Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • NTCs New Japanese English Charac

    Uploaded by

    TEA SAD
    89 views2,000 pages

    Original Title

    NTCs-New-Japanese-English-Charac

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    89 views2,000 pages

    NTCs New Japanese English Charac

    Uploaded by

    TEA SAD

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    of 2000
    NICs NEW JAPANESE- ENGLISH CHARACTER Dictionary oie eH 4 o~ Tn association with Kenkyusha Limited Editor in Chief Jack Halpern NTC Publishing Group Copyright © 1993 by Jack Halpern. Published by arrangement with Kenkyusha, Ltd., Tokyo. All rights reserved, Printed in Hong Kong, Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part af this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher, including the reproduction or utilization of the SKIP indexing system, particularly the ordering of characters in dictionaries and reference works on the basis of said system, 45678910 111213 IMP/MP 3210987654 ISBN 0-8442-8434-3, McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in camporate training programs. For more information, please write to the Director of Special Sales, Professional Publishing, McGraw-Hill, Two Pena Plaza, New York, NY 10121-2298. Or contact your local bookstare, ‘This book is printed on acid-free paper. To Michal Neither is a dictionary a bad book to read. There ts no cant in it, no excess of explanation, and it is full of suggestion, — the raw material of possible poems and histories. Ralph Waldo EMERSON (1860) KR. BP SAVTRN EHC V Er FHT, HBR LES. TMK IAS BK, PRIA TAS, — HY RY, ERY RO RSEBNOTHS, FRITR EL SY > (18608) CONTENTS BX Foreword «....+.0.+ 13a PRB ese sscesissns nici 16a Acknowledgments 198 BABE cc oecccecccseseeee 22a Introduction -:+-:+-++:+s-eeeee o 25a FRBG esses 32a Editorial Policy and Compltaicn Methods 40a GEAURUERAR - 45a Outline of Japanese Writing System 50a BABAR RE Features of This Dictionary -------- 6la PROBE System of Kanji Indexing by Patterns 106a SUSE Explanatory Chart ate ees 15a AR Guide to the Dictionary Al Abbreviations and Symbols ie - SR JAPANESE-—ENGLISH CHARACTER DICTIONARY RRR 1— 1696 APPENDIXES AG 1. SKIP RULES: Theory and Practice ---- FRRRFK : Bint eae 2. How to Count Strokes seaperreanneeepanneirs te 1734 mRoOMA A 3. How to Write Kanji RFOEIA 4. Kana and Romanization 17a7 weto—ve 5, Rules for Okurigana -:-+:+:+2-+:e0--0-- 1760 RORBOMID 6. The Radicals 1769 Ba Radical Chart ssssssesceecccceeeeee 19D 7. Historical Tables 1781 RUBS 8. Abbreviations of Place Names ------- 1785 HS HeOMMA 9. Core Meanings Arranged by Frequency s+. 1786 PARP ORE 10. JOy6 Kanji List 1815 RARER 11. List of Kanji Synonym Groups ------ 1824 aaa Hi INDEXES Rl On-Kun Index secession 1895 Bae! Radical Index mo 1929 Sea) How to Use the Radical Index Quick Reference Radical Chart - Radical Index Pattern Index «+. FRR 8a EDITORIAL STAFF Editor in Chief Jack Halpern Showa Women’s University Institute of Modern Culture Editorial Consultants Kusuo Hitomi President of Showa Women’s University Eleanor H. Jorden Professor/Distinguished Fellow, Johns Hopkins University and Mary Donlon Alger Professor of Linguistics Emeritus, Cornell University Masaaki Nomura Professor of Japanese at Center for Japanese Language, Waseda University Akiyasu Todo formerly Professor of Chinese Literature at University of Tokyo and Waseda University Associate Editors Masato Asada M.A., University of Tokyo Michael Carr Ph.D., University of Arizona Chikasada Harada Professor, Showa Women's University Yukio Ishikawa M.A., Keio University Tomoko Kaneko Assistant Professor, Showa Women's University Masako Nakamura B.A., Hiroshima University Editorial Assistants Harumi lida, Takane Ito, JeanPaul Jenack, Keith Johnson, Yoshikazu Kawakami, Ryoun Kobayashi, Christine Lamarre, Peter H. Liu, Russell Marcus, Susumu Miyazawa, Yuko Momose, Kimiko Morishita, Ryoko Murase, Tazuko Nagae, Setsuo Nara, Harumi Nishimoto, Aki Ono, Junko Osaki, Jack Plimpton, Meryl Schaffer, Junko Suzuki, Kazuko Suzuki, Yuriko Takagi, Hiroko Takahashi, Noriko Yamamoto, Tsuneo Yatagai, Tadashi Yumiketa Keyboarding Michal Halpern, Yoshie Miura, Taeke Moriguchi, Haruke Qasa, Kumiko Suga, Nobuko Suzuki, Keiko Uchida, Chieko Yokoe, Toshiko Yoshida Programming and Computer Consultants Shoichi Fujita, Yasuhiro Hasegawa, Koki Kondo, Toshio Otsuka Secretarial and Clerical Assistants Junko Higuchi, Keiko Tkuta, Miyuki Masuda, Hikaru Matsumoto, Keiko Matsuoka, Keiko Matsushima, Teruko Miyake, Kumiko Nakagawa, Sachiko Shibata, Kazuto Shioiri, Chieko Takahata, Mitsuko Yanagisawa Sa 7 wy Ree WEFAF eR BT me AP ae BH tye RB Io AL FERRE ee Bya ae hag Kwex et es + he hago BKK 2 KK Nx REY n | RE ON TIRE y Sea F Eee vam E. 4 He Bae HR AE RS th SKM eee Sth ah RKKKEK Sh KD RK de> Bae aN BN <8 1 be ® Heh w#zm @ g=hyre + eo< & eopwem = ih maT MN i Foase Pot he FHA SHARK Ray Pry Pe BREF FRR vax h—m- HAUT BAYT HABAT BMT ASOT Na Hi AR BA “37-4 Froese Ty by ayvta-¥An vJ-ayvesa—FS RH AKRA LR RS BAe EBA RARE PR AMMF ARG Pad De HHAS BMF APRRF PURTA—R a m2 BA aw in ga gHE Tt SH Rh 10a ARE YOU IN A HURRY? No sensible person would attempt to operate a sophisticated device like a com- puter without first reading the instruction manual. Yet many people think nothing of using a sophisticated tool like a comprehensive dictionary without as much as a glance at the front matter. This dictionary has been carefully designed to be as user-friendly as possible. For example, a visually attractive layout makes the organization of character entrics mostly self-explanatory. Nevertheless, you cannot expect to use it to the best advantage without some kind of preparation. ‘TO DERIVE MAXIMUM BENEFIT FROM THIS DICTIONARY, WE STRONGLY URGE YOU TO READ THE FRONT MATTER. If you choose to ignore this advice, please remember this: this dictionary is not just a tool for looking up unknown characters and words—its primary aim is to help you gain an in-depth understanding of kanji. By skipping the front matter, you not only deprive yourself of access to the wealth of information that the dictionary contains, but will also be unable to take full advantage of the numerous features that make it a powerful learning aid. IF YOU ARE IN A HURRY, AT THE VERY LEAST BE SURE TO READ THE SECTIONS LIST- ED BELOW. INTRODUCTION (p. 25a): Discusses the aims of the dictionary and sum- marizes its main features. . EXPLANATORY CHART (p. 153a): Shows the various parts of the character entry. |. SYSTEM OF KANJI INDEXING BY PATTERNS (p. 106a): Explains how to quickly locate character entries. If you are in a hurry, at least read § 2.1 and the charts inside the front and back covers. . FEATURES OF THIS DICTIONARY (p. 61a): Describes the dictionary's fea: tures and explains how these can benefit the learner. At the very least, be sure to read § 2. Understanding. 