ေသရာေညာင္ေစာင္းေလ်ာင္းေသာအခါ

ao&manmifapmif;
avsmif;pufaomtcg
(yAÁZdwtbdPSokwåef w&m;a'oemawmf)
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
oAÁ'geH "r®'geH Zdemwd?
oAÁ&oH "r®&aom Zdemwd/
oAÁ&wd H "r®&wd Zdemwd?
wPSu©a,m oAÁ'ku©H Zdemwd/
'getm;vkH;udk "r®'geu atmifEdkif\/

t&omtm;vkH;udk w&m;t&omu atmifEdkif\/
arGUavsmfzG,ftm;vkH;udk w&m;ü arGUavsmfjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
'ku©tm;vkH;udk wPSmukefjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
pd&H wd|wk o'är®m? "ar® a[mEÅ K o*g&0g/
bk&m;&Sif\ tqHk;tr omoemawmfonf

t"GefY&SnfpGm wnfygapownf;/
o'¨r®oHk;jzmü ½kdaoav;pm;jcif; &SdMuygapukefownf;/
rmwdum
rmwdum
1/ ed'geuxm rdwfqufvTm .................... u
&cJaom b0 ........................... u
tok&okwf ............................. c
'kwd,orm"dokwåef ....................... C
q0gvmwokwåef ......................... q
cdyÜedoEÅdokwf ............................ ps
udavom (10)yg; ......................... !
tjrwfqHk; pum;awmf ...................... P
yAÁZdwtbdPSokwåef ygVdawmf ................. '
2/ yAÁZdwtbdPSokwåef w&m;a'oemawmf ........... 1
3/ ½kyftqif;\ azmufjyefajymif;vJjcif; .............. 2
4/ y&du©&mwdkY\ toGiftjyif ajymif;vJjcif; ............ 5
5/ t&Sifom&dykwå&m\ ESdrfcsxm;aom pdwf"mwf ......... 9
6/ olwpfyg;wkdYESifh qufpyfaeaom toufarG;rI ....... 17
7/ odu©myk'f (6)yg; ......................... 19
8/ r[mrdwå (t,srdwå) rax&fjrwfBuD; ............. 21
9/ toGiftjyifjyKjyifajymif;vJa&; ................. 33
10/ pdwf"mwfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;................... 39
11/ r*¾if&Spfyg;usifhpOfw&m; ..................... 46
orxykdif; r*¾if&Spfyg; ....................... 46
0dyóemydkif; r*¾if&Spfyg; ..................... 48
'ku©opöm .............................. 48
ork',opöm ............................ 49
eda&m"opöm ............................ 51
rmwdum
tEkyÜg'eda&m" ........................... 51
OyÜg'eda&m" ............................ 53
avmuDr*¾opöm .......................... 54
0dyóemtcdkuf opömav;yg; .................. 54
0dyóemtcdkuf r*¾if (8)yg; ................... 59
avmukwå&m r*¾if (8)yg; .................... 60
12/ tm;xkwfykHpepft>ruf ...................... 61
13/ r[m#DumtzGifh .......................... 63
14/ "mwfoabmw&m; (12)rsKd; ................... 64
15/ tMunftwkH;tcJ tMunfjyif ................. 65
16/ pdwf"mwftoGiftjyif ajymif;vJrIjyK&ef ............ 68
17/ r[myx0DajrBuD;ESifh wlnDwJh pdwf"mwf ........... 74
18/ a&ESifh wlnDwJh pdwf"mwf .................... 75
19/ rD;ESifh wlnDwJh pdwf"mwf ..................... 75
20/ avESifh wlnDwJh pdwf"mwf .................... 76
21/ aumif;uifESifh wlnDwJh pdwf"mwf ............... 77
22/ rdrdukd,fukd oDvjzifh rpGyfpGJrdjcif; ................ 82
23/ oDwif;oHk;azmfwdkY\ pGyfpGJrI ................... 85
24/ &SifuGJESifh aouGJ .......................... 87
25/ nOfh-aeYawG b,fvdkukefoGm;ovJ¿ .............. 91
26/ qdwfNidrfwJh awmausmif;awmifausmif;ESifh
t"dukov"r®wdkYü aysmfarGUyg&JUvm;¿ .......... 94
27/ ao&manmifapmif; avsmif;pufaomtcg .......... 99
28/ w&m;a'oemawmfed*Hk; .................... 102
29/ rCa'0 edu©rcef; (awmxGufcef;) ............. 104
30/ rSwfom;zG,f&m tu©&mpOftñTef; .............. 108
n
ed'geuxm
ed'geuxm rdwfqufvTm
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/
&cJaom b0
tyÜrma'e bdu©a0 orÜma'x? 'kv’abm Ak'¨KyÜga'g avmuo®ð?
'kva’ bm rEkówåy#dvmabm? 'kvb
’ m orÜw?då 'kvb
’ m yAÁZmÆ ? 'kvb
’ H
o'¨r®ó0eH/ ('D-|-1-47/)
cspfom;&[ef;wkdY ... rdrdwkdY jznfhusifh&rnfh oDv orm"d ynm
odum© ok;H &yf tusijhf rwfwnf;[laom ukov dk w
f &m;wküYd rarhavsmjh cif;
tyÜrm'w&m;jzifh odu©mokH;&yf tusifhjrwfukd jynfhpkHatmif BudK;pm;
tm;xkwfMuukefavmh/ avmuü bk&m;&SifwkdY\ yGifhxGef; ay:ayguf-
awmfrl&m tcgumvukdvnf; &cJvS\? vlUtjzpfukdvnf; &cJvS\?
olawmf oljrwfwdkY&Sd&m t&yfü aexdkif&jcif;ç £aÈ´rcsKdUwJhjcif; o'¨g-
w&m;udk &&Sdjcif;ponfh jynfhpkHjcif;orÜwådukdvnf; &cJvS\? &Sif&[ef;
tjzpfukdvnf; &cJv\ S ? olawmfaumif;w&m;ukd emMum;&ef tcGifhukd-
vnf; &cJvS\/ ('D-|-1-47/)
d c zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
bk&m;&Sifonf eHeufcif; qGrf;pm;jcif;udpö NyD;qkH;aomtcg *Eük#D

ausmif;awmf\teD; &[ef;awmfwYdk nDrq l nf;uyf&m t&yf0,f tvkyf
tauR;&[ef;awmfu cif;usif;xm;tyfaom ae&mü xkdifawmfrlum
ajcawmfwu Ydk dk aq;aMumawmfr\
l / xkad emif ajcaq;tif;ysOüf &yfawmf
rl&if;uyif &[ef;oHCmawmf taygif;ukd txufyg tqk;H tr Mo0g'ukd
aeYpOf ay;oem;awmfrl\/
Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum qkdqkH;rawmfrl&jcif;\ &nf&G,f-
csurf mS &Siaf umif; &[ef;aumif; Oygoumaumif; Oygodumaumif;-
rsm; jzpfapvkdaom OD;wnfcsufyif jzpf\/ rnfuJhokdYaom &Sifaumif;
&[ef;aumif; Oygoumaumif; Oygodumaumif;rsm; jzpfap&ef
OD;wnfcsuf &Syd goenf;[k ar;&ef&\ dS / atmufyg okweå f aumufEw
k -f
csufrsm;ukd zwf½IMunfhyg/
tok&okwf
(tH-1-403-404/)
«toka&mwd tok&o'daom ADbapäm/ a'a0g
&mwd wd a'0o'daom
a'a0gwd
*kP0aoe tbd½layg ygom'daum/ (tH-|-2-324/)
= tok&m - [lonf tok&mESihf wlaom &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G af umif;-
aom yk*¾dKvfwnf;/ a'0 = ewf[lonf ewfESifh tvm;wlaom *kPf\
tpGrf;jzifh tvGeftqif;vSaom MunfndKzG,f*kPfukd aqmifEkdifaom
yk*¾dKvfwnf;/ þ &Sif;vif;csufukd em;vnfygu atmufyg bk&m;a[m
a'oemawmfukd qufvuf zwf½IMunfhyg/»»
&[ef;wkYd ... avmuü þyk*Kd¾ vaf v;rsKd ;wko
Yd nf xif&mS ;&Su
d ek \
f /
tb,fav;rsdK;wkdYenf;[lrl ---
1/ tok&mjzpfí tok&mtjcHt&H&Sdaom yk*¾dKvfç
2/ tok&mjzpfí ewftjcHt&H&Sdaom yk*¾dKvfç
ed'geuxm d *
3/ ewfjzpfí tokk&mtjcHt&H&Sdaom yk*¾dKvfç

4/ ewfjzpfí ewftjcHt&H&Sdaom yk*¾dKvfwkdYwnf;/
1/ &[ef;wkYd ...tb,fov Ydk Qif yk*Kd¾ vof nf tok&mjzpfí tok-
&mtjcHt&H &Sdoenf;¿ &[ef;wkdY ...þavmuü tcsdKUaom yk*¾dKvf
onf oDvr&Sd ? ,kwn
f ahH om oabm&S\ d ? xko d \l y&dwo
f wfonfvnf;
oDvr&Sd? ,kwfnHhaom oabm&Sd\/ &[ef;wkdY ...þokdYvQif yk*¾dKvf
onf tok&mjzpfí tok&mtjcHt&H&Sd\/
2/ &[ef;wkdY ... tb,fokdYvQif yk*¾dKvfonf tok&mjzpfí ewf
tjcHt&H &Sdoenf;¿ &[ef;wkdY ... tcsdKUaom yk*¾dKvfonf oDvr&Sd ?
,kwfnHhaom oabm&Sd\? xkdol\ y&dwfowfonfum; oDv&Sd\?
aumif;aom w&m;"r® &Sd\? &[ef;wkdY ... þokdYvQif yk*¾dKvfonf
tok&mjzpfí ewftjcHt&H &Sd\/
3/ &[ef;wkdY ... tb,fokdYvQif yk*¾dKvfonf ewfjzpfí tok&m
tjcHt&H&Sdoenf;¿ &[ef;wkdY ...þavmuü tcsdKUaom yk*¾dKvfonf
oDv&S\
d ? aumif;jrwfaom w&m;"r®&\dS ? xkod \
l y&dwo
f wfonfum;
oDvr&Sd? ,kwfnHhaom oabm&Sd\/ &[ef;wkdY ...þokdYvQif yk*¾dKvf-
onf ewfjzpfí tok&mtjcHt&H &Sdf\/
4/ &[ef;wkYd ...tb,fov Ydk Qif yk*Kd¾ vof nf ewfjzpfí ewftjc-H
t&H &Sdoenf;¿ &[ef;wkdY ...þavmuü tcsdKUaom yk*¾dKvfonf
oDv&Sd\? aumif;jrwfaom w&m;"r® &Sd\? xkdyk*¾dKvf\ y&dowfonf-
vnf; oDv&S\ d ? aumif;jrwfaom w&m;"r® &S\ d ? &[ef;wkYd ... þokYd
vQif yk*Kd¾ vo
f nf ewfjzpfí ewftjct H &H &S\ d / &[ef;wkYd ... avmuü
þyk*¾dKvfav;rsdK;wkdYonf xif&Sm;&Sdukef\[k rdefYMum;awmfrl\/
(tH-1-403-404/)
d C zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
þyk*Kd¾ vf av;rsKd ;wkw

Yd iG f bk&m;&Sif ESpNf cKd uaf wmfral om yk*Kd¾ vu
f m;
rdrdukd,fwkdifu ewfjzpfí ewftjcHt&H &Sdaom yk*¾dKvfwnf;/ wpfzef
t*Fwk &å edum,f pwkueú yd gwf 'kw, d orm"dow k eå fü vm&Sad om yk*Kd¾ v-f
av;rsdK;wkdYkukd qufvufzwf½IMunfhyg/
'kwd,orm"dokwåef
(tH-1-405/)
&[ef;wkYd ... avmuü þyk*Kd¾ vaf v;rsKd ;wko
Yd nf xif&mS ;&Su
d ek \
f /
tb,fav;rsdK;wkdYenf;[lrl ---
1/ &[ef;wkYd ...þomoemawmfü tcsKd Uaom yk*Kd¾ vof nf rdr\
d
uk,d w
f iG ;f tZÑwo å EÅmefü pdw\
f wnfMunfjcif; tyÜempsmef orm"dudk
&&Sd\? ocFg&w&m;wkdYukd ½Ijrifwwfaom vGefjrwfaom (t"dynm"r®)
0dyóemynmukd r&&Sd/
2/ &[ef;wkYd ...þomoemawmfü tcsKd Uaom yk*Kd¾ vo
f nf ocFg&
w&m;wkdYukd ½Ijrifwwfaom vGefjrwfaom (t"dynm"r®) 0dyóem-
ynmukd &&Sd\? rdrd\ ukd,fwGif; tZÑwåoEÅmefü pdwf\wnfMunfjcif;
tyÜempsmef orm"dukdum; r&&Sd/
3/ &[ef;wkYd ...þomoemawmfü tcsKd Uaom yk*Kd¾ vo f nf rdr\
d
ukd,fwGif; tZÑwåoEÅmefü pdwf\wnfMunfjcif; tyÜempsmef orm"d
ukdvnf; r&&Sd ? ocFg&w&m;wkdYukd ½Ijrifwwfaom vGefjrwfaom (t"d-
ynm"r®) 0dyóemynmudkvnf; r&&Sd/
4/ &[ef;wkYd ...þomoemawmfü tcsKd Uaom yk*Kd¾ vof nf rdr\
d
uk,
d w
f iG ;f tZÑwoå EÅmefü pdw\
f wnfMunfjcif; tyÜempsmef orm"du-dk
vnf; &&Sd\? ocFg&w&m;wkdYukd ½Ijrifwwfaom vGefjrwfaom (t"d-
ynm"r®) 0dyóemynmudkvnf; &&Sd\/
ed'geuxm d i
1/ &[ef;wkYd ...xkyd *k Kd¾ vaf v;rsKd ;wkw

Yd iG f rdr\
d uk,
d w
f iG ;f tZÑw-å
oEÅmefü pdwf\wnfMunfjcif; tyÜempsmef orm"dukdom &&Sdí ocFg&
ynmudk r&&Sdao;aom yk*¾dKvfonf rdrd\ ukd,fwGif; tZÑwåoEÅmefü
pdw\f wnfMunfjcif; tyÜempsmef orm"dü &yfwnfí ocFg&w&m;wku Yd dk
½Ijrifwwfaom vGefjrwfaom (t"dynm"r®) 0dyóemynmukd &&Sd-
atmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwftyf\/ xkdyk*¾dKvfonf aemiftcg rdrd\ ukd,f
wGi;f tZÑwo å EÅmefü pdw\ f wnfMunfjcif; tyÜempsmef orm"duv dk nf;
&&Sd\? ocFg&w&m;wkdYukd ½Ijrifwwfaom vGefjrwfaom (t"dynm-
"r®) 0dyóemynmukdvnf; &&Sd\/
2/ &[ef;wkdY ...xkdyk*¾dKvfav;rsKd;wkdYwGif ocFg&w&m;wkdYukd ½Ijrif
wwfaom vGefjrwfaom (t"dynm"r®) 0dyóemynmukdom &&Sdí
rdrd\ ukd,fwGif; tZÑwåoEÅmefü pdwf\wnfMunfjcif; tyÜempsmef
orm"dudk r&&Sad o;aom yk*Kd¾ vo f nf ocFg&w&m;wku Yd dk ½Ijrifwwfaom
vGefjrwfaom (t"dynm"r®) 0dyóemynmü &yfwnfí rdrd\ ukd,f
wGif; tZÑwåoEÅmefü pdwf\wnfMunfjcif; tyÜempsmeform"dukd &&Sd
atmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwt f yf\/ xkyd *k Kd¾ vo
f nf aemiftcg ocFg&w&m;
wkdYukd ½Ijrifwwfaom vGefjrwfaom (t"dynm"r®) 0dyóemynmukd
vnf; &&Sd\? rdrd\ ukd,fwGif; tZÑwåoEÅmefü pdwf\wnfMunfjcif;
tyÜempsmeform"dukdvnf; &&Sd\/
3/ &[ef;wkYd ...xkyd *k Kd¾ vaf v;rsKd ;wkw
Yd iG f rdr\
d uk,
d w f iG ;f tZÑw-å
oEÅmefü pdw\ f wnfMunfjcif; tyÜempsmefuv dk nf; r&&Sd ? ocFg&w&m;-
wkdYukd ½Ijrifwwfaom vGefjrwfaom (t"dynm"r®) 0dyóemynm-
ukdvnf; r&&Sdao;aom yk*¾dKvfonf xkdukokdvfw&m;wkdYudkyif &&Sd&ef
vGefuJaom tvdkqEúkdvnf;aumif;ç BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif; vkHYv
0g,mrukdvnf;aumif;ç tjyif;txef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif; vHkYv-
d p zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
Oóm[ukv d nf;aumif;ç xkx

d uftvGef BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwjf cif; OaómV§D
ukdvnf;aumif;ç pdwf\ rqkwfrepfjcif; tyÜ#d0geDukdvnf;aumif;ç
atmufarhtrSwf&jcif; owdukdvnf;aumif;ç aumif;pGm uGJuGJjym;jym;
odwwfonfh orÜZOfÓPfukdvnf;aumif; jyKtyf\/
&[ef;wkdY ...ykqkd;ukd rD;avmifaom olonfvnf;aumif;ç OD;-
acgif;ukd rD;avmifaom olonfvnf;aumif;ç xkdykqkd;ukdaomfvnf;-
aumif; OD;acgif;ukdaomfvnf;aumif; rD;Nidrf;ap&ef vGefuJaom tvkd
qEúv dk nf;aumif;ç BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwjf cif; vkv YH 0g,mrukv d nf;aumif;ç
tjyif;txef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif; vkHYvOóm[ukdvnf;aumif;ç xkd
xuftvGef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif; OaómV§Dukdvnf;aumif;ç pdwf\
rqkwrf epfjcif; tyÜ#0d geDuv dk nf;aumif;ç atmufarhtrSw&f jcif; owd
udvk nf;aumif;ç aumif;pGm uGu J jJG ym;jym; odwwfaom orÜZOfÓPfudk
vnf;aumif; jyKvyk o f uJo h Ykd --- þOyrm twlomvQif ,if;yk*Kd¾ vo f nf
xdk ukov kd w
f &m;wdu
Yk ykd if &&S&d ef vGeu f aJ om tvdq k Eúv kd nf;aumif;ç
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif; vHkYv0g,mrudkvnf;aumif;ç tjyif;txef BudK;
pm;tm;xkwjf cif; vkv YH Oóm[ukv d nf;aumif;ç xkxd uftvGef BuKd ;pm;
tm;xkwjf cif; OaómV§u D vdk nf;aumif;ç pdw\ f rqkwrf epfjcif; tyÜ#-d
0geDukdvnf;aumif;ç atmufarhtrSwf& jcif; owdudkvnf;aumif;ç
aumif;pGm uGJuGJjym;jym; odwwfaom orÜZOfÓPfukdvnf;aumif;
jyKtyf\/ xkd yk*¾dKvfonf aemiftcg rdrd\ ukd,fwGif; tZÑwåoEÅmefü
pdwf\ wnfMunfjcif; tyÜempsmeform"dukdvnf; &&Sd\? ocFg&w&m;
wkdYukd ½Ijrifwwfaom vGefjrwfaom (t"dynm"r®) 0dyóemynmukd
vnf; &&Sd\/
4/ &[ef;wkYd ...xkyd *k K¾ v
d f (4)rsK;d wkw
Yd iG f rdr\
d uk,d w
f iG ;f tZÑw-å
oEÅmefü pdw\f wnfMunfjcif; tyÜempsmef orm"duv dk nf; &&Sí d ocFg&
ed'geuxm d q
ynmukv d nf;&&Sad om yk*Kd¾ vo f nf ,if;ukov kd wf &m;wküYd yif &yfwnfí

tmoa0gw&m;wdu Yk ek &f ef twdik ;f xuftvGef BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwt f yf\/
&[ef;wdkY ...avmuü þyk*¾dKvf (4)rsKd;wdkYonf xif&Sm;&Sdukef\[k
rdefYMum;awmfrl\/ (tH-1-405-406/)
tdr&f mwnfaxmifonfh vlUabmifukd pGecYf mG vsuf omoemabmif
odkY 0ifa&mufum &Sif&[ef;jyKvmaom yk*¾dKvfwdkY\ oEÅmefü bk&m;&Sif
bufu jzpfapvdkaom *kPft&nftaoG;wdkYudk þtxufyg 'kwd,-
orm"dokwåefu azmfjyvsuf&Sd\/ omoemh0efxrf; &Sif&[ef;wdkY om-
oemabmifodkY a&muf&Sdvmonfhtcg vdkufemjyKusifh&rnfh wm0ef-
0wå&m;ESifh jynfhpHkatmif BudK;yrf;&rnfh w&m;"r®rsm;udk bk&m;&Sifu
ñTefMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/ aemufxyf okwåefwpfckudkvnf; quf-
vuf zwf½IMunfhygOD; ---
q0gvmwokwåef
(tH-1-407-408/)
&[ef;wdYk ...avmuü þyk*Kd¾ vf (4)rsK;d wdo
Yk nf xif&mS ;&Su
d ek \
f ?
tb,f (4)rsKd;wdkYenf;[lrl ---
1/ rdrd tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuv
f nf; rusiçhf olwpfyg;wdYk tusK;d pD;yGm;-
twGufvnf; rusifhaom yk*¾dKvf?
2/ olwpfyg; tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuf usiíhf rdrd tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuf
rusifhaom yk*¾dKvf?
3/ rdrd tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuf usií
hf olwpfyg; tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuf
rusifhaom yk*¾dKvf?
4/ rdrd tusKd;pD;yGm;twGufvnf; usifhí olwpfyg; tusKd;pD;yGm;
twGufvnf; usifhaom yk*¾dKvfwdkYwnf;/
1/ &[ef;wdYk ...tpGe;f ESpzf ufxyd üf rD;avmifí tv,fü rpif-
d Z zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
vl;vnf;ayusaH eaom olaoaumifzw k o f nfh xif;ukvm;wH;k (= q0g-

vmw)onf &Gmüvnf; opfom;jzifh jyKvkyftyfaom vkyfief;udpöudk
rNy;D pD;apEdik çf awmüvnf; opfom;jzifh jyKvyk t f yfaom vkyif ef;udpuö kd
rNyD;pD;apEdkifouJhodkY tMuifyk*¾dKvfonf rdrd tusKd;pD;yGm;twGufvnf;
rusifh? olwpfyg; tusKd;pD;yGm;twGufvnf; rusifh? þyk*¾dKvfrsKd;udk
xdo
k al umifzw k o
f nfh xif;ukvm;wH;k ESihf wl\[lí igbk&m;a[mawmf-
rl\/
2/ &[ef;wdkY ...tMuifyk*¾dKvfonf olwpfyg;\ tusKd;pD;yGm;-
twGuf usifh\? rdrd tusKd;pD;yGm;twGufum; rusifh? xdkESpfOD;wdkYwGif
þ 'kwd,yk*¾dKvfonf txl;ojzifh aumif;\? txl;ojzifh jrwf\/
3/ &[ef;wdkY ...tMuifyk*¾dKvfonf rdrd\ tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf
usifh\? olwpfyg; tusKd;pD;yGm;twGufum; rusifh? xdkoHk;OD;wdkYwGif þ
wwd,yk*¾dKvfonf txl;ojzifh aumif;\? txl;ojzifh jrwf\/
4/ &[ef;wdYk ...tMuify*k Kd¾ vo
f nf rdrd tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuv
f nf;
usifh\? olwpfyg; tusKd;pD;yGm;twGufvnf; usifh\? xdkav;OD;wdkYwGif
þ pwkwy¬ *k Kd¾ vo
f nf uJveG \
f (= t*¾)ç jrwf\ (= ao|)ç tBu;D trSL;-
jzpf\ (= ygarmu©)ç jrifhjrwf\ (= Owår)ç omvGefjrifhjrwf\ (= y0&)/
&[ef;wdkY ...EGm;rrS EdkY&nfç EdkY&nfrS EdkY"rf;ç EdkY"rf;rS qDOD;ç qDOD;rS
axmywfç axmywfrS axmywfMunf jzpf\? xdo k Ykd jzpf&mü tqifq h ifh
jrwf\[k qdt k yfouJoh ?Ykd &[ef;wdYk ...þOyrmtwlyifvQif tMuif-
yk*Kd¾ vo
f nf rdr\d tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuv f nf; usi\ hf ? olwpfyg;\ tusK;d
pD;yGm;twGufvnf; usifh\? xkdkyk*¾dKvf (4)OD;wdkYwGif þpwkw¬yk*¾dKvf-
onf uJveG \ f ? jrwf\? tBu;D trSL; jzpf\? jrifjh rwf\? omvGejf rifjh rwf-
\/ &[ef;wdYk ...avmuü þyk*k Kd¾ vf (4)rsK;d wdo Yk nf xif&mS ;&Su d ek \
f [k
rdefYMum;awmfrl\/ (tH-1-407-408/)
ed'geuxm d ps
rdrd olwpfyg; ESpOf ;D om;wd\

