganese ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
0.1
(Mn), mg/L (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001)
Nickel (Ni), ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
0.05
mg/L (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001)
Tin (Sn), mg/L -
(<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002)
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Zinc (Zn), mg/L 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.02 5
(<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001)
Boron (B), mg/L 1
(<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002) (<0.002)
Iron (Fe), mg/L 0.47 0.30 0.67 0.37 0.20 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.14 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.15 0.07 0.13 0.12 0.41 0.05 0.11 0.90 1
Aluminium (Al), ND ND ND
0.14 0.06 0.02 0.13 0.21 0.18 0.14 0.20 0.14 0.15 0.12 0.14 0.15 0.18 0.11 0.14 0.11 0.04 0.10 0.13 -
mg/L (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001)
Barium (Ba),
0.01 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 1
mg/L
Selenium (Se), ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
0.01
mg/L (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001)

(SCHEDULE 1)
Fluoride (F), ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
0.12 0.30 0.15 0.09 0.15 0.16 1.5
mg/L (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05)
Argentum (Ag), ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
0.01 0.05
mg/L (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001) (<0.001)
Colour ADMI
12 12 10 14 10 12 12 12 10 11 10 10 10 12 12 12 12 10 10 14 12 12 14 150
(original pH)
Colour ADMI
(pH adjusted 12 12 10 14 10 12 12 12 10 11 10 10 10 12 12 12 12 10 10 14 12 12 14 150
@7)
Formaldehyde, ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
0.08 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 -
mg/L (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05)
Phenol, mg/L 10
(<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05 (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05) (<0.05)
Free Chlorine ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
-
(Cl2), mg/L (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1)
Sulphide (S2-), ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
-
mg/L (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.1) (<0.2) (<0.2) (<0.2) (<0.2) (<0.2) (<0.2) (<0.2) (<0.2) (<0.2) (<0.2) (<0.2) (<0.2) (<0.2) (<0.2) (<0.2) (<0.2) (<0.2) (<0.2) (<0.2) (<0.2)
Sulphate (SO4),
2 1 ND (<1) 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 ND (<1) ND (<1) ND (<1) ND (<1) 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 ND (<1) 250
mg/L
E. Coli counts, ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
15 15 20 10 10 20 10 10 20 30 20 30 10 90 400
CFU/mL (<10) (<10) (<10) (<10) (<10) (<10) (<10) (<10) (<10)
(Source: ChemVi Laboratory, 2022)

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.8.5 Water Quality Index (WQI)
This study utilized a system of classifying water quality based on the water quality Index
(WQI). The WQI relates a group of water quality parameters to a common scale and
combines them into a single number, which represents the state of the water quality trend. In
this study, the WQI value of the water sample was calculated using the method developed by
Norhayati (1981) that has been adopted by the DOE. Six parameters used for the evaluation
of the WQI are Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD),
Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Suspended Solids (SS), pH and Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N).
The sub-indices for the chosen parameters are named SICOD, SIBOD, SIDO, SISS, SIpH
and SIAN, and the formula used in the calculation WQI is:
WQI = 0.22* SIDO + 0.19* SIBOD + 0.16* SICOD + 0.15* SIAN + 0.16* SISS + 0.12*
SIpH
Where, * indicates multiplication and SI, sub-index for the respective parameter.
Where SIDO, SIBOD, SICOD, SIAN, SISS and SIpH are the subindices of dissolved oxygen,
biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, ammonical nitrogen and pH values,
respectively. The value of each sub-indices is derived from the specific equation given by
DOE (1993). The WQI values ranged from 0 to 100 with 100 represent the best water quality
and 0 as the worst.
The River Water Quality Classification listed in Table 6.31 is used to compare the existing
data at all monitoring stations to determine their status as clean, slightly polluted or polluted
category and to classy the river in Class I, II, III, IV or V. According to WQI, the river water
classification at most monitoring sampling station could be classified under Class II. Class II
indicates that the water can be used as a water supply where a conventional treatment is
required. It was also indicates that the water is suitable for sensitive aquatic species and can
be used for recreational that can have direct body contact. Table 6.32 summarized the water
quality classification based on WQI. The results for WQI of twenty-three (23) sampling
stations are tabulated in Table 6.33.

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.31: River Water Quality Classification
Classification WQI Water Use
Conservation of natural environment.
Class I >91.76 Water supply – practically no treatment necessary.
Fishery I – very sensitive aquatic species.
Water supply II – conventional treatment required.

Class II A >75.37
Fishery II – sensitive aquatic species.
Recreational use with body contact.

Class II B >75.37
Fishery II – sensitive aquatic species.
Water supply III – extensive treatment required.
Class III >51.68 Fishery III – common and tolerant species.
Livestock drinking
Class IV >29.61 Irrigation.
Class V <29.61 None of the above.
Table 6.32: Water Quality Classification Based On Water Quality Index.
WQI Status
81 – 100 Clean
60 – 80 Slightly Polluted
0 -59 Polluted
Source: National Water Quality Standard (NWQS)

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.33: Water Quality Index (WQI)

Monitoring Stations
Parameter
W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 W13 W14 W15 W16 W17 W18 W19 W20 W21 W22 W23
pH 7.70 7.42 7.25 7.32 7.45 7.45 7.19 7.32 6.67 6.90 7.00 7.10 7.10 7.08 7.10 7.17 7.16 7.20 7.21 7.19 7.40 7.28 6.89
COD 13 13 10 16 13 16 13 16 10 19 13 16 13 19 16 13 13 16 13 16 13 16 19
BOD 4 4 3 5 4 5 4 5 3 5 4 5 4 5 5 4 4 5 4 5 4 5 5
DO* 62.77 63.14 61.93 62.53 62.77 62.52 62.28 63.38 62.77 64.24 63.75 63.51 63.01 63.26 63.51 63.51 63.51 62.77 63.26 64.49 63.63 64.24 64.00
SS 32 9 18 38 9 16 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 9 14 8 8 9 22 8 9 29
AN 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.12 0.11
SipH 94.78 97.32 98.40 7.32 97.10 97.09 98.69 97.99 98.24 99.39 99.35 99.06 99.06 99.13 99.05 98.78 98.83 98.65 98.60 98.69 97.46 98.23 99.36
SIBOD5 83.48 83.48 87.71 79.25 83.48 79.25 83.48 79.25 87.71 79.25 83.48 79.25 83.48 79.25 79.25 83.48 83.48 79.25 83.48 79.25 83.48 79.25 798.26
SICOD 81.81 81.81 85.8 77.82 81.81 77.82 81.81 77.82 85.8 73.83 81.81 77.82 81.81 73.83 77.82 81.81 81.81 77.82 81.81 77.82 81.81 77.82 73.83
SIDO 68.35 68.86 67.14 68.00 68.34 68.00 67.66 69.20 68.35 70.39 69.71 69.37 68.69 69.03 69.37 69.37 69.37 68.35 69.03 70.73 69.54 70.39 70.05
SISS 80.13 92.32 87.23 77.31 92.20 88.30 92.77 92.19 92.77 92.19 92.77 92.19 92.77 92.19 92.19 89.40 92.77 92.77 92.19 85.13 92.46 92.19 81.59
SIAN 88.95 90 91.05 90 88.95 87.9 88.95 88.95 88.95 87.9 87.9 86.85 88.95 88.95 87.9 87.9 86.65 86.85 86.85 86.65 88.95 87.9 88.95
WQI =
0.12SIpH +
0.19SIBOD +
0.16SICOD + 81.52 84.03 84.59 80.10 83.73 81.43 83.86 82.59 85.40 82.22 84.24 82.44 84.13 82.05 82.59 83.56 83.94 82.25 83.75 81.56 84.13 82.08 80.61
0.22SIDO +
0.16SISS +
0.15SIAN
Class (WQI)* II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Classification Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean
* Classification is made based on DOE - Water Quality Index (WQI)
* DO value is in % saturation

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.8.6 Conclusion of WQI

Based on classification made under the WQI, most sampling stations had been classified “Clean”
category. Water quality refers to the characteristics of a water body that will influence its
suitability for a specific use, i.e. how well the water quality meets the need of the user. The water
quality status indicates the level of pollutant composition and thus can be related to human
activities (Anhar et al., 1998).
6.9 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
An ambient air quality sampling was carried out at the project site to identify significant sources
of the existing environment. The sampling was done on 10th to 11th September 2022 by using
MiniVolTM Portable Air Volume Sampler within 24 hours period. Toxic gas sampling and
analysis was carried out on 10th to 11th September 2022 using Grey Wolf Toxic Gas TG 502
Probe. In other to identify current weather condition on site, weather station was set up using
WatchDog 2000 Series Weather Station for duration of 1 hour at each ambient air quality
sampling station. The sampling location is shows in Figure 6.24 and the coordinates of air
quality monitoring locations were tabulated in Table 6.34.
Table 6.34: Location of Air Sampling
Sampling Station Coordinate
A1 5° 32' 32.792" N 101° 53' 10.034" E
A2 5° 30' 34.401" N 101° 53' 34.925" E
A3 5° 30' 4.091" N 101° 53' 12.107" E
A4 5° 30' 53.369" N 101° 51' 16.976" E

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.9.1 Methodology
Particulate Matter 10 micron (PM10) and Particulate Matter 2.5 micron (PM2.5)
• Method: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) at 40 CFR 50.
• Method Name: Determination of Ambient Air Quality Using the Andersen Continuous Beta
Attenuation Monitor.
• Sampling Description: Air is drawn into a PM10/PM2.5 sampler and through a filter by
means of a High-Volume Sampler at a flow rate (1.13 m3/min) that allows suspended
particles with a diameter of 10 microns or less to pass to the filter paper. The mass
concentration of suspended particulates in the ambient air (μg/m3) is computed by measuring
the mass of collected particulate and the volume of air sampled.
• Sampling duration: 24 hours.
Gas pollutants: Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Carbon Monoxide
(CO)
• The gas measurements were performed using Grey Wolf Toxic Gas TG 502 Probe
1. Check the battery condition
2. Calibrate the instrument before use.
3. Connecting the instrument to the installed software on iPad/ any suitable gadgets. Set the
desired parameter to be tested.
4. Set the meter range to the most suitable setting.
5. Set the measurement time.
6. Place the instrument on the tripod.
7. Set the run mode to initiate the measurements.

(SCHEDULE 1)
PROPOSED FOREST PLANTATION AT SULTANATE

LAND PT 5358, BLOCK E (408.987HA) AT MUKIM
LUBOK BONGOR, DAERAH KUALA BALAH,
JAJAHAN JELI, KELANTAN DARUL NAIM
Figure 6.24: Air, Noise, Gas and Vibration Monitoring Stations

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.9.2 Guideline For Air Quality
The Department of Environment (DOE) has adopted some recommended guideline levels
(Malaysia Ambient Air Quality Standard) for a number of pollutants including Particulate Matter
10 micron (PM10), Particulate Matter 2.5 micron (PM2.5), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen
Dioxide (NO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Ground Level Ozone (O3)– see Table 6.35.
Emission of smoke from diesel-powered vehicles must comply with the emission limits specified
under Environmental Quality (Control of Emission from Diesel Engines) Regulations 1996.
Provisions under the Environmental Quality Act 1974 prohibit the burning of any combustible
material or refuses. This would include a variety of waste material (e.g. vegetation waste) waste
generated from construction activities during both the construction and operational phase of the
project.
Table 6.35: Malaysia Ambient Air Quality Standard (Standard 2020)
Pollutant Average Time Ambient Air Quality

Standard (µg/m3)
Particulate Matter with the size of 1 Year 40
less than 10 micron (PM10) 24 Hour 100
Particulate Matter with the size of 1 Year 15
less than 2.5 micron (PM2.5) 24 Hour 35
1 Hour 250
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
24 Hour 80
1 Hour 280
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
24 Hour 70
1 Hour 180
Ground Level Ozone (O3)
8 Hour 100
1 Hour 30
*Carbon Monoxide (CO) mg/m3
8 Hour 10

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.9.3 Ambient Air Quality Analysis
This study will provide data for the PM10 and PM2.5 as well as gas pollutant such as SO2, NO2,
O3 and CO. The sampling location is shown in Figure 6.24 and the summary of the result is
tabulated in Table 6.36. The results are all well within the Malaysian Ambient Air Quality
Standard 2020 for PM10 and PM 2.5 tested at A1,A2,A3 and A4. The concentration of nitrogen
dioxide were detected and exceeding Malaysia Ambient Air Quality Standard; while Sulphur
Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide and Ground Level Ozone were not detected at the sampling station
during sampling activity thus those gases were absence at the site. The gas quality analysis by
the instrument proves that only Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) presence at Project site. Nitrogen
dioxide (NO2) is one of the nitrogen oxides (NOx), a group of air pollutants produced from
combustion processes. The presence of NO2 is mainly due to the Nitric Oxide (NO), which is
emitted by heavy vehicles such as Santaiwong or other combustion processes, combine with
oxygen in the atmosphere, hence producing NO2. The detail of methodology and result shows in
Table 6.36 and Appendix 6-C.