5. GUIDE TO THE DICTIONARY (p. 159a): Describes the format and conventions used in the dictionary. You need not read all the details. We recommend that you at least read §1. Character Entries, §2. Main Entries, § 10. compounns Section, and, if possible, § 20. Character Mean- ings. FOREWORD An isolated island country lying off the eastern edge of the continental land mass of Asia, Japan has, since ancient times, developed a distinctive culture and history of her own while maintaining relations with her Asian neighbors. Chinese characters, which were introduced to Japan from ancient China, gave birth to a new set of phonetic characters known as kana, Although both these forms of script have thereafter been used side by side to write the Japanese lan- quage, the Chinese characters have always played a central role, serving as the chief medium of communicating ideas in a broad spectrum of fields rang- ing from philosophy and scholarship to the literary arts and ethics. The introduction of Chinese characters made it possible for the Japanese to learn about religious ideas from the Buddhist classics and gave them a new means for expressing subtle emotional nuances. Eventually evolved a script, unprecedented in history, in which kana and kanji blend to produce a power. ful means of conveying meaning in a concise and effective manner. The adop- tion of advanced Western thought, culture, social institutions, and technology that took place during the rapid modernization after the Meiji Restoration gave rise to a need for coining countless. neologisms to express new concepts. Such items as JCB bunmei ‘civilization’, Ef} Keizai ‘economics’, and BE tetsuzuki ‘procedure’ are only a few examples of the innumerable words whose coinage was made possible by the word-forming ability af Chinese char- acters. This uniquely Japanese writing system, while playing a role as a most benefi cial and distinctly Awman medium of communication, has blossomed into a treasure of Japanese culture and tradition, In this manner, the Chinese charac- ters have served as an extremely convenient set of symbols—the central pillar of the evolution of Japan's culture; in fact, they are the very symbol of Ja- pan's membership in the “Kanji Sphere of Culture”—a community of nations sharing a common heritage based on Chinese characters. Though Japan has experienced many ups and downs during the pes of more than one hundred years that has elapsed since the Meiji Restoration, she has successfully pulled through to attain a high level of economic growth, and now even stands at the forefront of science and technology. As Japan has come to occupy an important position in world affairs, a rapidly increasing number of people and nations in every corner of the globe are turning to her as a focus of intense interest and active concern. This trend, which is likely to accelerate as the world undergoes increased internationalization, is clearly ap- parent in the sharp rise, both at hame and abroad, in the number of people studying Japanese in recent years. As Japan heads into the twenty-first cen- tury, organizations engaged in Japanese language education are vigorously pre- paring to accommodate the growing demand by training more teachers, im- proving teaching methods, developing improved teaching materials, and imple- 1a menting Japanese language proficiency examinations. All this notwithstanding, one of the central problems in Japanese language edu- cation today is, as pointed out by Shigeko Miyazaki, the executive director of the Association for Japanese-Language Teaching, the almost total lack of truly effective dictionaries for learners. A mere translated version of existing Japanese—Japanese dictionaries is hardly adequate for meeting the needs of the foreign student. More than anything else, there is now an urgent need for the publication of effective dictionaries that squarely address these needs. The original motive force for the compilation of this dictionary sprung from the editor's own arduous experiences in struggl with traditional methods of rote memorization and the excessive burden which these place on the memo- ry. Based on voluminous data sources and modern linguistic theory, this work is designed to meet the special needs of the non-Japanese student, while serv- ing as a scholarly accurate, useful work of reference even for native Japanese. This dictionary also introduces a new method of looking up characters known as the System of Kanji Indexing by Patterns (SKIP), which enables one to lo- cate entries rapidly without previous knowledge of kanji elements. Character meanings and compound words are arranged in a manner that shows how each character functions as a word-building element, and an analysis of the differences between homophones (word pronounced alike but written differ- ently) and kanji synonyms is presented. We are confident that students of Japa- nese using this dictionary will make rapid progress in their studies by deepen- ing their knowledge and understanding of kanji, and will be completely grati fied with its effectiveness. In accordance with the founding principles of Showa Women’s University, we endeavor to educate women ta be “aware, intelligent, and fair-minded.” Over the long years of our existence, we have striven to cultivate young women that will play an important role in society and, at the same time, have endeav- ered to contribute to research on and the advancement of culture. The Insti tute for the Study of Modern Culture, which is affiliated with the university and has been actively engaged in promoting cultural research, recognized that kanji is the key to the healthy growth of Japanese culture and literature. The Institute recognized the import of the new dictionary, and consequently pro- ceeded, under the direction of Jack Halpern as editor in chief, to embark upon the long years of research necessary for its compilation. To bring a project of this magnitude and complexity ta successful completion required a high degree of scholarly expertise, the latest computer photocom- position technology, and advanced system design and software engineering. Furthermore, the layout and design of the dictionary had to be carefully ex. ecuted to achieve maximum ease of use while satisfying a broad spectrum of diversified needs. To accomplish these objectives required an inestimable num- ber of man-hours, painstaking labor, and capital funding on a major scale. If not for these coordinated efforts, this work would net have seen the light of day. ‘On this day, as we present the world with this new work, it is our duty to re- Wa cord our everlasting gratitude to Jack Halpern, the chief editor and central fig- ure responsible for seeing this project through, for his outstanding achievement in producing a work that represents a significant departure from traditional character dictionary lexicography. It is our great fortune that Jack Halpern, who eagerly devoted himself to the project while overcoming innumerable diffi- culties, should have become captivated by the rhythmical tones of the Japa- nese language and so intrigued by the Chinese characters as to embark upon their serious study. The day will surely come when he will be widely recog: nized for promoting the study of kanji throughout the world. I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation to the distinguished scholars that served as editorial consultants, including Professor Eleanor Jorden, Profes- sor Akiyasu Todo, Professor Masaaki Nomura, Professor Chikasada Harada, and others for their most valuable advice and cooperation. Sincere gratitude also goes to the Dictionary