Yk tusKd ;pD;yGm;ukd rnforYdk nfyHk jyKusi-hf
ygoenf;[k ar;&ef&Sd\/ atmufazmfjyyg cdyÜedoEÅdokwfukd qufvuf
zwf½IMunfhyg/ (cdcdyÜ = vsifjrefpGm? edoEÅd = odEkdifpGrf;&Sdjcif;? cdyÜedoEÅd =
orxç 0dyóem tpjzmonfh ukov dk w
f &m;wküYd vsijf refpmG odEidk pf rG ;f -
&Sdjcif;/)
cdyÜedoEÅdokwf
(tH-1-409-411/)
1/ &[ef;wkdY ... tb,fokdYvQif yk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufonf rdrd\
tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf usifhí olwpfyg;\ tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf rusifh-
oenf;¿ &[ef;wkdY ...þomoemawmfü tcsdKUaom yk*¾dKvfonf
ukov dk wf &m;wküYd vsijf refpmG odEidk pf rG ;f &S\
d / Mum;emtyfNy;D aom w&m;
wkdYukd EIwfikHaqmifxm;Ekdifaom oabm&Sd\? EIwfikHaqmifxm;tyf
NyD;aom w&m;wkdY\ teufoabmw&m;ukd ÓPfjzifh qifjcifEkdif\/
teuft"dygÜ ,f (= t|uxm)ukd odíç ygVd (= "r®)ukd odí avmukw&å m-
ukd;yg;tm;avsmfaom t&d,r*f\ a&S;tzkdYü jznfhusifhtyfaom ykAÁ-
bm*y#dy'g = ykAÁbm*owdy|mer*fwnf;[laom oDvESifh wuG-
aom orx-0dyóem usiphf Ofuv dk nf; usi\ hf / okaYd omf aumif;aom
w&m;pum;r&Sd ? aumif;aom w&m;pum;ukd >rufqo dk rH &Sd ? oef&Y iS ;f aom
tjypfuif;í usaygufjcif;r&Sad omç teufoabmw&m;ukd odapwwf-
aom ,Ofaus;aom pum;ESifh rjynfhpkH? oDwif;okH;azmfwkdYtm; tusdK;-
pD;yGm;ukd rodjrifapwwf? w&m;ukd raqmufwnfapwwf? w&m;usi-hf
ok;H &ef rxufoefapwwf? r&Tiv f ef;apwwf? &[ef;wkYd ...þokv Yd Qif
yk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufonf rdrd\ tusdK;pD;yGm;twGufusifhí olwpfyg;\
tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf rusifh/
2/ &[ef;wkYd ...tb,fov Ydk Qif yk*Kd¾ vw
f pfa,mufonf olwpfyg;
tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf usifhí rdrd tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf rusifhoenf;¿
d n zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
&[ef;wkYd ...þomoemawmfü tcsKd Uaom yk*Kd¾ vo f nf ukovdk w

f &m;-
wkdYü vsifjrefpGm odEkdifpGrf;r&Sd/ Mum;emtyfNyD;aom w&m;wkdYukd EIwfikH
aqmifxm;Ekdifaom oabmvnf;r&Sd? EIwfikHaqmifxm;tyfNyD;aom
w&m;wk\ Yd teufoabmw&m;ukv d nf; ÓPfjzifh rqifjcifEidk ?f teuf
= t"dyÜg,fukd odíç ygVd = "r®ukd odí avmukwå&mukd;yg;tm;avsmf
aom t&d,r*f\ a&S;tzkdYü jznfhusifhtyfaom ykAÁbm*y#dy'g =
ykAÁbm*owdy|mer*f wnf;[laom oDvESifh wuGaom orx-
0dyóemusiphf Ofuv dk nf; rusi/hf okaYd omf aumif;aom w&m;pum;&S\ d ?
aumif;aom w&m;pum;ukd >rufqo dk H &S\
d ? oef&Y iS ;f aom tjypfuif;í
usaygufjcif; r&Sdaom teufoabmw&m;ukd odapwwfaom ,Of-
aus;aom pum;ESifh jynfhpkH\? oDwif;okH;azmfwkdYtm; tusdK;pD;yGm;ukd
odjrifapwwf\? w&m;ukd aqmufwnfapwwf\? w&m;usifhokH;&ef
xufoefapwwf\? &Tifvef;apwwf\/ &[ef;wkdY ... þokdYvQif
yk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufonf olwpfyg; tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf usifhí rdrd
tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf rusifh/
3/ &[ef;wkdY ...tb,fokdYvQif yk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufonf rdrd
tusdK;pD;yGm;twGufvnf; rusifh olwpfyg; tusdK;pD;yGm;twGufvnf;
rusio hf enf;¿ &[ef;wkYd ...þomoemawmfü tcsKd Uaom yk*Kd¾ vo f nf
ukov dk w f &m;wküYd vsijf refpmG odEidk pf rG ;f r&Sd ? Mum;emtyfNy;D aom w&m;-
wku Yd dk EIwif aHk qmifxm;Ekid af om oabmvnf;r&Sd? EIwif aHk qmifxm;tyf-
Ny;D aom w&m;wk\ Yd teufoabmw&m;ukv d nf; ÓPfjzifh rqifjcifEidk ?f
teuf = t"dyÜg,fukd odíç ygVd = "r®ukd odí avmukwå&mukd;yg;tm;
avsmfaom t&d,r*f\ a&S;tzkdYü jznfhusifhtyfaom ykAÁbm*y#dy'g
= ykAÁbm*owdy|mer*f wnf;[laom oDvESifh wuGaom orx-
0dyóemusiphf Ofuv dk nf; rusi?hf aumif;aom w&m;pum; r&Sd ? aumif;-
aom w&m;pum;ukd >rufqo dk H r&Sd? oef&Y iS ;f aom tjypfuif;í usayguf
ed'geuxm d #
jcif; r&Sdaom teufoabmw&m;ukd odapwwfaom ,Ofaus;aom

pum;ESifhvnf; rjynfhpkH? oDwif;okH;azmfwkdYtm; tusdK;pD;yGm;ukd rodjrif
apwwf? w&m;ukd raqmufwnfapwwf? w&m;usio hf ;Hk &ef rxufoef
apwwf? r&Tiv f ef;apwwf? &[ef;wkYd ...þokv Yd Qif yk*Kd¾ vw
f pfa,muf-
onf rdrd\ tusdK;pD;yGm;twGufvnf; rusifh? olwpfyg;\ tusdK;-
pD;yGm;twGufvnf; rusifh/
4/ &[ef;wkdY ...tb,fokdYvQif yk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufonf rdrd
tusdK;pD;yGm;twGufvnf; usifhí olwpfyg; tusdK;pD;yGm;twGufvnf;
usio hf enf;¿ &[ef;wkYd ... þomoemawmfü tcsKd Uaom yk*Kd¾ vo f nf
ukov dk w f &m;wküYd vsijf refpmG odEidk pf rG ;f &S\
d / Mum;emtyfNy;D aom w&m;
wkdYukd EIwfikHaqmifxm;Ekdifaom oabmvnf;&Sd\? EIwfikHaqmifxm;-
tyfNy;D aom w&m;wk\ Yd teufoabmw&m;ukv d nf; ÓPfjzifh qifjcif-
Ekdif\? teuf = t"dyÜg,fukd odíç ygVd = "r®ukd odí avmukwå&m
w&m;ukd;yg;tm;avsmfaom t&d,r*f\ a&S;tzkdYü jznfhusifhtyfaom
ykAÁbm*y#dy'g = ykAÁbm*owdy|mer*fwnf;[laom oDvESifh wuG
aom orx-0dyóemusifhpOfukdvnf; usifh\/ aumif;aom w&m;-
pum; &Sd\? aumif;aom w&m;pum;ukd >rufqkdoHvnf; &Sd\? oefY&Sif;
aom tjypfuif;í usaygufjcif;r&Sad om teufoabmw&m;ukd odap
wwfaom ,Ofaus;aom pum;ESifhvnf; jynfhpkH\? oDwif;okH;azmfwkdY
tm; tusKd ;pD;yGm;ukd odjrifapwwf\? w&m;ukd aqmufwnfapwwf\?
w&m;usio hf ;Hk &ef xufoefapwwf\? &Tiv f ef;apwwf\? &[ef;wk.Yd ..
þokv Yd Qif yk*Kd¾ vw f pfa,mufonf rdrd tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuv f nf; usií hf
olwpfyg; tusdK;pD;yGm;twGufvnf; usifh\/
&[ef;wkdY ... avmuü þyk*¾dKvfav;rsdK;wkdYonf xif&Sm; &Sdukef
\[k rdefYMum;awmfrl\/ (tH-1-409-411/)
d X zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
Ä tw¬rnm, "r®rnm, "r®mEk"r®yÜ#dyaEém a[mwd/ (tH-1-410??)

tw¬rnm, "r®rnm,mwd wd t|uxÍö ygVdÍö ZmedwGm/ "r®mEk-
"r®y#Ü yd aEém a[mwDwd
wd e0avmukw&å ""rrm® eH tEk½yl "r®bw
l H ooDvuH
ykAÁbm*yÜ#dy'H y#dyaEém a[mwd/ (tH-|-2-326/)
þtxufyg ygVdawmfESifh t|uxmwdkY\ ñTefMum;csuft&
yk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufonf rdrd olwpfyg; ESpfOD;om;wdkY\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk
&Guaf qmifvykd gu a&S;OD;pGm bk&m;&Si\ f w&m;awmfrsm;udk oif,zl u Ydk m;
vdktyfayonf/ yd#uwfoHk;yHkudk tm;vHk; oif,lum EIwfiHkaqmifxm;
&rnf[í l um; rqdv k ykd g/ 'kue© ad &m"*grdeyd #dy'g = 'kuc© sKy&f m edAmÁ efoYkd
a&mufaMumif;usifhpOf jzpfonfh r*¾if (8)yg; usifhpOfw&m;wdkYudk pepf-
wus oif,zl u Ykd m; vdt k yfygonf/ txl;ojzifh t&d,r*f\ a&S;tzdüYk
jznfu h si&hf rnfh ooDvuH ykAb Á m*y#dy'H = oDvusiphf OfEiS hf wuGaom
orm"dusifhpOf ynmusifhpOfwkdYudk q&morm;xHü pepfwus oif,lzdkY
vkdtyfygonf/
rdrd aqmufwnfusio hf ;kH &rnfh or®m0gpm or®mur®EÅ or®mtmZD0-
[k ac:qdktyfonfh oDvusifhpOfydkif; qdkif&m usifh0wfy#dywfudk jznfh-
usivhf ykd gu ,if;oDvusiphf Ofukd a&S;OD;pGm wwfoed m;vnfzu Ykd m; vdt
k yf
ayonf/ xkdokdY wwfod em;vnfygrSvnf; ½dk½dkaoao jynfhjynfhpHkpHk
jznfu h siEhf ikd rf nf jzpfayonf/ oDvtaMumif;udk jynfjh ynfph pkH kH em;vnf-
rxm;olonf oDvudk jynhfjynfhpHkpHk jzLjzLpifpif c½koif;yGwfopfESifh
twl jznfhusifhzdkY&efum; rvG,fulvSay/ oDvtaMumif;udk aumif;-
aumif; em;vnf rxm;aomaMumifh jzpf\/
oDvusiphf Ofukd aqmufwnf usio
hf ;kH Ny;D aom usio
hf ;kH vsu&f adS om
yk*Kd¾ vo
f nf or®m0g,mr or®mowd or®morm"dwnf;[laom orm"d-
r*¾if (3)yg;udk qufvufum usifhoHk;&rnf jzpfayonf/ xdkusifhpOf
ed'geuxm d !
ur®|mef;udk q&morm;xHü oif,u l m vufawGUusio hf ;kH &rnf jzpfay

onf/ xdak emif or®m'd|d or®mouFy[ Ü al om ynmr*¾if (2)yg;ESihf jynhpf kH
atmif q&morm;xHü pepfwus oif,lum qufvuf BudK;pm;&rnf
jzpfayonf/ r*¾if (8)yg; usiphf Ofw&m;wdu Yk kd jynfjh ynf0h 0 jznhu f siEhf ikd yf grS
&Sifaumif; &[ef;aumif;rsm; jzpfEdkifMurnf/ rdrd olwpfyg; ESpfOD;om;
wd\Yk tusK;d udv
k nf; &Guaf qmifEikd Mf urnf jzpfayonf/ rdr\ d ud, k w f iG ;f
tZÑwåoEÅmefü pdwfwnfMunfrI orm"dudkvnf;&&Sdum ocFg&w&m;
wdkYudk ½Ijrifwwfaom vGefuJjrifhjrwfaom t"dynm"r® 0dyóem-
ynm
ynmESiv hf nf; jynfph EkH ikd rf nf jzpfayonf/ xku d o
hJ aYkd om olawmfaumif;
rsm; jzpfa&;twGuf t&d,r*f\ a&SUtzdkYü vdkufem jyKusifh&rnfh ykAÁ-
bm*y#dy'g = ykAÁbm*owdy|mer*f usifhpOfwdkYudk ñTefMum;jyoay;
onfh okweå af 'oemawmf rsm;pGmwdw Yk iG f ,ck a&;om; wifjyvwåUH aom
t*Fkwå&edum,f 'ouedygwfü vm&Sdaom yAÁZdwtbdPSokwåef (tH-
3-325/)vnf; yg0ifvsuf&Sd\/
udavom tnpftaMu;wdu Yk kd ESix
f wk Nf y;D olrsm;ESihf ESix
f w
k zf &Ykd ef
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfaeqJ yk*¾dKvfrsm;udk yAÁZdw[k ac:qdk\/ xdkyAÁZdw
trnf&aom udavomwdu Yk kd ESix
f w k &f ef BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwaf eqJ jzpfMu
ukefaom &Sifaumif; &[ef;aumif; oDv&Sifaumif; Oygoumaumif;
Oygodumaumif;wdkY tjrJrjywf rMumcP qifjcifoifh qifjcifxdkuf
onfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk tbdPS ypöa0u©P"r® [k ac:qdk\/
þokweå w f iG f ,if;odYk qifjcifoifh qifjcifxu kd of nfh w&m;"r® (10)rsK;d -
udk bk&m;&Sifu a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/
,if;w&m; (10)rsK;d wdu
Yk m; ,if;w&m;wdEYk iS hf jynfph akH tmif vdu
k ef m
jyKusifhaeolwdkYtwGuf psmefcsrf;om 0dyóemcsrf;om r*fcsrf;om
zdkvfcsrf;om edAÁmefcsrf;om[lonfh csrf;omxl; csrf;omjrwfBuD;wdkYudk
rsuaf rSmufb0üvnf; &apEdik f cHpm; pHpm;apEkid o f nft h jyif tu,fí
d ¡ zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
wrvGefb0onf xdk olawmfaumif;twGuf xif&Sm; wnf&Sdaeao;

ygu wrvGefcsrf;om[lonfh vlcsrf;om ewfcsrf;om jA[®mcsrf;om
edAÁmefcsrf;omwdkYudkvnf; &&SdapEkdifç cHpm; pHpm;apEdkifonfh pGrf;tif
tjynfht0&Sdaom w&m;wdkY jzpfMu\/ xdkrQomruao; jynfhjynfhpHkpHk
vdkufemjyKusifholwdkYudk oHo&m0#fqif;&J 'ku©\ tqHk;tydkif;tjcm;
udkvnf; jyKvkyfay;EdkifpGrf; &SdMuonfh w&m;"r®wdkYvnf; jzpfMu\/
udavom tylrD;wdkYudk xm0& Nidrf;at;apEdkifonfh pGrf;tiftjynfh
t0 &SdMuonfh xm0& Nidrf;csrf;a&;w&m;awmfrsm;vnf; jzpfMu\/
ao&manmifapmif; avsmif;pufaomtcg rsufESmromr,m r&Sd&
avatmif BudKwifjyifqifxm;&rnfhç BudKwifum &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;
xm;&rnfh w&m;"r®wdkYvnf; jzpfMu\/
ao&manmifapmif; avsmif;pufaomtcg rsufESmrvSatmif
jyKvkyfay;wwfaom w&m;qdk;wdkYum; udavom (10)yg;wdkYyif jzpfMu
\/ raorD tcsdefumvtwGif;0,f xdkolawmfaumif;wdkY &&Sdatmif
BudK;yrf;xm;onfh 0dyóemÓPf r*fÓPfwdkYu aocgeD;umv0,f
rsuEf mS rvSatmif zefw;D ay;wwfonfh ,if;udavom w&m;qd;k wdu Yk kd
y,f&mS ;xm;Ny;D jzpfonft
h wGuf xdo
k al wmfaumif;wdo
Yk nf wpfqifx
h uf
wpfqifh jrifhoxufjrifh jrwfoxufjrwfonfh csrf;omokcwdkYudk
½IarQmfvsuf &Tifysaom rsufESmç vSyaom rsufESmç Munfvifaom
pdwf"mwfjzifh b0udk tqHk;owfMu&rnf jzpfayonf/
ao&manmifapmif; avsmif;pufaomtcg xdkuJhodkY jyHK;&Tifaom
rsufESm Munfvifaom pdwfxm;jzifh b0udk tqHk;owfEdkif&eftwGuf
udavomw&m;qdk;wdkYudk y,fowfEdkifonfh pGrf;tm;&Sdaom 0dyóem
ÓPf r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfwdkYudk olawmfaumif;wdkif;onf raorD
&&Sdatmif BudK;yrf;xm;&rnfom jzpfayonf/
ed'geuxm d P
udavom (10) yg;

pdwt
f pOfukd npfErG ;f apwwfaom w&m;rsm;udk udavom[k ac:
qdk\/ ,if;udavomwdkYrSm atmufygtwdkif; (10)rsKd; &Sdayonf/
1/ avmb = xdxk b
kd 0 xdx k t
kd m½Hu k kd vdv
k m;wyfrufro I abm?
2/ a'go = pdwfcufxef Murf;wrf;rIoabm? zsufqD;vdkrI-
oabm?
3/ arm[ = todrSm;rIoabm (= trSefudk rodrIoabm)?
4/ rme = pdwf"mwf wuf<u jrifharmufrIoabm?
5/ 'd|d = ocFg&w&m;wdu Yk kd edpö twå okc okb[k pGv J rf;
,HkMunfjcif;oabm? t,lrSm;jcif;oabm?
6/ 0dpdudpäm = &wemoH;k wef uH-uH\tusK;d w&m; ponfwüYkd
odkYavm odkYavm awG;awm ,HkrSm;jcif;oabm?
7/ xde = pdwf\ av;vH xdkif;rIdif;jcif;oabm?
8/ O'¨pö = pdwfysHUvGifhrIoabm?
9/ t[d&du = tukodkvfw&m; 'kp½dkufw&m;wdkYrS r&Sufjcif;-
oabm?
10/ taemwåyÜ = tukov kd w
f &m; 'kp½du k wf &m;wdrYk S raMumufjcif;
oabm?
þoabmw&m; (10)rsKd; OD;aqmifaeonfh tukodkvfw&m;-
wdo
Yk nf pdwt f pOfukd npfErG ;f apwwfaomaMumifh udavom[k ac:qd-k
\/ ,if;udavom tnpftaMu;wdkYudk pifMu,fatmif aq;aMum
okwo f ifz&Ykd ef r*¾if (8)yg; usiphf Ofw&m;wdu Yk kd wu,fvufawGU usiMhf u-H
BudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaeaom olawmfaumif;wdkYudk yAÁZdw =
udavomwdkYudk ESifxkwfaeolrsm;;[k ac:qdkayonf/
xdkolawmfaumif;wdkY tjrJrjywf rMumcP qifjcifoifh qifjcif
d w zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
xdkufaom yAÁZdwtbdPSokwåefü vm&Sdaom w&m;wdkYudk qGrf;tEk-

arm'emw&m;tjzpfjzifh a[mMum;cJh\/
,if; okwåefw&m;awmfudk emMum;&onfhtwGuf pmtkyftjzpf
½du f m vSL'gef;ylaZmfvydk gaMumif;udk rav;&Sm;oDv&Sif a':okov
k Ef ydS u D
u avQmufxm; awmif;yefvmonft h wGuf w&m;wdwaf cGrS pmtkyjf zpf
atmif pDpOfum "r®'ge getjzpf xkwaf 0vdu k yf gonf/ ,if;okweå af [mpOf
ü r*¾if (8)yg; usifhpOfw&m;wdkYudk oabmaygufEdkifavmuf½HkrQudkom
tusO;f csKyu f m wifjyxm;ygonf/ wu,fvufawGU jynfjh ynhpf pkH kH jznhf
usifhvdkolwdkYonfum; q&morm;xHodkY csOf;uyfum qnf;yl;Mu&rnf
om jzpfayonf/ q&morm;\ tultnDum; vdktyfvsufyif &Sdae
rnf jzpfayonf/
tjrwfqHk; pum;awmf
,H Aka'¨g bmoaw 0gpH? acrH edAÁmeywåd,m/
'ku©óEÅud&d,m,? om a0 0gpmerkwårm/ (oH-1-191/)
Aka'¨g = opömav;&yf w&m;jrwfudk q&mrul o,rÇLÓPfjzifh
rdrd tvdv k kd ud, k af wmfwikd o
f mvQif xd;k xGi;f odjrifawmfrNl y;D onf jzpfí
uRwfxkdufool ewfvljA[®m a0ae,sMum owå0gtaygif;udkvnf;
,if;opömav;&yf w&m;jrwfukd ypöuÓ © Pfjzifh xd;k xGi;f odjrifapawmf-
rlwwfaomaMumifh ]Ak'¨}[laom trnfawmfudk &&Sdawmfrlonfh or®m-
orÁK'¨bk&m;&Sifonf? edAÁmeywåd,m = udavom[l tylcyfodrf;rS
tNird ;f Bu;D Nird ;f tat;Bu;D at;&mjzpfonfh r[mtocFw"mwf tNird ;f
"mwf edAÁmefw&m;awmfjrwfodkY t&d,r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfjzifh tm½Hk
rsufarSmuf qdkufa&mufjcif;iSmvnf;aumif;? 'ku©ó = umr ½ly
t½lywnf;[laom awblru 0#f'u k \ © ? tEÅu&d ,d m, = cEÿ&deAd mÁ ef
0ifpHcsKyfNidrf; 'ku©Zmwfodrf;jcif;jzifh tqHk;tydkif;tjcm;udk jyKjcif;iSm-
ed'geuxm d x
vnf;aumif;? acracrHH = ab;'ku© t00wdkY\ ukef&m ukefaMumif;

