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Breathing ventilation Externalrespiration internal respiration cellularrespiration

moving Air in and out exchangebetweenAir gasexchangebetween usingoxygentoproduce

gas

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carbondioxideaswaste

upper

structureaboveadam's
Respiratory tract lower
apple larynx trachea

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bronchiandbronchial

pharynx Lungs Alveoli

pupperrespiratoryt

nose
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behind mucus

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covered mucus theear

providearesonating function filters

moistenswarm humidieiestneairesaturatewitnwaterrapor
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tone
1
wageorrespiration forthesenseotsmen

leks

lowerrespiratorytract

1 Larynxethevoicebox

b

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is mainlainanopen two

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the
productions into appropriate airway
p roduction biocksteopeningtemporaribduringswanowingae food liquids

sound channels airwaystoassistinsound or

if aforeignobject b
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occureswhichtriggers
b b larynxtother
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3 Ef
Bronchi Bronchiols

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smallerbronchi likethe andsmoothmusclesdeclines

branchesof tree reinforcedwith

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my
cartilage cartilages Exceptfor thesmallestbronchiolesbronchiandbronchioles

it

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h i materials upwardtoward thepharynxsothatitcanbe

swallowed

1 Damagesthe cilia 2 increasesthemucusproduction

3 contributetothe U increasestheriskofbronchitis www.T igwi 63

Smoker's cough and other lung disease s

pleurisy

6 1 Lungs
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inflammation

ofthe twolayersofthin ofAlveolithatfunctionin branchedbronchialtreeofthreelobesand totherightand
pleural

membranescanepithelialmembranes
gasexchange andbloodvessels leftlungconsistof leftoftheheart
reduce

thesecretionof coveringtheouter twolobes occupy most of

pleural fluid increase lung surface andline thethoraciccavity

friction

andcausepain the thoracic cavity abovethediaphrag

during breathing

5 Alveoli

Ti b I b

lipoproteinsurfactantsecretedby thehugesurfaceareacombinedsurfacearea wallsaeachAlveolusare tinyairfilledsacsdustere

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preventcollapseoftheAlveoli walldAlveolifacilitate
and cells

gasexchangewithsurrounding

bloodcapillaries


Lungs
receive deoxygenated pulmunaryCappillariesallow Venulesandveinscollect the

bloodfromrightventricleof bloodtocomeintodoseproximity oxygenatedbloodfromalveolar

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a

Arteries leftsideofheartthrough

pulmonaryveinsfordistribution

throughoutthebody

Breathing

getting airintoandoutofthelungs

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expandpassivelybecause

thepleuralcavityisairtightand f thesurroundingbonesand

intercostalmuscles diaphragm sealed musclesExpand thesizeof

musclesbetweenthe
themainmuscleofrespiration iftheVolumeofthepleural to thechestcavity

ribs thatseparatesthethoracic cavityExpandsthelungswill

8 Fix cavityandtheabdominal expandwithit

fBBasAojfg

isffls.j cavity

of
Cycle inspiration and expiration

theRelaxedstate atrest Inspiration theExpiration exhalation pushes
inhalationpullingAirinto

the diaphragmrelaxand respiratorysystem air out
apears

domeshaped if thediaphragmdownward and thediaphragm
contracts flattening relaxesandreturns

theintercostalmuscles are pullingit'scenter toit'sdomedshape

relaxed

His'Iptweragastainamousiueassintract
n'theft ifeng.intwonstIarma esairnei a

thevolumeofthoraciccavityincreases thevolumeofthoraciccavitydecreases

thevolumeofthepleuralcavityincreasesthe thepleuralcavitydecreases

pressurewithin thepleuralspacelower thelungsvolumedecreases sopressure

thelungsvolumeincreases withinthelungsraisesrelativeto

theairpressurewithinthelungsdecreasesthe atmosphere

relativetoatmosphere Airflowout

Air moves inthelungs

siawemo
stressandduringsneezingorcoughing

Respiration During quite normalbreathing

bothinspirationandexpirationmay become active as theinspirationis active requiring

contractions oftheabdominal m uscles andtheinner Masdarcontractionsandexpirationis

intercostal muscles are involved passive



measuredwithaspirometer
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Lungs Volume