Department of Kenkyusha as well as to the techni- cal staff engaged in computer photocomposition at the Toppan Printing Com- pany for rendering their outstanding efforts. I also wish to sincerely thank the many organizations, foundations, and individuals who have made financial contributions to the project for their unlimited understanding and moral sup- port. Tam convinced that this dictionary will make a major contribution to both the teaching and learning of Japanese. It is, furthermore, my earnest hope that this work will help promote understanding of Japan among the people of the world, and thereby stimulate further international economic and cultural ex- change. March 21, 1990 KUSUO HITOMI Tokyo President of Showa Women's University 1a RF PY PROBL. PORE CHSRAAAL. AR. RCI CE BBE LOREM Sc i6 b, HAORLE RA LHAOMLE MELTS te. HARE 6 BRIE LADEFIL, IRAE HOM 2 Hh EML, CNLOORFEREMAS HY THON TS EA COM FILE, FE. HEF. We OHMIC Sb PE LHREFR EL Cea PRE UES TF OTH, PPORRDLE, BARA LC PMLO MR OM CeO. MOD HRBUCHT SPREE SAG. SHINE Michi ERI Boke (GETS S WHERE, REANITICE ot. BALRO ais UiURO RAI, BOR OMEA AIL, TS BIE, GRA. BMOMAIGES Hl, FRE RAT Sito, Mpc b SwRI EM Ate. HL OE B. Pee POU eT BORA Cat, FORA RAE OREERATEROTHS. RAMBO CORE. IRAP OAM RALE L CORE ERRLOO, BROKE SLOP CRS LEER CHE SAL 3. LOLS, MKS bow TEAABETH YO, ARI GEROARET SO, BARMESL PSE CLT SREL TU HS. BATA HEMT LOO Fe SB LGA, MOM AH feo b Meee. MEAS RL. FIT Lee EL RC ME cate MSLAMM oA L, BORO Me aad, URE LEM TS HE ROMA, SPRHO REE Ho TOS. LO. RRA OAS S OEE TAO SOBRE Y tes CHIC Rbn Tt). A PEEP OUEIRe teh=, UE SAEs. 21S TE > CAME ANT. FRR AORR. ORAS. A. SHES WIR, GARERE ARR, ASR feet E. e1) Aa PRR EBS. ZH bHhdHoT, HRARBHRBSRHE EO GMAT a RI LSe, BED RAMRAR CHL Et SMO — oid, RANT Pa AUEL AE RWEVILETHS, RROSHET SRNR THAPROMRME BD HU CAARBPRERE LCR L CHT CI. MLO GET, HEA OBERT Ls BRA Er: LR ORMN ABE TTT So Ea HINTHOOTHS. LORUTNTT SEFROMB, CLEUABATH SHH BRBE RE LABGIT, 348 THBAG SHIM YOR Remo hE, PIOTOR WEIRIERLELOCHh oh. BEMIS — 9 eos Beat ki, ABA PEA AFORUIIGA SMEAR LOCH, HAL BEEN, REARAL ESTO PHMUTEMT SS. HAL LOTAS. 2 a, MFER MOK CONS FRARFE, CUT BARTEL A Li BRERA ORIEN HE 9 1} FROG EO. PII FOV i}, MRMFORMROGTSEMASLEI LY, AAR SUR TORR CRE ROLY. POMS IEMTI. MATSECOAA TOR BEAT AME 5th S ERE LTS. ROMNATA. WORM EO Biot omA, EL sh, Bho HRs HAL OAME ATL, BS otic att LOA EE HRS CER HEL C37. SLOWED EICRAL TSH. RE Fb ThE ERO CCE FEAT WS CHR HA CS ChB Hi, HES AROSE {CREO RMI SREY GA SRFORBHCEA, AFRARORR OURS ERE LP ORR ERR & Pts SARIS Bo TRICE He REL TIRE. AP RMRO PRICY: o Ti, EATO HC ROPES 2b oT %. SHOR SR. AOI Yea eS, BER AT ATR UY Ibe s FRESE CH). Howse AT HMI. LTPP UAE REAN SLES on, Lob, ROB TOS ROU HoTHSOTC. LHGORRRT SHABANBMe HHRU SMORS LE Ly TNS ROR AMDMRIC £ > CUS CHM APE L eo ROTHS. € OYN-DERUTE, ABMAOBRRSI Et CHAI. AALS LAOAEBASIO SE, BOORRE EN THAICAML. HOPS ete RLM be HEL, POTHALEORh ot PRE LOMALHR Lic bl ORME RMA. MRR THO. AWHTHIES Cd BA EAR OTR EAA IS RS er Hd heb tebe. POTHRAOBSILOET EN, MEOEY Litto tbl > RRR bot, PEFR OUPRMPAMAL RHE AN ERM SNSAATIKTS OOERIEL TIS, Wa €hicind, GARROE- Ya — Fy Fee. RARE. SP HEISEE, FOREST FORCES Slhb ot SAL OBR, BHA OMA LEAS CHAE LT. BSC RMORERMT SES, HBOCORLR RE ESREMEO Sv a — 9 SMH OH 2 OAL? Gad AAR Yet LR CK MECRTS. Dt. HRM CRY es RE CORRE Hes hee OME. HE, BAOAIIE< ILE RPLETSRETHS, APRA, ARBOR G Eo Ch, MALE os TORT OKIE RK TUMEIECTOS, Lebe5tl, H#ROAZOM ARLE, OleTis HR, FAAS BS ROR LICR TMU A EEO EY TH a. F243 A218 WAP AEEE AW Hi PB mt ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ‘The NEW JAPANESE-ENGLISH CHARACTER DICTIONARY js a collaborative effort produced through the enthusiastic cooperation of some 100 staff members, part-time assistants, and outside consultants over a period of about sixteen years. First and foremost, | wish to extend my heartfelt gratitude to Professor Kusue Hitomi, President of Showa Women's University, whose personal sup- port and concern for the project has seen it through the most difficult times both financially and logistically, and to Professor Masaaki Nomura of the Center for Japanese Language at Waseda University, whose valuable advice helped establish editorial policy for the selection of entries and compound words. Special recognition is due to the distinguished scholars, editorial consultants, and editors out whose generous contributions this dictionary would not have seen the light of day. Dr. Michael Carr, Professor Chikasada Harada, and Assistant Professor Tomoko Kaneko critically proofread the entire manu script. Professor Eleanor H. Jorden, a world authority on Japanese language studies, has made valuable suggestions, while internationally renowned kanji scholar Professor Akiyasu Todo and Japanese language authority Professor Haruhiko Kindaichi have offered their warm recommendations. Special thanks are due to Masato Asada, Masako Nakamura, Toshiko Yo- shida, Chieko Yokoe, Ryoko Murase, Kimiko Morishita and other editors for their years of devotion to the arduous tasks of semantic analysis, campila tion of data, and the meticulous checking of sources. In addition, dozens of consultants, computer programmers, keyboard operators, and secretarial and clerical personnel have worked on the project al one time or another during its sixteen years of progress. I also wish to thank the many organizations and individuals that have made substantial contributions to the dictionary, especially the staff members in charge of the project at Kenkyusha and the Toppan Printing Company, with- out whose computer photocomposition technology the publication of this dic- tionary would not have been possible, and those who have contributed to the scholarly accuracy of the dictionary or have assisted in other ways, including Kokugo Mondai Kyogikai president Nobutane Kiuchi, The Japan Foundation, ‘The National Language Rescarch Institute, Japan Research Corporation chair- man Kazuo Noda, Association for Japanese-Language Teaching executive di- rector Shigeko Miyazaki, and Professor Takao Suzuki. Thanks are also due to Ryoun Kobayashi, an expert calligrapher who has written the cursive and semicursive style characters for this dictionary. To bring a project of this magnitude to successful completion required large-scale contributions and financial assistance from many quarters. I wish to express my deep appreciation to the approximately 150 individuals, private organizations, corporations, and foundations who recognized the import of the dictionary and have selflessly offered continuous support without seeking Masaharu Ando The Bank of Tokyo Ltd. Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc. The Dai-ichi Kangyo Bank, Ltd. Daiwa Securities Co., Ltd. Epson Hanbai Corporation Ltd. Foundation of International Educa personal returns. The following individuals and organizations have made the most substantial financial contributions: Yoko Nakayama NEC Corporation New Japan Securities Co., Ltd. The Nikko Securities Co.,Ltd. Nippon Life Insurance Co. Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation. tion Nippon Unicar Company, Lid. The Fuji Bank, Ltd. Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. Takao Fujinami The Nomura Foundation Shoichi Fujita Nomura Securities Co., Lrd. Fujitsu Ltd, PHP Institute International, Inc. Futaba Corporation Recruit Shuppan Co, Ltd. Atsuo Hashimota Roceo Shuppan, Ltd. Hitachi Ltd, The Saitama Bank, Lid. Teruko Horiuchi The Sanwa Bank, Ltd. IBM Japan, Lid. Sasakawa Peace Foundation Tona International Corporation Sharp Corporation Sonoko Ishii Shiseido Co., Ltd. Takao Ishii Showa Leasing Co., Ltd. Japan Petroleum Consultants, Ltd Showa Women's University Kano Shojuan SUMITOMO 3M Limited The Kansai Electric Power Co., Toshimasa Tabuchi Inc. Kaoru Takahashi Toshinaga Karasawa Tohoku Electric Power Co., Kenkyusha Limited Inc. Kokugo Mondai Kyogikai Tokio Marine Kagami Memorial Kokusai Denshin Denwa Co. Foundation Matsushita Electric Industrial Com The Tokyo Electric Power Co., pany, Ltd. Inc. ‘The Mitsubishi Bank, Ltd. Toshiba Corporation Mitsubishi Electric Corporation The Toyota Foundation The Mitsui Bank, Ltd. Wako Securities Co., Ltd. Mobil Sekiyu Kabushiki Kaisha ‘Yamaichi Securities Co., Ltd. Masaki Nakajima T also wish to express my sincere thanks to Vice Chairman Sohei Nakayama and First Subcommittee Chairman Naohiro Amaya, both of the National Council on Educational Reform, who have given their wholehearted support and assistance in raising funds for the project, and to Kiyotaka Kurokawa, Yasuo Ushioda, Yoichiro Yamamura, and Russell Marcus for their active co- operation in the fund-raising effort and for their continuous moral support. 1 am indebted to the following dictionaries and reference works as well as to the hundreds of other dictionaries, encyclopedias, books, magazines, and news papers that were used as sources or for reference in the compilation of this die tionary. Beijing Waigua Xueyuan. The Chinese-English Dictionary. Hong Kong: Shangwuyinshuguan, 1979. Ishii Shoji. Jéyo Kanwa Jiten. Tokyo: Gakushukenkyushe, 1976. Kato Joken, et al. Kadotawa Jigen Jiten. Tokyo: Kadokawa Shoten, 1983. Kenba Hidetoshi, et al. Sanseida Kokugo Jiten. Tokya: Sanseido, 1974. Kindaichi Haruhiko, et al. Gakkex Kokugo Daijitex. Tokyo: Gakushu- kenkyusha, 1978. Koine Yoshio, et al. New English-Japanese Dictionary. Tokyo: Ken- kyusha, 1980. Lin Yutang. Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage. Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1972. Masuda Ko, et al. New Japanese-English Dictionary. Tokyo: Ken- kyusha, 1974. Morohashi Tetsuji. Daikanwa Jiten. Tokyo: Taishukan Shoten, 1955. ‘The National Language Research Institute. A Study of Uses of Chinese Characters in Modern Newspapers. Tokyo: Bunshod, 1976 Nelson, Andrew N. The Modern Reader's Japanese-English Character Dictionary. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Company Publishers, 1974. Nihon Kokugo Daijiten. Tokyo: Shogakkan, 1972. Takebe Yoshiaki. Kanji no Yoho. Tokyo: Kadokawa Shoten, 1979. Todo Akiyasu. Gakken Kanwa Daijiten. Tokyo: Gakushukenkyusha, 1978. Yamada Tadao, et al. Shinmeikai Kokugo Jiten. Tokyo: Sanseido, 1981. Yamada Toshio, et al. Kadokawa Shinkokugo Jiten. Tokyo: Kadokawa Shoten, 1981. Finally, to my wife Michal, who for long years devoted superhuman efforts to the project and has seen it through the most difficult times, goes my everlast- ing gratitude and appreciation. March 21, 1990 JACK HALPERN, Editor in Chief Niiza-shi, Saitama 2a at | Pe RP (2, EOE A aH, HIWZMAY y 7, SEWMELT te GSURAMRMOR DIL oCEENTEOTHS, FTHLY GHB PIL FARES EA REE EO 6 ORS RA Lk. PERM HUSH C. SERIE ARB ho OF, HOI MBE CERE bo T BHtRlBhl cee bothdehhkh. fh. PFROMERUAG OMUREPL RET SI Sho Cid, PDA BRAK y 9 —O THAMES) 6 ie CBR RR. GEO COP R LCR BRATHS. APRICSATBSE LUA hen FH. A. BRAOWAT Tih te LIMA FRI AORE LS Leto THADERDH, WOWBERLEV. Vira tet, ROR AR. ETAT RS (ie BES L CiteR eA CRA: BASSE REO SERRE MEE SEY a Fv DH ORS EMS. Th, ARRON SARE PROM OUI BAS ORM TS SHB R 6 DO CHIE Rte. SH1, MILA, PHT. WHS, MI. ART. RPE FOSRAGCUIL LOEB Att, BAY CHAE BORD HT. FE PURE, WROTE Seon, BALE LEA i, Loh, BR, AO%Sy—, ADM. FRR ELTREOASIHLIO LOSER] OC PE -e tee Bb 9 beet. 2h. ARMOR BE Ae LOPS o ca. AOA CARER LAD. HLA ARBYOHEIC YE ONLARILO AS 7 2O HL, CMM RSO ay Ua — SHOW bo CRERO RT AMRChoh. F6tl, PAM RASS RAMSAR, BH, AAU, AARC RAR, BARE R BE PRMRTRRUBAFRALOG KD OW, EFROF EMER SO COWOMCOMHEMS. RC BREGL ENS. Lb. RATMKE Be CFS oh GRDWRE RHO SRE LEM LOMMOEALREE ATS MEERA CS Hw, BAH ORK A OMBGEE EEE Li. RFROM RS Be, MART RIED 2a MAT OI ES RROMME RN TPS 2 RHISOOBA, REIBIH. 2 Hh. BIISSEL. DC CICROO LO BALLS. BLP SHA, Mish Cb LO bURSMCEALESe LOPS ohATTCHS. HB pas) LER BULA CR) 4at4ye—tyaty OR) bast : PREB BHER Ply atv vARe CR) a CER) HEAR RE BRB BR CR) RAR BAP 4-2-2 OR) BGR CBRD BRE op RRR CPR) GF AGRL BADMIY Ne yb Fao SRH bates BASS CGR) Esa BADGER CR) GPRS as CPR) HAI A— CR) EERSPHP RRA SEE CPR) SEAT SpHAa CH) ENA MARE CR) =I ChE) BUFR CPR) BREE CH) SRT ye—T OR Bre— HMPA Bh Oe) RU — 2% CRD meee FOAL CR) WEES CR Che) {ESM CFR) AA Gk) BRAT WT ER CHR) KAS OR) CR) SRT ie CR) =SaRtT Baw BEIE SRR CU) PEE A CR) 2-H ih CR) ON be CST Was CER) CH) BORER U7 We bE CRD HED CBR) GD ARK Che) FERS Chk) Rae BASSE RRR MAERUA S Sid, HK SHORES LO CO RIRE TBARS A GH. Et. MUA. WHR, WHA OUI So toe -—A AOR ROS b. Pea BAT) CHAS SMM CORRE Bb RIEL TMS BLEPLE WoRKBCHS. 2a DF icse td aR, SPE OeE LT. COMME Sho CHER OL ERRES SREY LCA ROR, FR Ht. HES. HF MAROTTA SEI AUAKTHS. BED "PARMA, PRRARL, 1976 DoT. th PERE, FINN, 1983 SH—Sp2. th FARA. PROP. 1978 ise. fh SRR, SHE, 1974 DRE. th RA, ORE, 1980 CARBO ROR. SoBe, 1976 SRD RAD RF OREL. MBE, 1979 REAR PRA CIC, PR. 1978 "BRAGA FM, 1972 Riv y A. CRRA, 2 babel, 1974 ACRE PSR, FE + BeBe ra. 1979 SRE. fh SARI. DEPTH. 1974 ab Heh "mae ae. JSR, 1955 PS HSER Be: Abe AB, 1972 WERE. fh SFR ATE, =F. 1981 LF BERE. fh FGI RTEE EE, PERE. 1981 ARI, PERI THAN ABH E HG, ONE MAS FFE AT CONABS NC ARORMERROSL RIAU ERS, “PrR2 463 A2Le 23 SET whe HB OK 24a INTRODUCTION The NEW JAPANESE-ENGLISH CHARACTER DICTIONARY is a totally new refer- ence work designed to enable the learner to gain an in-depth under standing of how Chinese characters are used in contemporary Japa- nese. Normally, the student faces the task of learning countless com pound words as unrelated units. A unique feature of this dictionary that helps overcome this difficulty is the presentation of a central or core meaning, a concise English keyword that defines the most dom inant meaning of each character, followed by detailed character meanings that clearly show how a few thousand basic building blocks are combined to form the several hundred thausand com pounds in Japanese. To further aid the learner, clear, complete, and accurate character meanings, illustrated by numerous compounds and examples, are grouped around the core meaning in a logically-structured manner that allows them to be conceived as an integrated unit. To make the dictionary 2 toal of real precision, it also provides full guidance for distinguishing between easily confused characters (synonyms and homophones) Another unique feature is the introduction of SKIP, a new indexing system that enables the user ta locate entries as quickly and as ac. curately as in alphabetical dictionaries. Since the system can be learned in a very short time and does not require prior knowledge of kanji elements, this dictionary is an extremely convenient and easy-to-use reference tool Various other features distinguish this as the most Japanese-English character di JAPANESE TODAY The emergence of Japan as an economic and industrial superpower in the last third of the twentieth century has had a major impact on her role in world af fairs. With the increasingly important role Japan is playing in the international arena, cross-cultural communications in in-depth nary ever compiled. the political, industrial, and commercial spheres have grown to unprecedented proportions. Language is an indispensa- ble instrument for understanding the cul- ture and mentality of any people; in the case of Japan, with her markedly differ- ent cultural traditions and patterns of be- havior, the role it plays is even greater. 