Nidrf;at;&m Nidrf;at;aMumif; jzpfaom? ,H 0gpH = oHo&m0#frS
xGuaf jrmufaMumif; ed,smeduw&m;aumif;[k ac:qdo k rkwtf yfonfh
r*¾if (8)yg; tMuif tusifhjrwf w&m;pum;awmfudk? bmoaw =
u½kPma&SUoGm; arwåmxm;í a[mMum;jyo qdkqHk;rawmfrltyfcJh-
avNyD? om 0gpm = oHo&m0#frS xGufajrmufaMumif; ed,smedu
w&m;aumif;[k ac:qdo k rkwt
f yfonfh xkw
d &m;pum;awmfonfum;?
a0 = pifppf/ 0gpme
0gpmeH = pum;[lorQwdkYwGif? Owårm = tomqHk;
tjrwfq;kH pum;awmf jzpfawmfryl gayownf;/ (oH-1-191/oH-|-1-252??)
olawmfaumif; taygif;wdkYonf ,if; yAÁZdwtbdPSokwåefü
bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;jyo qdqk ;kH rxm;awmfral om w&m;"r®wu
Ykd kd usiMhf uH
BudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfEdkifMuygapaom0f .../
zm;atmufawm& q&mawmf
pdwåvawmifausmif;
zm;atmufawm&Ak'ömoemh&dyfom
armfvNrdKifNrdKUe,f
omoemawmfouú&mZf 2547 ckESpf?

aumZmouú&mZf 1365 ckESpf? awmfovif;vjynfhaeY?
c&pfouú&mZf 2003 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 10 &uf/
d ' zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
yAÁZdwtbdPSokwåef ygVdawmf
'o,dar bdua© 0 "r®m yAÁZad we tbdPHS ypöa0u©w d AÁm/ uwar
'o¿ --
1/ ]]a00PÖd,rSd tZÑKy*awm}}wd yAÁZdawe tbdPSH ypöa0u©dwAÁH?
2/ ]]y&y#dA'¨g ar ZD0dum}}wd yAÁZdawe tbdPSH ypöa0u©dwAÁH?
3/ ]]tanm ar tmuayÜg u&PDa,m}}wd yAÁZdawe tbdPSH ypö-
a0u©dwAÁH?
4/ ]]upöd Ek acg ar twåm oDvawm e Oy0'wD}}wd yAÁZdawe
tbdPSH ypöa0u©dwAÁH?
5/ ]]upöd Ek acg rH tEk0dpö 0dnL ojA[®pm&D oDvawm e Oy0'EÅD}}wd
yAÁZdawe tbdPSH ypöa0u©dwAÁH?
6/ ]]oaAÁ[d ar yda,[d remay[d emembma0g 0dembma0g}}wd
yAÁZdawe tbdPSH ypöa0u©dwAÁH?
7/ ]]ur®óaumrSd ur®'g,ma'g ur®a,med ur®AE¨K ur®y#d-
o&aPm? ,H ur®H u&dómrd uvsmPH 0g ygyuH 0g wó
'g,ma'g b0dómrD}}wd yAÁZdawe tbdPSH ypöa0u©dwAÁH?
8/ ]]uxHbw l ó ar &wåEd 0d´ g 0Dw0d wåE}DÅ }wd yAÁZad we tbdPHS ypö-
a0u©dwAÁH?
9/ ]]upöd Ek acg t[H oknm*ga& tbd&rmrD}}wd yAÁZdawe tbdPSH
ypöa0u©dwAÁH?
10/ ]]tw¬d Ek acg ar Owå&d rEkó"ar®m tvr&d,ÓP'óe0dao-
aom t"d*awm? a,em[H ypädar umav ojA[®pm&D[d yka|m
e ruFk b0dómrD}}wd yAÁZdawe tbdPSH ypöa0u©dwAÁH?
£ar acg bdu©a0 'o "r®m yAÁZdawe tbdPSH ypöa0u©dwAÁm/
(tH-3-325/)
ao&manmifapmif; avsmif;pufaomtcg (yAÁZdwtbdPSokwåef) d 1
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/
yAÁZdwtbdPSokwåef w&m;a'oemawmf
1365-ck? 0gacgifvqkwf (4)&uf? c&pfouú&mZf (2003)ck?
Mo*kwfv 16-&ufaeYü rav;&Sm;EkdifiHrS tvSL&Sifjzpfol ]Goh See Lin
Tan Yoke Har}\ tvSL'ger*FvmyGJü tEkarm'emw&m;tjzpf a[m
Mum;tyfaom t*Fw k &å edum,f 'ouedygwf tauúmo0*fü vm&Sad om
yAÁZdwtbdPSokwåef w&m;a'oemawmf .../
]]yAÁ d }} --- udavomudk ESix
yAÁZw f wk w f hJ vkyif ef;&yfudk wu,f vuf-
awGU usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf ewJh &Si&f [ef;wku yAÁZdw}}
Yd dk ]]yAÁ
vkdY ac:ygw,f/ xkd yAÁZdwtrnf&aewJhç udavomukd ESifxkwfrnf
qkw
d hJ OD;wnfcsujf zifh omoemabmifoYdk 0ifa&mufum &Si&f [ef;jyKvm
MuwJh yk*¾dKvfawG tjrJrjywf rMumcP qifjcifoifh qifjcifxkdufwJh
w&m;awGukd 'D yAÁZw d tbdPo S w
k eå frmS jrwfpmG bk&m;u a[mMum;jyo
qkdqkH;rxm;awmfrlygw,f/ xkdokwåefudk pwifNyD; emMum; MunfhMu
&atmif .../
d 2 zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
'o,dar bdu©a0 "r®m yAÁZdawe tbdPSH ypöa0u©dwAÁm/

bdu©a0 = oHo&mab;ukd ½Iavh&SdMuukefaom &[ef;awmfrsm;
tkd - cspfom;wkdY .../ £ar 'o "r®m = þq,fyg;ukefaom w&m;-
wkuYd /dk yAÁZad we = omoemabmifoYdk 0ifa&mufí &Si[
f ef;jyKvmaom
yk*¾dKvfonf/ tbdPSH = tjrJtjywf rMumcP/ ypöa0u©dwAÁm =
qifjcifoifh qifjcifxkdufvSay\/
udavomawGukd ig\ oEÅmefrmS r&Sad p&bl;? ESix f w
k yf pfrnfqw dk hJ
OD;wnfcsufjzifh omoemabmifokdY 0ifa&mufNyD; &Sif&[ef;jyKvmwJh
yk*Kd¾ vrf eS o
f rQ tjrrJ jywf rMumcP qifjcifoifh qifjcifxu dk w
f hJ w&m;
q,frsKd;&Sdw,fqkdNyD; 'Dvkd bk&m;&Sifu w&m;ukd ed'gef;ysKd;xm;ygw,f/
xkdw&m;q,frsKd;ukdvnf; bk&m;&Sifu wpfckNyD;wpfck pepfwus a[m-
Mum;jyo qkdqkH;rxm;awmfrlygw,f/ eHygwf (1) tqkH;tru bmvJ¿
½kyftqif;\ azmufjyefajymif;vJjcif;
]]a00PÖd,rSd tZÑKy*awm}}wd yAÁZdawe tbdPSH ypöa0u©dwAÁH/
t[H = igonf/ a00PÖd,H = tqif;\ azmufjyefjcif;okdY/ tZÑK-
y*awm = uyfa&mufí ae&avonf/ trSd = jzpf&ayNyD/ £wd =
þokdYvQif/ yAÁZdawe = omoemabmifokdY 0ifa&mufí &Sif&[ef;
f nf/ tbdPHS = tjrrJ jywf rMumcP/ ypöa0u©w
jyKvmaom yk*Kd¾ vo d AÁH
= qifjcifoifh qifjcifxkdufay\/
eHygwf (1) qifjcifoifh qifjcifxkdufwJh w&m;/ bmwJhvJ¿
a00PÖ, d H = tqif;\ azmufjyefjcif;oabm --- igonf tqif;\
azmufjyefjcif; oabmokdY a&S;½Iuyfa&mufae&w,fvkdY rdrdukd,fukd rdrd
omoemabmifoYdk 0ifa&mufNy;D &Si&f [ef;jyKvmwJh yk*Kd¾ vrf eS v
f Qif rMum
cP tjrJrjywf qifjcifay;yg/ b,fvkd tqif;\ azmufjyefwmvJ
qkwd meJyY wfoufNy;D t|uxmu tqif;\ azmufjyefyHk (2)rsK;d &SdaMumif;

zGifhqkdxm;ygw,f/
eHygwf (1)uawmh o&D&a00PÖ, d = rdr\d ½kyt
f qif;\ azmufjyef
ysufpD;oGm;jcif;/
eHygwf (2)uawmh y&dum© &a00PÖ, d = rdro
d ;Hk pGcJ w
hJ hJ y&du&© mwk\
Yd
toGiftjyif ajymif;vJoGm;jcif;ukd qkdvkdygw,f/
½kyt f qif;awGu azmufjyefysupf ;D ajymif;vJomG ;yku H dk b,fyHk b,f
yef; b,fenf;vrf;tm;jzifh ½I&rSmvJqw dk mudak wmh t|uxmu t&dyf
t>ruf tenf;tusOf; azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ &[ef;awmfrsm; oDv&Sif-
rsm; rSewf MunfMh unfjh zifh rdr\d rsuEf mS udk rSex
f rJ mS Munf&h rnfh vkyif ef;
cGifukd bk&m;&Sifuvnf; wm;jrpfxm;wJhtwGuf t|uxmq&mawmf
u xko d u d m© yk'u
f dk apmifph nf;aomtm;jzifh ½kad oav;pm;aomtm;jzifh
b,fvkd zGifhqkdxm;vJ¿
auorókMoa&myaee o&D&a00PÖd,H a0'dwAÁH/
(tH-3-|-313/)
qHyifudk &dwcf svudk af wmh rdr\d qHyifawGudk vSr;f Munfv
h u
dk v
f Qif
i,fi,fuqHyif\ ta&miftqif;eJY tckqyH if\ ta&miftqif;awG
rwlnDawmhbl;? tjzLa&mifawG a&mvmNyD? wjznf;jznf; azmufjyef-
ysufpD;vmw,f? tom;ta&uav;awGukd vSrf;arQmfNyD; MunfhvkdufvkdY
&Sv
d Qif tom;ta&uav;awGu a&S;,cif i,fpOfu EkysKpd Ofu tom;
ta&ESifh rwlawmhbJ wjznf;jznf; &ifha&mfNyD;awmh ta&awGu wGefY
vdyfNyD; vmw,f? t&G,fawGu wjznf;jznf; tkdrif;vmw,f/ rdrdu
b,fvydk if vScsiyf csiaf yrnhv f Ydk vScsiyf csiw
f YJ ta&miftqif;twkid ;f
'DcE¨mukd,fBuD;u jzpfay:vmovm;qkdawmh rjzpfbl;? ]]½kyf0gEke,f
½IpzG,fESifh wifhw,f&Tef;pkd eifvSvkdvnf; ttkdpm&if; olu oGif;\/}}
EkEke,fe,f vSvSyy wifhwifhw,fw,feJY rdrdu tjrJ aecsifaeay-

rnhv f Ydk rdrd xlaxmifxm;wJh uHw\
Ydk pGr;f tifu 'Dvdk tjrJ wnfwahH tmif
aqmifay;EkdifwJh pGrf;tm; r&Sdbl;/ 'Dvkd pGrf;tm;r&SdwJhtwGufaMumifh
bmjzpfvJ¿
]]½kyf0gEke,f ½IpzG,fESifh
wifhw,f&Tef;pkd eifvSvkdvnf;
ttkdpm&if; oluoGif;\/
ab;uif;&efuGmvGefcsrf;omí
rem&vkd awmif;qkqkdvnf;
eifhukd rn§m ab;a&m*gESifh
cgcgrihJ rdwfaqGzGJU\/}}
wpfaeYxuf wpfaeY tkdoxuf tkdoGm;atmifom 'D uHawGu
&GufaqmifzefwD;ay;aew,f/ rdrdu ab;awG &efawG uif;csifw,f?
tema&m*g uif;csifw,f? 'gayrnhfvkdY rdrd xlaxmifxm;wJh uHawGu
ab;a&m*gtrsK;d rsK;d tema&m*gtrsK;d rsK;d wkEYd iS hf awGUMuKH atmif tjrw J rf;
&Gufaqmifay;aew,f/ ]]aemufqkwfvkdY jyefrysKdonf a&SUukdom tkdjrJ}}
qkwd t
hJ wkid ;f wpfaeYxufwpfaeY wpfpxufwpfp rdru d tkjd cif;w&m;-
bufoYdk emjcif;w&m;bufoYdk aojcif;w&m;bufoYdk aeYpOfrjywf w&pyf
csDwufoGm;vmae&w,fqkdwJh oabm&Sdw,f/ 'D oabmw&m;ukd
omoemabmifoYdk 0ifa&mufNy;D &Si&f [ef;jyKvmwJh yk*Kd¾ vrf eS v f Qif tjr-J
rjywf rMumcP qifjcifay;yg/ aemufwpfcu k - rdrw d \ Ydk y&du&© mwk\
Yd
toGiftjyif ajymif;vJoGm;ykH oabmw&m;ukdvnf; qifjcifay;&rnf?
b,fvkdvJ ---
y&du©&mwdkY\ toGiftjyif ajymif;vJjcif;

ykaAÁ ye emem0d&m*ged okckr0w¬med ed0gaowGmyd eme*¾&o-
abmZeH ok0PÖ&ZwbmZaeok bkÍw dÆ mG yd od&*d aAÇ 0&o,emoaeok
edyZÆdwGmyd edoD'dwGmyd oyÜde0eDwm'D[d aboZÆH uwGmyd yAÁZdw-
umvawm y|m, qdEéoHC#dwuom0&oyDwmed 0w¬med ed0gao-
wAÁmed/ (tH-|-3-313/)
bmajymovJ¿
ykaAÁ = [kd a&S;,cif vljzpfpOftcgwke;f u/ emem0d&m*ged = txl;-
xl;aom aq;a&mifwjYdk zifh qk;d í xm;tyfuek af om/ okckr0w¬med
= tvGef El;nHh odraf rGUaom t0wfwu Ydk /dk ed0gaowGmyd = 0wf½cHk -hJ
&ygaomfvnf;yJ ---
a&S;,cif vljzpfpOf tcsed tf cgwke;f u rdrw d u Ydk csr;f om<u,f0ae
wJh ola|;om;awG ola|;orD;awG jzpfcrhJ nfqv dk &Ydk v dS Qif ta&mif trsK;d
rsKd;jzifh qkd;xm;wJh tvGef El;nHhodrfarGUwJh t0wfawGudk a&S;,cif vl
jzpfpOftcgwke;f uawmh 0wf½cHk &hJ w,f/ tJ'v D dk 0wf½cHk &hJ ayrnhv f Ydk ...
aemufwpfck ---
eme*¾&oabmZeH = txl;xl;aom rGejf rwfaom t&om &Sad om
abmZOfu/dk ok0PÖ&ZwbmZaeok = a&Tcu G f aiGcu
G w yu©-d
f üYdk / (yu©
ydwGm = xnfhí/) bkÍÆdwGmyd = pm;okH;cJh&ygaomfvnf;yJ ---
t&Sif om&dykwå&mwkdY t&Sif r[muóywkdYvkd ola|;om;awG
qkdMupkdYaemf? a&S;,cif vljzpfpOf tcsdeftcgrSm olwkdYu a&TcGufawG
aiGcuG af wGxu J dk tpmtm[m&awG xnfNh y;D awmh pm;ok;H cJ&h wJh olawmf-
aumif;awG jzpfMuygw,f/ a&S;,cif vljzpfpOftcsdeftcgwkef;u 'Dvkd
a&TcGuf aiGcGufawGxJrSm xnfhNyD; tpmukd pm;okH;cJh&ayrnhfvkdY ...
od&d*aAÇ = toa&&SdvSwJh usufoa&wkdufcef;twGif;ü/ 0&-

o,emoaeok = rGefjrwfaom tdyf&m ae&mxufwkdYü/ edyZÆd-
wGmyd = tdyfpufcJh&ygaomfvnf;yJ/ edoD'dwGmyd = xkdifcJh&ygaomf
vnf;yJ ---
ola|;om;awG ola|;orD;awG jzpfjcif;aMumifh a&S;,cif vljzpfpOf
tcsed t
f cgukd Munfv h u
dk vf &Ydk v
dS Qif tifrwef usuo f a&&Sv
d wS hJ wkud cf ef;
twGi;f rGejf rwfwhJ tdy&f m ae&mawG pepfwus jyifqifxm;wJh tdy&f m
ae&mawGrmS tdypf ufc&hJ w,f? pepfwus jyKjyifxm;wJh ukvm;xkid af wG
ay:rSm ususee xkid cf &hJ w,f? 'Dvydk if tdycf &hJ aomfvnf; 'Dvydk if xkid cf -hJ
&ygaomfvnf; &[ef;b0a&mufawmh ykHawGu ajymif;oGm;NyD .../?
aemufwpfck ---
oyÜde0eDwm'D[d = axmywf qDOD; ponfwkdYjzifh/ aboZÆH =
aq;ukd/ uwGmyd = azmfpyfí okH;pGJcJh&ygaomfvnf;yJ ---
vlUb0wke;f u ok;H pGcJ &hJ wJh aq;awGudk Munfv h u dk v
f &Ydk vdS Qif tvGef
tqifhjrifhwJh aq;awGjzpfMuygw,f/ axmywfawG qDOD;awG ysm;awG
wifvJawG tp&SdonfwdkYjzifh aq;trsKd;rsKd;awGukd azmfpyfNyD;awmh
vlUb0rSm ok;H pGcJ &hJ w,f/ 'gayrnhf &Si&f [ef;jyKvmwJh tcsed t f cgusawmh
b,fvkdykHajymif;oGm;&vJ¿
yAÁZw d umvawm = &Si&f [ef;jyKvm&m tcsed t f cgumvrS/ y|m-
, = pí/ qdEéoHC#dwuom0&oyDwmed = tykdif;ykdif;jzwfí
csKypf yftyfaomç zef&nfudk aomufo;kH vsu&f dS Muukeaf om/ 0w¬med
= t0wfykqkd;wkdYukd/ ed0gaowAÁmed = 0wf½kHtyfukef\/
vlUb0u a&mifpkHqkd;xm;wJh tvGefEl;nhHodrfarGUwJh t0wfawGudk
0wfae&ayrnhfvkdY &[ef;jyKwJh tcsdeftcgu pNyD;awmh bmjzpfvJ¿
wefbkd;enf;oGm;atmif tykdif;ykdif;jzwfxm;wJh ouFef;awGukd csKyfpyf?
csKyfpyfNyD;awmh zef&nfawGqkd;? zef&nfawGukd aomufokH;xm;wJh 'D