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.36: Ambient air quality monitoring for A1/G1, A2/G2, A3/G3 and A4/G4
STATION A1 SAMPLING VISUAL STATION A2 SAMPLING VISUAL
SAMPLING SAMPLING 10th September

10th September 2022
DATE DATE 2022
5° 32' 32.792" N 5° 30' 34.401" N

COORDINATE COORDINATE
101° 53' 10.034" E 101° 53' 34.925" E
TEST PM10 TEST PM10

PARAMETER PM2.5 PARAMETER PM2.5
PM10 = 14 µg/m3 PM10 = 28 µg/m3

RESULT RESULT
PM2.5 = 14 µg/m3 PM2.5 = 14 µg/m3
Malaysia
Malaysia Ambient Air PM10 = 100
Ambient Air PM10 = 100 (µg/m3)
Quality (µg/m3)
Quality Standard PM2.5 = 35 (µg/m3) Standard PM2.5 = 35 (µg/m3)
(Standard 2020) (Standard 2020)
STATION G1 SAMPLING VISUAL STATION G2 SAMPLING VISUAL
SAMPLING SAMPLING 10th September

10th September 2022
DATE DATE 2022
5° 32' 32.792" N 5° 30' 34.401" N

101° 53' 10.034" E 101° 53' 34.925" E
TEST SO2, NO2, CO and TEST SO2, NO2, CO and

PARAMETER O3 PARAMETER O3
Malaysia
Malaysia Ambient Air SO2 – 0.00 ppm
SO2 – 0.00 ppm
Ambient Air Quality NO2 - 0.061 ppm
NO2 - 0.030 ppm
Quality Standard Standard CO – 0.00 ppm
CO – 0.00 ppm
(Standard 2020) (Standard 2020) O3- 0.00 ppm
O3- 0.00 ppm
(1 Hour) (1 Hour)

(SCHEDULE 1)
STATION A3 SAMPLING VISUAL STATION A4 SAMPLING VISUAL
SAMPLING 10th September SAMPLING 10th September

DATE 2022 DATE 2022
5° 30' 4.091" N 5° 30' 53.369" N

101° 53' 12.107" E 101° 51' 16.976" E
TEST PM10 TEST PM10

PARAMETER PM2.5 PARAMETER PM2.5
PM10 = 28 µg/m3 PM10 = 14 µg/m3

RESULT RESULT
PM2.5 = 14 µg/m3 PM2.5 = 14 µg/m3
Malaysia Malaysia
Ambient Air PM10 = 100 (µg/m3) Ambient Air PM10 = 100 (µg/m3)
Quality Standard PM2.5 = 35 (µg/m3) Quality
PM2.5 = 35 (µg/m3)
(Standard 2020) Standard
(Standard 2020)
STATION G3 SAMPLING VISUAL STATION G4 SAMPLING VISUAL
SAMPLING 10th September SAMPLING 10th September

DATE 2022 DATE 2022
5° 30' 4.091" N 5° 30' 53.369" N

101° 53' 12.107" E 101° 51' 16.976" E
TEST SO2, NO2, CO and TEST SO2, NO2, CO and

PARAMETER O3 PARAMETER O3
Malaysia
Malaysia
SO2 – 0.00 ppm Ambient Air SO2 – 0.00 ppm
Ambient Air
NO2 - 0.054 ppm Quality NO2 - 0.061 ppm
Quality Standard
CO – 0.00 ppm Standard CO – 0.00 ppm
(Standard 2020)
O3- 0.00 ppm (Standard 2020) O3- 0.00 ppm
(1 Hour)
(1 Hour)

(SCHEDULE 1)
Figure 6.25: Graph of gas analysis for G1.
Figure 6.26: Graph of gas analysis for G2

(SCHEDULE 1)

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.10 AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL
6.10.1 Scope of Study
Noise measurement was carried out to establish the existing background noise levels at areas in
vicinity of the proposed project site in order to establish the existing background noise levels at
the site perimeter as well as at the affected residential and sensitive areas. This information will
be used in noise impact assessment and/or for verification for compliance during construction
and operation stages of the proposed project based on the Planning Guidelines for Environmental
Noise Limits Control, Second Edition (2007) published by the Department of Environment,
Malaysia. The methodology of the analysis is show in Appendix 6-D.
6.10.2 Location and Time of Sampling
Four (4) sampling stations were selected to obtain the existing noise levels at the site perimeter
as well as at the nearest residential and sensitive areas. The noise sampling stations are
designated as N1, N2, N3 and N4 as described in Table 6.37 and also illustrated in Figure 6.24.
All sampling stations were selected as best as possible to represent the most sensitive receivers in
the vicinity of the proposed project site during construction stage and operational phase. The
noise measurements were carried out on 10th to 11th September 2022. The study was divided
into two durations, namely, day-time (7.00 am to 10.00 pm) and night-time (10.00 pm to 7.00
am).
Table 6.37: Location of Noise Sampling
SAMPLING COORDINATE DESCRIPTION

STATION
5° 32' 32.792" N 101° 53' 10.034" E Kg Jabir
N1
N2 5° 30' 34.401" N 101° 53' 34.925" E Kg Kubur Datu
N3 5° 30' 4.091" N 101° 53' 12.107" E Kg Bukit Selar
5° 30' 53.369" N 101° 51' 16.976" E Near Proposed Project Site

N4

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.10.3 Day-time and Night-time Noise Levels

The measured noise levels and the corresponding sources at the selected sampling stations
acquired during the day-time and night-time measurements are tabulated in Table 6.37. Noise
from road vehicles has been identified as the dominant noise sources at most of the sampling
stations which are located at the road side. The day-time LAeq noise measurements at the
sampling stations are 50.8 dBA, 52.2 dBA, 50.2 dBA and 49.5 dBA for N1, N2, N3 and N4
respectively. The night-time Leq noise levels are 41.1 dBA, 42.5 dBA, 43.0 dBA and 36.8 dBA
for N1, N2, N3 and N4 respectively. The noise levels at most of the stations were mainly due to
human and fauna activities.
6.10.4 Assessment
For suburban residential area represented in this case by all sampling stations, the maximum
permissible levels are 55 dBA (day-time) and 45 dBa (night-time) as shows in Table 6.38. If the
affected areas involve noise sensitive areas such as schools, universities, hospitals and places of
worship, a different set of permissible levels must be used (i.e., 50 dBa during day-time and
40 dBa during night-time). Generally, the LAeq monitored for the proposed project site area
were found to be within both the recommended level. Table 6.39 shows the summary of Noise
Measurement. Based on the site observation conducted, flow of vehicular/traffic movement and
surrounding noise was found to be the major factor of noise contribution in that area.

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.38: Limiting Sound Levels for Planning and New Development (Schedule 1 of the
guideline)
Day-Time Level, dBa Night-Time Level, dBa

Receiving Land Use Category
(7.00 am – 10.00 pm) (10.00 pm – 7.00 am)
Noise Sensitive Areas, Low
Density Residential, Institutional
50 dBA 40 dBA
(School, Hospital), Worship
Area
Suburban Residential, Medium
density Area, Public Spaces, 55 dBA 45 dBA
Parks, Recreational Areas
Urban Residential Areas (High
Density) Areas, Designated
60 dBA 50 dBA
Mixed Development Areas
(Residential – Commercial)
Designated Industrial Zones 70 dBA 60 dBA

(Source: Planning Guidelines for Environmental Noise Limits and Control, 2nd Edition (2007) Department of
Environment, Malaysia)
Table 6.39: Summary of Noise Measurement

Sampling Sampling Sampling LAeq LA10 LA50 LA90 Lmin Lmax Recommended
location session date/time dB(A) dB(A) dB(A) dB(A) dB(A) dB(A) limit dB(A)
(10/09/2022)
Point N1 Daytime
7.00 am to 50.8 44.90 50.01 59.21 43.45 64.27 LAeq≤55.0 dB(A)
10.00 pm for daytime
(10/09/2022)
(10/09/2022)
Point N1
Night 10.00 pm to 41.1 35.87 41.6 44.58 34.2 45.51 LAeq≤45.0 dB(A)
Time 7.00 am for nigh time
(11/09/2022)
(10/09/2022) LAeq≤55.0 dB(A)
7.00 am to 52.2 47.6 51.95 58.84 46.2 62 for daytime
Point N2 Daytime
10.00 pm
(10/09/2022)
(10/09/2022) LAeq≤45.0 dB(A)
Point N2 Night 10.00 pm to 42.5 40.1 42.85 43.82 39.2 45 for nigh time
Time 7.00 am
(11/09/2022)
(10/09/2022) LAeq≤55.0 dB(A)
7.00 am to 50.2 42.12 51.25 52.8 40.7 54.1 for daytime
Point N3 Daytime
10.00 pm
(10/09/2022)

(SCHEDULE 1)
(10/09/2022) LAeq≤45.0 dB(A)

Night 10.00 pm to 43.0 40.93 43.2 44.3 37.4 47.3 for nigh time
Point N3
Time 7.00 am
(11/09/2022)
(10/09/2022) LAeq≤55.0 dB(A)
7.00 am to 49.5 42.41 51.05 53.89 30.2 55.9 for daytime
Point N4 Daytime
10.00 pm
(10/09/2022)
(10/09/2022) LAeq≤45.0 dB(A)
Night 10.00 pm to 36.8 34.2 35.35 41.69 34.1 42.6 for nigh time
Point N4
Time 7.00 am
(11/09/2022)
(Source: Noise Monitoring Report, October 2022)
6.11 VIBRATION
Vibration monitoring was carried out in the project site to delineate the existing vibration level
and also to obtain baseline data for the EIA report. The monitoring was carried out on10th to
11th September 2022. This information will be used in vibration impact assessment and/or for
verification of compliance during the plantation stage of the proposed project based on the
Planning Guidelines for Vibration Limits and Control (2007) issued by the Department of
Environment, Malaysia. Measurement data shall be sampled on the ground of the locations. The
location of vibration monitoring situated to be the only sensitive receptor as shown in Table 6.40
below:
Table 6.40: Location of vibration monitoring
SAMPLING STATION COORDINATE
V1 5° 32' 32.792" N 101° 53' 10.034" E
V2 5° 30' 34.401" N 101° 53' 34.925" E
V3 5° 30' 4.091" N 101° 53' 12.107" E
V4 5° 30' 53.369" N 101° 51' 16.976" E
6.11.1 Methodology
For the purpose of this EIA study, ambient vibration level of the activities within and in the
vicinity of the Project site to be carried out using vibrometer. The instrument will measure the
vibration in three orthogonal axes, namely transverse, vertical and longitudinal vibrations. The

(SCHEDULE 1)
assessment will be at the nearest building or location and the best position would often be on the
floor slab or foundation. Transverse ground vibrations agitate particles in a side-to-side motion.
Vertical ground vibrations agitate particles in an up-and-down motion. Longitudinal ground
vibrations agitate particles in a forward and backward motion progressing outward from the
source of vibration. The parameter used in this assessment is based on the vectorial sum of
vibration in the three orthogonal axes, which is known as peak particle velocity (mm/s ppv).
6.11.2 Guideline for Vibration
For a steady state vibration, the recommended safe limit for the vibration peak velocity which
can prevent damage to the surrounding area and structure is 3 mm/s ppv as stipulated in Schedule
1 of the guideline. All the relevant limits are summarized in Table 6.41.
Table 6.41: Limits for steady-state vibration (ref.: Schedule 1)
DAMAGE DESCRIPTION VERTICAL VIBRATION PEAK VELOCITY, mm/s

Safe ≤3
Caution Level 3 to 5
Minor Damage 5 to 30
Minor Damage > 30
6.11.3 Vibration Analysis
The project site is located on empty land, therefore the existing vibration at the project site is
generally low and the source of vibration is mainly from the movement of vehicles. However,
during the construction stage, project proponent must monitor the impact of vibration toward
surrounding area. The sampling location is shown in Figure 6.23 and the summary of the result
is tabulated in Table 6.42. From the result generated (refer Appendix 6-E), vibration level
measured was found to be well within the limit for a safe steady-state of 3 mm/s ppv.