2a Japanese is often considered a difficult language. Some characteristics which jus- tify this classification are its grammatical structure, which is radically different from that of the European languages, its complicated levels of formality, and what could be safely termed the most complex writing system devised by man. Although much of the so-called difficul- ty is based on a myth created and perpet- uated by the Japanese themselves, it is nevertheless true that on the whole the non-Japanese learner must invest con- siderably more time and effort to master Japanese than many other foreign lan- guages. As Japan heads into the twenty-first cen- tury, the Japanese language is rapidly becoming an important medium of com- munication for a growing number of peo- ple. Statistics show that the number of Japanese language students in the world has been rising very rapidly. A survey conducted by the Agency of Cultural Af- fairs has shown that the total number of overseas students learning Japanese at schools and educational institutions in Ja- pan has nearly quadrupled over a period of ten years, while the number outside Japan has increased eightfold in the same period. Moreover, there is clear ev- idence that the actual numbers exceed by far the official figures. Whatever the actual figures may be, it is clear that the demand for Japanese lan- guage studies is growing at an un- checked pace. More than ever before, businessmen, students, diplomats, and scientists are faced with an urgent need to communicate with Japan in her own tongue. Although the Japanese govern- ment has ‘set into motion various plans aimed at expanding facilities for the training of teachers, establishing Japa- nese language programs at institutions of higher learning, and so on, the fact re- mains that the number of available tea chers and effective learning aids lags far behind the actual demand. THE STUDY OF KANJI ‘The Japanese script is composed of two phonetic syllabaries, called Airagana and fatakana, and thousands of Chinese char- acters, called kanjt. Chinese characters have three basic properties: form, sound, and meaning. Many characters are of complex shape, some having more than twenty or even thirty strokes. Each character may be pronounced according to its Chinese derived on reading, or one of several native Japanese 4un readings, and each reading may have numcrous meanings. Moreover, since many words are pronounced the same but written differently, the Japanese script is highly complex and requires considerable effort to learn, The question might well be asked: Does one really need to learn thousands of characters in order to master Japanese? The answer is, especially for the interme- diate and advanced student, a very defi- nite yes. There is a limit beyond which the student of the spoken language can- not progress unless he or she acquires proficiency in the written language. De- spite the difficulties posed by the com- plex shapes and multiple readings, the ef- fort to learn the characters is well worth- while, for they provide a firm basis for the effective mastery of the bulk of the Japanese vocabulary. A knowledge of kanji actually accelerates, rather than impedes, progress in learning the lan- guage. Chinese characters have the ability to generate hundreds of thousands of com- pound words from a basic stock of a few thousand units. They form a network of interrelated parts that function as an in- ‘tegrated system, not as an arbitrary set of disconnected symbols. Though this fact is, on the whole, recognized by ed- ueators, it has been largely disregarded in the development of kanji teaching pro- grams and the compilation of character dictionaries. The traditional approach 26a has been, and still is, to teach kanji more oF less by rote, character by charac- ter, in the order in which they appear in the textbook lessons, often based on vague notions about their frequency of use. In Japan, schoolchildren are subjected to an intense cycle of memorization, drill- ing, and testing. The emphasis is placed on how to write the characters correctly, paying scrupulous attention to minute de- tails of form and stroke order, or on the rote memorization of compounds, while the meanings and functions of individual characters are mostly ignored. Although these methods have succeeded, by brute force, in achieving what is perhaps the highest literacy rate in the world, their lack of innovation and sheer dullness will hardly motivate the non-Japanese student, Teaching materials are, for the most part, also based on this traditional ap- proach. Although a number of good text- books have been developed for master- ing the spoken language, and various manuals for the study of the written lan- guage are available, the only Japanese- English character dictionary’ in general use in the postwar period is already a quarter of a century old. A smaller dic- tionary, published before the war, is to- tally out-of-date and inadequate for modern needs, More serious, however, than the problems of up-to-dateness and scope is the failure of current and past works to systematically address that most elusive, yet undoubtedly most im- portant, aspect of Chinese characters —their meanings, especially their mean- ings as word-building elements. Kanji textbooks and dictionaries for panese users avoid the problem ing their treatment to compound 1. As opposed to word dictionaries, compound aries. Although various books an the marks dictionary" as part of their titles, most of along with a few examples, not diction words and independent words; the em- phasis is almost entirely on form and sound, while the more difficult aspect of character meanings is virtually disre- garded or lightly passed over. To make matters worse, existing character dictio: naries, including those for native speak- ers, often list old or archaic meanings, while newer meanings are often inaccu- rate or entirely left out. This lack of effective tools to overcome the formidable language barrier posed by the Japanese script has been one of the principal reasons that the number of for- eigners to have truly mastered the lan- guage is still small. Never before has the time been so ripe, nor the need been so urgent, for the publication of a character dictionary that offers a systematic solu- tion to the special problems of the non-Japanese student. NEW CONCEPT DICTIONARY The publication of a new character dic- tionary is an event of some importance in the world of Japanese language stud- ies, The goals of the editors of the NEW JAPANESE-ENGLISH CHARACTER DIC- tionary have been set high: to create a completely new work that enables the learner to gain an in-depth under- standing of the meanings and functions ‘of all the high-frequency characters. in contemporary Japanese, The principal function of any dictionary is, needless to say, to enable the user to look up unknown items. Although this dictionary does accomplish that task most effectively, it does not aim to be a mere lookup tool. Rather, its primary aim is to serve as a reference tool of real precision, a powerful and practical learn- ing aid that promotes understanding and stimulates a desire to learn, A mere com- dictionaries, or textooks purporting to be dictio et use the words “character dictionary” ar “ka hese are actually study books that list characters in the ordinary sense 27a pilation of countless forms, readings, and compound words is of little value to the learner unless their significance and their relation to one another are properly understood. This dictionary not only ac- curately records the linguistic facts about kanji, but also strives to present them in a manner that gives the student insight into how they function as a system To achieve these aims, the dictionary de- parts from tradition in three important ways: (1) the presentation of clear, com- plete, and accurate character meanings arranged in a manner that shows how they are interrelated, (2) the introduction of a new indexing system that enables the user to locate entries with great speed and facility, and (3) the presenta- tion of precise distinctions between closely related characters (synonyms and homophones). Many other features, such as full guidance on reading and writing and a wealth of reference data, distin- guish this as the most in-depth Japanese- English character dictionary ever com- piled. Based on a systematic approach and firm theoretical foundation, the new work was produced by making full use of the mest recent advances in linguistic science, computational lexicography, and photocomposition technology. From its inception, the work was designed to meet the needs of a broad range of users, cluding the beginner, intermediate, and advanced student, the teacher, the linguist, and the of developer teaching materials and courseware, CHARACTER MEANING Perhaps the most significant contribution of this dictionary is the in-depth manner in which it treats meaning. Not only are the character meanings accurate and complete, but they include many mean- ings that have never appeared in any oth- er dictionary, The principal features that contribute to clarity of meaning are (1) the core meaning, (2) clear and accurate character meanings, (3) the ordering of senses in a manner that shows their inter- relatedness, (4) the numerous com- pounds and examples that illustrate each sense, and (5) articles that describe how compounds are formed from their constit- uent parts. Each of these features is briefly described below. 1. Core Meaning A striking feature of this dictionary is the presentation of a central or core meaning. This is a concise English keyword that provides a clear grasp of the central or most fundamental concept that links the principal senses of a char- acter into one conceptual unit (e.g., bt GO BEYOND). This is a feature unique to this dictionary that has been highly praised by scholars and educators as a powerful and effective learning aid. 2. Order of Senses Traditionally, character dictionaries or- der meanings historically. Although this approach may be of value to the scholar, it is not necessarily useful to the student, since it does not reflect contemporary usage, and does not promote understand: ing. A possible alternative is the statisti- cal approach, in which senses are or- dered by frequency of occurrence. Even if such statistics were available, this would not be a useful system because it ignores the semantic relationships be- tween individual senses. This dictionary makes a significant de- parture fram traditional character dictionary lexicography by presenting meanings in a manner sometimes re- ferred to as the psychologistic ap- proach; i. e., the meanings are presented in a cogent order that clearly shows their interrelatedness. A keyword repre- senting a dominant sense serves as the basis of organization, and the various senses are grouped in clusters in a man ner that allows them to be conceived as Ba a logically-structured, integrated unit, In adopting this policy we follow the prece- dent set by the American Heritage Dic- tionary, which is highly regarded by its users for this feature. 3. Character Meanings Precisely-worded character meanings and a system of labels show exactly how each character functions as a word or word element. The meanings are present- ed in a manner that shows how the hun- dreds of thousands of compounds in Japa- nese can be generated from a basic stock ‘of a few thousand characters. The func- tions of each character as a prefix, suf- fix, abbreviation, phonetic substitute, ete. are indicated, while the meanings of independent words are clearly distin- guished from those of word elements. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the word-building function of one-character dun words and word elements is present- ed in English for the first time. 4. Compounds and Examples The senses of cach character are nor- mally illustrated by numerous high- frequency compounds that provide max- imally useful examples of each sense. Un- like conventional character dictionaries, the compounds are not restricted to those in which the entry character oc- curs in the initial position, and are ar- ranged in a manner that clearly shows how they are formed from their constitu- ent parts. This arrangement enables the user to easily infer the meanings of other compounds not found in the dictionary. 5. Compound Formation The formation of a compound word is normally self-evident from the manner in which the compounds are grouped by meaning. When this is not obvious, a compound formation article describes how the compound is formed from its constituent parts; that is, how its constit vent characters contribute to the mean- ing of the whole NEW INDEXING SYSTEM In this dictionary, we depart from tradi- tion by introducing a new scheme for classifying Chinese characters, the Sys- tem of Kanji Indexing by Patterns (SKIP), which is based on the direct rec. ognition of visual patterns—a new con- cept that ensures maximum lookup speed with minimum effert. With the help of simple rules, each character is un- ambiguously classified under one of four easy-to-identify geometrical patterns: [1 left-right, F)2 up-down, [3 en closure, and [JJ 4 solid. Within each group the characters are further subdivid- ed into progressively smaller subgroups until each is assigned its own position. ‘One might well ask why there is a need fer a new system. The answer is that the lack of an efficient classification scheme has long been a source of frustra tion to learners and native speakers alike. The traditional method of looking up characters presupposes a knowledge of kanji elements known as radicals. Locking up by radicals is a time-consum- ing, laborious, and unreliable process that may require weeks of practice to learn, Although many alternative sys- tems have been devised, none have achieved the speed and simplicity re- quired to meet the practical needs of the learner. The system introduced here—designed from its inception for efficiency, speed, and ease of use—enables the user to lo- cate entries as quickly and as accurately as in alphabetical dictionaries. It is a product of seven years of computer- assisted research and experimentation on how kanji elements are intuitively per- ceived and classified. Since the system can be learned ina very short time and does not require prior knowledge of kanji clements, it has been praised by Japanese language educators as a major breakthrough in Chinese character lexi- cography. 