t0wfawGuo dk mvQif 0wf½&Hk wJh oabm&Sw d ,f? toGiaf jymif;oGm;w,f
aemf/
t,yawå 0g rwåduyawå 0g rdóaum'aem yu©dydwGm bkÍÆd-
waAÁm/ (tH-|-3-313/)
t,yawå 0g = oHoydwfüaomfvnf;aumif;/ rwåduyawå 0g =
ajroydwfüaomfvnf;aumif;/ yu©dydwGm = xnfhí/ rdóaum-
'aem = a&m>yrf;aewJh qGrf;tm[m&ukd/ bkÍÆdwaAÁm = bkOf;ay;
okH;aqmiftyfay\/
vlUb0u a&Tcu G af wG aiGcuG af wGxJ xnfNh y;D awmh tpmtm[m&-
awGudk pm;okH;cJh&ayrnhfvkdY &[ef;b0 a&mufvmNyDqkdvQif oHoydwf
okdYr[kwf ajroydwfxJukd a&maESmaewJhtpmawG xnfhoGif;NyD;awmh
pm;&w,f/
'DaeY qGr;f avmif;vSLwJh tajctaeukd Munfyh gaemf? oydww f pfv;Hk -
xJrSm qGrf;awG [if;awG tukefvkH; a&maESmxnfhNyD;awmh a&maESm-
xm;wJh rdóuabmZOfvkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh tpmtm[m&awGukdom
okH;aqmif&wJh oabm&Sdw,f/ 'g ykHpHajymif;oGm;w,f aemf/
aemufwpfck ---
½ku©rlvm'daoemoae rkÍÆwdPoE¦&Pm'Dok edyZÆdwAÁH/
(tH-|-3-313/)
½ku©rlvm'daoemoae = opfyif&if; paom ausmif; tdyf&m
ae&mü/ rkÍw Æ P
d oE¦&Pm'Dok = jzLqHjruf Nyw d jf rufwjYdk zifh jyKvyk f
xm;tyfaom tcif;ponfwkdYü/ edyZÆdwAÁH = tdyfpuf&\/
vlUb0wke;f u Munfv h u
dk rf nfqv
dk dYk&SdvQif usuof a&r*Fvm tjzm
jzmwkdYESifh jynfhpkHaewJh tvGef tqifhjrifhwJh arGU&mawG aumfaZmawG
uwåyD gawG tp&Sw

d hJ rGejf rwfaom tdy&f m ae&mawGxufrmS tdypf ufc-hJ
&aomfvnf;yJ &[ef;b0a&mufvmNyq D v dk Qif opfyif&if;wnf;[laom
ausmif; pwJh ausmif;awGxrJ mS jrufopf&u G u
f av;awGudk pk½;Hk Ny;D awmh
cif;xm;wJh tcif;awGrSm tdyfpuf&rnhf oabmyJ &Sdw,f/
aemufwpfck ---
pr®c@w¥dum'Dok edoD'dwAÁH/ (tH-|-3-313/)
pr®c@w¥dum'Dok = om;a&EG,yf idk ;f zsmykid ;f ponfwüYdk / edo'D w
d AÁH
= xkdifaetyf\/
vlUb0wkef;uvkd tqifhtwef;jrifhaewJh ukvm;xkdifawGay:rSm
xkdif&wJhç qkdzmawGay:rSm xkdif&wJh oabmrsKd;awmh r[kwfawmhbl;?
om;a&EG,yf idk ;f uav;ay:rSm xkid af e&rnf? zsmydik ;f uav;wpfcak y:rSm
xkdifae&rnf ponfjzifh ykHpHtoGifuav;awG ajymif;oGm;w,f/
aemufwpfck -
ylwdrkwåm'D[d aboZÆH uwåAÁH a[mwd/ (tH-|-3-313/)
ylwdrkwåm'D[d = EGm;usifi,fykyf ponfwkdYjzifh/ aboZÆH = a&mpyf
pDpOfí xm;tyfaom aq;udk/ uwåAÁH = rSD0Joifh rSD0Jxkdufonf/
a[mwd = jzpf\/
vlUb0wke;f uawmh qDO;D axmywf ysm; wifvJ tp&So d nfwjYdk zifh
a&mpyfxm;wJh aq;trsKd;;rsKd;awGudk okH;pGJcJh&w,f/ &[ef;b0 a&muf-
vmNyD qkdvkdY&SdvQifawmh EGm;usifi,fykyfjzifh pdrfxHkxm;tyfwJh ZD;jzLoD;
oQod Qm;oD; zefcg;oD; tp&Sod nfwu Ydk dk rS0D o
J ;Hk aqmif&w,f/ qGr;f ouFe;f
ausmif; aq;qkdwJh ypönf;av;yg;awGonf vlUb0wkef;u okH;pGJcJh&wJh
ypönf;awGeJY ykHpHrwlawmhbJeJY toGifajymif;oGm;w,f/ tJ'Dvkd toGif
ajymif;rIudk ]]y&dum© & a00PÖ,
d }H } tok;H taqmify&du&© mwk\ Yd toGi-f
ajymif;jcif;vkYd ac:ygw,f/ omoemabmifoYdk 0ifa&mufNy;D udavom-

awGudk ESifxkwfypfrnfqkdwJh OD;wnfcsufjzifh &Sif&[ef;jyKvmwJh yk*¾dKvf
rSefcJhvQifvnf; 'Dvkd y&du©&mwkdY\ toGifajymif;oGm;rIç okH;pGJolwkdY\
toGifajymif;oGm;rIawGukdvnf;yJ tjrJrjywf rMumcP qifjcifay;yg
qkdNyD;awmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u qkdqkH;rxm;ygw,f aemf/
'DtqkH;trawGukd wu,fvufawGU vkdufemjyKusifhoGm;wJh ol-
awmfaumif;awGuawmh wu,fh ola|;om;tppf jzpfawmfrlMuwJh
t&Sifom&dykwå&m t&Sifr[marm*¾v’mef t&Sifr[muóy tp&SdwJh
olawmfaumif;awG jzpfMuygw,f/ xkdolawmfaumif;awGxJu t&Sif
om&dykwå&mBuD;\ xkH;av;wpfckukd bkef;BuD; enf;enf; xyfajymrnf/
t&Sifom&dykwå&m\ ESdrfcsxm;aom pdwf"mwf
t&Sifom&dykwå&m ukd,fawmfjrwfBuD;[m csrf;om<u,f0wJh
ola|;om;wpfOD;jzpfygw,f/ wpfcsdefrSm y&dedAÁmefpHNyD qkdMupkdYaemf/
y&dedAÁmefpHrnfh nrSm rdrdarG;zGm;cJhwJh wkdufcef;twGif;rSmyJ jyefNyD;awmh
y&dedAÁmef pHygw,f/
OD;wnfcsufuawmh - r,fawmfjzpfwJh ½lyom&DykaPÖ;rBuD;ukd
aomwmywård *fÓPfç zkv d Ó f PfoYdk qku
d af tmif w&m;a&at; tNrKd uf
aq;udk wkdufauR;awmfrlcsifwJh OD;wnfcsufjzifh xkdn rdrd arG;zGm;cJh&m
emVu&GmtwGif;rSm wnf&SdwJh arG;zGm;cJh&m wkdufcef;twGif;rSmyJ y&d-
edAmÁ efpzH Ydk BuKd ;pm;cJyh gw,f/? r,fawmfjzpfwhJ ½lyom&Dyak PÖ;rBu;D ukv
d nf;
w&m;a&at; tNrdKufaq;ukd wkdufauR;EkdifwJhtwGuf r,fawmfBuD;-
vnf; aomwmywådr*fÓPf zkdvfÓPf qkdufa&mufoGm;cJhygw,f/
t&Siof m&dyw k &å m uk,
d af wmfjrwfBu;D vnf; y&deAd mÁ ef pHveG af wmfrl
oGm;NyD/ xkdtcsdefrSm rdrd\ om;&wemukd tvGefMunfndKaewJh rdcif
jzpfolu a&TawGukd xnfhxm;wJh *kda'gifwkdufwHcg;awGukd zGifhNyD;awmh
a&TawGukd csdefwG,fNyD;awmh ay;w,f/ ighom; y&dedAÁmefpHwJh rD;oN*ØK[f-

&rnfyh rJG mS a&Tr@yfaygif; (500)? a&Tjyom'faygif; (500) aqmufvyk af p
qkNd y;D awmh 'Dvdk a&TawG xkwaf y;w,f aemf/ 'g b,favmuf csr;f omae
ovJqkdwmukd bkef;BuD;ajymcsifwmyg/
tJ'Davmuf csrf;omwJh ola|;om;&wem wpfOD;u wpfcsdef
omoemabmif 0ifa&mufNy;D &Si&f [ef;jyKvmNy?D &Si&f [ef;jyKvmwJh tcsed f
tcgrSm 'D t&Sio f m&dyw k &å m\ *kPaf wGudk bk&m;&Siu f cs;D usL;awmfrw l hJ
taetm;jzifh y&deAd mÁ efpv H eG af wmfro
l mG ;Ny;D wJah emuf t&Siof m&dyw k &å m\
"mwfawmfawGudk nDjzpfol t&Sipf Ek r´ ax&fu om0w¬jd ynfreG f aZw0ef
ausmif;wku d of Ydk ,laqmifvmNy;D jrwfpmG bk&m;&Si\ f vufawmfoYdk tyf-
ESif;ylaZmfwJh tcsdeftcgrSm "mwfawmfxnfhxm;wJh MuKwfuav;ukd
vuf0g;ay:wifNy;D bk&m;&Siu f t&Sio f m&dyw k &å m\ *kPaf us;Zl;awGukd
csD;rGrf; ajr§mufpm;aomtm;jzifh &[ef;awGudk vkdufemjyKusifh oifhwJh
qifjcifoifh qifjcifxu dk w f hJ w&m;awGudk a[may;ygw,f/ emMunfMh u-
&atmif ---
a,m yAÁZD Zmwdowmed yÍö?
y[m, umrmed raem&rmed/
wH 0Dw&m*H okorm[dwdÈd´,H?
y&dedAÁKwH 0E´x om&dykwåH/ (oH-|-3-255/)
bdua© 0 = &[ef;awmfrsm; tkd ...cspo f m;wk/Yd a,m om&dyak wåm
= tMuif om&dykwå&m rnfomac:rSwf &[ef;jrwfonf/ raem&rmed
= pdwfESvkH;ukd &TifjyHK;arGUavsmfapEkdifukefaom/ umrmed = 0w¬Ktm½kH
umr*kPfwkdYukd/ y[m, = riJhruGuf &uf&ufpGefYy,fawmfrlcJhonf
jzpfí/ yÍö Zmwdowmed = b0rsm;pGm ig;&mwkdYumvywfvkH;/ yAÁZD =
o'¨gvkvk &Sif&[ef;jyKcJhavNyD/
t&Sifom&dykwå&mukd,fawmfjrwfBuD; &[ef;jyKvmwm 'Dwpfb0

wGif r[kwfbl;? b0aygif; (500) qufwkduf &Sif&[ef;jyKcJhw,f/
b0aygif; (500) qufwkduf &Sif&[ef;jyKvmwJh tcsdeftcgrSm rdrd
ykdifqkdifaewJh ouf&SdoufrhJ umr0w¬K tpkpkawGukd ihJuGufrI r&SdbJeJY
&uf&ufa&ma&m pGefYvTwfNyD;awmhrS omoemabmif 0ifa&mufNyD;
&[ef;jyKvmwJh olawmfaumif;jzpfw,f/ 'gu olUrSm csD;usL;xkdufwJh
*kPft*Fgwpfckaemf .../ aemufwpfck ---
0Dw&m*H = ,cktcg0,f wPSm&m* vk;H 0 uif;Ny;D xaom/ oko-
rm[dw`d E, ´d H = aumif;pGm wnfNird af om orm"daÈv
´ nf; &Sad yxaom/
y&dedAÁKwH = y&dedAÁmef 0ifpHcsKyfNidrf; 'ku©Zmwfodrf;avNyD;aom/ wH
om&dykwåH = xkdom&dykwå&m rnfomac:rSwf &[ef;jrwfukd/ wkarS =
oifcspfom;wkdYonf oifcspforD;wkdYonf/ 0E´x = o'¨g½kdusKd; rmefpG,f
csKd;í &Sdckd;OD;ESdrfMuygukkefavmh .../
"mwfawmfMuKwu f av; vufsmvuf0g;ay:rSm wifNy;D awmh jrwfpmG
bk&m;u &[ef;awGukd t&Sifom&dykwå&m\ ykvJ&wemeJY wlnDaewJh
"mwfawmf&wemawGukd &Sdckd;ylaZmfzkdY&eftwGuf wkdufwGef;w,faemf/
aemufwpfck ---
cEÅDAavm yx0doarm e ukyÜwd?
e pmyd pdwåó 0aoe 0wåwd/
tEkurÜaum um½kPdaum p edAÁKawm?
bdua© 0 = &[ef;awmfrsm; tkd ... cspo
f m;wk/Yd a,m om&dyak wåm
= tMuif om&dykwå&m rnfomac:rSwf &[ef;jrwfonf/ cEÅDAavm =
tvGetYf vGef onf;cHbjd im; t"d0goecEÅw
D &m;vQif cGetf m;&So
d jl zpfí/
yx0doarm = r[myx0D þajr EIdif;,l ykHpHwlonfjzpfí/ e ukyÜwd
= tjyifol wpfbufom;tm; b,fawmhrS trsufrxGufwwfacs/

pdwåó = rwnfNidrfjim; pdwfw&m;\/ 0aoe = tvkdtBudKuf olU
p½kdufjzifh/ e pmyd 0wåwd = rnfonfhtcgrS vdkufvnf; rvkdufygacs/
t&Sifom&dykwå&mukd Munfhvkduf ... 'Davmuf csrf;om<u,f0-
aewJh ola|;om;&wemwpfOD; jzpfayrnhfvkdY olu omoemabmifodkY
0ifa&mufvYkd &Si&f [ef;jyKvmwJt h csed t
f cgrSm t&[wår*f t&[wåzv kd f
qduk of mG ;Ny/D &m* a'go arm[awGu uif;oGm;Ny/D &m* a'go arm[
awG uif;oGm;wJh t&Sifom&dykwå&m udk,fawmfjrwfBuD;udk vSrf;arQmf
MunfhvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm bmjzpfaeovJ¿ cEÅDAv - tvGefYtvGef
onf;cHwJh t"d0goecEÅDw&m;udk olu cGeftm;tjzpf tjrJwrf; tokH;
jyKw,f/ yx0Dor = r[myx0DajrBuD;eJY wlnDaewJh onf;cHjcif; cEÅD
w&m; &Sdw,f/ r[myx0DajrBuD;ay:udk pifMu,fwJh t&m0w¬KudkyJ
jzpfap? rpifMu,fwhJ t&m0w¬Kuydk jJ zpfap pGeyYf pfvu kd w f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm
r[myx0DajrBuD;rSm azmufjyefrI wkefvIyfrI azmufjyefysufpD;rI bmrQ
r&Sod vdb k J t&Sio f m&dyw k &å mtay:odYk aumif;aom tm½kaH wGyJ jzpfapç
raumif;aom tm½kHawGyJ jzpfap wdkufcdkufvmNyD qdkvQif t&Sifom&d-
ykw&å mud, k af wmfjrwfBu;D \ pdw"f mwfonf wkev f yI rf rI &Sbd J r[myx0D
ajrBuD;uJhodkY MuHHhMuHHhcdkifMunfwJh onf;cHjcif; cEÅDpGrf;tm; &Sdaew,f/
aemufwpfck -
pdwåó = rwnfNidrfjim; pdwfw&m;\/ 0aoe = tvdktBudKuf
olUp½kdufjzifh/ e pmyd 0wåwd = rnfonfhtcgrS vdkufvnf; rvdkufyg-
wwfacs/ pdw\ f tvdt k wdik ;f tjyKtrlqwkd m wpfcgrQ r&Scd b
hJ ;l / jyKoifh
jyKxdkufwJh vkyfief;&yfawGudk jyKw,f/ rjyKoifhrjyKxdkufwJh vkyfief;&yf-
awGudk a&SmifMuOfcJhw,f/ ajymoifhajymxdkufwJh pum;udk ajymw,f/
rajymoifhrajymxdkufwJh pum;awGudk a&SmifMuOfcJhw,f/ MuHpnfoifh
MupH nfxu kd w
f mudk pdwu f ;l MupH nfw,f/ rMupH nfoifh rMupH nfxu kd w
f hJ
tm½kHawGudk tjrJwrf; a&SmifMuOfcJhw,f/ pdwf\ tvdktwdkif; jyKrl-

aqmif&uG rf q
I w
kd m wpfcrk S r&Scd b
hJ ;l / 'g t&Sio
f m&dyw
k &å mrSm&Sw
d hJ *kP-f
awGyJaemf/ aemufwpfck -
tEkurÜaum = ajymxlrsm;pGm owå0gudk arwåmyHhaxmuf apmifh-
a&Smufwwfay\/
owå0gtaygif;tay:rSm jzefMY uufxm;wJh arwåmpsmefawGudk tjrJ
0ifpm;Ny;D awmh owå0gawGtay:ü arwåm"mwfjzifh apmifah &SmufwwfwhJ
pdwfxm;vnf; &Sdw,f/
um½kPdaum p = MuifemqyGm; oem;vnf; oem;wwfay\/
u½kPmbm0emur®|mef;ukdvnf; psmefqkdufonfwkdifatmif
pD;jzef;aewJh olawmfaumif;jzpfjcif;aMumifh owå0gtm;vkH;tay:ü
Muifemoem;wwfwJh pdwfxm;uvnf; olUrSm &Sdaew,f/ 'gaMumifh -
tEkurÜaum = ajymxlrsm;pGm owå0gudk arwåmyHhaxmuf apmifh-
a&Smufwwfay\/ um½kPad um p = MuifemqyGm; oem;vnf; oem;
wwfay\/ edAÁKawm = udavom[l tylrvdrf; at;Nidrf;NyD;olvnf;
jzpfay\/ y&deAd KÁ wH = y&deAd mÁ ef0ifpcH sKyNf ird ;f 'kuZ© mwford ;f avNy;D aom/
wH om&dykwåH = xkdom&dykwå&m rnfomac:rSwf &[ef;jrwfukd/ wkarS
= oifcspfom;wkdYonf oifcspforD;wkdYonf/ 0E´x = o'¨g½kdusKd; rmef-
pG,fcsKd;í &Sdckd;OD;ESdrfMuygukefavmh/
'kw,
d tBurd f jrwfpmG bk&m;u wku
d w
f eG ;f jyefw,faemf/ aemufxyf
wwd,tBudrf jrwfpGmbk&m;u bmqufwkdufwGef;jyefvJ¿
p@mvykawåm ,xm e*&H y0da|m?
eDpraem p&wd uaVmyd[aw¬m/
wxm t,H 0dp&wd om&dykawåm?
bdu©a0 = &[ef;awmfrsm; tdk ... cspfom;wkdY/ e*&H y0da|m =

NrdKU&GmtwGif; xrif;t&Sm 0ifa&mufí vmayaom/ p@mvykawåm
= qif;&JvSjim; 'Gef;p@m;\ om;onf ---
tvGef qif;&JEGrf;ayaewJh olawmif;pm;wpfOD; &Sdw,f? 'Dol-
awmif;pm;u NrdKU&GmtwGif;rSm xrif;&SmzkdY 0ifvmNyD?
NrdKU&GmtwGif; xrif;t&Sm 0ifa&mufívmayaom/ p@mvykawåm =
qif;&JvjS im; 'Ge;f p@m;\om;onf/ uaVmyd[aw¬m = ES;D jzifh &ufvyk f
pkwfEkwfvSpGmaom cGufi,fukd vuf0,fukdifpGJvsuf/ eDpraem = rmef
rwuf<u ESdrfcsaom pdwf"mwf &Sdvsuf/ p&wd ,xm = vSnfhvnf
usufpm; oGm;vmaexdkifbdouJhokdY ---
olawmif;pm;ukd Munfv h udk v
f Qif NrKd U&GmtwGi;f rSm olu xrif;&SmzkYd
0ifa&mufvmw,f/ tifrwefqif;&J EGr;f yg;Ny;D awmh pm;p&mrJh aep&mrJh
cku
d ;dk &mrJw
h hJ olawmif;pm;vnf; jzpfw,f/ Ny;D awmhvnf; 'Doal wmif;pm;
\ awmif;rnfh cGufuav;udk MunfhvkdufvQif ESD;jzifh &ufvkyfxm;wJh
tifrwef pkwaf ewJh cGupf w k uf av;wpfco k m jzpfw,f? tJ'D cGupf w k -f
uav;wpfckudk vufuukdifNyD;awmh NrdKU&GmtwGif; xrif;awmif;zdkY
0ifvmw,f/ 0ifvmwJh 'Doal wmif;pm;\ oEÅmefukd vSr;f Munfv h udk wf hJ
tcsed t f cgrSm tifrwef wuf<ujrifah rmufaewJh rmew&m;awG olUrSm
r&Sdbl;? olu a'go odyfBuD;rnfç rmeawGu odyfBuD;aernfqkdvQif
olUukd xrif;ay;rJhvl r&Sdbl;qkdwm ol em;vnfaew,f aemf .../
tJ'DykHpHav;ukd pHxm;NyD;awmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u b,fvkda[movJ¿
NrdKU&GmtwGif; xrif;t&Sm 0ifa&mufívmayaom/ p@mvykawåm =
qif;&JvjS im; 'Ge;f p@m;\om;onf/ uaVmyd[aw¬m = ES;D jzifh &ufvyk f
pkwfEkwfvSpGmaom cGufi,fukd vuf0,fukdifpGJvsuf/ eDpraem = rmef