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bya spirometer Volumeatrest

paiareseoume
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additionalVolumeofair canbe volumeof airthatcanbeforcibly Volumeof air remaininginlungs

inhaledbeyondthetidalvolumeexhaledbeyondthetidalVolume even

aftera forcefulmaximal
expiration

Items tallow Is I

Partial pressurethe Ayas alwaysdiffuses Gasinternal transportinbothexternal

pressure
exertedbyone down itspartialpressure and respirationoccurs
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61 BE 1

theOzandCO2flowin

02 diffusesfromAlveoliinto External Respiration oppositedirections

blooddownitspartialpressuregradiant p

I Ozdiffusedownitspressure cozdiffusesdownitspressur

CO2diffusesfrombloodintoalveoli gradiantfromcapillariesto gradientfromcellstointerstitia

down

itspartialpressuregradiant interstitialfluidthentocells fluidto capillaries

Hemoglobinmolecule canbind 98 of Oz inbloodis carried

four

oxygenmolecules attime
ggggg.gg I
boundto hemegroupof hemoglobin

Hemoglobin moleculesinredbloodcells

b HbeOz Hb02 thisreactionisreversible

only2 ofOzisdissolvedinplasma

Factors affecting bindingOzwithyhemoglobin y

Carbon

monoxide 6 thepartialpressie

it'scolorless
odorless Tempreture pH ofthe medium of Oz in plasma
highly Hemoglobinbinds02most efficientlyin Hemoglobinbind most whenPozrisescinthelung

gas
poisonous
attachestohemoglobin

reducehemoglobin's relativelycooltempreturesinthelungs effcientlyinfairlyneutralpHoxygen and
affinity

foroxygen warmertempreturesinbodytissues loweredpHinbodytissues istransportedinartial b lood
resultindeattachmentoforfrom hemoglobin reduce hemoglobin'saffinity whenthepozfallseatthetissue

makingOzavailabletocells forbindingOz from
oxygendealtaches hemoglobin

CO2 HCG

Cellularmetabolism continuouslyproducesCO2 formed as follow C0ztHzO HzC05HC0jtH

aswasteproduct formationofHzC0z in RBCs iscatalyzedby

once cozdiffuse totheblood.it'stransported an enzymecarbonicanhydrase

bythreeways bicarbonatediffusesoutoftheRBCsandis

1 10

ofCozi'sdissolvesinplasma transportedbacktothelungsdissolvesinplasma

Jars i.s bc
mcgiob.iinds.ts.hom.sg.iihinot.oe.am maiaifmthenetis'etwinedentone inmaidhi

c

HemoglobincanbindOzandCO2 simultaneously andcauseshemoglobintoreleasemore02thatiswhy

because
02 CombineswithhemeandCo2combines thepHaffects oxygenbinding

withglobin
at thelungsthereactionrevers

3
7040ofCO2is convertedtobicarbonate HC05tH HzC0z Hz0 1CO2

inredbloodcellsandtransportedas as CO2is removedbybreathingthe

bicarbonate inthe plasma bicarbonateandhydrogenions are removed

as well

The nervous system regulate breathing

thenervoussystemregulatesthe rateanddepth of breathingthatmonitorarterial

concentrations of CO2 H and Oz

Respiratory

respiratory

center whennerveimpulses Center establishesbasic locatedinthe
receives

sensory endtherespiratory breathingpattern medullaoblongat

input

fromstrech relaxandexhalation stimulateintercostalmuscles automaticallyby

receptorsinthelung occurs anddiaphragmtocontract generatingimpulses

whichmonitor

the andinhalationoccures every45seconds

degree ofinflation

ofthelungandserve

tolimitinhalationand

initiate exhalation

Tis


Chemical receptors

monitoring Oz CO2 H levels MonitorCO2levels

receptors are found in the carotidarteries Certaincellsinthe medullaoblongata

and

theaortaandcalledthecarotidand aortic near totherespiratorycentermonitor

bodies CozlevelindirectlytheymonitorHtionsin

activated if Poz falls

or bloodconcentration cerebrospinalfluidthe fluidaroundbrain
interstitial

of It andCO2increase cellsaccordingtothereaction

if Poefalls byat least 20 Cdropsmuchlower cost HaoHEOPHCOTH

than

normalIsignalthe respiratory centerto increase Arisein12ozin Arterialpressure blood

of
therate anddepth respiration willcausea riseinHincerebrospinalfluidwhich
willsignaltherespiratorycentertoincrease
a respiratoryrateindepth
therate and depthofnormal
breathingisdeterminedbythe

IneedtogetridofCo2rather
than theneedto obtainOz
1

conscious control is higher brain centers foundin

the cerebral cortex
able to modify breath to speak and sign
able to hold breath temporarily but can'toverride
automatic controls located in medulla oblongata
indefinitely