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.42: Vibration analysis at sampling stations
STATION V1 SAMPLING VISUAL
SAMPLING 10th September

DATE 2022
5° 32' 32.792" N
COORDINATE
101° 53' 10.034" E
TEST vibration peak

PARAMETER velocity
RESULT 0.06 mm/s ppv
RECOMMENDED
3 mm/s ppv
LIMIT
SAMPLING 10th September

DATE 2022
5° 30' 34.401" N
COORDINATE
101° 53' 34.925" E
TEST vibration peak

PARAMETER velocity
RESULT 0.06 mm/s ppv
RECOMMENDED
3 mm/s ppv
LIMIT

(SCHEDULE 1)
10th September
SAMPLING DATE
2022
5° 30' 4.091" N
COORDINATE
101° 53' 12.107" E
TEST vibration peak

PARAMETER velocity
RESULT 0.4 mm/s ppv
RECOMMENDED
3 mm/s ppv
LIMIT
10th September
SAMPLING DATE
2022
5° 30' 53.369" N
COORDINATE
101° 51' 16.976" E
TEST vibration peak

PARAMETER velocity
RESULT 0.3 mm/s ppv
RECOMMENDED
3 mm/s ppv
LIMIT

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.12 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
This section describes the existing environment in the Project site in terms of the biological
environment. The description is based on review of existing literature related to the study area
from the previous. The elements that will describe consist of flora, fauna and avifauna. Both,
primary and secondary data are used to describe the existing biological environment. The
proposed project was surrounded by vegetation and plantation area.
6.12.1 Description of the Existing Environment
The applied area is hilly and undulating. The contour height varied from 462 meters to 833
meters from mean sea level (MSL). The site is currently still a secondary forest where the
commercial tree species not yet to be harvested whole sale and leaving the terrain exposed for
forest plantation. Basically, the surrounding area of project site is log area. Potential impact zone
map of 5 km radius from project site can be found transportation area and several residential
areas.
The proposed area of this project is located on the Environmental Sensitive Area (ESA) Rank 2.
Sustainable logging and low-impact nature tourism activities is permitted but subjects to local
regulations. Sustainable logging activity should be emphasized in monitoring and enforcement.
The map of ‘Environmental Sensitive Area (ESA)’ is as shown in the Figure 3.3 (Chapter 3).
Figure 6.29 shows that the proposed project site is located outside Central Forest Spine (CFS).

(SCHEDULE 1)
PROPOSED FOREST PLANTATION AT

(408.987HA) ON MUKIM LUBOK BONGOR,
KELANTAN DARUL NAIM
Figure 6.29: Central Forest Spine (CFS)

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.13 ECOLOGY
The project site is typically located on Kelantan Sultanate Land. The project site (Figure
6.30) should be considered for the conservation of large mammals as it is Kelantan Sultanate
land situated inside the Gunung Basur Permanent Forest Reserve (HSK). The other nearest
forest reserve that can be seen on the map is HSK Gunung Stong Utara, HSK Sungai Sator
and HSK Sokor Taku. Most of this area is still a thick forest, and some areas have been
logged before. There are also rivers and tributaries that are in and around the project site area.
Many of the access areas found on the project site are believed to have been used as roads
before. The proposed project site’s in-situ habitat attributes mostly primary growth which
influence the assemblages of fauna in the proposed project site indirectly. It has an undulating
topographic landscape of hill dipterocarp forest and upper hill dipterocarp forest.
Wildlife diversity is important as these organisms serve various ecological services, including
important roles such as pollination, seed dispersal, and food chain and web. Malaysia, a
megadiverse country, owes this to the lush tropical rainforest. The diversity of land mammals
exceeds 300 species, while avifauna diversity stands at 785 species of birds and more than
600 species of herpetofauna (reptiles and amphibians). Hence, it is imperative that the faunal
diversity data be available for a comprehensive wildlife management plan.
6.13.1 Central Forest Spine (CFS)
The site is located inside of the Main Range (Banjaran Titiwangsa) CFS Forest Complex.
From Figure 6.30, the shortest boundary to boundary distance from the project site is as
follows:
a. 12.95 km to one of the CFS linkages, namely CFS 1 – Secondary linkage (SL 1) HS Lebir
– HS Relai – HS Ulu Temiang – HS Jentiang - HS Serasa Taman Negeri Gunung Stong.
b. 13.65 km to one of the CFS linkages, namely CFS 1 – Secondary linkage 9 (SL 9) HS
Jeli- HS Sg. Sator – HS Sokortaku.
c. 17.20 km to one of the CFS linkages, namely CFS 1 – Primary linkage 2 (PL 2) HS
Temengor (Main Range) – Royal Belum State Park (Main Range).

(SCHEDULE 1)

KELANTAN DARUL NAIM
Figure 6.30: Nearest Central Forest Spine (CFS) Available from Site

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.13.2 The Flora Component
This section describes the existing biological components in the study area for existing
terrestrial flora. The description discussed in this chapter is from the data collected from the
field survey. Field samplings were augmented by cross-references with other surveys carried
out in the nearby vicinity.
The proposed project involved converting the existing land use into an forest plantation,
which required the clear felling and removal of existing tree shrubs on the soil surface. It is
obvious that terrestrial flora composition represents the essential component of the biological
environment in the proposed project.
During the operation phase, most of the environmental impacts are likely to be permanent
and there is no ultimate way to minimise the potential impacts. However, with appropriate
mitigating measures as provided in this report, some potential impacts can be avoided prior to
the commencement of the proposed development. The following provides the biological
environmental parameters under assessment for the preparation of this report.
6.13.3 Terrestrial Flora
The tropical rain forests of Malaysia are highly complex ecosystems, rich and diverse in
plants and animal life. These forests are not only rich in timber, but also have a wide array of
flora and fauna that have significant economic values. The types of Malaysian forests were
classified by Wyatt-Smith (1963) into three broad groups, i.e.littoral forests (beach and
mangrove), lowland and hill forests (0-750 m above sea level (a.s.l.) and upper hill forests
(above 750 m a.s.l.-submontane and montane forests). Moreover, Whitmore (1984) stated the
types of forests are associated with altitude, physiography, substrate, and water.
As for this project, the flora surveys were carried out in HSK Gunung Basur, which included
the whole exploration areas. As stated by Whittaker and Levin (1977), vegetation on the earth
is a repetition of mosaics, hence the study area chosen was appropriate to represent various
habitats for the whole project area. The floristic assessment in this study covered a broad

(SCHEDULE 1)
spectrum of ecological aspects in vegetation study. The data obtained from the field survey is
presented in tables and figures.
The objectives of the study are:

1. To determine tree species composition at the study sites;
2. To identify the presence of any endemic, protected and rare species at the study
sites.
6.13.4 Methodology
The terrestrial flora assessment presented here is based on the forest stand structure of trees
along an existing log track and random trekking within the project site. The flora survey was
based on observation point and plot studies that covered the sampling area. A general flora
survey was also done within the transect at different altitudes at every observation point. The
floral sampling was focused on all compartments that comprised a total of 408.987 ha. The
locations of the sampling points (observation points) are shown in Table 6.436.43. A map
indicating the sampling points in the study area is shown in Figure 6.31.
The conservation status of the identified plants was analysed based on the International
Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species
(https://www.iucnredlist.org/), Malaysia Plant Red List (Chuah et al., 2010), Malaysia
Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS) (https://www.mybis.gov.my/one/) and the Flora
Malesiana database (http://portal.cybertaxonomy.org/flora-malesiana/). The presence of High
Conservation Value (HCV) species within the project site was determined based on rare,
threatened, and endangered species (RTE species) (HCV Malaysia Toolkit Steering
Committee, 2018). The analysis was done for both global and local standards.

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.43 : Locations of Floral Survey Checkpoints
Location Elevation
Checkpoint (meter
Description
Name Latitude (N) Longitude (E) above sea
level)
F1 Observation Point 1 5°32'16.62"N 101°50'48.46"E 626

(SCHEDULE 1)

KELANTAN DARUL NAIM
Figure 6.31: Locations of Floral Survey Checkpoints

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.13.5 Vegetation Assessment
The entire area was accessed via accessible routes using 4WD vehicles and trekking.
Vegetation formation, terrain structure and habitat transition were observed to get a better
overview of vegetation types and habitat complexity. Detailed on-ground surveys were
conducted by trekking along all available trails but limited by safety and risk assessment.
Flora Diversity Assessment
The study of flora diversity was conducted for 2 consecutive days; 15th and 16th August 2022
at all accessible terrain to cover all vegetation types in the Project Area. The flora assessment
was selectively conducted at the areas prior determined by vegetation assessment method. In
this study, ten points were stratified randomly located to represent all habitats in the Project
Area. At each point, 3 sampling methods were applied.
A) Plot Sampling
A 20 m x 20 m was established and each plot covered an area of 0.04 ha and were established
based on stratified random sampling method by considering habitat type. All tagged trees
were identified. Leaf samples of unidentified tree species were collected for herbarium
identification process. Figure 6.32 shows the study plot was build up at the selected area.
Figure 6.32: Study Plot was build up at the selected area
NILAIMAS SERVICES– EIA & TRAFFIC CONSULTANT

6-87
(SCHEDULE 1)
B) Line Transect Sampling
A line transects were sampled per point as a qualitative approach to determine the flora
diversity (Figure 6.333). The line transects were designated as 200m in length with
perpendicular observation coverage of 2.5m at both sides (area of observation ~ 100m2).
Most of the line transects were located at available forest trails and abandoned logging tracks
to maximize the findings of new plant records. Observed plants were recorded, identified and
photographed. All recorded plants were added into the ground observation checklist.
Figure 6.33: Layout for line transect sampling. Green area illustrated the observation area.
C) Direct Observation
The direct observation method was conducted by randomly exploring the Project area and
listing all existing plants encountered visually. Observed plants were recorded, identified and
photographed. Experienced field technicians recorded unmistakably observable plant from
distance by morphological characteristics (shape, tree crown, colour, etc.) by using special
observation kits (binoculars, camera with tele-photo lens). Photos of observed plants were
captured for further reference and identification. All living macro plants were recorded as
identical species.
Species identification was made by a taxonomist and the nomenclature is referred to Tree
Flora of Malaya (Whitmore 1972, 1973; Ng 1978, 1989), Foresters’ Manual of Dipterocarps
(Symington 1943) dan Flora of Peninsular Malaysia (Kiew et al. 2010, 2011, 2012).

6-88
(SCHEDULE 1)
6.13.6 Vegetation Types
The proposed project area is relatively flat, hilly and undulating terrain. The contours range
from about 462.64 m to 833.85 m above mean sea level. The existing environment of the
project site is enclosed with various types of vegetation. The site is surrounded by upper hill
dipterocarp, hill dipterocarp forest, and secondary vegetation (Figure 6.34). Specific
vegetation observation in the project site were reported as following:
(i) Hill dipterocarp forest;

(ii) Lowland dipterocarp forest;
(iii) Secondary vegetation;
(iv) Scrub vegetation.
Upper Hill Dipterocarp Forest

These are additionally categorised as tropical lower-montane evergreen rainforest
subformations, which are a transitional region between tropical lowland evergreen rain
forests and tropical upper montane rainforests of the higher mountains. The zone where the
hill dipterocarp forests converge is this one. However, on isolated mountains or coastal
ranges, where the vegetation zones tend to be depressed and telescoped, it may be represented
by a narrow belt lying between 600 and 900 m altitude. It is only present on higher
mountains, with the altitudinal limits on inland ranges being roughly from 750 to 1250 m
altitude.
As one moves from hill dipterocarp forests into the upper dipterocarp forests, there is a
noticeable difference in the floristic composition of the vegetation. Nearly all of the lowland
forms are absent, and the next highest zone's dominant montane forms are increasingly more
noticeable. Only a few species of dipterocarps are found in these forests, but because they are
so distinctive and occasionally so numerous, it is desirable to identify a distinct forest zone in
which they are the main indicator species. Shorea platyclados is the dominant and typical
species. But there are other species that fit the bill, including S. ovata, S. ciliata, S.
submontana, Hopea montana, Dipterocarpus retusus, D. costatus, and Vatica heteroptera.