rwuf<u ESdrfcsaom pdwf"mwf&Sdvsuf/ p&wd ,xm = vSnfhvnf
usufpm; oGm;vmaexdkifbdouJhokdY/ wxm = xkdYtwl/ t,H om&d-
ykawåm = þom&dykwå&m rnfomac:rSwf &[ef;jrwfonf/ eDpraem
= rmefrwuf<u ESdrfhcsaom pdwf"mwf&Sdvsuf/ 0dp&wd = vSnfhvnf
usupf m; oGm;vmaexkid af vh &Sad y\/ y&deAd KÁ wH = y&deAd mÁ ef 0ifpcH sKyNf ird ;f
'ku©Zmwf odrf;avNyD;aom/ wH om&dykwåH = xkdom&dykwå&m rnfom
ac:rSwf &[ef;jrwfukd/ wkarS = oifcspfom;wkdYonf oifcspforD;wkdY
onf/ 0E´x = o'¨g½kud sK;d rmefp, G cf sK;d í &Scd ;dk OD;ESrd Mf uygukeaf vmh .../
t&Sio f m&dyw k &å monf ckeu bke;f Bu;D ajymcJo h vkyd J tvGef csr;f om
<u,f0wJh ola|;om;wpfOD; jzpfygw,f/ 'gayrJh omoemabmifukd
0ifa&mufvmNyq D v dk Qif rdrd pdw"f mwfudk b,fvdk ESrd chf sxm;ovJ¿ tifr-
wef qif;&Jvw S hJ NrKd U&GmtwGi;f xrif;awmif;zk&Yd ef 0ifvmwJh olawmif;-
pm;yrm rdrd\ pdwfukd tjrJwrf; ESdrfhcsxm;w,f/ 'Dvkd ESdrfhcsNyD;awmhrS
NrdKU&GmtwGif;rSm qGrf;cHjcif;jzifh vSnfhvnfavh&Sdw,f/ 'gaMumifh
omoemabmif 0ifa&mufNy;D &Si&f [ef;jyKvmNyq D v
dk Qif &Si&f [ef;jyKvmwJh
yk*Kd¾ vaf wGrmS xm;&So d ifw
h hJ pdwaf e pdwx
f m;ukd jrwfpmG bk&m;u a[mae
ygw,f/ aemufwpfck ---
Ooabm ,xm qdEé0domPaum?
ta[|,aEÅm p&wd yk& EÅa& 0ae/
wxm t,H 0d[&wd om&dykawåm?
bdua© 0 = &[ef;awmfrsm; tkd cspo f m;wk.Yd ../ qdE0é o
d mPaum
Ooabm = OD;csKu d sK;d jim; OobEGm;vm;onf/ yk&EÅa& = NrKd U&GmtwGi;f -
üvnf;aumif;/ 0ae = awmtwGif;üvnf;aumif;/ ta[|,aEÅm
= rnfoUl ukrd Q ESyd pf ufnO§ ;f yef;rI tvsO;f yif rjyKonfjzpfí/ p&wd ,xm
= vSnfhvnfusufpm; oGm;vm aexkdifbdouJhokdY/ wxm = xkdYtwl/

t,H om&dyak wåm = þ om&dyw k &å m rnfomac:rSwf &[ef;jrwfonf/
ta[|,aEÅm = rnfolUukdrQ n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufrI tvsOf;yif rjyKonf
jzpfí/ 0d[&wd = avsmif;ç xkid çf &yfç oGm; av;yg;,myx rQwwifw h ,f
aepHyg,favh &Sday\/ y&dedAÁKwH = y&dedAÁmef 0ifpHcsKyfNidrf; 'ku©Zmwf
odrf;avNyD;aom/ wH om&dykwåH = xkdom&dykwå&m rnfomac:rSwf
&[ef;jrwfu/dk wkarS = oifcspo f m;wko Yd nf oifcspo
f rD;wko
Yd nf/ 0E´x
= o'¨g½kdusKd; rmefpG,fcsKd;í &Sdckd;OD;ESdrfMuygukefavmh .../
csKdusKd;aewJh EGm;vm;OobBuD; wpfaumif&Sdw,f? csKdusKd;aewJh
EGm;vm;OobBu;D onf NrKd U&GmtwGi;f vSnv hf nfwhJ tcsed t
f cgrSmyJ jzpf
apç awmtwGif;udk vSnfhvnfwJh tcsdeftcgrSmyJ jzpfap? rnfonfh
owå0g wpfpw Hk pfO;D ukrd Q n§O;f yef;ESyd pf ufjcif; tvsO;f rjyKbJ vSnv hf nf
usufpm; oGm;vmaexkdifbdouJhokdY tvm;wlyJ t&Sifom&dykwå&m
uk,d af wmfjrwfonfvnf;yJ NrKd U&GmtwGi;f vSnv hf nfusupf m;wJh tcsed f
tcgrSmyJjzpfapç ausmif;wku d t
f wGi;f vSnv hf nf usupf m;wJh tcsed t f cg
rSmyJ jzpfap avsmif;ç xkdifç &yfç oGm; av;yg;aom £&d,mykxfjzifh
aexkdifawmfrlwJh tcsdeftcgrSm rnfonfh owå0g wpfpkHwpfOD;ukdrQ
n§Of;yef;rI ESdyfpufrIç pdwftaESmifht,Suf jzpfatmif jyKvkyfrIqkdwm
wpfcgrQ r&SdcJhzl;ygbl;/ 'gaMumifh 'ku©Zmwfodrf;oGm;NyDjzpfwJh y&dedAÁmef
0ifpHawmfrlwJh 'D t&Sifom&dykwå&mukd,fawmfjrwfukd oifcspfom;wkdY
wawG oifcspforD;wkdYwawGonf o'¨g½kkdusKd; rmefpG,fcsKd;NyD;awmh &Sdckd;
OD;ñTwfMuyg...qkdNyD;awmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u wkdufwGef;awmfrlygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm bkef;BuD;ajymcsifwmu omoemabmif0ifa&mufNyD;
&Si&f [ef;jyKvmwJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGonf rdr\ d toGit f jyif ajymif;vJomG ;rIudk
tjrw J rf; qifjcif½yI mG ;zkYd bk&m;&Siu
f wku
d w
f eG ;f xm;w,fqw kd hJ tcsuyf J
jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvdk ypöa0u©PmÓPfjzifh tjrw J rf; qifjcifvu dk w f thJ wGuf
bmjzpfvmEkdifovJ¿
{0H ypöa0u©awm aumayg p rmaem p y[D,wd/ (tH-|-3-313/)
{0H = þokdY/ ypöa0u©awm = qifjcif½IyGm;vsuf&Sdaom yk*¾dKvf\
oEÅmefü/ aumayg p = trsufa'goukdvnf;aumif;/ rmaem p =
rmefrmewuf<urIukdvnf;aumif;/ y[D,wd = y,f&Sm;Ekdifay\/
rdr\
d 'Dvdk tqif; azmufjyefysupf ;D aewmawGudk = ½kyt f qif;\
azmufjyefysupf ;D rI rdro
d ;Hk pGaJ ewJh y&du&© mawG\ toGit
f jyif ajymif;-
vJoGm;rIawGukd tjrJrjywf qifjcifvkdufrnfqkdvkdY&SdvQif 'Dvkd qifjcif
aewJh yk*¾dKvf\ oEÅmefrSm trsufa'gow&m;awGukdvnf; 'Dyk*¾dKvfu
y,f&mS ;Ekid w
f o
hJ abm &Sod mG ;vdrrhf nf/ rmefrmew&m;awGuv dk nf; y,f-
&Sm;EkdifwJhoabm &SdoGm;vdrfYrnf/ 'gaMumifh -
]]a00PÖd,rSd tZÑKy*awm}}wd yAÁZdawe tbdPSH ypöa0u©dwAÁH/
t[H = igonf/ a00PÖ, d H = ½kyt
f qif;\ azmufjyefysupf ;D jcif;ok/Yd
tZÑKy*awm = uyfa&mufí ae&avonf/ trSd = jzpf&ayNyD/ £wd
= þokdYvQif/ yAÁZdawe = omoemabmifokdY 0ifa&mufí &Sif&[ef;
jyKvmaom yk*Kd¾ vo
f nf/ tbdPHS = tjrrJ jywf rMumcP/ ypöa0u©w d AÁH
= qifjcifoifh qifjcifxkdufay\/
jrwfpGmbk&m;u 'Dtcsufudk eHygwf (1)qkH;rxm;w,f/ eHygwf
(2)tcsufudk jrwfpGmbk&m;u b,fvkd qufNyD; qkH;rovJ¿
olwpfyg;wkdYESifh qufpyfaeaom toufarG;rI

]]y&y#dA'¨g ar ZD0dum}}wd yAÁZdawe tbdPSH ypöa0u©dwAÁH/
ar = ig\/ ZD0dum = toufarG;rIonfum;/ y&y#dA'¨g =
olwpfyg;wkdYESifh qufpyfvsuf&Sd\/ £wd = þokdYvQif/ yAÁZdawe =
omoemabmifokdY 0ifa&mufí &Sif&[ef;jyKvmaom yk*¾dKvfonf/

tbdPHS = tjrJrjywf rMumcP/ ypöa0u©dwAÁH = qifjcifoifh qifjcif-
xkdufay\/
igY\ toufarG;0rf;aMumif;vkyfief;&yfonf olwpfyg;wkdYESifh
tjrJwrf; qufpyfaew,fqkdwmukd omoemabmifokdY 0ifa&mufNyD;
&Sif&[ef;jyKvmwJh yk*¾dKvfrSefvQif tjrJrjywf qifjcifay;yg? rMumcP
qifjcifay;yg? 'Dvkd qifjcifvkdufvkdY&SdvQif bmjzpfrvJ¿
{0H ypöa0u©awm [d tmZDa0g y&dokZÑwd? yd@ygawm p typd-
awm a[mwd/ (tH-|-3-313/)
{0H = þokv
Yd Qi/f ypöa0u©awm = qifjcifaom yk*Kd¾ v\
f oEÅmefü/
tmZDa0g = tmZD0yg&dok'¨doDvonf/ y&dokZÑwd = pifMu,f\/
toufarG;rIqw dk hJ tmZD0yg&do'k o d¨ v D Bu;D pifMu,fomG ;Ekid wf ,f/
igY\ toufarG;rIonf olwpfyg;wkdYESifh tjrJwrf; qufpyfaew,f
qkw d mukd tjrrJ jywf qifjcifvu dk rf nfqv dk Qif 'Dvdk qifjcifaewJh yk*Kd¾ v\f
oEÅmefrmS tmZD0yg&do'k o d¨ vD Bu;D pifMu,fomG ;Ekid w f ,f/ b,fvv dk nf;
vkYd ar;vQiaf wmh - ]]igonf olwpfyg; vSLwJh ouFe;f ukd 0wf½aHk e&w,f/
igonf olwpfyg; vSLaewJh qGrf;udk pm;ae&w,f/ igonf olwpfyg;
vSLaewJh ausmif;rSm aeae&w,f/ igonf olwpfyg; vSLaewJh aq;
ypönf;awGukd okH;pGJae&w,f}}vkdY 'Dvkd cPcP qifjcifay;vkdufrnf
qkvd &Ydk v
dS Qif 'Dvdk qifjcifaewJh yk*Kd¾ v\ f oEÅmefrmS tmZD0yg&do'k d¨ oDvu
wjznf;jznf; jynfph v Hk mEkid w f ,f/ pifMu,fvmEkid w f ,f/ bmaMumifv h ¿J
'Dvdk qifjcifaewJh yk*Kd¾ vu
f 'DtoufarG;0rf;aMumif;vkyif ef;&yfEiS hf
ywfoufNy;D awmh bk&m;&Sif ynwfawmfrw l hJ odum© yk'af wGudk tjrw
J rf;
trSw&f atmif 'Dqifjcifru I tjrw J rf; wku
d wf eG ;f vIUH aqmfay;aeygw,f/
wkdufwGef;vIHUaqmfay;aewJh twGufaMumifh 'Dvkd rMumcP qifjcif-
ay;vkdufvkdY&SdvQif bk&m;&Sif rBudKufwJh rdpämtmZD0ac:wJh rSm;aom

toufarG;rIvyk if ef;&yfawGukd rdru d a&SmifMuOfrmS jzpfw,f/ rqifjcifwhJ
yk*Kd¾ vaf wGu ra&SmifMuOfb;l ? qifjcifwyhJ *k Kd¾ vu f awmh rMumcP qifjcif
aewJhtwGuf a&SmifMuOfrnf/ a&SmifMuOfvdkufvkdY&SdvQif rdrd toufarG;
0rf;aMumif; vkyfief;&yfonf wjznf;jznf; pifMu,foGm;rnf? 'Dvkd
pifMu,fcv hJ Qif tmZD0yg&do'k o
d¨ v
D ESihf jynfph NHk yv
D Ydk 'Dvq
dk &dk w,f/ okaYd omf
'DavmufwGifvm;qkdawmh ruao;bl; .../
odu©myk'f (6) yg;

'Dae&mrSm toufarG;0rf;aMumif;ESihf qufpyfNy;D bk&m;&Sif ynwf
awmfrlxm;wJh odu©myk'f (6)rsKd; &Sdygw,f/ 'Dodu©myk'f (6)rsKd;udk 0denf;
y&d0gygVdawmf (0d-5-178/)rSm tusOf;csKyfNyD; az:jyxm;ygw,f/
eHygwf (1)uawmh--- yg&mZdutmywf jzpfygw,f/ toufarG;
0rf;aMumif;udk taMumif;jyKum ,kwfrmwJh tvdkqkd;jzifh rdrdrSm xif&Sm;
r&Swd hJ psmefr*fzvdk f w&m;awGukd &&Sw d t
hJ aeESihf 0g<um;yvTm; ajymqdck -hJ
vQif yg&mZdutmywfoifah pvdYk bk&m;&Siu f odum© yk'f ynwfxm;awmf
rlygw,f/ psmefw&m; r*fw&m; zdkvfw&m;awGudk &aewJh &[ef;vdkY
vlawGu txifBu;D um vSL'gef; ylaZmfMuvdrrhf nfqw kd hJ arQmvf ifch surf sK;d
udk ,kwrf mwJh tvdq k ;kd vdYk qdv
k ykd gw,f/ 'Dtvdq k ;dk udk tajccHum psmef
r*fzv kd af wGukd r&bJEiS hf &w,fvYkd 0g<um; yvTm; ajymqdck v hJ Qiçf vlwu Ykd
vnf; txifBuD;um ypönf;av;yg;wdkYudk vSL'gef; ylaZmfcJhvQif xdk
ypön;f awGukd oH;k pGwJ hJ &[ef;[m tmZD0yg&do'k o ¨d vD rpifMu,fawmhb;l /
eHygwf (2)uawmhh--- toufarG;0rf;aMumif;udk taMumif;jyKum
,kwfrmwJh tvdkqdk;jzifh a,musfm; rdef;r ESpfOD;om;wdkY\ tMum;rSm
atmifwref vkyfief;&yfudk jyKusifhw,f? oHCm'daooftmywf oifh-
w,f/
eHygwf (3)uawmhh --- tvm;wl &nf&G,fcsufESifh ]]oihfausmif;rSm

oDwif;oH;k wJh ud,
k af wmf[m &[EÅmyJ}}vdYk ajymqdw k ,f? xkvp’ Of;tmywf
oifhw,f/
eHygwf (4)uawmhh --- toufarG;rItwGuf axmywf qDOD; ysm;
wifvJ ig; trJ pwJh rGefjrwfwJh abmZOfawGudk aqGrsKd;rawmfolç
ypön;f av;yg; awmif;cH&ef rzdwMf um;xm;olwx Ykd rH mS *dvme r[kwbf J
awmif;&rf; pm;oHk;w,f? ygpdwftmywf oifhw,f/
eHygwf (5)uawmh --- toufarG;0rf;aMumif;udyk J taMumif;jyKum
bduK© erD u qDO;D axmywf ysm; wifvJ ig; trJpwJh rGejf rwfwhJ abmZOf-
awGukd aqGrsK;d rawmfoçl ypön;f av;yg; awmif;cH&ef rzdwMf um;xm;ol-
wdkYxHrSm *dvmer[kwfbJ awmif;&rf; pm;oHk;w,f? yg#da'oeDtmywf
oifhw,f/
eHygwf (6)uawmhh --- toufarG;rIudk taMumif;cHum rGefjrwfwJh
yPDwabmZOf r[kwfwJh yJaemuf[if; qGrf;pwJh tm[m&awGudk
*dvme r[kwfbJ aqGrsKd;rawmfpyfolç ypönf;av;yg; awmif;cH&ef
rzdwMf um;xm;olwt
Ykd xHü awmif;&rf; pm;aomufw,f? 'ku#ú t
f mywf
oifhw,f/
'Dvdk odu©myk'f (6)rsKd; vm&Sdygw,f/ 'Dodu©myk'f (6)rsKd;wdkYwGif
wpfrsKd;rsKd;udkjzpfap trsm;udkjzpfap vGefusL;um ypönf;av;yg;udk &Sm-
azGvQif rdpmä tmZD0 jzpfw,f? toufarG;rI rp,fMu,fawmhb;l / ]]ig\
toufarG;rIonf olwpfyg;wdEYk iS hf tjrw J rf; qufpyfaew,fv}Ykd } 'Dvkd
rMumcP qifjcifay;aewJh yk*¾dKvf[m 'Dvdk rSm;,Gif;wJh enf;vrf;jzifh
ypön;f av;yg;udk &atmif &SmazGraI wGukd tjrw J rf; a&SmifMuOfrmS jzpfyg
w,f/
NyD;awmhvJ bk&m;&Sifu [kd - 0dbif;ygVdawmf (tbd-2-255/) pwJh
xdxk kd ygVdawmfawGrmS vlwu Ykd kd opfo;D ay;jcif; yef;ay;jcif; aq;ukjcif;

pwJh bk&m;&Sif &GH&Sm pufqkyfawmfrlwJh rSm;,Gif;aom toufarG;rI =
rdpmä ZD0rIwjYkd zifh &&Sw
d hJ vmbfvmbawGuv kd nf; roH;k pG&J ef wm;jrpfxm;
awmfrlygw,f/ rdrd\ toufarG;rI[m olwpfyg;wdkYESifh qufpyfae
w,fvYkd tjrJ qifjcifaewJh yk*Kd¾ v[ f mvnf; 'Dvkd bk&m;&Sif &G&H mS pufqyk -f
awmfrlwJh toufarG;0rf;aMumif; vkyfief;&yfawGudk a&SmifMuOfcsifwJh
pdwf"mwfawG ay:vmrnf? a&Smifvnf; a&SmifMuOfayvdrfhrnf/
odkYaomf ...
yd@ygawm p typdawm a[mwd/
yd@ygawm p = 'g,um 'g,dumrwkYd vSL'gef;ylaZmfaewJh qGr;f ukd
vnf;yJ/ typdawm = wkv YH n S whf pfzef jyefvnfí ylaZmftyfNy;D jzpfonf/
a[mwd = jzpfay\/
'um 'umrwdkY vSL'gef;aewJh qGrf;awGukdvnf; wkHYvSnfhwpfzef
jyefvnfNyD; ylaZmfjcif;qdkwJh vkyfief;&yfawGudk rdrdonf wjznf;jznf;
jyKvkyfNyD; jzpfoGm;vdrfhrnf/ b,fvkd jyKvkyfNyD; jzpfovJ¿
r[mrdwå (t,srdwå) rax&fjrwfBuD;
'Dtykdif;av;ukd bkef;BuD; 0w¬KZmwfaMumif;uav;wpfckudk &nf
ñTef;NyD; enf;enf;av; xyfa[mr,f aemf/ emrnfausmfjzpfwJh r[m
rdwårax&fBuD; (t,srdwårax&fBuD;) qkdMupkdY/ oD[kdVfuRef; uóu
vkdPf*l wpfckrSm olu oDwif;okH;aeygw,f/ 'Drax&fBuD;udk qGrf;ukd
wkHYvSnfhwpfzef ylaZmfwJh vkyfief;&yfrSm pHjytjzpfeJY t|uxmrsm;u
azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ ('D-|-2-379-380/ r-|-1-297-298/ oH-|-3-196-197/
tbd-|-2-266-267??)
'Dawmh 'Dae&mrSm - txl;ojzifh qGrf;eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh ]]ig\
toufarG;rIonf olwpfyg;wdEYk iS hf qufpyfaew,f}}vdYk 'D qifjcifwmeJY
ywfoufNyD; qifjcifykHenf;pepfuav;awGudkvnf; t|uxmq&m

awmfu enf;enf; zGifhqkdxm;w,f/ b,fvdkvJ¿
a, wH yd@ygwm'D[d Oy|[EÅd? £ar aw rEkóm ae0
Ówum? e 'gour®u&m? emyd ]wH edóm, ZD0dómrm}wd aw
yPDwmed yd@ygwm'Ded a'EÅd/ ('D-|-2-379-380/ r-|-1-297-298/ oH-
|-3-196-197/ tbd-|-2-266-267/)
a, = tMuif'g,um 'g,dumrwdkYonf/ wH = oifhudk/ yd@-
ygwm'D[d = qGrf;ponfwdkYjzifh/ Oy|[EÅd = jyKpkvkyfauR;í aeMu
avukef\/ £ar rEkóm = þ'g,um 'g,dumrwdkYonf/ aw
oif\/ ae0 Ówum = aqGrsKd;wdkYvnf; r[kwfMuygayukef/ e
'gour®u&m = uReftrIvkyfa,mufsm;wdkYvnf; r[kwfMuygayukef/
wH = oifhudk/ edóm, = trDSjyKí/ emyd ZD0dómr = touf&SifaewJh
yk*¾dKvfwdkYvnf; r[kwfMuygukef/
tvSL&SifawGudk vSrf;Munfhvdkufyg/ rdrdudk aeYpOfqGrf;jzifh vmNyD;
ylaZmfaeMuNyD/ ylaZmfaewJh 'D tvSL&SifawGudk MunfhvdkufvdkY&SdvQif
'DtvSL&SifawGonf rdrd\ aqGrsKd;awGvnf; r[kwfMubl;/ rdrd cdkif;ap
aewJh uReftrIvkyfa,mufsm;awG uReftrIvkyftrsKd;orD;awGvnf;
r[kwfMubl;/ rdrdudk trDSjyKNyD;awmh toufarG;aewJh yk*¾dKvfawGa&m
[kwfMuovm;¿ r[kwfMubl;aemf/
aw = xkd'g,um 'g,dumrwkdYonf/ yPDwmed = rGefjrwfukef
aom/ yd@ygwm'Ded = qGrf; cJzG,f tp&SdwJh vSLbG,f0w¬KtpkpkwkdYukd/
a'EÅd = ay;vSLí aeMuavukef\/
wpfcgwpf&H tvSL&SifawGbufukd MunfhvkdufvQif rdrdwkdYawmif
rpm;bl;/ tvSLcHyk*¾dKvfawGukd vSLrnfqkdwJh pdwf"mwfjzifh vmvSLMu
w,f/ vSLvkdufwJh ypönf;awGukd MunfhvkdufvQif rGefjrwfwJh qGrf; cJzG,f
abmZOfawG ygw,f/ rGefjrwfwJh ouFef;awGç rGefjrwfwJh ausmif;awGç
rGefjrwfwJh aq;ypönf;awG ygMuw,f/ tJ'Dvkd rGefjrwfwJh qGrf; cJzG,f