2a PRECISE DISTINCTIONS A unique feature of this dictionary, pre- sented here for the first time in any lan- guage, is the complete guidance it offers for the precise distinctions between kanji synonyms. Kanji synonym groups are presented along with English keywords in about 4650 synonym articles, Compar. ing these keywords, such as Hf inrer, 48 SPECULATE, fi] ConjECTURE, and 3% Guess, reveals both their differences and their similari and helps the student understand the different shades of mean- ing. ‘To further aid the learner, an appendix lists all the synonym groups for quick reference. This can be used as a simple version of a kanji thesaurus, and is also useful for looking up an unknown charac: ter from its meaning, rather than from its form or reading. In addition, this dictionary provides, for the first time in English, ample informa- tion on the discrimination of homo- phones (such as ake written BR¢ ‘open’, 2< ‘become vacant’, and Bi] ‘regain sight’) and orthographic var iants (interchangeable forms such as ff ki and #% ki), The approximately 600 usage notes enable the user to study the differences and similarities between the meanings of about 1410 homophones, Since these differences, which are a source of confusion to Japanese and non-Japanese alike, are often quite sub- tle, this feature should prove to be of enormous value to the student. OTHER FEATURES 1. Six Lookup Methods A major feature of this dictionary is the speed and facility with which entries can be looked up. Although we have depart- ed from the traditional method of order- ing characters, we have not overlooked the needs of the traditionally oriented user. The user has a choice of six differ- ent methods of locating entries: 1. By pattern: the Pattern Index al- lows characters to be quickly locat- ed from their geometrical patterns. . By seanning: a powerful shortcut allows characters of high stroke- count to be located almost instanta neously without counting strokes. By reading: the On-Kun Index lists the characters alphabetically by both their on and Aur readings. . By radieal: the Radical Index lists the characters by their tradi- tional radicals. . By meaning: the List of Kanji Synonym Groups arranges the characters in semantic groups listed alphabetically by their headwords. Directly; a direct method allows characters to be located from their geometrical patterns without the use of any index. 2. Reading The following ten features make this dic- tionary a convenient reference tool for reading both contemporary and prewar Japanese. The user can look up (1) un- known characters and their meanings with great speed and (2) unknown com- pounds and their meanings. The charac- ter entry includes (3) a wide range of character forms, (4) separate entries for nonstandard forms, (5) easily confused forms, (6) calligraphic and typeface styles, and (7) a wide range of character readings, while (8) the relative importance of readings is indicated. In addition, (9) all Japanese words and examples are romanized, and (10) the Chinese forms. and readings are given. 3. Writing The following eleven features make this 30a dictionary an excellent guide for writing Japanese: (1) detailed stroke order dia- grams, (2) stroke order principles, (3) the three principal calligraphic styles, (4) stroke-count data, (5) stroke counting principles, (6) appendix on kana orthag raphy, (7) indication of standard okw- rigana, (8) okurigana rules, (9) detailed in- formation on orthographic variants, and full guidance on (10) the discrimination of homophones and on (11) kanji syno nyms, These features enable learners ta write the characters in the proper form, and to express themselves with clarity and precision. 4. Entry-Head Data At the head of each entry is a wealth of useful information. This includes a full range of character readings, including standard Chinese, a full range of charac: ter forms, including simplified Chinese, three calligraphic styles, stroke order grams, and information on the function of the entry character as a radical. 5. Labeling System A labeling system including status, sub- ject, functional, and orthographic labels provides guidance on etymology, style, function, level of formality, etc. Thanks to these labels, which are absent in other character dictionaries, basic and fre- quent meanings are clearly distinguished from rare and archaic ones. 6. Degree of Importance Although meanings are given up to the advanced level and beyond, the degree of importance of each character sense is indicated by various typographical differ. ences and status labels for four levels of study. In addition, the relative impor- tance of character readings and the de- gree of importance (frequency of occur- rence and grade) of each character are indicated. For these reasons, the begin- ner and advanced student can use the dictionary with equal facility. 7. Cross-Reference Network A systematic network of cross-references directs the user toa wealth of useful in- formation. This includes cross-references from each member to every other mem- ber of synonym. and homophone groups: cross-references to orthographic var- iants, usage notes, and compound forma- tion articles; and other miscellaneous cross-references, 8. Reference Data To round out a practical and useful refer- ence work, especially for the more ad. vanced student and the developer of teaching materials, eleven appendixes give the user quick access to a wealth of valuable reference data. This includes frequency lists, historical tables, rules for okurigana, kana charts, a list of kanji synonyms, and others. 