6-89
(SCHEDULE 1)
Hill Dipterocarp Forest
The largest form of forest in Peninsular Malaysia, hill dipterocarp forest, may be found
between 300 and 750 metres above sea level. Shorea curtisii (Meranti seraya), Dipterocarpus
sp. (Keruing), and other Meranti species are the principal species discovered.
Secondary Vegetation
Secondary vegetation is successional vegetation that emerges after the original forest has
been cleared, and it is regarded complete if it has grown into climax communities or main
forest (Samsurijan et al., 2018). Secondary vegetation can be found practically
everywhere along the project site that has been affected by site removal, according
to the observations.
Scrub vegetation
Scrub vegetation was discovered everywhere along the project site. Scrub vegetation is made
up of shrub-like grasses, herbs, and geophytes that grow quickly and easily in disturbed
regions. Scrub vegetation species such as Dicranopteris linearis may be found in the majority
of the project area.
The majority of this region's vegetation is still forest, however certain sections have
experienced changes in vegetation as a result of earlier logging and exploration activity. The
varieties of vegetation and the process of natural forest growth have been significantly
disturbed by all these anthropogenic activities. Table 6.44 lists some types of habitat detected
within the project site. As it has been explored previously, the project site area has generally
undergone vegetation changes. Premature secondary forest and shrub area can be used to
describe this area.

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Table 6.44: Habitat Classification and Description at the Project Area
Habitat Sub-Habitat Description

Forest Native vegetation is located in the
Forest inland
forest reserve.
Logged-over > 50% vegetation Forest succession in an intermediate to
forest coverage mature phase.
Secondary Mature secondary vegetation is almost
Mature secondary
forest completely dominated by tall trees.
Pioneer and late-seral tree species (<
Shrubland
3m height).
Wetland Vegetation along the disturbed
River/Creek river/stream is mostly composed of
grasses, ferns, and weeds.
Regenerated vegetation on abandoned
Ruderal - land.
The big river (Sungai Suda) that is closest to

The road leading to the project site
the project site
A small river that passes through the project An example area with Upper Hill
site Dipterocarp vegetation

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Shrub conditions in the study area Lots of palm trees and bamboo
Figure 6.34 : Existing Flora Environment
6.13.7 Floristic Composition
The taxonomic composition of the trees reveals a total of 132 species derived from 57
families. The families Euphorbiaceae and Rubiaceae are the largest families, with both
families represented by 11 and 8 species respectively, as shown in Figure 6.35Figure 6.35.
Other common species are from the families Arecaceae, Phyllanthaceae, and Fabaceae. The
detailed information for species vegetation in the proposed project area is tabulated in Table
6.45. Table 6.46 shows some of the examples of plant species recorded during the flora
survey.
Top 10 Families With Highest Number of

Species
Moraceae
Zingiberaceae
Family
Fabaceae
Arecaceae
Euphorbiaceae
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Number of Species
Figure 6.35: Top Ten Flora Families with Highest Number of Species

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Table 6.45 : List of Plant Species Identified in Project Area
No. Family Species Common Name Type IUCN Malaysian
Redlist
1 Acanthaceae Staurogyne kingiana C.B. Clarke - Herb NE NE
2 Actinidiaceae Saurauia pentapetala (Jack) Hoogland Gelinchu Tree LC LC
3 Alangiaceae Alangium griffithii Salang rusa Tree NE NE
4 Anacardiaceae Parishia insignis Sepul beledu Tree NE NE
5 Anacardiaceae Pentaspadon velutinus Hook.f. Pelong beledu Tree NE NE
6 Anacardiaceae Swintonia spp Merpauh Tree NE NE
7 Ancistrocladaceae Ancistrocladus tectorius Akar Bulus Shrub NE LC
8 Anisophylleaceae Anisophyllea disticha Raja berangkat Tree NE NE
9 Annonaceae Desmos chinensis Lour Akar Darah Tree NE NE
10 Annonaceae Drepananthus ridleyi Antoi Tree NE NE
11 Annonaceae Goniothalamus macrophyllus Gajah beranak Small tree NE NE
12 Annonaceae Monocarpia maingayi Mempisang Tree NE NE
13 Annonaceae Xylopia ferruginea Jangkang Bukit Tree NE NE

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14 Annonaceae Xylopia magna Jangkang bukit Tree LC NE
15 Apocynaceae Dyera costulata Jelutong Tree LC LC
16 Arecaceae Calamus diepenhorstii Rotan Palma NE NE
17 Arecaceae Calamus erinaceus Rotan Palm NE NE
18 Arecaceae Eugeissona tristis Bertam Palma NE NE
19 Arecaceae Korthalsia rigida Rotan Dahan Palma NE NE
20 Arecaceae Licuala spinosa. Palas Palma NE NE
21 Arecaceae Oncosperma horridum Bayas Palma NE NE
22 Arecaceae Orania sylvicola Ibul Palma NT NE
23 Aristolochiaceae Thottea grandiflora Hempedu Shrub NE LC

beruang
24 Asparagaceae Dracaena cantleyi Drasena Shrub NE NE
25 Aspleniaceae Asplenium nidus Paku Langsuir Fern NE LC
26 Athyriaceae Diplazium esculentum Paku Benar Fern LC NE
27 Bignoniaceae Pajanelia longifolia Beka Tree NE NE
28 Blechnaceae Blechnopsis orientalis Paku ikan Fern NE LC

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29 Calophyllaceae Calophyllum sp Bintangor Tree LC NE
30 Cannabaceae Gironniera nervosa Hampas tebu Tree NE NE
31 Cannabaceae Trema orientalis Mengkirai Tree LC NE
32 Cannabaceae Trema tomentosa Mengkirai Tree NE NE
33 Clusiaceae Garcinia eugeniifolia Kandis Tree NE NE
34 Combretaceae Terminalia phellocarpa Jelawai babi Tree LC NE
35 Connaraceae Agelaea borneensis Akar kankacang Climber NE NE
36 Connaraceae Cnestis palala Pinang Keruh Herb NE NE
37 Cyatheaceae Cyathea sp. Paku Fern LC LC
38 Cyperaceae Mapania cuspidata Pandan Tikus Herb NE NE
39 Cyperaceae Rhynchospora corymbosa Rumput Herb LC NE

Sendayan
40 Dilleniaceae Acrotrema costatum Jack Punai tanah Herb NE NE
41 Dilleniaceae Dillenia grandifolia Simpoh daun Tree NE NE

merah
42 Dilleniaceae Dillenia reticulata King Simpoh gajah Tree LC NE
43 Dilleniaceae Tetracera macrophylla Mempelas Gajah Climber NE NE

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44 Dilleniaceae Tetracera scandens. Mempelas kasar Climber NE NE
45 Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus chartaceus Keruing kertas Tree EN VU
46 Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus spp Keruing Tree VU NT
47 Dipterocarpaceae Shorea spp Meranti Tree EN NT
48 Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus acmosepalus Mendong Tree VU EN
49 Euphorbiaceae Alchornea tiliifolia Duatilia Shrub NE NE
50 Euphorbiaceae Balakata baccata Ludai Tree NE NE
51 Euphorbiaceae Croton argyratus Blume Hamba raja Tree LC NE
52 Euphorbiaceae Croton oblongus Burm.f. Hujan panas Tree NE NE
53 Euphorbiaceae Endospermum diadenum (Miq.) Airy Sesenduk Tree LC NE

Shaw
54 Euphorbiaceae Macaranga gigantea (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Mahang gajah Tree NE NE

Müll.Arg.
55 Euphorbiaceae Macaranga heynei I.M. Johnst. Mahang merah Tree NE NE
56 Euphorbiaceae Macaranga pruinosa (Miq.) Müll.Arg. Mahang putih Tree NE NE
57 Euphorbiaceae Macaranga triloba (Blume) Müll.Arg. Mahang Tree NE NE
58 Euphorbiaceae Mallotus paniculatus (Lam.) Müll.Arg. Balik angin Tree LC NE

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59 Euphorbiaceae Pimelodendron griffithianum (Müll.Arg.) Perah ikan Tree NE NE

Benth
60 Fabaceae Bauhinia kockiana Kekatup Climber LC NE
61 Fabaceae Callerya atropurpurea Tulang daeng Tree NE NE
62 Fabaceae Cynometra malaccensis Kekatong Tree NE NE
63 Fabaceae Millettia hemsleyana Jada Tree VU NE
64 Fabaceae Parkia speciosa Hassk. Petai Tree NE NE
65 Fabaceae Parkia timoriana Petai kerayung Tree NE NE
66 Fagaceae Castanopsis megacarpa Berangan Tree NE NE
67 Fagaceae Lithocarpus elegans Mempening Tree NE NE
68 Fagaceae Lithocarpus lucidus Mempening Tree NE NE
69 Flacourtiaceae Ryparosa kostermansii Kaum rukam Tree NE NE
70 Gleicheniaceae Dicranopteris curranii Paku resam Fern-allies NE NE
71 Gleicheniaceae Dicranopteris linearis Paku resam Fern-allies NE NE
72 Hypericaceae Cratoxylum formosum Derum Tree LC NE
73 Ixonanthaceae Ixonanthes icosandra Pagar anak Tree NE NE

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74 Ixonanthaceae Ixonanthes reticulata Inggir burung Tree NE NE
75 Lamiaceae Peronema canescens Sungkai Tree LC NE
76 Lamiaceae Vitex gamosepala Leban pacat Tree NE NE
77 Lauraceae Actinodaphne sesquipedalis Medang payong Tree LC NE
78 Lauraceae Cinnamomum javanicum Medang teja Tree LC NE
79 Lauraceae Litsea grandis Medang Tree LC NE
80 Lecythidaceae Barringtonia macrostachya Putat gajah Tree LC LC
81 Leeaceae Leea indica Mali-mali Shrub LC NE
82 Lythraceae Duabanga grandiflora Berembang bukit Tree LC NE
83 Lythraceae Lagerstroemia speciosa Bungor biru Tree NE NE
84 Malvaceae Microcos hirsuta Cenderai Small tree NE NE
85 Malvaceae Schoutenia accrescens Bayur bukit Tree NE NE
86 Manispermaceae Fibraurea tinctoria Akar kunyit Climber NE NE
87 Marattiaceae Angiopteris evecta Paku gajah Fern NE LC
88 Melastomataceae Clidemia hirta Senduduk bulu Shrub NE NE
89 Melastomataceae Melastoma malabathricum Senduduk Shrub NE NE

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90 Melastomataceae Oxyspora bullata Senduduk gajah Shrub NE NE
91 Melastomataceae Pternandra echinata Jack. Sial menahun Tree NE NE
92 Moraceae Artocarpus dadah Tampang bulu Tree NE NE
93 Moraceae Ficus caulocarpa Miq. Ara Tree LC NE
94 Moraceae Ficus hispida L.f. Ara Tree NE NE
95 Moraceae Ficus obpyramidata King. Ara Tree NE NE
96 Myristicaceae Knema sp. Penarahan Tree NE NE
97 Myrtaceae Rhodamnia cinerea Mempoyan Tree NE NE
98 Myrtaceae Syzygium spp Kelat Tree NE NE
99 Nephrolepidaceae Nephrolepis auriculata Sakat hitam Fern NE NE
100 Olacaceae Ochanostachyus amentaceae Petaling Tree DD LC
101 Pandaceae Galearia fulva Ekor tupai Small tree NE LC
102 Passifloraceae Paropsia vareciformis Dendulang Tree NE LC
103 Phyllanthaceae Antidesma neurocarpum Beruni Small tree NE NE
104 Phyllanthaceae Aporosa nigricans Sebasah Tree NE NE
105 Phyllanthaceae Baccaurea sp Setambun Tree NE NE

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106 Phyllanthaceae Baccaurea ramiflora Rambai hutan Tree NE NE
107 Phyllanthaceae Bridelia glauca Kenidai Tree NE NE
108 Phyllanthaceae Glochidion lutescens Ubah paya Tree NE NE
109 Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus pulcher Naga buana Shrub NE NE
110 Poaceae Bambusa heterostachya Buluh Herb NE NE
111 Poaceae Themeda arundinacea Rumput riong Herb NE NE
112 Poaceae Thysanolaena latifolia Buluh Tebrau Herb NE NE
113 Polygalaceae Xanthophyllum vitellinum Minyak berok Tree NE NE
114 Primulaceae Maesa ramentacea Gambir-gambir Tree NE NE
115 Rhizophoraceae Pellacalyx saccardianus Membuluh Tree LC NE
116 Rubiaceae Chassalia curviflora Beras-beras Shrub NE NE
117 Rubiaceae Diplospora malaccensis Gading-gading Tree NE NE
118 Rubiaceae Ixora congesta Pecah periok Shrub NE NE
119 Rubiaceae Neolamarckia cadamba Kelempayan Tree NE NE
120 Rubiaceae Porterandia anisophyllea Tinjau belukar Tree NE NE
121 Rubiaceae Prismatomeris glabra Haji Samat Small tree NE NE