abmZOfpwJh 'DvSLbG,f0w¬K tpkpkawGukd vSL'gef;ylaZmfaewJh yk*¾dKvf
awGukd vSrf;Munfhvkdufawmh rdrdwkdY\ aqGrsKd;vnf;r[kwfç rdrd ckdif;ap
aewJh uRefa,mufsm; uRefrdef;rawGvnf; r[kwfç rdrdukd rDSNyD; touf-
arG;aewJh yk*¾dKvfawGvnf; r[kwfMuygbl;/ bmawGvJ¿
tx acg twåaem um&meH r[yævwH ypömoDormem a'EÅd/
(tbd-|-2-266 .../)
tx acg = wu,fpifppftm;jzifhaomfum;/ twåaem = rdrd\/
um&meH = jyKpyk sK;d axmifxm;Muukeaf om aumif;rIuo k vdk w
f \
Ydk / r[yæ-
vwH = BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfaom tusKd;&Sdonf\ tjzpfukd/ ypöm-
oDormem = vkdvm;awmifhwMuukefvsuf/ a'EÅd = ay;vSLMuukef\/
olwkdYvSLwJh OD;wnfcsufu bmvJ¿ rdrd jyKvkdufwJh jyKpkysKd;axmif
vkdufwJh aumif;rIukokdvfw&m;wkdY\ BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfwJh tusKd;
&SdrIudk vkdvm;awmifhwNyD;awmhom aumif;rIukokdvfawGukd jyKpkvSL
'gef;ylaZmfaeMujcif;jzpfw,f/ aemufwpfck -
ow¬m&myd ]]t,H £ar ypöa, y&dbkÍÆdwGm um,'V§dA[kavm
okcH 0d[&dówD}}wd e {0Íö orÜówm wk,SH ypö,m tEknmwm/
(tbd-|-2-266 .../)
ow¬m&myd = vlewfw\ Ydk q&mwpfqjl zpfawmfral om bk&m;&Siu
f
vnf;yJ/ t,H = þ &[ef;awmfonf/ £ar ypöa, = þ ypönf;
av;yg;wkdYukd/ y&dbkÍÆdwGm = okH;aqmifí/ um,'V§Ad [kavm = ukd,fü
awmifhwif;ckdifrmjcif; rsm;jym;onf/ [kwGm = jzpfí/ okcH = csrf;csrf;
omom/ 0d[&dówd = omoemawmfü aexkdif&ayvwåHU/ £wd =
þokdY ESvkH;ykkdufí/ {0Íö = þokdYvnf;/ orÜówm = aumif;pGm
½IarQmfvsuf/ wk,SH = oifhtm;/ ypö,m = ypönf;av;yg;wkdYukd/ e
tEknmwm = cGifhjyKawmfrltyfonfvnf; r[kwfygay/
bk&m;&Siu f vnf; 'Dypön;f av;yg;ukd oift h wGuf cGijhf yKxm;awmf-

rljcif;onf 'D&[ef;awmfonf 'Dypönf;av;yg;awGukd okH;aqmifNyD;
uk,d v
f ufMuchH idk af &; vkyif ef;&yfawG rsm;jym;Ny;D awmh cE¨mud, k f awmif-h
wif;ckid rf mNy;D omoemawmfrmS csr;f csr;f omom aexkid &f vdrrhf nfqw dk hJ
OD;wnfcsufjzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;u cGifhjyKxm;wm r[kwfbl;/ 'Dvkd ukd,f
vufMuHhckdifzGHUNzdK;a&;ukd arQmfvifhawmifhwNyD; jrwfpGmbk&m;u ypönf;-
av;yg;ukd cGijhf yKxm;jcif; r[kww f t
hJ wGuf bmuko d m OD;wnfNy;D jrwf-
pGmbk&m;u cGifhjyKovJ¿
tx acg ]]t,H £ar y&d b k Í Æ r maem orP"r® H uwG m
0¥'ku©awm rkpödówD}}wd aw ypö,m tEknmwm/ (tbd-|-2-266/)
tx acg = wu,fpifppftm;jzifhaomfum;/ t,H = þ &[ef;
awmfonf/ £ar = þypönf;av;yg;wkdYukd/ y&dbkÍÆrmaem = okH;-
aqmifvsu/f orP"r®H = orx-0dyóem[k ac:qkt d yfaom &[ef;
w&m;ukd/ uwGm = usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfjcif;aMumifh/
0¥'ku©awm = oHo&m0#fqif;&J 'ku©rS/ rkpödówd = vGwfajrmufí
oGm;ayvdrfhrnf/ £wd = þokdY ESvkH;ykdufawmfrlí/ aw = oifhtm;/
ypö,m = ypönf;av;yg;wkdYukd/ tEknmwm = cGifhjyKawmfrltyfcJhavNyD/
jrwfpmG bk&m;u bmOD;wnfcsuef YJ 'Dypön;f av;yg;udk cGijhf yKco
hJ vJ¿
'D&[ef;awmfonf 'Dypön;f av;yg;awGudk ok;H pGNJ y;D awmh orx-0dyóem
qkdwJh &[ef;w&m;awGukd usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfEkdifygap/
'D orx-0dyóemqkdwJh &[ef;w&m;awGukd usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwEf idk wf t
hJ wGuf oHo&m0#fqif;&J'u k r© S vGwaf jrmufomG ;vdrrhf nf
qkdwJh 'Dvkd arQmfvifh OD;wnfcsufjzifh 'Dypönf;av;yg;awGukd oifhtm;
jrwfpGmbk&m;u cGifhjyKawmfrljcif;jzpfw,f/
aom 'ged wGH ukodawm 0d[&aEÅm e wH yd@ygwH typm,d-

ówd/ (tbd-|-2-266/)
aom = xkdoifonf/ 'ged = ,cktcgü/ ukodawm = ysif;&dvsuf/
0d[&aEÅm = aexkdifcJhonf&Sdaomf/ wH yd@ygwH = xkdqGrf;ukd/ e
typm,dówd = wkHYvSnfhwpfzef jyefíylaZmfEkdifonf rjzpfayvwåHU/
rqifjcifbJeJY ysif;ysif;&d&deJY 'Dvkd aexkdifcJhrnfqkdvdkY&SdvQifawmh
oifonf ysi;f ysi;f &d&ed YJ orx-0dyóem bm0emawGudk tm;rxkwb f J
aexkdifwJh oifuJhokdYaom yk*¾dKvfonf 'DvSL'gef;ylaZmfaewJh qGrf;ukd
wkHYvSnfhwpfzef jyefNyD;awmh ylaZmfaeonf rrnfygbl; .../ 'um
'umrwkYd vSL'gef;ylaZmfaewJh qGr;f ukd wkv YH nS w hf pfzef jyefNy;D ylaZmfw,f
qkwd mu orx-0dyóem bm0emawGudk wu,ftjyif;txef usiMhf uH
BuKd ;ukwyf mG ;rsm; tm;xkwyf grS qGr;f ukd tusK;d &Sad tmif rdrw d u Ykd jyefvnf
&Guaf qmifaewmjzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh wkv YH nS whf pfzef jyefNy;D awmh qGr;f udk
ylaZmfaeonfrnfw,f ...aemf/
tm&'¨0d&d,aó0 [d yd@ygwmypm,eH emr a[mwd/
(tbd-|-2-266/)
tm&'¨0&d , d aó0 = tjyif;txef usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm; tm;-
xkwfíaeaom yk*¾dKvf\ oEÅmefüomvQif/ yd@ygwmypm,eH emr =
qGrf;udk wkHYvSnfhwpfzef jyefvnfí ylaZmfjcif;rnfonf/ a[mwd =
jzpfay:ívmay\/
orx-0dyóembm0emawGukd tjyif;txef usifhMuHBudK;ukwf
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaewJh yk*¾dKvf\ oEÅmefrSmomvQif 'DqGrf;ukd wkHYvSnfh
wpfzef jyefNy;D ylaZmfjcif;qkw
d hJ oabmw&m;awG xif&mS ;jzpfay: vmEkid -f
ygw,f/ tJ'v D dk qifjcifaewJh vkyif ef;&yfrsK;d ukyd J jrwfpmG bk&m;u &nf-
&G,fNyD;awmh -
]]y&y#dA'¨g ar ZD0dum}}wd yAÁZdawe tbdPSH ypöa0u©dwAÁH/

'Dvkda[mxm;w,f/
ar = ig\/ ZD0dum = toufarG;rIonf/ y&y#dA'¨g = olwpfyg;
wkdYESifh qufpyfíae\/ £wd = þokdYvQif/ yAÁZdawe = omoem
abmifokdY 0ifa&mufí &Sif&[ef;jyKvmaom yk*¾dKvfonf/ tbdPSH =
tjrJrjywf rMumcP/ ypöa0u©dwAÁH = qifjcifoifh qifjcifxkdufay\/
'Dvkd a[mxm;w,f/
tJ'Dvkd qifjcifwJh ae&mrSm xkH;wpfckuawmh ckeu ajymcJhwJh
r[mrdwårax&fBuD;jzpfygw,f/ r[mrdwå rax&fBuD;u uóu
vdkPfrSm oDwif;okH;awmfrlw,f/ xkdrax&fBuD;\ qGrf;cH&GmtwGif;
rSmvnf; Oygodumr = &wemok;H yg;ukd uk;d uG,q f nf;uyfaewJh 'g,d-
umrBuD;wpfOD; &Sdw,f/ cefYrSef;ajctm;jzifh Munfh&wmuawmh awmf-
awmfav; qif;&JErG ;f yg;aewJh 'g,dumrBu;D vkYd ,lq&ygw,f/ 'gayrJv
h Ydk
'Dr[mrdwårax&fBuD;ukd 'g,umrBuD;uvnf; rdrd\ om;t&if;vkd
oabmxm;NyD;awmh ½kdaopGmjzifh pGrf;tm;&Sdoavmuf qGrf;jzifh jyKpk
vkyfauR;aeygw,f/
wpfaeYrSm 'D'g,dumrBuD;u awmukd oGm;cgeD; orD;i,fjzpfolukd
rSmMum;aew,f ---
]]cspforD; [kdae&mrSmuawmh ESpfcsKdUqef qefa[mif;uav;awG
&Sdav&JU? [kdae&mrSmuawmh EGm;EkdYawG &Sdw,f? [kdae&mrSm axmywf
&Sw
d ,f? [kad e&mrSm wifvcJ aJ wG &Sw
d ,f/ oif\ armifawmfBu;D r[m-
rdwårax&fjrwfBuD;vmwJh tcsdeftcgrSm qGrf;ukd csufNyD; EGm;EkdY axm-
ywf wifvJwkdYjzifh a&mpyfNyD;awmh vSL'gef;ylaZmfvkdufyg/ oif cspforD;
vnf; pm;yg/}}
'DvkdrSmMum;aewJh pum;ukd r[mrdwårax&fBuD;u Mum;w,f/
b,fvkdMum;ovJ ar;vkdufawmh --- xkdtcsdeftcgrSm r[mrdwårax&f

BuD;u qGrf;cH<urnfqkdwJh OD;wnfcsufjzifh rdrd oDwif;okH;&m vkdPf*l
twGi;f uae xGucf mG vmcJNh y?D xGucf mG vmvku d wf hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm &Gmxdyf
wpfae&mvkYd cefrY eS ;f &ygw,f/ tJ'D wpfae&mrSm &[ef;awmfrsm; ouFe;f
½kw
H hJ ae&muav;awG &Sw d ,f/ tJ'o D uFe;f ½kw
H hJ ae&mrSm ouFe;f uav;
½kHNyD;awmh ouFef;½kHNyD;prSm oydwftdwftwGif;uae oydwfukd xkwfNyD;
awmh qGr;f cHz&Ydk ef jyifvu
dk wf hJ tcsed tf cgrSm - rax&fBu;D u ur®|mef;ukd
vufvw T Nf y;D vmwm r[kwaf vawmh xkt d csed tf cgrSm 'dAaÁ omwtbd-
nmPfudk 0ifpm;Ny;D awmh em;axmifaeygw,f/ om;trdawG ajymaewJh
pum;ukd 'dAÁaomwtbdnmPfem;jzifh vSrf;NyD; Mum;aew,f/
'DtcsdeftcgrSm orD;i,fjzpfolu bmar;ovJ¿ ]]tara&m bm
pm;rvJ¿ tarhtwGuf bmjyifqifxm;vdkuf&rvJ¿}} ar;vdkufawmh-
]]igawmh raeYwkef;u usefaewJh xrif;Murf;av;udk ytkef;&nfeJY ck
pm;NyD;NyD/}} ]]aeYtcgusvQifaum tarbmpm;rvJ¿}}vdkY orD;u
ar;vdkufwJh tcsdeftcgusawmh ]]aeYtcgawmhuG,f [if;&Gufuav;eJY
qefuaJG v;eJY a&mjyKwxf m;wJh csOpf yfpyf&adS ewJh ,m*kav;udyk J ightwGuf
pDpOfxm;vdkufayawmh}}vdkY 'DvdkajymoGm;w,f/
rax&fBuD;u 'DajymaewJh pum;udk Mum;vdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm
pdwfxJrSm awmfawmfav; raumif;jzpfoGm;w,f aemf/ b,fvdkvJ¿
r[mOygodum ud& uÍöda,e yg&d0godubwåH bkÍÆd ---
(tbd-|-2-267 .../)
OygodumrBu;D u ytke;f &nfeYJ a&mxm;wJh ,refaeYu useaf ewJh
xrif;Murf;udkawmh pm;NyD?
'd0gyd uPyPÖrdÁv,m*kH bkÍÆdówd --- (tbd-|-2-267 .../)
aeYtcgusawmhvnf; qefuGJav;eJY [if;&GufeJY a&mjyKwfxm;wJh
csOfpyfpyft&om &SdaewJh ,m*kav;udk pm;rnfvdkY ajymaew,f/
wk,SH tw¬m, ye yk&mPw@Kvm'Ded tmpdu©wd ---

(tbd-|-2-267 .../)
oifhtwGufusawmh qefa[mif;awG axmywfawG wifvJawG
ysm;awG - 'gawGeJY a&mpyfNyD;awmh EGm;EdkYawGeJY a&mpyfNyD;awmh qGrf;udk
ususee vSLcdkif;aeNyD/
wH edóm, acg yaeom ae0 acwåH e 0w¬KH e bwåH e 0w¬H
ypömoDowd/ (tbd-|-2-267 .../)
wH = oifhukd/ edóm, = trSDjyKí/ {om = þ'g,dumrBuD;
onfum;/ acg ye = wu,fpifppftm;jzifh/ acwåH = v,fukdvnf;yJ?/
ae0 ypömoDowd = rawmifw h yg/ 0w¬KH = ,mudv k nf;yJ/ e ypömoDowd
= rawmifhwyg/ bwåH = xrif;ukdvnf;yJ/ e ypömoDowd = rawmifh-
wyg/ 0w¬H = t0wfukdvnf;yJ/ e ypömoDowd = rawmifhwyg/
'D 'g,dumrBuD;ukd vSrf;arQmfMunfhvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm 'D 'g,d-
umrBu;D u oifu h dk trSjD yKNy;D awmh v,fawG &zkq Yd wdk hJ arQmv
f ifah wmifw
h
csufvnf; r&Sdbl;/ ,mawG&zdkYqdkwJh arQmfvifhawmifhwcsufawGvnf;
r&Sdbl;/ xrif;&zdkYqdkwJh arQmfvifhawmifhwcsufawGvnf; r&Sdbl;/
t0wfyq k ;dk awG &&Szd q
Ydk w
dk hJ arQmvf ifah wmifwh csuv f nf; r&Sbd ;l / bmudk
om arQmfvifhovJ¿
wdaóm ye orÜwåda,m yw¬,rmem a'wd/ (tbd-|-2-267 .../)
wdaóm ye orÜwåda,m = vl ewf edAÁmef okH;wefaom orÜwåd
csrf;omwkdYukd/ yw¬,rmem = vkdvm;awmifhwvsuf/ a'wd = ay;vSL
ae\/
vlcsrf;om ewfcsrf;om edAÁmefcsrf;omqkdwJh vl ewf edAÁmef
okH;wefaom pnf;pdrfcsrf;omwkdYukd arQmfvifhawmifhwNyD;awmh vSL'gef;
ylaZmfaejcif;jzpfw,f/
wGH {wdóm wm orÜwåda,m 'gwkH ou©dóod? e ou©dóod/

(tbd-|-2-267 .../)
wGH = tvSLcHjzpfwJh oifonf/ {wdóm = xkdOygodumrBuD;tm;/
wm orÜwåda,m = xkdarQmfvifhawmifhwaewJh vl ewf edAÁmef okH;wef
aom orÜwådcsrf;omwdkYukd/ 'gwkH = ay;jcif;iSm/ ou©dóod = pGrf;-
EkdifvwåHUavm/ e ou©dóod = rpGrf;EdkifvwåHUavavm/
oifonf 'D'umrBuD; arQmfvifhawmifhwaewJh vl ewf edAÁmef
okH;wefaom pnf;pdrfcsrf;omawGudk orÜwådawGukd ay;zkdY&eftwGuf
pGrf;tm; &Sdyg&JUvm; pGrf;tm;rsm; r&Sd jzpfaeava&mhovm;vkdY 'Dvkd
olUukd,fol ar;Munfhw,f/
t,H acg ye yd@ygawm w,m o&ma*e oa'gaoe o-
arma[e e ouúm bkÍÆdwkEÅd ywåH x0dum, yud©ydwGm *P²duH rkÍödwGm
ed0wådwGm uóuavPar0 *EÉm ywåH a[|mraÍö pD0&H pD0&0Hao
XaywGm ]]t&[wåH tygykPw d mG e edur© ó
d mrD}}wd 0D&,
d H t"d|[dwmG
edoD'd/ (tbd-|-2-267 .../)
t,H yd@ygawm = þqGrf;ukd/ o&ma*e = &m*wef;vef;ESifh
wuGaom/ oa'gaoe = a'gowef;vef;ESifhwuGaom/ oarma[e
= arm[wef;vef;ESifhwuGaom/ w,m = oifuJhaom yk*¾dKvfonf/
bkÍw dÆ kH = bkO;f ay;ok;H aqmiftahH omiSm/ e ouúm = rwwfaumif;av&m/
£wd = þokdY ESvkH;ykdufawmfrlí/ ywåH = oydwfukd/ x0dum, =
oydwftdwfü/ yud©ydwGm= wpfzef jyefxnfhí/ *P²duH = emywfuGif;
em;ywfoD;udk/ rkÍödwGm = ajzvkdufí/ ed0wdåwGm = wpfzef jyefvSnfhí/
uóuavPar0 = uóuvkdPf*lokdYomvQif/ *EÉm = <uoGm;
awmfrí l / ywåH = oydwu f /dk a[|mraÍö = uk#ifanmifapmif;atmufü/
pD0&H = tay:½kHouFef;ukd/ pD0&0Hao = ouFef;wef;ay:ü/ XaywGm =
wifxm;vkdufí/ t&[wåH = t&[wåzkdvfokdY/ tygykPdwGm = r-
qkdufa&mufbJ/ e edu©rdómrd = þvkdPf*ltwGif;rS ig rxGufawmh