9. Design Features Another feature of this dictionary is a layout that is both visually attractive and easy to use. Typographical design with the aid of computer photatypeset ting technology was used to achieve a harmonious blend of a wide range of type sizes and styles, Thanks to the con. sistent use of such typographical devices, the organization of the entry is mostly self-explanatory, quickly leading the user to the desired item. oe kK Various other features round this out as a highly useful dictionary for learners Modern. linguistic theory was effectively integrated with information pracessing technology to produce a work that can be used by the beginner and advanced student with equal ease. For the first time, the student of Japanese has at his or her fingertips a wealth of information on kanji that is linguistically accurate, easy to use, and totally geared to his or her practical needs. dla PME, tt DKOARBOMEO AM top A CME NICS NELILRINTRO, FHOTHMRCRFFRTHS, Hil, BABOFRS. RUOABTHAMRORRSLIDASRA £BtSnTHS, AFH, CORBERMT SK OKCREORRE HoTHS, HO. SFO Pla, MSSAFORD PONG RR &-OOWRLRBDBYCHHL. KU CHMGFHEBIT. HFOR SMSBEMDOMAS HK bo THOME OLS CED HS HEMEWSMELTHSEDTHS, 251, PRHORLEHsT. GR-RSDOERTFRE SHOR RUMPEtL, FHMAPOMERE LTRRMCRMANTED, RE Mahe LTEMTSSLIKIALK, AFRENCERTHREL THETS KOK, MRARORF GRRF-AMRFS) Obit KW TOSETARG TTS. AFHOS 5-VOBAOWR, SIPC PSHRFECHO. TIT Ay PIE PROT, RACBRCRAORRTAS. CORP id. BAM CHR CISL, RFORRCMT SFRMREBBE LEW OC. AFAR CEM MOAR LAVSEOBC Gs HS. CO, SERIE CENSO, RFOFRC-BEAT SRO RLERRFATHSLRALS. SEOBRE RSS, CNS tik CR Rs Te CS, Hho BASIS, ZOCOR OEM setae meee ie, BEER Ch fl, TAME LTA LORE Bx hb, BKOESIC ir tema cS cee DT OFR CRSA. DAO EIR fomcKon. maMAR3e CORREA COTmIERY sbT AOVMMLTETEWIG SI NRKEORG, SHORT RMS H, Bh, BRAC HROS ACO BEBO TCHS, 2a BRMUMLY SRE LS Gbn }. MANS CA (RS b. BOP PALO esti a BMAD y. SPER GARE MUMNTHSL Go THOME Cte ve. BEDI. DRAB SA AE Lise bs 5 fps & 8] 9 HL, oT * PMNS HIS, LBA, B KARAM A ABE ESS. Oo Be ROCA Ces < O FRE Be wee A te C ChE AE DIABH EV HETHS, Pipe UREA Rp. BARA FITS (MARY CHEER MAOFRH CHD. BRB aed Se. RSE PRBAOUBH LTS TOS. Sek FROMM: btu. FOREIAO SER UE CBA © BAS HOBUOPEM TCH, LM ore aS Bed [al CMB Be LTHSEW3. Las, Titsst RRO Tt. ROR = NEMO bo THSr Elia Te bd. RPM EAS THT, BEE OGY LT SORA OTs BRCHS. CVRAVy, FEA SW RUMAH. MOK OL BEAL OBB RE AA CTT 3 HCW ONTHOOTHS. BARK JER ca AC a AB Ba HE bc Be HL 0, SSP PRM I BAGS TSR LOUBLRE Lea, MOH EL. RMR IMT SRO DD Si bHN Ch SOURCE Ss RFOSE HABOMERRA. HR RE "ARG, Et SOROS SOR. RUF) CNS PERRO EO bes TVS. EPIL FRO SOOM AH HDS, MEDS < RMN LTHO, BiBH20Ri a6 30m RS LOLhS. SFLIIPHREO BALL, BRAD ME Ha DQ. AIM L CB OBA AD FS. Lod. AMSA ch Rata KL BARBRH SI, ARGO Riclt Fhe CHAT. AAT Sic HY OFACLETCHS. RALT. MPEG RESHA TEC THB AGE LR bOTH AD. BAe LT. ROTH Be EVD. PB LORS EFL COMFEWA BC Cid be i, M@LARETHT SRST. F SORERRLAVRO, SUN Whi ERTS ICMP TET AS 5. WHE FIEL SBOHAL IE MisaSibonhbot, REHHO FMLTRNS, BRROWAM GC RON BET SRM Lom OLELEGMHRSDS CHE. AE OMA DAE REET SY IH ae NS, LE AVM T OT Be BEF BP sty re Hi i Ee BL ASHES LEI Lo CRORE (POHESOCHS. SEHALI EOS SHER THY, HE it SHAPE BURA OTE 33a SOAR dda Ti = sie St Weiss, FAT RO BEC PFROMBI Go CHa ne PAI LTA BALI. RE Wo RARHERIER SFR LT SAR CBE EMIS PodDTAMBTESON, HHSG AFRAOEHOT UHTHS. BA EES. REC. RS. OB GRLCMPERA TION, BOM LA. T. KOON Te SURI 5 C—O b AVE GKIEL SC MPEBC IER, Pee MET ST LAA THY, PROB PORK, MAIER BI LA EDA MED Thote Wo. LOAM Ma oe TENN OME, HETHR 12S

    TUS, TOARLE HL (HABA S LOO, BOWER LTH, EAB E RD Sw EGROM edit, FRILL oT WT LOAD BV UOTE, hicftbhoanke L CFR REE WBS ee RASN SA, te © AH Oa AF TS kL Th, BH LOM Be RAT Sh D, VU AMEIAS A Teer. AFA CERRO HO FE av 6M LC. © psychologistic approach CARERS. & wR SAIC MOV TFRERAT SILI LA. BIS, FRAO Bass > & Oe PRCE SA DAL, CRMC PED fev MF CPRERIT SOTHO. £ te, SFORG BLM ERE RDT RAO RS & FRRMO PHS LT SERED INFIELD, REY RL. CHIL CFREHRE am Rnng - BE ORLY LIE HCFSNOTHS, LOHPORAT SESH, OATES HINT Wh FAVA OUTTA Fee vat V—s OMI ttonk. 3. Fie FROMM GACMAUBE RG. A POE EARL L COMES ERE RLS. FRI. BORA FEF i EO IATE HR bo Se MAMAS HSL IRIN T Bo BFL OV TERI, TERE. H, ACHSOMRE RS cs, A Wt LTORRRY HRY LTO BOK APE CacekL A. E hy Pie b le S FAROE ARENSTT L. Bae CARS L A O1d WORATHS. 4. RERUMBG EA ROOFER LT. SERRE AE BC. SRAM S CASS PORRLUMPERIT H. TOF He RO. PD ROO at WACO Lieb bo wR HT DB. WMA LOL SCS LTR BEMRL TSMR CHS LS BCA L rest, AE RRURERS HT V7gU PABEIS OUT EI RE BA HI SILATSA. 5. ARORILS Phahit, BORS Cano , COMI S— AMPA TH SOA MCS. Web AARP LL BEERS OTE RA, Babes tote BRP SUOLILWEWBSO ME AomMIOLTHS, DED, BEATA BRAS 2S BURL CU REET F4OOTHS. SURF APMALKO RFD OB. OF MAREE, GHP) & BSL WREDRHRERAL TIS. HR ERSMAIA, Noy (FED OB RRMA THY, Below DCAM ARR & TET 36a, By BCHLIRPETHS, OFT WL ACRE oC LB ONP—y CFRD OT nase 2nd, 4ewo-ee. C) De 4M, (2) MLE PS, (3) DAR, G) Bete ths. 4F2or cia APES e-POD, RICA FORMA tS BELT. MLV RFE OO ChHIM. RRB S LT. BED BURFI OAS, SLAY BA ARMS TRPROR TA 3 he. FE KORE TL BTA B 51S HI (a. ROS LOE 2 aC PE TA PWR < Tide biel. BB Mick SPE Se TO IDS Bhd DL. APPL HIT > DO. La PEI RS. ARE ib SBRURS (SETH TS Oe, WTNH URE CBR IO CPR EM RE BA & Mr Te BoC ORRKTHS. AP CRA LAP, TBM 5 EUR oS EBM PATH, FUT eA y b WR REE MIST REI ERRTIS. PRR. REO SEF ATAU oot eee S Ft MenSoe MILEY, gy ba PEM CHA, BREMATEA WCHS, LOA. RTL CHEE FILS L, RFORME FAT STAR HEE Lew TC. REPS | OEE EL CHAE MRE OME SIT Ths BOTH, TERR BUSH IT APs, AE OIE A ORM FT eo TBY, CHI BARAMIO ORR, IN E CHROMA MS Niel LOE MAOVECHS. APATHONS PRAM PEOMB UMC EN, aE (DML CRRORRM ET Li. OA if, HE infer, 4i% speculate, fj con- jecture, 3 guess@)t 5 te{CPeAR & bk PIS EME oT. ARO AGIA LAS oO, ok bo SaP YAR PERT SET UK SLBNT ERS. PRPS. BUSES Re HEL te HReSAKCAL. FRROEWE Blot. (ONT B RASH SRE L CURING, FMA Tide <. BORER LTAMORFOR IL AACS SB. TH, RFR, RM TAM T, ela CET) FSR CALA GAS 4 open, "4% <¢) become vacant, "Bi <4 regain sight) RUM SMART Caz, Ms & A) Ok SIH HO HSA) ORONO TH Sri Westie maz te. ¥6000 Bis RS PIAL FEL OU TPL Sp ORE AU THOROT, SRB 1y lal (FED RAO RRO AR, (MEERA SO. AMRERO SaPy ADRs DO TRMTH BERS <. MERE Ch 4, FRAIL Eo TOMS bLIEO Théhh, “OHEPAVIEMO 1k Ch aS, 37a EDHORE 1. CHORE JOFEACTALB EH OBR TX SOBAFMOKIKARTHS, RIAL FORMA LOM ERAS WTB mi, PER OR RIC te FIFAOMMY Bo Titel. BL FOCRRORREOW THI oT BOB ERLE, 1 FRC LERR. APOREM PCB Lt RMR GL bs 20. RW LY ese FS. PESRR. BRE MAT, BROS AM LF te Mee RCS SBNLEIFETCHS. . RAI SRR. AMR 1c it, RULE, V7 7 “vy PIRI THO. . RRA SMR. AMR G1) 1 tty Both LF AGE eo BB Bilt MIL THS. BRCLSBR. MRRP KT Hi iit. Billo Bok & 2 REAP RL ete SRA OP NA Ay FAL RFAL T HB. Hie. Rep sips EO RM LEE ERC Le McsS. 2. Bie AFH, ROO 4. AT BUS EO BABE REN Y eo THE WIGS SRE LTH. A Hid, CD) AMOR L EOMREM BICBRTES, (2) AMOIAMEe OMRERKTS S. APRA, 3) BROTH. () JERE HO SI PEE. (5) MA BF. (6) F HAUEDRIE. BU (7) SORA HHENTOSiH, (8) HAORR Mimentes. fH, @) A AO APhtS CO — eFC Rie NTHY, 10) PHEKE CORA VHT ONT, 3. 8s APHML, ROUOPRILED, AA Med iho, BEAL Ltiiz3. Bl, (1) ei WR. (2) BEOHIAHORR CRA). (3) SAM, (4) mete. ©) & BROMAHOME CSR), (6) KA REIT SHR, CT) RV RAK Ry (8) ROBOT A CEA. @) MP REO MMI. (10) Tela FUP. RU CD) BF OT HOS, OMA CHS. BLEORR (bo CPE Asn PROR Fe BC LEMTS. LO MEHR PORT I MRERHT SILA FOOTH Be 4. ALR SMBO RM Lit. AAR SC RUGAIN THY, Pate ALSCSHORA, PHOBREE SUSHOTH. SABHA, BM, R UBFOMTE RE L TORRE BT SPR RAE Le 5. Raa hia. SRA. BRRMRUR RERESCAABKI, FR, K th. IE, GEHTS. hoe MASH INO, ‘38a FU PRE ES ONDER Fits FR. PAWERE 239 LKB SRME RET NCHS, 6. Bee APB, ESRD FOP BILE PFRERUSE HI. SHOUT, {HAMIL oT, BONRBL An CBU FRORBEL RL Ty S. Fi, RANGES FORE (UES R UGA) ti ENTHS, CO, Moe, bt HEMDTRERL SBI GER CAS NThA. 7. ARBRS AME SMII bot. BE OmMiMHRE SRT SI EMTS S. nM, REP RMRO RM Fis 7V— THO OFS OOF DAW SHSM Bi A FREE a PR OORL, ORR OR HESS Ste, 8. SSAH RAWSRER LL Ck OES ETO tole, EE LTC LER SRO PPE RI, MUNI, he SR. ROMO, HAR, ARRTAPIR-Hi Ye, Oma ER MHASHTS, INbilbot, PAR, SHHECSHRH EL OCH MMI SRT SOTHS 9. $4 YORE AB ® RUE SS SE HEL H LIPO bERALAD LAER RO-TTHS, ty ta— > FH WEY, SORES R CEE Sew. Simkin Pty tothe dS. (I LAA HEGEL ABET. MEMEO (3—-HL CHER LAS LOE ho TH 0. AAPA RE & Hu RO HES. ob ok EOE? HARI ko TRE ARUBA ER EME to TUS, AGO a ai Blas & HULL AT: ADH AMIEL dR, St bt. ABLE EOiits TS, BARROR EA, ACERS LC Ty BER F HNC TERE CHEN

    You might also like