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122 Rubiaceae Uncaria cordata Akar kekait Climber NE NE
123 Rubiaceae Urophyllum glabrum Melukut Small tree LC NE
124 Sapindaceae Pometia pinnata Kasai Tree LC LC
125 Sapindaceae Nephelium maingayi Redan Tree LC NE
126 Simaraubaceae Eurycoma longifolia Tongkat Ali Tree NE NE
127 Smilicaceae Smilax setosa Akar banar Climber NE NE
128 Zingiberaceae Alpinia javanica Lengkuas hutan Herb NE NE
129 Zingiberaceae Amomum sp Tepus Herb NE NE
130 Zingiberaceae Elettariopsis curtisii Halia pepijat Herb NE NE
131 Zingiberaceae Etlingera apus Tepus merah Herb DD NE
132 Zingiberaceae Etlingera elatior Kantan Herb DD NE
*Notes: Status – Malaysia Red List 2021: EX – Extinct, RE – Regionally Extinct, CR – Critically Endangered, EN – Endangered, VU – Vulnerable, NT – Near Threatened, LC – Least
Concern , DD – Data Deficient, LC – Least Concern, NE – Not Evaluated
Status - IUCN Red List Categories 2010: EX – Extinct, EW – Extinct in the Wild, CR – Critically Endangered, EN – Endangered, VU – Vulnerable, NT – Near Threatened, LC – Least
Concern, DD – Data Deficient, NE – Not Evaluated

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Table 6.46 : Visual Of Existing Floral Species Within Proposed Site
Shorea leprosula Litsea grandis

(Meranti Tembaga) (Medang)
Macaranga gigantea Parkia speciosa

(Mahang Gajah) (Petai)
Cyathea sp. Calamus erinaceus

(Cyathea) (Rotan)

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Xylopia ferruginea Elaeocarpus sp.

(Jangkang Bukit) (Mendong)
Etlingera elatior Asplenium nidus

(Kantan) (Paku Langsuir)
6.13.8 The Fauna Component
This section describes the existing biological components in the study area for mammals and
avifauna. It is based on available literature review on published and unpublished data,
interviews with local residents and relevant authorities, as well as data collected from the
field survey. The wildlife biodiversity in the proposed project area were surveyed to assess
the potential impacts of project implementation on the biological system.
The three main objectives of this assessment are:

• To document fauna diversity that occurs at the proposed site.
• To assess their conservation status and protection status in the Wildlife Conservation
Act 2010.
• To propose a wildlife management plan for the proposed project site

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Methodology
Fauna surveys, which cover surveys of mammals, avifauna, and herpetofauna, are conducted
for a month. The installation of camera traps, direct and indirect surveys, the transect line
method, and the visual encounter survey (VES) were all used in the conduct of this survey.
The mammals survey was carried out in August to October 2022 using line transect and
random survey as well as camera traps in the study plot and all the secondary signs on the left
and right of the paths were recorded..
While for the purpose of conducting the avifauna survey, two methods were used, namely
direct and in-direct observations. For direct observation, the equipment used includes Minox
binoculars (10x42 BA), Nikon P900 digital camera, bird’s reference books, notebook and
utensils. As for in-direct observation, vocalisation, feathers and nests was observed and
recorded.
i. Camera Trapping
Camera traps were installed at five locations (5) inside the project area based on the
designated stratified random sampling design. The cameras were set up for two month (60
days) to cover all habitat types of interest (as determined in the habitat assessment method)
and the possible location to be utilized by animals especially in concealing habitat. There
were 5 camera traps (CT 1- CT 5) installed on site starting from 15th August 2022 until 26th
October 2022. Figure 6.36 shows the location and details of the camera trap.

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(CT 1) (CT 2)
5°32'16.51"N, 101°50'53.22"E 5°31'51.62"N, 101°51'0.65"E
(CT 3) (CT 4)
5°31'35.79"N, 101°50'56.87"E 5°31'13.07"N, 101°51'0.11"E
(CT 5)
5°30'55.11"N, 101°50'50.72"E
Figure 6.36 : Location and details of Camera Trap 1 –5

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KELANTAN DARUL NAIM
Figure 6.37: Location of Camera Traps and Transect Line Survey

(SCHEDULE 1)
ii. Transect Line For Arboreal Mammals and Birds
Transects was used in order to survey signs such as dung, feeding signs, footprints, burrows and
dens are evidence of the presence of mammals. When the burrow and den observed, the surveyor
had assess whether they are still active or have long been abandoned. Mammal tracks, which can
be found in wet or muddy areas near ponds and streams where animals come to feed or drink, or
associated feeding signs such as partially eaten vegetation or carcasses may provide evidence of
signs of mammals.
Identification of bird species can be done visually or aurally by recognition of unique songs and
calls. In addition to identifying the bird species under observation, it is also important to record
any notable behaviours of the bird such as feeding, nesting, or breeding and the associated
habitats where it has such behaviour. During these surveys, Bushnell binoculars (8x30
magnification) were used to spot fauna during the day. As shown in Figure 6.38, a Digital SLR
was used to capture fauna to aid in the identification of mammals.Figure 6.37 shows the track of
transect line surveys. The surveys completed in four days (15th to 19rd August 2022). Mammals
were identified using Francis (2008) and birds were identified using Jeyarajasingam and Pearson
(2012).
Figure 6.38 : Direct observation method with a binocular and a digital single-lens reflex camera
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iii. Herpetofauna Survey
The herpetofaunal survey was assessed via visual encounter survey (VES) to systematically
search for active terrestrial and arboreal species in the proposed project site based on
randomized walk design. This method involves choosing random directions and walking a
set distance (500 meters), recording samples within a set distance (2 meters), and a search
pattern. Examine all rocks along a stream and vegetation along the edge of a water body. The
survey was conducted in the daytime for some diurnal species (active during the daytime),
but most species are nocturnal (active during the night) and are more readily detected with
the aid of a torch or spotlight. Reptiles were identified using Das (2015); while amphibians
were identified using Berry (1975) and an online reference Amphibian Species of the World
(Frost, 2013).
iv. Fish Survey
The methods of fish sampling rely significantly on the form and features of the environment.
Two sampling methods, cast net and D-shape fishing landing net, were used based on the
features of the site survey. The casting net is mostly used to capture fish specimens, since it
can catch a large number of fish for a cast. Specimens collected are defined at the level of the
genera. Additional details about the species' existence were also discovered through
conversations with locals and readings of literature like Ikan Air Tawar Di Semenanjung
Malaysia (Mohsin, M., 1991).
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Figure 6.39: Fish sampling is conducted in the river
6.13.9 Faunal Composition
i. Mammals
Survey conducted has recorded 11 species of mammals from 9 families. There are 5 Protected
species (Schedule 1) and 3 Totally Protected species (Schedule 2) as listed in Wildlife
Conservation Act 2010 were recorded in this survey. Meanwhile, another 3 species were not
listed under the WCA 2010 (Act 716). In the IUCN Red List, there are 3 species were
categorized as endangered, 2 species as vulnerable and the remaining are listed in Least Concern
(LC). Under the Red list of Mammals for Peninsular Malaysia Ver. 2, there is one Endangered
species (Tapirus indicus), two Vulnerable species (Elephas maximus, Helarctos malayanus), one
Near Threatened (Muntiacus muntjak) species recorded while the rest are listed as Least Concern
(LC) or not listed.
In Gunung Basor, there were major main roads that connected to hydroelectric dam stations. The
roads were used by the wild elephants for movement and foraging, according to the observations
made. Elephant footprints and other signs of their movement into the forest were seen, whereas
many elephant dung piles were only seen on the roads. The elephant is the largest land mammal
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and can be found in Asia and Africa. It has a distinctively long trunk. Asian elephants, or
Elephas maximus, are smaller in stature than their African counterparts and can be identified by
their smaller ears, more rounded backs, and two dome-shaped structures on top of their heads.
According to data from the Department of Wildlife and National Parks' (PERHILITAN)
inventory and monitoring programme from 2000 to 2012 and their work with Wildlife
Conservation Society (WCS) Malaysia on dung-count surveys, the Asian elephant population in
Peninsular Malaysia is thought to be between 1,220 and 1,680 individuals.
The only tapir native to Asia and the largest of the four commonly recognised species is the
Malayan Tapir (Grubb, 2005). The animal's markings, particularly the light-colored patch that
runs from its shoulder to its hind end, make it simple to identify. It only eats plants, and it
forages throughout the forest for tender shoots and leaves. Due to a number of threats, including
human activities like deforestation for agricultural use and illegal trade, the population has been
declining in recent years (Lynam et al., 2008).
Other species worth mentioning are the pig-tailed macaque. These species were classified as
vulnerable, which placed them in the threatened category. The pig-tailed macaque is primarily
terrestrial, but it is also an accomplished climber. It usually lives in large groups that split into
smaller groups during the day to forage. Fruits, seeds, berries, cereals, fungi, and invertebrates
are all part of the omnivorous diet. It can be found in rainforests up to 2,000 metres in elevation,
but it will also enter plantations and gardens (Payne & Francis, 1998).
Wild boar is another species that is frequently seen during the survey period. It can be seen by its
footprint and wallow markings. Based on its extensive range of environmental adaptation and
high population numbers due to the fact that it has become an invasive species in some of its
introduced range, it is ranked as the least concerning species by the IUCN. It has a very
successful breeding pattern because it can give birth to 4–12 piglets at 114–140 days gestation.
Wild boars can easily adapt to human settlements because they are pests near farms and villages.
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They live in a variety of habitats, including bushes, secondary forests, agricultural land, and
forested areas. To ensure the survival of wildlife and the sustainability of the environment while
also advancing the economic sector, it is crucial to constantly assess and evaluate the ethical and
welfare concerns associated with managing wild animals.
The selected mammals that were recorded at the proposed site are as shown in Figure 6.40. As
illustrated in Table 6.47, there are several lists of evidence of the presence of fauna on the
project site. Unfortunately, camera traps rarely yield successful wildlife captures. The camera
trap only managed to capture deer and wild boar. Around the project site area, only footprints
and faeces were successfully recorded. This is probably because there are fewer mammals in this
area now because it has previously been disturbed.
Table 6.47 : List of Mammals Recorded in The Survey Areas
Protection Status
P.M’sia
Bil Family Local Name Scientific Name Act
IUCN Red
716
List
Pig-tailed
1 Cercopithecidae Macaque Macaca nemestrina P EN LC
Long-tailed
2 Cercopithecidae Macaque Macaca fascicularis P VU LC
Common
3 Cervidae Barking Deer Muntiacus muntjak P LC NT
4 Elephantidae Asian Elephant Elephas maximus TP EN VU
Malaysian Field
5 Muridae Rat Rattus tiomanicus NL LC LC
Grey-bellied Callosciurus
6 Sciuridae Squirrel caniceps NL LC LC
Plantain
7 Sciuridae Squirrel Callosciurus notatus NL LC LC
8 Suidae Wild Boar Sus scrofa P LC LC
9 Tapiridae Malayan Tapir Tapirus indicus TP EN EN
Common
10 Tupaiidae Treeshrew Tupaia glis P LC LC
Malayan Sun
11 Ursidae Bear Helarctos malayanus TP VU VU
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*Notes:
Status – Protection status under Wild Life Conservation Act, 2010, TP- Totally Protected, P-Protected,
NP- Not Protected, NL-Not Listed.
IUCN Red List Categories 2010: EX – Extinct, EW – Extinct in the Wild, CR – Critically Endangered,
EN – Endangered, VU – Vulnerable, LR/CD – Lower Risk/conservation dependent, NT – Near Threatened
(includes LR/NT – Lower Risk/Near Threatened), DD – Data Deficient, LC – Least Concern (includes
LR/LC – Lower Risk, least concern)
Muntiacus muntjak - Common Barking Sus scrofa - Wild Boar - Babi Hutan (CT2)
Deer - Kijang (CT2)
Figure 6.40 : Selected mammals that recorded in the proposed site
Table 6.48: List of evidence of the presence of fauna in the project site
The footprint of a asian elephant (Elephas The elephant's body's friction against a tree's
maximus) trunk (Elephas maximus)
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Elephant faeces on the road near the project site
ii. Avifauna
A total of 26 species from 17 families of birds were recorded at the survey sites in Table
6.45. Out of the total number recorded, 24 bird species were listed as totally protected and
1 species are protected under the Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 [Act 716], while another
1 bird species were not listed under the act.
As for the international conservation status of the birds listed, only two species (Dicaeum
everetti, Enicurus ruficapillus ) are listed as near threatened and another 24 species are
listed as of least concern. Figure 6.41 shows the selected avifauna that was recorded on the
project site.
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Table 6.49 :List of Birds Identified at Vicinity of Proposed Site
FAMILY / PROTECTION IUCN-RL