aytHh/ £wd = þokdYvQif/ 0D&d,H = BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrI vkHYv0D&d,ukd/
t"d|[dwGm = aqmufwnfí/ edoD'd = xkdifí aeawmfrlcJhavNyD/
odyfaumif;oGm;w,f aemf/ bmwJhvJ¿ 'DqGrf;ukd &m*wef;vef;eJY
a'gowef;vef;eJY arm[wef;vef;eJY oifuJhokdYaom yk*¾dKvfrsKd;uawmh
rpm;ok;H xku
d af wmhb;l vkYd 'Dvdk ESv;Hk yku
d Nf y;D awmh oydwu f dk oydwt f wd x
f J
xnf?h em;ywfuiG ;f tdrrf mS wyfxm;wJh em;ywfo;D ukd jzKwv f u
dk ?f jzKwNf y;D
ouFef;½kH zsufNyD; jyefvSnfhw,f/ uóuvkdPf*lukd jyef<uoGm;w,f/
vkdPf*ltwGif; a&mufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm oydwfukd uk#ifanmifapmif;-
atmufrmS xm;vku d w
f ,f/ tay:½kH {uoDuv dk nf; ouFe;f wef;ay:rSm
wifxm;vkdufNyD;awmh b,fvkd qkH;jzwfcsuf csvkdufovJ¿ -
]]t&[wåH tygykPdwGm e edu©rdómrd/ (tbd-|-2-267 .../)
t&[wåH = t&[wåzkdvfokdY/ tygykPdwGm = rqkdufa&mufbJ/
e edu©rdómrd= vkdPf*ltwGif;rS ig rxGufawmhaytHh/
t&[wåzkdvf ra&mufrcsif; 'DvkdPf*ltwGif;rS igb,fawmhrS
rxGuaf wmhb;l vdYk pdwu
f aqmufwnfvu dk w
f ,f/ tJ'v
D dk aqmufwnf
NyD;awmh orx-0dyóem bm0emawGukd wu,f vufawGU usifhMuH
BudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfawmfrlvkdufygw,f aemf/ tm;xkwfvkdufwJh
tcsdeftcg bmjzpfvmovJ¿
'DC&wåH tyÜrawåm [kwGm ed0kw¬bdu©K 0dyóeH 0a¹wGm
yka&bwåar0 t&[wåH ywGm 0duormerd0 y'krH r[mcDPmoa0g
[odwH ua&maEÅm0 edoD'd/ (tbd-|-2-267 .../)
'DC&wåH = aeYnOfhoHo&m &SnfjrifhpGmaom tcsdeftcgumv
wkdYywfvkH;/ tyÜrma'g = orx-0dyóem bm0emvkyfief;&yfwkdYü
rarhravsmhjcif; tyÜrm'w&m; vufukdifxm;cJhonf/ [kwGm = jzpfí/
ed0w
k b
¬ u d K© = aexkid cf ahJ om &[ef;onf/ 0dyóeH = 0dyóemÓPfu/dk
0a¹wGm = wkd;yGm;apcJhonf&Sdaomf/ yka&bwåar0 = qGrf;rpm;rD
eHeufyidk ;f tcsed t
f cgumvüyifvQi/f t&[wåH = t&[wåzv dk o
f /Ykd ywGm
= qkdufa&mufawmfrlí/ 0duormerd0 y'krH = yGifhqJjzpfaom y'kr®m
Mumyef; uJhokdY/ r[mcDPmoa0g = tmoa0guif;uGm &[EÅmjrwfBuD;
onf/ [kwmG = jzpfí/ [odwH = jyKH ;&,fru I /dk ua&maEÅm0 = jyKawmfrl
vsufomvQif/ edoD'd = xkdifawmfrlNyD/
&[EÅmtjzpfokdY qkdufa&mufoGm;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm yGifhopfpjzpfwJh
y'kr®mMumyef;BuD;uJhokdY jyHK;&,frIukdjyKvsuf tmoa0guif;uGm &[EÅm
tjzpfeYJ xkid Nf y;D awmh oDwif;ok;H aeawmfrv
l u
dk w
f ,f/ tJ't
D csed t
f cgrSm
vkdPf*lwHcg;0opfyifrSm pkd;tkyfNyD; aexkdifwJh ewfuaeNyD;awmh bm
avQmufovJ¿
earm aw yk&domZn? earm aw yk&dokwår/
,ó aw tmo0g cDPm? 'u©daPa,smod rm&dom/
(tbd-|-2-267 .../)
yk&domZn = a,mufsm;tmZmenf jzpfawmfrlygayaom t&Sif
bk&m; .../ aw = t&Sifbk&m;tm;/ earm = &Sdckd;yg\/ yk&dokwår =
a,mufsm;jrwfjzpfawmfryl gayaom t&Sib f &k m; .../ aw = t&Sib f &k m;
tm;/ earm = &Sdckd;yg\/ rm&dom = qif;&Jjcif;uif;awmfrlwJh t&Sif
jrwfbk&m; .../ ,ó aw = tMuif t&Sifbk&m;\ oEÅmefü/ tm-
o0g = tmoa0gw&m;wkdYonf/ cDPm = ukefqHk;cJhavNyD/ wGH =
oifonf/ 'uda© Pa,sm = uHEiS hf tusK;d &nfu;dk arQmo f ef tvSLaumif;
tvSLrSe[f o l rQudk pk;d ,lyidk o
f cH,al wmfrx
l udk w
f hJ 'uda© P,sy*k Kd¾ vo
f nf/
tod = jzpfawmfrlygay\ t&Sifbk&m; .../
a,mufsm;tmZmenf jzpfawmfryl gayaom t&Sib f &k m;tm; wynfh
awmf &Sdckd;ygw,f/ a,mufsm;jrwfjzpfawmfrlaom t&Sifbk&m;tm;
wynfhawmf &Sdckd;ygw,f/ qif;&Jjcif; uif;awmfrlwJh t&Sifjrwfbk&m;

t&Sifjrwfbk&m;\ oEÅmefrSm tmoa0gw&m;awG ukefcef;oGm;NyD
jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh t&Sifbk&m;onf uHESifh tusKd;w&m;ukd arQmfvifh
awmifhwNyD;awmh vSL'gef;ylaZmfaewJh tvSLaumif; tvSLrSef[lorQukd
pkd;,lykdifo cH,lawmfrlxkdufwJh 'u©daP,syk*¾dKvftppf jzpfawmfrlygay
w,fvYdk 'Dvdk avQmufxm;w,f/ avQmufxm;Ny;D wJh tcsed t f cgusawmh
olu bmawGwkdufwGef;ovJ¿-
baEÅ yd@m, y0d|meH wkrSm'domeH t&[EÅmeH bdu©H 'wGm
r[v’udw¬da,m 'ku©m rkpödóEÅd/ (tbd-|-2-267 .../)
baEÅ = t&Sifjrwfbk&m;/ yd@m, = qGrf;tvkdYiSm/ y0d|meH =
&GmtwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufí <uoGm;awmfrlMuukefaom/ wkrSm'domeH =
t&Sifbk&m;uJhokdYaom oabm&SdMuukkefaom/ t&[EÅmeH = &[EÅm
yk*¾dKvfwkdYtm;/ bdu©H = qGrf;udk/ 'wGm = ay;vSL&jcif;aMumifh/ r[v’-
udw¬da,m = touft&G,fBuD;&ifhMuukefaom trsKd;orD;BuD;wkdYonf/
'kum© = oHo&m0#fqif;&J 'kur© /S rkpódö EÅd = vGwaf jrmufí oGm;Ekid Mf uyg-
ukefw,f/
t&Sifbk&m; ... qGrf;tvkdYiSm &GmwGif;okdY <u0ifawmfrlMuwJh
t&Sifbk&m;uJhokdYaom &[EÅmyk*¾dKvfawGukd qGrf;vSL'gef;ylaZmf&jcif;
wnf;[laomtaMumif;aMumifh touft&G,Bf u;D &ifah ewJh tkrd if;rpGr;f
jzpfwJh trsKd;orD;BuD;awGonf oHo&m0#fqif;&J 'ku©rS vGwfajrmufNyD;
oGm;EkdifMuygw,f/ 'gaMumifh t&Sifbk&m; qGrf;ukd <ua&mufNyD; csD;jr§ifh
tvSLcHay;awmfrlygqkdNyD;awmh avQmufxm;w,f/ tJ'D tcsdeftcgrSm
r[mrdwårax&fjrwfBuD;uvnf; qGrf;tvSLcH <uay;awmfrlvkduf
ygw,f/ 'g[m bmajymwmvJ¿ rdrd\ toufarG;0rf;aMumif;rIonf
olwpfyg;wkEYd iS hf tjrw
J rf; qufpyfaew,fqw dk mudk rMumcP qifjcif
ay;wJhtwGuf qGrf;ukd vSL'gef;ylaZmfaewJh yk*¾dKvfwkdY\ qGrf;ukd wkHYvSnfh
wpfzef jyefNyD;awmh rdrdu ylaZmfaejcif; jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh rdrd\

toufarG;0rf;aMumif;rIonf olwpfyg;wkdYESifh tjrJwrf; qufpyfaeyg
w,fvkdY omoemh0efxrf; &Sif&[ef;awG[m rMumcP qifjcifay;yg
qdkNyD;awmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u wkdufwGef;w,f/ 'DavmufwGifvm;¿
ruao;bl; aemf/
pwlok ypöa,ok typöa0u©dwy&dabma*g emr e a[mwd/
(tH-|-3-313/)
pwlok ypöa,ok = ypön;f av;yg;wküYd / typöa0u©w d y&dabma*g
emr = ypöa0u©PmÓPfjzifh rqifjcifbJ okH;aqmifjcif;rnfonf/ e
a[mwd = b,fawmhrS rjzpfEkdifay/
'Dvkd tjrJrjywf qifjcifaewJh yk*¾dKvfawGonf rdrdwkdY okH;pGJaewJh
qGrf; ouFef; ausmif; aq; qkdwJh ypönf;av;yg;awGudk ypöa0u©Pm
ÓPfjzifh rqifjcifbJ b,fawmhrS okH;pGJrI rjyKawmhbl;/ 'DtusKd;w&m;
awG &w,f/
tmZD0yg&dok'¨doDvawG pifMu,f½kHwGifrubl;/ ypö,oEdéódw
oDvvnf; pifMu,fEkdifw,f/ qGrf;ukd wkHYvSnfhwpfzef jyefylaZmfEkdifwJh
twGuf &[EÅmtjzpfokdYawmif a&muf&SdoGm;Ekdifw,fvkdY qkdvkdygw,f
aemf/ 'gu eHygwf (2) &[ef;wkdY qifjcif&rnfh w&m;yJ? aemufwpfck -
eHygwf (3) &[ef;wkdY qifjcif&rnfhw&m;ukd jrwfpGmbk&m;u qufNyD;
a[mawmfrljyefw,f/ b,fvkdvJ ---
toGiftjyif jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;
]]tanm ar tmuayÜg u&PDa,m}}wd yAÁZdawe tbdPSH
ypöa0u©dwAÁH/
ar = igonf/ tanm = vlwkdY\ toGiftjyif tjyKtrlrS tjcm;
wpfyg;aom/ tmuayÜg = &[ef;wkdY\ toGiftjyif tjyKtrlt&mukd/
u&PDa,m = jyKoifhjyKxkdufvSay\/ £wd = þokdYvQif/ yAÁZdawe =

omoemabmifoYdk 0ifa&mufí &Si&f [ef;jyKvmaom yk*Kd¾ vo f nf/ tbd-
PSH = tjrJrjywf rMumcP/ ypöa0u©dwAÁH = qifjcifoifh qifjcifxkduf
ay\/
omoemabmifoYdk 0ifa&mufNy;D &Si&f [ef;jyKvmwJh yk*Kd¾ vq f wdk mu
vlwkdY\ toGiftjyiftjyKtrlrStjcm;wpfyg;aom &[ef;wkdY\ toGif
tjyiftjyKtrludk igonf tjrw J rf; jyKoifjh yKxudk wf ,fqw dk mudk qifjcif
ay;&rnf/ b,fvkdqkdvkdwmvJvkdY ar;awmh t|uxm (tH-|-3-313/)
u 'Dae&mrSm zGifhqkdxm;ygw,f/
vlawG[m oGm;rnfqkdvkdY&SdvQif bmvkyfovJ¿ &ifav;ukd aumh
w,f? &ifav;ukd aumhNy;D wJh tcsed t f cgusawmh bmjzpfv¿J vnfyif;ukd
cyfqefYqefYav;eJY tay:axmifvkdufw,f/ wifhwifhw,fw,f pHpH
y,fy,feJY olwdkYu pHy,fwJh tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh oGm;Muw,f/
qHyifqkdvnf; tvSqkH; jyifvkdufw,f ayghav? ckvkd zm;vsm;BuD;
awmh [kwyf rHk &bl; aemf? qHyifawGudk tvSq;Hk jyifw,f/ a&Tb;D aiGb;D
awGudk tvSqkH;wyfw,f/ qif,ifjyifqifw,f/ rdrdjyifqifxm;wJh
&wemuav;awGudk jrifatmif &ifukd tomav;aumhNy;D jyvku d af o;
w,f/ [kwfw,f r[kwfvm;¿ tJ'DykHpHeJY olwkdY oGm;Muw,f/
aemufwpfck - oGm;vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSmvnf; ted,wy'-
0Dwd[ma&e = tjrJ owfrSwfcsufr&SdwJh ajcvSrf;awGeJY oGm;aew,f/
qkv
d w dk mu jrefcsiw f t
hJ cgvnf; jrefrnf/ aES;csiw f t hJ cgvnf; aES;rnf/
uscJ siw f t
hJ cgvnf; ajcvSr;f u usrJ nf? cyfpyd pf yd f cyfjznf;jznf;uav;
oGm;csifwJhtcgvnf; oGm;rnf? ykHrSef ajcvSrf;r&Sdbl;? olwkdY\ toGif
tjyifu wpfrsKd;jzpfw,f/ aemufwpfck - &[ef;usawmh tjcm;ykHpH
wpfrsK;d ajymif;Ny;D awmh vlawGeYJ rwlnw D hJ toGit f jyif tjyKtrlt&m
jzifh oGm;&wJh oabm&Sdw,f/ b,fvkdvJ¿
oEÅdÈ´da,e oEÅrmeaoe ,k*rwå'ódem 0dor|mae O'u-

oua#ae0 rE´rdwy'0Dwd[ma&e [kwGm *EÅAÁEdÅ ypöa0u©dwAÁH/
(tH-|-3-313/)
oEÅdÈ´da,e = Nidrfoufaom £aÈ´&Sdvsuf ---
&[ef;qkw d m oDv&Siqf w
dk m Nird o
f uf wnfMunfaewJh £aÈa´ v;eJY
oGm;&w,f/
oEÅrmeaoe = Nidrfoufaom pdwf"mwfjzifh ---
rsufvTmav;uawmh tomcsoGm;w,f? pdwfu rNidrfbl;/ 'Dvkd
ykpH vH nf; rjzpfap&bl;/ £aÈu ´ vnf; Nird o
f uf&rnf? pdw"f mwfuvnf;
Nidrfoufat;csrf;ae&rnf/ pdwf"mwf Nidrfoufat;csrf;a&;twGuf
bmvky&f ovJ¿ rdr½d yI mG ;aeus orxur®|mef;tm½kH okrYd [kwf 0dyó-
embm0emur®|mef;tm½kHxJrSm rdrd\ bm0empdwfudk tjrJwrf; oGwf
oGif;xm;&rnf? 'Dvkd oGwfoGif;xm;rnfqkdvdkY&dSvQif Nidrfoufat;csrf;
aewJh pdwfxm; &Sdvmvdrfhrnf/ Nidrfoufat;csrf;aewJh £aÈ´vnf;
&Sv d mvdrrhf nf/ Nird o
f ufat;csr;f aewJh pdwxf m;vnf; &Sw
d ,f? Nird o
f uf
at;csrf;aewJh £aÈ´vnf; &Sdw,fqkdvQif bmvkyf&rvJ¿
,k*rwå'ódem = xrf;ykd;wpfjyefcefYrQavmufaom t&yfukd
½Ijrifvsuf ---
EGm;vSnf;awGrSm wyfxm;wJh EGm;½kef;wJh xrf;ykd;qkdwm &Sdygw,f/
'D xrf;ykd;wpfjyefcefY yrmPavmuf &SdwJh t&yfavmufukdom MunfhNyD;
oGm;yg/ awmifMunfh ajrmufMunfhç [kdMunfh 'DMunfh 'DvkdMunfhNyD;
roGm;&bl;/ aemufwpfck ---
0dor|mae = ajrrnDñw G &f m t&yfü/ O'uoua#ae0 = a&ukd
o,faqmifvmaom vSnf;BuD;uJhodkY ---
ajrrnDnmwJh t&yfukd oGm;aewJh vSnf;u wtm; 'kef;pkdif;NyD;
armif;vkdufvQif wifvmwJh a&awG tukefvkH; ukefroGm;Ekdifbl;vm;¿
ukefoGm;Ekdifw,f? zdwfukefrnf? tJ'DykHpHvkdbJ ajrrnDnmwJh t&yfrSm

oGm;wJh vSnf;onf cyfjznf;jznf; oGm;&ovkdaemf ---
rE´rwd y'0Dw[ d ma&e = aES;auG;aom wkid ;f wmrI&adS om ajcvSr;f
jzifh/ [kwGm = jzpfí/ *EÅAÁH = oGm;tyf\/ rE´rdwy'0Dwd[ma&e =
aESmifhaES;aom wkdif;wmaom ajcvSrf;&Sdonf/ [kwGm = jzpfí/ *EÅAÁH =
oGm;tyf\/ £wd = þokdY/ ypöa0u©dwAÁH = qifjcifoifh qifjcifxkduf
ay\/
cyfjznf;jznf; cyfaES;aES;aygh? tvGef cyfaES;aES;Bu;D awmh rqkv d dk
ygbl; aemf/ cyfjznf;jznf; cyfaES;aES;eJY wkid ;f wmEIid ;f pmvk&Yd wJh ajcvSr;f
qkw
d mu ykrH eS f ajcvSr;f av;eJY oGm;&w,f? odyjf refjrefvnf; roGm;eJ?Y
odyaf ES;aES;vnf; roGm;eJvY Ydk qkvd w
dk ,f/ Oyrm - ajcvSr;f u wpfawmif
avmuf vSr;f aeusjzpfvQif wpfawmifavmufyJ ykrH eS u f av; vSr;f Ny;D -
awmh oGm;yg/ awmifqyk af vmufom vSr;f aeusjzpfvQif awmifqyk f
avmufyJ ykrH eS uf av; vSr;f Ny;D awmh oGm;yg/ usu J sv
J nf; wtm; jrefjref
rvSrf;eJY? cyfjznf;jznf;uav; [efaqmifNyD;awmhvnf; oufouf
aES;aES; auG;auG;uav; roGm;eJv Y Ydk qkv
d ydk gw,f/ 'Dvdk oGm;vku d w
f hJ
twGuf bmjzpfv¿J
{0H ypöa0u©awm [d £&d,myaxm om½kayÜg a[mwd/
(tH-|-3-313/)
{0H ypöa0u©awm = qifjcifvsuf&Sdaom yk*¾dKvf\ oEÅmefü/
£&d,myaxm = £&d,mykxfonf/ om½kayÜg = MunfndKzG,f*kPfukd
aqmifí xm;Ekdifonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
'Dvkd £&d,mykxfawGukd £aÈ´&Sd&Sd pdwf"mwfNidrfNidrfoufoufjzifh
ykrH eS v
f rS ;f aewJh yk*Kd¾ v\
f £&d,mykxo
f nf MunfnKd z,G *f P
k u
f dk aqmif-
xm;EkdifwJh pGrf;tm;awG &Sdvmygvdrfhrnf/
wdaóm odu©m y&dyla&EÅd/ (tH-|-3-313/)
wdaóm odu©m = odu©mokH;&yf tusifhjrwfwkdYudk/ y&dyla&EÅd =

NyD;pD;jynfhpkHapEkdifukef\/
odum© ok;H &yf tusijhf rwfawGukd Ny;D pD;jynfph aHk pEkid w f ,f? bmaMumifh
vJ¿ oGm;aewmu trSww f rJh roGm;ygbl;/ ajcvSr;f wkid ;f ajcvSr;f wkid ;f
rSm rdrd\ pdwf"mwfukd Nidrf;at;oGm;atmif --- rdrdu orxur®|mef;
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf evQif orxur®|mef;tm½kx H rJ mS ç 0dyóembm0em
ur®|mef;ukd tm;xkwfaevQifvnf; 0dyóemur®|mef;tm½kHxJrSm
pdwf"mwfukd oGwfoGif;NyD;awmh ykHrSefoGm;aew,f/ 'Dvkd oGm;vkdufwJh
twGuf oDvusiphf Of oDvodum© ç orm"dusiphf Of orm"dou d m© ç ynm-
usiphf Of ynmodum© qkw d hJ odum© ok;H &yfudk jznfu h siahf eonfvnf; rnfyg
w,f? jynfhpkHaponfvnf; rnfw,f/
xk;H av;wpfcu k awmh emrnfausmjf zpfwhJ r[mwdórax&fjrwf-
BuD; jzpfygw,f/ apwd,awmifausmif;rS tEk&m"NrdKUokdY qGrf;cHt0if
vrf;ckvwf wpfae&mrSm azmufjyefaom pdwfxm; &SdwJh trsKd;orD;
wpfOD;u toHxGufNyD;awmh jyHK;&,fvkdufwJh toHudk Mum;vdkufwJhtcg
'DtrsK;d o®;D \ jyKH ;&,fvu kd wf hJ oGm;ukd vSr;f Ny;D zrf;pduk v f udk af wmh t½k;d pk
BuD; jzpfoGm;NyD/ bmaMumifhvJ¿
rax&fBuD;u - olu t½kd;pkur®|mef;ukd yGm;rsm;vsuf vrf;c&D;
avQmufvmwmç qGrf;cH<uvmwm jzpfygw,f/ 'Dawmh oEÅdÈ´d, =
Nidrfoufaom £aÈúvnf; &Sdw,f/ oEÅrmeo = rdrd ½IyGm;aewJh
t½k;d pkur®|mef;tm½kx H rJ mS bm0empdwu f vdk nf; oGwo f iG ;f Ny;D vmvku d wf hJ
twGuf Nidrfoufat;csrf;aom pdwfxm;vnf; &Sdw,f/ 'Dvkd Nidrfouf
at;csrf;aom pdwfxm;&Sdvsuf tEk&m"bufodkY qGrf;cH<uvmwm jzpf-
avawmh jAKe;f ueJ trsK;d orD;toH Mum;vdYk wpfcsuf vSr;f Munfv h ukd wf hJ
tcg oGm;udk jrifvQif jrifcsif; t½dk;pkur®|mef;udk ESvHk;qufoGif;
vdkufw,f? tJ'DtcgrSm oGm;udk rawGUawmhbJeJY trsKd;orD;wpfckvHk;
t½dk;pkBuD; jzpfoGm;NyD/
bmjzpfvdkYvJ¿ a&S;,cifuwnf;u tZÑwå A[d'¨ ESpfXmewkdYü

t½dk;pkur®|mef;udk Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum avhusifhxm;wmu
taMumif;wpfcçk xdk rdrd tZÑwå t½d;k pkur®|mef;udk tajccHí yxrpsmef
orm"dqu kd af tmif orm"dukd Burd zf efrsm;pGm xyfum xyfum xlaxmif-
aewmu taMumif;wpfckç xdk yxrpsmeform"dudk tajccHí ½kyfemrf
aMumif;usK;d ocFg&w&m;awGukd odr;f qnf;Ny;D awmh xko d cFg&w&m;awGukd
tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&; oH;k wefwifNy;D wGiw f iG Bf u;D 0dyóem-
½IymG ;aewmuvnf; taMumif;wpfc?k 'DtaMumif;w&m;awGaMumifh 'Dvkd
rarhravsmh tjrJwrf; aexkdifcJhwJh olawmfaumif;onf ckvdk vrf;ck-
vwf wpfae&m qGrf;cH<uoGm;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm ckvdk tm½kHwpfckESifh
wdkufqdkifvdkufawmh 'DtrsKd;orD;\ oGm;udk zrf;pdkufvdkufwmeJY t½dk;pk
ay:vmNyD? A[d'¨ t½dk;pku yxrpsmeform"dudk rqdkufEdkifwJhtwGuf
rdrd ½IyGm;aeusjzpfwJh tZÑwåt½dk;pkudk wpfzefjyefNyD;awmh &GH&Sm puf-
qkyfzG,f y#dulvtm;jzifh ajymif;pdkufvdkufwJhtcg yxrpsmeform"d
qdkufNyD;? xdk yxrpsmeform"dudk tajccHNyD; rdrd ½IyGm;aeus 0dyóem-
bm0emur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;awmfrlvdkufwm xkdae&mrSmyJ t&[wår*f
t&[wåzdkvftxd qdkufa&mufoGm;ygw,f/ (0dok'¨d-1-20-21/)
wdaóm odu©m y&dyla&Ed Å/ (tH-|-3-313/)
wdaóm odu©m = odu©mokH;&yf tusifhjrwfwdkYukd/ y&dyla&Ed Å =
NyD;pD;jynfhpkHapEkdifukef\/
ur®|mef;vufrvGwb f eJ YJ ckvdk oGm;jcif;onf odum© ok;H &yf tusihf
jrwfukd NyD;pD;jynfhpkHapEkdifwJh pGrf;tifawGudk jzpfay:vmapw,f/
'Dawmh 'Dae&mrSm jrefvcS snv f m;vkYd 'Dvadk wmh rxifeaYJ emf/ olu
½kyef mrf aMumif;usK;d ocFg&w&m;awGudk 'Dvdk 0dyóem½Iaewmu olu
wpfoufwmvkH;vkH;yJ/ olUwpfoufwmrSm Budrfzefrsm;pGm ½IcJhwm r*f
zkdvf edAÁmef rqkdufao;wmyJ &Sdw,f/ 0dyóemÓPfawGu r&ifhusuf
ao;vkdY r*fzkdvfedAÁmef rqkdufao;aomfvnf; wpfcsdefrSm 0dyóem-