ENGLISH NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME MALAY NAME STATUS STATUS
ACCIPITRIDAE (1)
Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela Lang Berjambul TP LC
BUCEROTIDAE (1)
Southern Pied Hornbill Anthracoceros albirostris convexus Enggang Kelingking TP LC
CISTICOLIDAE (2)
Rufous-tailed Tailorbird Orthotomus sericeus Perenjak Ekor Merah TP LC
Dark-necked Tailorbird Orthotomus atrogularis Perenjak Belukar TP LC
COLUMBIDAE (1)
Green-winged Pigeon Chalcophaps indica Punai Tanah TP LC
CUCULIDAE (2)
Plaintive Cuckoo Cacomantis merulinus Burung Mati Anak TP LC
Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis But-but Carik Anak TP LC
DICAEIDAE (2)
Thick-billed Flowerpecker Dicaeum agile Sepah Bunga Paruh Tebal TP LC
Brown-backed Flowerpecker Dicaeum everetti Sepah Puteri Gunong TP NT
HEMIPROCNIDAE (1)
Layang-layang Jambul
Whiskered Treeswift Hemiprocne comata Kecil TP LC
HIRUNDINIDAE (2)
Pacific Swallow Hirundo tahitica Sualo Batu TP LC
Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica Sualo Api TP LC
LANIIDAE (1)
Tiger Shrike Lanius tigrinus Tirjup Harimau TP LC

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MEROPIDAE (1)
Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Merops leschenaulti Beberek Kepala Coklat TP LC
MONARCHIDAE (1)
Blyth's Paradise-flycatcher Terpsiphone affinis Murai Ekor Gading NL LC
MOTACILLIDAE (1)
Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea Pipit Batu TP LC
MUSCICAPIDAE (2)
Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis Murai Kampung P LC
Chestnut-naped Forktail Enicurus ruficapillus Cegar Tengkuk Merah TP NT
NECTARINIIDAE (3)
Olive-backed Sunbird Cinnyris jugularis Kelicap Bukit TP LC
Temminck's Sunbird Aethopyga temminckii Kelicap Merah TP LC
Little Spiderhunter Arachnothera longirostra Kelicap Jantung TP LC
PYCNONOTIDAE (2)
Stripe-throated Bulbul Pycnonotus finlaysoni Merbah Leher Berjalur TP LC
Red-eyed Bulbul Pycnonotus brunneus Merbah Mata Merah TP LC
Cream-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus simplex Merbah Mata Putih TP LC
TROGONIDAE (1)
Orange-breasted Trogon Harpactes oreskios Kasumba Dada-oren TP LC
VANGIDAE (1)
Black-winged Flycatcher-
shrikes Hemipus hirundinaceus Rembah Batu TP LC
* Notes:
Protection Status= Wildlife Conservation Act, 2010; IUCN -RL Status = IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
TP = “Totally Protected”; P = “Protected” ;NP = “Not Protected” ; NA = “Not Available”; EN = “Endangered” ; VU = “Vulnerable” ; NT = “Near Threatened” ;
LC = “Least Concern”; NE = “Not Evaluated”; R = “Resident”; M = “Migrant”

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Hemiprocne comata – Layang-layang Hirundo tahitica - Sualo Batu - Pacific

Berjambul Kecil – Whiskered Treeswift Swallow
Motacilla cinerea – Pipit Batu - Grey Pycnonotus simplex - Merbah Mata Putih -
Wagtail Cream-vented Bulbul
Hemipus hirundinaceus- Rembah Batu - Spilornis cheela – Helang Kuik - Crested

Black-winged Flycatcher-shrikes Serpent Eagle
Figure 6.41 : Selected avifauna that recorded in the project site

(SCHEDULE 1)
iii. Herpetofauna
A total of 8 species of herpetofauna were recorded at the proposed project site. There are 2
protected species (Schedule 1) under the Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 as tabulated in Table
6.50. In the IUCN Red List, all of the species recorded are listed as least concern or not listed.
The common grass frog is the most abundant species found in the proposed project site, followed
by the water monitor.
Table 6.50 : Checklist of herpetofauna recorded from the proposed site
IUCN
No Family Species Common Name Red WCA
List
1 Agamidae Calotes versicolor Common Garden NL P

Lizard
2 Agamidae Calotes emma Forest Crested NL NL

Lizard
3 Bufonidae Phrynoidis asper River Toad LC NL
4 Dicroglossidae Fejervarya limnocharis Grass Frog LC NL
5 Rhacophoridae Polypedates discantus Malayan Slender NL NL

Treefrog
6 Rhacophoridae Polypedates leucomystax Four-lined Tree Frog LC NL
7 Scincidae Eutropis multifasciata Many-lined Sun LC NL

Skink
8 Varanidae Varanus salvator Water Monitor LC P
* Notes:
TP = “Totally Protected”; P = “Protected” ; NA = “Not Available”; EN = “Endangered” ; VU = “Vulnerable” ; NT =

“Near Threatened” ; LC = “Least Concern”; NE = “Not Evaluated”; R = “Resident”; M = “Migrant”

(SCHEDULE 1)
Varanus salvator - Water Monitor – Biawak Air
Figure 6.42: Herpetofauna species that was observed at the project site
iv. Fish
There are several species of fish that can be found in the river area at the project site. Most of these
species can be found in any river in Peninsular Malaysia. Among the other species of fish and
aquatic life that can be found are Sebarau (Hampala macrolepidota), Seluang Tompok (Rasbora
elegans), Tengas Daun (Poropuntius smedleyi) and Udang Gantung (Macrobrachium lanchesteri).
Various studies have shown that the recorded cyprinids were the most common species in
Malaysian freshwater habitat (Ng et al. 1992; Zakaria et al. 1999; Lee 2003). The river in the
project area is dominated by cyprinids fish. Most of the river at the project site is dominated by
Tengas Daun. Table 6.50Table 6.51 shows the species of fish and aquatic life in the project area.
Figure 6.43 shows an example of aquatic life found at the project site.

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.51: Species discovered and identified at the project site
No. Family Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Status
1 Cyprinidae Hampala macrolepidota Sebarau LC
2 Cyprinidae Rasbora elegans Seluang Tompok LC
3 Cyprinidae Poropuntius smedleyi Tengas Daun NE
4 Palaemonidae Macrobrachium lanchesteri Udang Gantung LC
*Note:
Status - IUCN Red List Categories 2010: EX – Extinct, EW – Extinct in the Wild, CR – Critically Endangered, EN
– Endangered, VU – Vulnerable, LR/CD – Lower Risk/conservation dependent, NT – Near Threatened (includes
LR/NT – Lower Risk/Near Threatened), DD – Data Deficient, LC – Least Concern (includes LR/LC – Lower Risk,
least concern), NE – Not Evaluated
Poropuntius smedleyi – Tengas Daun
Figure 6.43: Fish that was caught at the project site

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.14 SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (SIA)
This will study the population in the vicinity of the Project area and their socio-economic and
predict the possible impacts that may occur. For this purpose, a list of criteria has been developed
to ensure that the necessary social parameters are documented in the study. Examples of the
parameters are demographic and population effects, housing status, labor force effect, economic
status, public health, family status effect and public safety.
6.14.1 Objectives of SIA
The main objectives of this study are:
i. To identify the public’s perception toward the proposed Project;

ii. To assess the potential impact of the project, with particular attention to demographic,
socio- cultural issues and land use including the recent history of change in land use.
iii. To propose any suitable mitigation measure in avoiding or reducing any potential negative
socio-economic of the project.
6.14.2 Population Breakdown in District Jeli
As shown in Table 6.52 below, there are seven (7) mukims under the administration of District
Jeli. To be precise, the proposed Project will take place in Mukim Lubuk Bongor, that covers 6.6%
of Jeli District. Overall, Mukim Lubuk Bongor is the third least populous mukim in District Jeli,
with a population of 3,595.

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.52: Population Distribution by Mukims in District Jeli (2020)
No. Mukims Population %

1. Mukim Jeli 18,092 33.1
2. Mukim Jeli Tepi Sungai 14,454 26.4
3. Mukim Belimbing 7,435 13.6
4. Mukim Kuala Balah 6,086 11.1
5. Mukim Lubok Bongor 3,595 6.6
6. Mukim Bunga Tanjong 2,396 4.4
7. Mukim Kalai 2,598 4.8
Total Population 54,656 100.0
Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2020.
According to Key Findings Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020, there are about
11,620 (4.6%) households within District Jeli. The population breakdown of District Jeli can be
referred in Table 6.53. As shown, Bumiputera is largely dominating the population with 96.7 %
of total District Jeli’s population. Then, followed by Chinese and Indian with both 0.3 %. The
remaining 2.6 % and 0.1 % comprised of non-Malaysian citizens and others.
Table 6.53: Breakdown of District Jeli Population (2020)
Characteristics Population %
Ethnicity Bumiputera 52,863 96.7
Chinese 142 0.3
Indian 175 0.3
Others 79 0.1
Non-Malaysia Citizens 1,397 2.6
Gender Male 27,373 50.1
Female 27,283 49.9
Age Group 0 – 14 years 14,706 26.9
15 – 64 years 37,254 68.2
> 65 years 2,696 4.9
Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2020.
As depicted in Table 6.53 Age Group above, there is about 68.2% of the population is in the
working-age group (15-64 years old), 26.9% comprised of children to young adolescent (0-14
years old) while, the share of elderly population (>65 years old) is only 4.9%. By referring to the

(SCHEDULE 1)
age distribution, it can be concluded that District Jeli has a higher age structure of youth, adults
and elderly than seniors of 65 years old and above. This implies that population in District Jeli
encompassing the ages of younger people, where in several years, the Government needs to create
more jobs to cater the increasing supply when the young people enter the labour market.
6.14.3 Public & Essential Facilities
A number of public and essential facilities are provided near to project site area such as electric and
water supply, telephone coverage and road system. All the settlements in the study area received
electrical supply and water supply. Table 6.54 shows the summary of the essential facilities
provided within the study area while Table 6.55 shows the availability of social facilities within
5km from the proposed site.
Table 6.54: Availability of Essential Facilities in ZOI
Infrastructures Availability Remarks

Electric supply Yes Provided by TNB
Water supply Yes Provided by AKSB

Garbage transportation services Yes -
Telephone Yes TM
Road system Yes -
Drainage system Yes -
Source: Social Survey, August 2022.
Table 6.55: Availability of Social Facilities in ZOI
Social Facilities Availability

Schools Yes
Mosque/surau Yes
Public hall No
Public clinic Yes
Public library No

(SCHEDULE 1)
Figure 6.44 below shows the existing public and social facilities provided in 5 km radius from the
proposed site.
SK Lubuk Bongor Masjid Kg. Lubuk Bongor
Masjid Kubor Datu SK Kubor Datu
Surau Kg. Bukit Berangan Masjid Al-Ahmadi, Kg. Jabir

(SCHEDULE 1)
Surau Kg. Bukit Selar SK Lubuk Bongor
Source: Social Survey, August 2022

Figure 6.44: Public Facilities in ZOI 0-5km
.
6.14.4 Survey Location
An important step in this social study is to determine the areas that would be affected by the
proposed Project. This would involve individuals or groups of individuals near the Project site.
The study area, known as Zone of Influence (ZOI) is the area within which the socially sensitive
receptors are likely to receive impacts from or are influenced by the Project.
The influenced areas are divided into two zones, which are the Primary ZOI and Secondary ZOI.
The primary ZOI referred to people living or working in premises close and within the Project site
area and thus consequently would be directly affected by the project, for example, impacts due to
health and safety risk of local communities and environmental deterioration during the construction
and operational phases. The primary impacts may be temporary or permanent in nature. For this
project, the extent of ZOI is up to 5km concentric zone from the proposed Project boundary.
As a whole, the study area involves several villages in one (1) mukim from District Jeli namely
Mukim Mukim Lubuk Bongor. Figure 6.45 shows the distribution of surrounding communities in
5km ZOI.

(SCHEDULE 1)
PROPOSED FOREST PLANTATION

(EUCALYPTUS SP. AND OTHER
SPECIES) ON SULTANATE LAND
PT5358, BLOCK E (408.99 HA), AT
MUKIM LUBOK BONGOR, DAERAH
KUALA BALAH, JAJAHAN JELI,
KELANTAN DARUL NAIM
Figure 6.45: Distribution of Surrounding Communities in 5km ZOI

(SCHEDULE 1)
Key stakeholders need to be identified to ensure the involvement of all stakeholders in the
impact process. The objectives of identification are to get perspective of the communities, the
relationship between the stakeholders and the issues that matter most to them. For this
socioeconomic study, local communities within the ZOI were investigated with regards to the
potential social impacts that might be experienced by them during every development phase
of the proposed Project. ZOI is classified into two (2) zones: Primary ZOI and Secondary
ZOI. Table 6.56 below describes the following characteristics/criteria for both zones of
Affected Community.
Table 6.56: Primary and Secondary Zone of Influence (ZOI)
ZONE OF INFLUENCE AFFECTED COMMUNITY
Primary ZOI - directly affected from Community residing within the 0-3km radius
proposed development. from Project Site which would get immediate
impact from development.
Secondary ZOI - indirectly affected from Community residing next to the primary zone
proposed development of influence.
Affected Community refers to people or persons who live and work around or near to Project
site. According to field survey, five (5) local settlements in total were encountered within
5km ZOI which encompasses villages or Kampung. Zone Influence, the ZOI involves
Mukim Lubuk Bongor in District Jeli. No settlement was discovered in Primary ZOI and the
total five (5) settlements were all in Secondary ZOI. Each settlement is divided according to
ZOI distance group as depicted in Table 6.57 below.

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.57: Distribution of Affected Communities within 5km ZOI
No. Affected Community Mukim Distance (km)
0-3 KM (Primary ZOI)
none
3-4 KM (Secondary ZOI)
1. Kg. Jabir Mukim Lubuk Bongor 3.80
2. Kg. Bt. Kubor Datu Mukim Lubuk Bongor 4.09
3 Kg. Selar Mukim Lubuk Bongor 4.13
4. Kg. Lubok Bongor Mukim Lubuk Bongor 4.22
5. Kg. Bt. Berangan Mukim Lubuk Bongor 4.83

Primary ZOI Secondary ZOI
6.14.5 Identification of Potential Impact
This study is a process to analyse, manage and monitor the social impacts that have been
expected or unexpected. Cause-Effect analysis as can be seen in Table 6.58 below has been
used in identifying the potential social impacts that may occur due to the Project development.
This Cause-Effect Analysis were utilized to suit the physical and environmental issues to
produce an appropriate mitigation measures.

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.58: Cause-Effect Analysis
PROJECT ACTIVITY CAUSE EFFECT

Pre-Development/Pre-Planting phase
• Site Investigations And • Mix perceptions from the Locals either accept or reject
Surveys locals toward the proposed the proposed Project
• Boundary Demarcation Project
• Determination of Access
Routes
• Determination of Site
Conditions and Surrounding
Areas.
• Surveying and mapping,
including social survey
Development/ Planting Phase
• Numbers of construction Increase the involved
• Site preparation workforce will be needed, local communities’
i. Access road development which creates job standard of living
ii. site clearing opportunities for local
iii. Base camp communities.
iv. Barriers and fencing
v. Utility provision • Road & Drainage Soil Erosion
Construction
• Use of equipments and Noise Annoyance
• Mobilization of Workers and heavy machineries onsite
Machineries during site clearing Dust emissions
• Setting Up Temporary activities and
transportation of cut Water Pollution
Facilities
trees/logs and machineries
• Transportation of Air Pollution
(eg. excavater/bulldozer)
Construction Material and that may cause pollution
Equipment such as air and noise Community’ Health Risk
• Construction of Building pollution.
• Removal of vegetation,
Disruption of traffic flow
(Quarters/Offices)
crops, shrubs and bushes. and safety risk
• Biomass and Management
Disposal Public Road Safety
Damage/Potholes
Road Hazard
Open Burning
Destruction/Disturbance to
existing habitat (flora &
fauna)
Deterioration of River
Quality

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.14.6 Methodology
Social survey is one of the public participation techniques that promotes community
inclusivity. It is done to achieve more valid representation of the existing socioeconomic
environment of the study area. The survey has been done within the ZOI using a statistical
sample survey to characterize the affected community. The information gathered from the
data was then used as part of the baseline for the impact assessment and mitigation.
i. Sampling Method
The social survey has been conducted from 22nd August 2022 until 26th August 2022. Two
(2) sampling method has been used for this survey, namely face-to-face survey and
formal/informal conversation. Questionnaire survey-type is done to achieve more valid
representation of the existing socioeconomic environment of the study area. The data was
collected within the ZOI characterize the affected community. The information gathered from
the data was then used as part of the baseline for the impact assessment and mitigation.
Before the actual social survey took place, initial observations or also known as pilot survey
was conducted to identify the parties seen to be affected caused by the development of the
proposed Project. For this study, stakeholders within ZOI of 0-3km from the Project site are
seen the main impact recipients or receptors. Later, a stratified random survey has been
conducted among the stakeholders identified within the total 5km of ZOI. In addition to that,
a formal/informal conversation was also held with the affected community within the project
site for the purpose of gaining their acknowledgement about the proposed project.
ii. Sample Size
A total of 133 samples have been collected during the social survey conducted and the
distribution of the samples according to the affected community in 5km Zone of Influence
(ZOI) is shown in Table 6.59 below.

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.59: Distribution of Respondents by Surveyed Settlements
No. Affected Community No. Of Respondents %

0-3 KM (Primary ZOI)
none
1. Kg. Jabir 24 18.0
2. Kg. Bt. Kubor Datu 20 15.0
3 Kg. Selar 37 27.8
4. Kg. Lubok Bongor 38 28.6
5. Kg. Bt. Berangan 14 10.5
TOTAL 133 100.0
Primary ZOI Secondary ZOI
Source : Social Survey, August 2022.
6.14.7 Formal/Informal Conversations
The formal or informal conversation usually will be conducted among the representative of
communities such as Majlis Pengurusan Komuniti Kampung (MPKK), Village
Chiefhead/Chairman or Residents Association Members and Komuniti Rukun Tetangga
(KRT) of the settlement areas located within the ZOI.
Information about the community will be derived from the representative, such as total
estimation of the population within the area, social and economic activities, and any current
social issues faced by the surrounding local community. Their opinion and suggestion
regarding on the Project also will be noted and to be informed to Project Proponent.
6.14.8 Socio-Economic Profile
A social survey has been conducted from 22nd August 2022 until 26th August 2022. A total
of 133 respondents were involved in the survey conducted. Figure 6.46 shows the photos of
face-to face social surveying that has been conducted by the SIA Consultant Team Members.
The face-to-face questionnaire is attached in Appendix 6-F.

(SCHEDULE 1)

(SCHEDULE 1)
Figure 6.46: Face-to-Face Survey with Local Communities
6.14.9 Gender and Ethnicity
Table 6.60 below shows the ethnicity of respondents by gender. Based on the survey
conducted, all respondents with a total of 133 were Malay respondents, 40.6 % reported their
gender as male and 59.4 % female.
Table 6.60: Race of Respondents by Gender
Gender (%)
No. Ethnicity Total (%)
Male Female
1. Malay 40.6 59.4 100.0
2. Chinese 0 0 0
3. Indian 0 0 0
4. Others 0 0 0
Total 40.6 59.4 100.0
6.14.10 Age Structure
The age distribution of all respondents was capped starting from 21 years old to above 60.
This was to ensure that the respondent fully understands the Project intentions and has a
mature outlook and perspective towards the impact that might come to. By referring to Table

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.61, both 24.1% of the respondents are of age aged 31-40 and 41-50 years old followed by
23.3% aged 51-60 years old, which makes these three groups as the dominant among the
respondents involved in this social survey. The remaining 21.1% aged 60+ years old and
7.5% aged 21-30 years old respectively.
Table 6.61: Respondents by Age Group
21-30 years old

7.5%
60+ years old
21.1%
31-40 years old

24.1%
51-60 years old
23.3%
41-50 years old

24.1%
No. Age Structure Respondent (%)

1. 21-30 years old 7.5
2. 31-40 years old 24.1
3. 41-50 years old 24.1
4. 51-60 years old 23.3
5. 60+ years old 21.1
Total 100.0
6.14.11 Education Level
Education is critical to social and economic development and has a profound impact on
population development. In this sector, the category was divided into 7 categories representing
the educational level in Malaysia. Based on the data retrieved from the social survey (Table
6.62), the highest educational attainment for respondents was SPM Level (53.4%), followed by
respondents with primary level education (26.3%). While, 9.0% and 3.8% respondents receive
PMR/LCE level education and diploma respectively. The remaining 3.0% attained a
STP/STPM/HSC LCE level education and 4.5 % did not attain any.

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.62: Respondents by Educational Level
Diploma
3.8% None
STP/STPM/HSC 4.5%
3.0%
Primary school
26.3%
SPM/SPMV/MCE
53.4%
PMR/LCE
9.0%
No. Education Level Respondent (%)

1. None 4.5
2. Primary school 26.3
3. PMR/LCE 9.0
4. SPM/SPMV/MCE 53.4
5. STP/STPM/HSC 3.0
6. Degree 0.0
7. Diploma 3.8
Total 100.0
6.14.12 Status of Employment and Occupation
Table 6.63 shows the employment status for each respondent. As can be seen, nearly half of
the respondents are working which comprising of 42.1% from total respondents. Another
large proportion of respondents are housewives which takes up 40.6%. While the rest of
7.5%, and 0.8% are retirees and students respectively. Only 9.0% are unemployed.

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.63: Employment status for each respondent
Student
0.8%
Housewife Working
40.6% 42.1%
Retiree Unemployed
7.5% 9.0%
No. Employmen Status Respondent (%)

1. Working 42.1
2. Unemployed 9.0
3. Retiree 7.5
4. Housewife 40.6
5. Student 0.8
Total 100.0
Referring Table 6.64 below, the working respondents can be divided into four types of
occupation types of the 133 total respondents, 29.3% are self-employed/have own businesses,
which making them the majority. While, 11.3% are working as farmers and the remaining
1.5% work in the public sector respectively.

(SCHEDULE 1)
Table 6.64: Respondents by Occupation Type
Public sector
1.5%
Farmers
11.3%
Not Related Business owner/Self-

48.9% employed
29.3%
Unemployed
9.0%
No. Occupation Types Respondent (%)

1. Public sector 1.5
2. Private sector 0
3. Farmers 11.3
4. Business owner/Self-employed 29.3
5. Unemployed 9.0
6. Not Related 48.9
Total 100.0

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.14.13 Household Income
Table 6.65 shows the distribution of household income for respondents in the study area. In
the context of this study, the total monthly household income is divided into four (4)
categories ranging from RM 1, 200 and below, RM1, 201to RM4,849, RM4,850 to RM10,959
and RM 10,959 and above. As shown, a greater proportion of respondents (70.7 %) earned
between RM1,201 – RM4,849 per month, making them the majority. While the rest of 29.3 %
of respondents earn less than RM1,200 per month.
Table 6.65: Respondents by Household Income
Less than
RM1,200
29.3%
RM1,201 –
RM4,849
70.7%
No. Household Income Respondent (%)

1. Less than RM1,200 29.3
2. RM1,201 – RM4,849 70.7
3. RM4,850 – RM10,959 0
4. More than RM 10,959 > 0
Total 100.0

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.14.14 Property Ownership Status & Residency Period
Table 6.66 below shows the length of residency of the participated respondents along with
their property ownership. As depicted in the table, 91.7 % out of 133 respondents have
resided/settled in the area for more than 10 years. This implies that, the longer the residency
period, the respondents appear to have developed a strong attachment to the area, which then
may influence their perception of the Project. While the rest of 6.0 %, 1.5 % and 0.8 %
respondents have lived in for 5 – 10 years, less than 1 year and for 1-5 years respectively.
Table 6.66: Respondents by Residency Period and Property Ownership
Property Ownership (%)

Own Own by Total
Renting
Property Parents
Residency
Less than 1 year 1.5 0 0 1.5
Period
1 – 5 years 0 0 0.8 0.8
5 – 10 years 6.0 0 0 6.0
More than 10 years 91.0 0 0.8 91.7
Total 98.5 0 1.5 100.0
As can be seen in Table 6.66 above for property ownership, majority with 98.5 %
respondents live in a property that is owned by themselves, only 1.5 % are are renting based
on social survey.
6.14.15 Perception Towards Proposed Development
The main objective of the social survey is to obtain public feedback and concerns related to
the proposed Project. This survey also can be used as one of the methods in informing the
public especially the local residents within the ZOI regarding the proposed Project. The
perception from the surrounding settlements is quite important as they will directly or
indirectly receive the impacts of the Project.

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.14.15.1 Public Awareness and Acceptance
During the social survey, the respondents are given the opportunity to comment or suggest
their opinion on the proposed Project, with an emphasis on the potential impacts on people as
well as on the environment. Overall, the results of the study show a mixed response towards
the Project.
Table 6.67: Respondents Acceptance Towards Proposed Project
Uncertain/Not Sure
16.5%
Agreed
Disagreed 49.6%
33.8%
No. Acceptance Towards Project Respondent (%)

1. Agreed 49.6
2. Disagreed 33.8
3. Uncertain/Not Sure 16.5
Total 100.0
Based on the social survey conducted, there is no respondents who were aware of the
proposed Project and they have not heard about it. As illustrated in Table 6.67, 49.6 % of
them agreed with the Project while the remaining 33.8 % and 16.5 % disagreed and were
uncertain. Based on social survey undertaken, opposition occured due to possible/potential
environmental impacts and health hazards of forest plantation establishment during the forest
clearing, plantation and operation cycle. Both 33.8 % and 16.5 % respondents were most
concerned about the possibility of forest industrial emissions to the environment, which could
endanger the health of the Lubuk Bongor community and subsequently reduce their quality of
life.

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.14.15.2 Perceived Impact from the Project
As depicted in Table 6.68, half proportions of respondents perceived that they may directly
or indirectly be impacted by the Project eventhough they agreed with the Project. Out of 133
respondents, 66.9% believed that the Project would have an impact on them, whereas 22.6%
thought the opposite. While another 10.5% were partly unsure or uncertain. Respondents
who disagrees perceived that the proposed Project may bring adverse environmental effect
from forest plantation industrial activities throughout the entire life cycle.
Table 6.68: Respondents's Perception towards Proposed Project
No. Respondent’s Acceptance towards Project Respondent (%)

1. Will affect their daily life 66.9
2. Will not affect their daily life 22.6
3. Uncertain/ Not sure 10.5
Total 100.0
Figure 6.47 below shows the perceived negative impacts from the proposed project.
PERCEIVED NEGATIVE IMPACTS
Natural Disaster Risk 45.9

Disrupt/Endanger Wildlife Habitats (flora & fauna) 73.7
Increase in Social Problems 57.9
Foreign Labour Entry (Social Problem & Crime) 62.4
Soil Erosion 76.7
Road Congestion 70.7
Road Damage 82.7
Air Pollution (Odour) 45.1
Air Pollution (Dust) 72.9
Noise Disturbance 48.1
Water/River Pollution 89.5
Residents Health 72.2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Figure 6.47: Negative Impact Perceived by Respondents

(SCHEDULE 1)
Bars in Figure 6.47 indicates the breakdown of percentage of respondents providing a given
responses to perceived negative impacts that are seen to occur due to project implementation.
As can be seen in the table, most respondents indicated Water/River Pollution, Road Damage,
Soil Erosion and Disrupt Wildlife Habitats as the most serious negative impacts. (89.5%,
82.7%, 76.7% and 73.7% respectively). High percentage respondents perceived that the
proposed Project will adversely impact the environment and community’s quality of life,
owing to the ecological impacts of proposed forest plantation. As the ecological impacts are
concerns, locals within ZOI were also uneased of the establishment of forest plantation which
would necessitate forest clearing, potentially fragmenting the habitat of endangered species
and disrupting wildlife corridors, notably for forest elephants. Figure 6.48 below shows the
perceived positive impacts from the proposed project.
PERCEIVED POSITIVE IMPACTS
Bring into sustainable development and planning 60.9

Land Value Increases 61.7
Improve soil structure and Optimize crops… 70.7
Enhance Locals Socio-Economic 77.4
Boost/Spur Local Economic Growth and Development 75.9
Increase Job & Business Opportunity 91.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Figure 6.48: Positive Impact Perceived by Respondents
Figure 6.48 above shows the positive impacts perceived by respondents. As can be seen, a
large proportion of respondents (91.0%) believe that the Project will generate huge
employment opportunities as forest plantation is relatively labor intensive (especially for rural
households) and can offer varieties of positions from plantation managers to experts on pest
and diseases and many others, which will enhance socioeconomic status (77.4%). They also
perceived that forest plantation would open chances in various business opportunities such as
trading, processing, supplying and more. Substantially, they believed that the proposed forest
plantation would significantly contribute to economic growth and provide Mukim Lubuk
Bongor, Jeli an opportunity to grow and further develop (75.9%).

(SCHEDULE 1)
6.14.16 Formal/Informal Conversations
i. Formal/Informal Conversation with Village Chiefheads/Tok Penghulu
En. Norzalan B. Kasim En. Nor Azzni B. Hasan

(Village Chiefhead Kg Jabir & Kg. Lubok Bongor) (Village Chiefhead Kg. Kubor Datu)
Source: Social Survey August, 2022

Figure 6.49: Formal/Informal Conversation with Village Chiefheads/Tok Penghulu
Apart from face-to-face survey or enumeration with the communities (impacted vulnerable
communities within ZOI), Socio-economy Consultants have taken the form of holding an
informal chat or conversation (also regarded as direct interview) with Village Chiefheads of
community in ZOI or also called as Tok Pengulu as key-person. The purpose is to provide an
in-depth insight and understanding about the development plan of the proposed project as so
gaining their acknowledgement and consent regarding the proposed project. Secondly is to
solicit and gather their ‘first-hand’ opinions, feedbacks and concerns towards the possible
impacts of the proposed project.
As for En. Norzalan, Tok Penghulu of Kg. Jabir and Kg. Lubok Bongor, the acceptability
of the initiative was seen to be positive after he has received specific and clear information
about the proposed project development plan. En. Norzalan stated that he supported forest
plantation as it plays an important role as a significant contributor in the forest development
of the country. Nevertheless, En. Norzalan inquired for project Proponent to comply with the
best management practices in supervision and control during the entire cycle of development
and operation phases, especially on waste management. He stressed that a good management
of waste should be adhered for reducing flood risk, while lowering the impact upon
environment.

(SCHEDULE 1)
En. Norzalan reported, a herd of wild elephants were captured roaming into their Kampung’s
farms recently, adding that forest-clearing could lead to more wild-life trouble. En. Norzalan
then further explained that the expected pollutant discharge (effluents) from the forest
plantation throughout operation should be closely monitored by project Proponent and
relevant authorities, and it shall not be released to nearby water streams and river (Eg. Sungai
Suda). Secondly, En. Norzalan emphasized on the project activities that will take place when
establishing an forest plantation from a forested area, such as site clearing, in which may
expose to soil erosion including during planting and replanting. He also expounded that the
land clearing works including disposal (wastes in the form of trees or any vegetatives) must
be properly and appropriately managed and there shall be no biomass burning/forest fire as it
could pose great risk to the health and quality of life of the surrounding community.
While En. Azzni, Tok Penghulu of Kg. Kubor Datu, disagrees with the proposed Project.
As can be discerned from his concerns, En. Azzni perceived that forest plantation will likely
cause significant negative impacts to the environment such as poor water quality (damages
rivers and streams), soil erosion and habitat loss (causes disturbance to habitat of fauna).
Deforestration is regarded to be the major key issue that have led to the cause of his
disagreements. He claimed that there is a gravity-fed water supply scheme or known as “air
tandak” of Kg. Kubor Datu, on which the villagers rely, could be affected. He further
elaborated, the eroded soil and large applications of fertilizers and pesticides from the
plantation then could go to water bodies and deteriorates their water quality.
Despite the perceived possible negative impacts, the village chiefheads also noted a number
of positive impacts from the establishment of the proposed forest plantation to their area,
which relate in particular to improved road access and also increase job opportunities,
particularly to locals, working as unskilled and skilled labourers on the plantation.

(SCHEDULE 1)
ii. Informal Conversation with Tok Batin and JAKOA
En. Bidin bin Daun En. Mohd Azri bin Daud

(Tok Batin) (JAKOA representative)
Source: Social Survey, December 2022

Figure 6.50: Formal/Informal Conversation with Village Chiefheads/Tok Penghulu
Socio-economy Consultants also held informal conversations with Tok Batin who represent
Orang Asli that routinely roaming around project area and representative from Jabatan
Kemajuan Orang Asli (JAKOA). The purpose of those conversations are to provide an in-
depth insight and understanding about their opinions and concerns as so gaining their
acknowledgement and consent regarding the proposed project.
There is no objection from Tok Batin regarding this project. However, there is request on
compensation eventhough they aware that the ZOI area of the project is not within Orang
Asli reserved area. As for representative from JAKOA there is also no objection towards this
forest plantation project.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) FOR PROPOSED FOREST PLANTATION

6.2 TOPOGRAPHY AND TERRAIN

NILAIMAS SERVICES– EIA & TRAFFIC CONSULTANT 6-1

Table 6.1 : Slope analysis for the proposed project

Slope Gradient Class Slope Area (Ha) Percentage (%)

6.3 LAND USE AND VISUAL

6.3.1 Surrounding land use – 0 to 5 km area from proposed project site

NILAIMAS SERVICES– EIA & TRAFFIC CONSULTANT 6-2

PROPOSED FOREST PLANTATION ON

Figure 6.1: Topography map

NILAIMAS SERVICES– EIA & TRAFFIC CONSULTANT 6-3

PROPOSED FOREST PLANTATION ON

Figure 6.2: Slope analysis for the proposed project

NILAIMAS SERVICES– EIA & TRAFFIC CONSULTANT 6-4

PROPOSED FOREST PLANTATION ON

Figure 6.3: Digital Elevation Model

NILAIMAS SERVICES– EIA & TRAFFIC CONSULTANT 6-5

PROPOSED FOREST PLANTATION ON

Figure 6.4: Land use map of 5 km radius from project site

NILAIMAS SERVICES– EIA & TRAFFIC CONSULTANT 6-6

PROPOSED FOREST PLANTATION ON

Figure 6.5: Geology map of the project site.

NILAIMAS SERVICES– EIA & TRAFFIC CONSULTANT 6-7

PROPOSED FOREST PLANTATION ON

Figure 6.6: Mineral Distribution of Project Site

NILAIMAS SERVICES– EIA & TRAFFIC CONSULTANT 6-8

6.5.1 Source of Data

The meteorological observations taken at the meteorological station of Malaysia

Table 6.2 Meteorology station

NO. STATION COORDINATE

NILAIMAS SERVICES– EIA & TRAFFIC CONSULTANT 6-9

6.5.2 Temperature and Relative Humidity

Mean Relative Humidity in Kuala Krai

Records of Mean 24 Hour Temperature

Figure 6.7: Temperature and Relative Humidity

NILAIMAS SERVICES– EIA & TRAFFIC CONSULTANT 6-10

Table 6.3: Records of Mean 24 Hour Temperature

NILAIMAS SERVICES– EIA & TRAFFIC CONSULTANT 6-11

Table 6.4: Records of 24 hour mean relative humidity (%)

NILAIMAS SERVICES– EIA & TRAFFIC CONSULTANT 6-12

6.5.3 Rainfall and Raindays

Monthly Rainfall Amount Reported at Kuala Krai Station

Monthly Rainy days Amount Reported at Kuala Krai Station

NILAIMAS SERVICES– EIA & TRAFFIC CONSULTANT 6-13

Table 6.5: Records of monthly rainfall amount

NILAIMAS SERVICES– EIA & TRAFFIC CONSULTANT 6-14

Table 6.6: Records of number of raindays

NILAIMAS SERVICES– EIA & TRAFFIC CONSULTANT 6-15

Wind speed range

NILAIMAS SERVICES– EIA & TRAFFIC CONSULTANT 6-16

(Source: Department of Meteorology Malaysia, 2022)

NILAIMAS SERVICES– EIA & TRAFFIC CONSULTANT 6-17

6.6 SURFACE HYDROLOGY

NILAIMAS SERVICES– EIA & TRAFFIC CONSULTANT 6-18

PROPOSED FOREST PLANTATION ON

Figure 6.10: Kelantan River Basin

NILAIMAS SERVICES– EIA & TRAFFIC CONSULTANT 6-19

6.6.1 Scope of Study

Catchment/ Phase Area (HA)

NILAIMAS SERVICES– EIA & TRAFFIC CONSULTANT 6-20

6.6.2 Rainfall Station Network

NILAIMAS SERVICES– EIA & TRAFFIC CONSULTANT 6-21