ÓPfu &ifhusufvmNyDjzpfw,f/ tJ'Dvkd &ifhusufaewJh tcsdeftcgrSm
ocFg&w&m; wpfpw d wf pfa'oukyd jJ zpfapç trsm;pkuydk jJ zpfap vu©Pm-
a&;ok;H wefwifNy;D 0dyóem½IymG ;vku d v
f Qif r*fzvdk ef Ad mÁ efqu dk Ef idk w
f ,f/
bmaMumifhvJ¿
'D 'kuo
© pömç ork',opöm trnf&wJh ocFg&w&m;awGudk ½Iuu G f
ukefpifatmif Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfcgxyfcg 0dyóem½Ixm;NyD; jzpfae
w,f aemf/ 'gaMumifh odum© ok;H &yf tusijhf rwfawGukd Ny;D pD;jynfph aHk pEkid f
wJhtwGuf jrwfpGmbk&m;u -
ypöa0u©dwAÁH/
ar = ig\/ tanm = vlw\ Ydk toGitf jyif tjyKtrlrS tjcm;wpf-
yg;aom/ tmuayÜg = &[ef;wkdY\ toGiftjyif tjyKtrlt&mukd/
u&PDa,m = jyKoifjh yKxu dk \f / £wd = þokv Yd Qi/f yAÁZad we = omo-
emabmifokdY 0ifí &Sif&[ef;jyKvmaom yk*¾dKvfonf/ tbdPSH = tjrJ
rjywf rMumcP/ ypöa0u©w d AÁHÁ = qifjcifoifh qifjcifxu dk af y\ .../
'Dvkda[mxm;w,f aemf/
pdwf"mwfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;
bk&m;&Sio f nf rlvyPÖmoygVdawmf oav’cokweå f (r-1-54-55??)
wGif &[ef;awmfwpfyg;taejzifh jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; vkyfoifhaom
um,uHrI 0pDurH I raemuHrw I u Ykd kd t&Sipf Ek r´ ax&fudk pHxm;um &[ef;-
awmfwdkYukd atmufygtwdkif; qkdqHk;rxm;awmfrlcJhygw,f/ emMunfhMu
&atmif ---
pdwåKyÜg'rÜd acg t[H pkE´ ukoavok "ar®ok A[kyum&H 0'grd?
aum ye 0ga'g uma,e 0gpm, tEk0d"D,emok/ (r-1-54/)
pkE´ = cspfom; pkE´ .../ t[H = igbk&m;onf/ ukoavok

"ar®ok = ukodkvfw&m;wdkYü/ pdwåKyÜg'rÜd = pdwfjzpfjcif;rQudkaomfvnf;/
A[kyum&H = aus;Zl;rsm;vS\ [lí/ 0'grd = a[mawmfr\ l / uma,e
= ud,k jf zif/h 0gpm, = EIwjf zih/f tEk0"d ,
D emok = jyKvyk af jymqdk pD&ifjcif;
wdkYü/ aum ye 0ga'g = tb,fqdkzG,f&m &SdygtHhenf;/
cspof m; pkE´ ... igbk&m;onf ukov kd w
f &m;wdüYk pdwx
f u
J jzpfae
½HkrQjzifhaomfvnf; tvGefaus;Zl;rsm;vSw,fvdkY a[mawmfrlygw,f?
wu,fvufawGU udk,fjzifh jyKvkyfpD&ifrnfç EIwfjzifh jyKvkyfpD&ifrnf
qdv k Qif tb,frmS ajymqdzk , G &f m &SEd idk yf ghrvJ¿ ajymqdpk &m r&Sad vmuf
atmifyif aus;Zl;rsm;vSygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm b,fvkd ukovkd w
f &m;awGvv
J aYkd wmh ar;p&m&Syd gw,f/
bk&m;&Sifu ykHpHtenf;i,f xkwfjyum a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
b,fvdk a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJhovJ¿
cspfom; pkE´ ...'gaMumifh oifcspfom;wdkYwawG oifcspforD;wdkY
wawG[m 'DomoemawmfwGif;rSm 'Dvdk pdwf"mwfawGukd arG;jrLMu
prf;yg/
1/ olwpfyg;awG[m wpfbufom;udk n§O;f qJwwfoal wG jzpfcsif
jzpfMuygap? igwdu
Yk awmh 'Dae&mrSm wpfbufom;udk rn§O;f qJ
olwdkYom jzpfapMu&rnfvdkY 'Dvdk pdwf"mwfudk arG;jrLMuprf;yg/
2/ olwpfyg;awG[m olUtoufukd owfavh&w dS hJ yk*Kd¾ vw
f Ykd jzpfcsif
jzpfMuygap? igwduYk awmh 'Dae&mrSm olUtoufukd owfjcif;rS
a&SmifMuOfwJh olawGom jzpfapMu&rnfvdkY 'Dvdk pdwf"mwfudk
arG;jrLMuprf;yg/
3/ olwpfyg;awG[m olUypönf;udk rw&m;,lwJholawG jzpfcsif
jzpfMuygap? igwdu
Yk awmh 'Dae&mrSm olwpfyg;ypön;f ukd rw&m;
,ljcif;rS a&SmifMuOfwhJ olawGom jzpfapMu&rnfvYkd 'Dvkd pdw-f

"mwfudk arG;jrLMuprf;yg/
4/ olwpfyg;awG[m rjrwfwhJ arxket f usiu hf kd usiw hf yhJ *k Kd¾ vaf wG
jzpfcsifjzpfMuygap? igwdkYuawmh 'Dae&mrSm arxkeftusifhrS
a&SmifMuOfjcif;qdw
k hJ jrwfwt
hJ usiu
hf okd m usiw hf o
hJ al wG jzpfap-
Mu&rnfvdkY 'Dvdk pdwf"mwfudk arG;jrLMuprf;yg/
'DtqHk;trawGuawmh txl;ojzihf um,uH pifMu,frI&Sdatmif
qdkqHk;rcsufawG jzpfMuygw,f/ odkYaomf bk&m;&Sifu 0pDuH pifMu,frI
awG&adS tmifvnf; qufvufum qdq k ;kH rxm;awmfrcl yhJ gw,f/ b,fvkd
qdkqHk;rxm;awmfrlcJhovJ¿
5/ olwpfyg;awG[m rkom;pum; ajymMum;wwfwJh yk*¾dKvfawG
jzpfcsifjzpfMuygap? igwdkYuawmh 'Dae&mrSm rkom;pum;rS
a&SmifMuOfolawGom jzpfapMu&rnfvdkY 'Dvdk pdwf"mwfudk
arG;jrLMuprf;yg/
6/ olwpfyg;awG[m ukef;wdkufpum; ajymMum;wwfwJholawG
jzpfcsifjzpfMuygap? igwdkYuawmh 'Dae&mrSm ukef;wdkufpum;rS
a&SmifMuOfoal wGom jzpfapMu&rnfvYkd 'Dvkd pdw"f mwfukd arG;jrL
Muprf;yg/
7/ olwpfyg;awG[m Murf;wrf;wJhpum;awG cufxefwif;rmwJh
pum;awGudk ajymMum;wwfwJh olawG jzpfcsifjzpfMuygap?
igwdu
Yk awmh 'Dae&mrSm Murf;wrf;wJph um;awG ajymMum;jcif;rS
cufxefwif;rmwJh pum;awG ajymMum;jcif;rS a&SmifMuOfwJh
olawGom jzpfapMu&rnfvYkd 'Dvkd pdw"f mwfukd arG;jrLMuprf;yg/
8/ olwpfyg;awG[m Nydefzsif;wJh pum;awGudk ajymMum;wwfwJh
olawG jzpfcsifjzpfMuygap? igwdkYuawmh 'Dae&mrSm Nydefzsif;wJh
pum;awGudk ajymMum;jcif;rS a&SmifMuOfwJholawGom jzpfap-

'Dtcsuaf wGuawmh 0pDuaH wGEiS hf ywfoufNy;D toGit f jyif jyKjyif
ajymif;vJa&;awGvkyfzdkY bk&m;&Sif\ qdkqHk;rcsufawG jzpfMuygw,f/
&[ef;&,fvYkd jzpfvmNy;D aemuf oDv&Si&f ,fvYkd jzpfvmNy;D aemuf um,-
uH pifMu,frIuvnf; r&Sdbl;? odyf Murf;wrf;aew,fqdkvQif vlUb0
toGiftjyifESifh &[ef;\ toGiftjyifawG[m xl;jcm;rI r&Sdawmhbl;/
rkom;awGudk a&vdo k ;kH aernf? uke;f pum;awGudk cyfrsm;rsm; ajymaernf?
cufxefwif;rmwJh Murf;wrf;wJh pum;awGuo kd m a&SUwef;wifxm;rnf
tESprf &Swd phJ um;awGuo kd m jrwfE;dk aernfqv
kd Qif vlw\ Ykd toGit f jyif
twdik ;f yJ aexdik af ew,fvYkd qd&k w,f/ &[ef;&,fvYkd jzpfvmvQif rSeu f ef
wJh pum;ç cspfzG,fpum;ç odrfarGUEl;nHhwJh pum;ç 'ge oDv orx
0dyóem tpjzmwJh ukodkvfw&m; wdk;yGm;aMumif; pum;awGudkom
tav;*½kjyKum EIdif;csdef ajymqdkwwfzdkY vdkygw,f/ 'gwGifruao;bl;?
raemuH jyKjyifajymif;vJrIawGudkvnf; qufvufNyD; qdkqHk;rxm;awmf
rlygw,f/ emMunfhMu&atmif ---
9/ olwpfyg;awG[m tbdZÑmw&m; rsm;jym;wJçh olwpfyg;ypön;f udk
rawmfavmb vdck siaf ewJh olawG jzpfcsijf zpfMuygap? igwdu Yk -
awmh 'Dae&mrSm tbdZÑm rrsm;jym;wJh olawG rawmfavmb
r&SdolawGom jzpfapMu&rnfvdkY 'Dvdk pdwf"mwfudk arG;jrLMu
prf;yg/
10/ olwpfyg;awG[m wpfbufom;udk zsuq f ;D vdw
k hJ pdwx
f m; acs-
rIef;ypfvkdwJh pdwfxm; &SdMuolawG jzpfcsifjzpfMuygap? igwdkYu
awmh 'Dae&mrSm wpfbufom;udk rzsufqD;vdkwJh pdwfxm;
arwåmESifh,SOfwJh pdwfxm;om wdkdYoEÅmefrSm jzpfapMu&rnfvdkY
'Dvdk pdwf"mwfudk arG;jrLMuprf;yg/
11/ olwpfyg;awG[m rdpäm'd|d = rSm;,Gif;wJh t,l0g'&SdwJh olawG

jzpfcsijf zpfMuygap? igwdu Yk awmh 'Dae&mrSm or®m'd|d = rSeu f efwhJ
t,l0g'&SdwJh olawGom jzpfapMu&rnfvkdY 'Dvdk pdwf"mwfudk
arG;jrLMuprf;yg/
odyf[efusw,f odyf[efusw,fµ bk&m;&Sifu 'DrQESifh r&yfao;
bl;? a&S;qufNyD;awmhvnf; qdkqHk;rawmfrljyefw,f --- b,fvdkvJ¿
12/ olwpfyg;awG[m rSm;,Gif;wJh tMuH&SdwJh rdpämouFyÜorm;awG
jzpfcsifjzpfMuygap? igwdkYuawmh rSefuefwJh MuHpnfrI&SdMuwJh
or®mouFyÜorm;awGom jzpfatmif ---
13/ 14/ 15/ olwpfyg;awG[m rdpäm0gpmorm;ç rdpämur®EÅorm;
awG (= um,'kp½dkuf? 0pD'kp½dkufawGudk vGefusL;olawG) rdpämtmZD0
= rSm;,Gi;f wJh toufarG;rI&w dS hJ olawG jzpfcsijf zpfMuygap? igwdYk
uawmh or®m0gpmorm; (= 0pDokp½dkufESifh jynfhpHkolawG) or®m-
ur®EÅorm; (= um,okp½dkufESifh jynfhpHkolawG) or®mtmZD0orm;
= rSefuefwJh toufarG;rI &SdwJholawG jzpfatmif BudK;pm; tm;
xkwMf urnf? jzpfapMu&rnfqw kd hJ 'Dpwd "f mwfudk arG;jrLMuprf;yg/
16/ 17/ 18/ olwpfyg;awG[m rSm;,Gif;wJh BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrI
vHkYv0D&d,&SdwJh olawG jzpfcsifjzpfMuygapç rSm;,Gif;wJh owd
&SdwhJolawG jzpfcsifjzpfMuygapç rSm;,Gif;wJh orm"d&SdwJholawG
jzpfcsijf zpfMuygap? igwdu Yk awmh rSeu f efwhJ BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwrf I
vHvYk 0D&, d &Swd hJ olawGç rSeuf efwhJ owd&w dS hJ olawGç rSeu
f efwhJ
orm"d&SdwJh olawGom jzpfapMu&rnfvdkY 'Dvdk pdwf"mwfudk
arG;jrLMuprf;yg/
,ckajymcJw h hJ eHygwf (11) rS (18)txduawmh r*¾i&f pS yf g; usiphf Of
w&m;awGyJ jzpfMuygw,f/ 'Dr*¾if&Spfyg;taMumif;ukdawmh aemufrS
xyfNyD; ajymygrnf/ aemufxyf jzpfapcsifwJh pdwf"mwfjyKjyif ajymif;-
vJa&;awGuv kd nf; bk&m;&Siuf qufvuf a[mMum;xm;awmfryl gao;

w,f/ bmawGvJ¿
19/ olwpfyg;awG[m rdpmä ÓPD = rdpmä ÓPfeD ÓPfeufawG &Scd sif
&SdMuygap? igwdkYuawmh 'Dae&mrSm or®mÓPD = rSefuefwJh
qifjcifwwfwJh ypöa0u©PmÓPf&SdwJh olawGom jzpfapMu&
rnfvdkY 'Dvdk pdwf"mwfukd arG;jrLMuprf;yg/
'Dae&mrSm rdpämÓPfqdkwmuawmh raumif;rIawGudk jyKvkyfwJh
tcgrSm b,fvrkd aumif;rIudk b,fvjdk yK&rnfqw kd hJ jyKyekH nf;vrf; trsK;d
rsKd;udk MuHpnfwJhtcg jzpfay:vmwJh arm[ç raumif;rIukd jyKNyD;wJh
tcgrSmvnf; ]]igawmh jyKNyD;ayaygh}}vdkY tJ'D jyKNyD;wJh raumif;rIudk
qifjcifwJh tjcif;t&mtm;jzihf jzpfay:vmwJh arm[udk qdkvdkygw,f/
wu,fhÓPfawmh r[kwfbl;/
or®mÓPD0,f or®mÓPf qdkwmuawmh r*fav;qifh zdkvfav;-
qifhukd qdkufa&mufNyD;wJh t&d,molawmfaumif;wdkY oEÅmefrSm jzpfay:
oGm;MuwJh ypöa0u©PmÓPf (29)rsKd;ukd qdkvdkygw,f/ (r-|-1-192/)
(29)rsKd;u bmawGvJ¿
aomwmywådr*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfqdkufNyD;wJh aomwmyeft&d,m
olawmfaumif;\oEÅmefrSm ---
(u) rdrd&NyD;wJh t&d,r*fukd qifjcifjcif;ç
( c ) rdrd&NyD;wJh t&d,zdkvfudk qifjcifjcif;ç
( * ) edAÁmefukd qifjcifjcif;ç
(C) y,fNyD;udavomukd qifjcifjcif;ç
( i ) ry,f&ao;wJh udavomudk qifjcifjcif; ---
'Dvdk qifjcifwJh ypöa0u©PmaZm (5)wef apmwwfwJh oabm
awmh &Syd gw,f/ 'guawmh a,bk,stm;jzifh ajymwmyg/ tcsKUd t&d,m
olawmfaumif;awG[m pmayA[kókwrSm ruRrf;usifMubl;qdkvQif

y,fNyD;udavomESifh ry,f&ao;wJhudavomawGudkawmh rqifjcif
Mubl;vdkYqdkw,f/ tvm;wlyJ ou'g*grf tem*grf t&d,molawmf
aumif;wdYk oEÅmefrmS vnf; ypöa0u©PmaZm (5)wefpyD J apmMuygw,f/
odaYk omf &[EÅmt&Sijf rwfw\
Ykd oEÅmefrmS awmh ry,f&ao;wJh udavom
r&SdawmhwJhtwGuf ry,f&ao;wJh udavomudk qifjcifwJh ypöa0-
u©PmaZmu rapmawmhb;l / 'gaMumifh &[EÅm t&Sijf rwfw\ Ykd oEÅmef
rSm ypöa0u©PmaZm (4)wefom apmygw,f/ tm;vH;k aygif;vdu k af wmh
ypöa0u©PmaZm (19)wef jzpfygw,f/ 'Dypöa0u©PmaZm (19)wef
udkyJ or®mÓPfvdkY ac:qdkygw,f/ xkdor®mÓPfESifh jynfhpHkwJh t&d,m
olawmfaumif;ukd or®mÓPD = or®mÓPf&SdolvdkY ac:qdkygw,f/
aemufxyf jrwfpGmbk&m;u qufa[mawmfrljyefw,f -- bmwJh
vJ¿
20/ olwpfyg;awG[m rdpmä 0drw k &då w
dS hJ yk*Kd¾ vaf wG jzpfcsijf zpfMuygap?
wdkYuawmh or®m0drkwåd&SdwJh yk*¾dKvfawGom jzpfapMu&rnfvkdY
'Dvdk pdwf"mwfukd arG;jrLMuprf;yg/
'Dae&mrSm rdpmä 0drwk q
då w
kd m bmukd ajymvdw
k mvJ¿ avmurSm tcsKUd
tcsKdUyk*¾dKvfawG[m wu,fwrf; udavomwdkYrS rvGwfajrmufMubJ
wu,fwrf; oHo&m0#fqif;'ku©rS rvGwfMubJ ]]wdkY vGwfajrmufMu
w,f}}vdkY trSwfonm &SdMuw,f/ EGm;vdkusifhcJhvQif acG;vdkusifhcJhvQif
udavomrS pifMu,fEkdifw,f oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS vGwfajrmufEkdif
w,fvYkd ,lqwJh ykpH rH sK;d awG jzpfMuw,f/ w&m;ud, k t f eufoabmtm;
jzifh ajymvQiaf wmh wu,frvGwaf jrmufbJ vGwaf jrmufygw,fvYkd ,lq
wJh tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfay:oGm;MuwJh tukov kd cf E¨mawGuykd J rdpmä -
0drkwådvdkY qdkvdkygw,f/ or®m0drkwådqdkwmuawmh t&d,zdkvfpdwfwdkYESifh
,SOw f uJG mjzpfay:oGm;MuwJh or®m'd|pd wJh r*¾i&f pS yf g;uvGv J Qif <uif;usef
aewJh pdwfapwodufawGyJ jzpfMuw,f/ (r-|-1-192/) &[ef;qdkwm

rdpäm0drkwådudk a&SmifMuOfum or®m0drkwådjzpfatmif BudK;pm;rnfqdkwJh
pdw"f mwfukd arG;jrLay;&w,f/ t&d,zdv k o f Ykd qduk af tmif ig BuKd ;pm;rnf
qdkwJh pdwf"mwf &Sd&rnfvdkY qdkvdkygw,f/ t&d,zdkvfodkY qdkufatmif
or®m0drw k jdå zpfatmif b,fvu kd si&hf rvJvakYd wmh ar;p&m &Sv d mjyefw,f/
txufuajymcJw h hJ r*¾i&f pS yf g; usiphf Ofw&m;awGuykd J usi&hf rSmjzpfw,f/
'Dawmh &[ef;qdw k m r*¾i&f pS yf g;ESihf jynfph wHk o hJ al wGjzpfatmif wdYk BuKd ;pm;
tm;xkwfrnfqdkwJh pdwf"mwfudk tjrJrjywf rMum cP arG;jrLay;zdkY
vdktyfygw,f/ oav’cokwåefydkif;udk acwå&yfem;NyD;awmh r*¾if&Spfyg;
taMumif;udk twdkcsKyfNyD; enf;enf; xyf&Sif;jyrnf/
r*¾if&Spfyg;usifhpOfw&m;
'Dr*¾i&f pS yf g;usiphf Ofw&m;awGrmS avmuDr*¾i&f pS yf g;ç avmukw&å m
r*¾if&Spfyg;qdkNyD; ESpfrsKd;&Sdaew,f/ 'gwGifruao;bl; avmuD r*¾if
&Spfyg;udk MunfhvdkufvQifvnf; orxydkif; r*¾if&Spfyg;ç 0dyóemydkif;
r*¾if &Spyf g;qdNk y;D ESprf sK;d &Sad ejyefw,f/ orxydik ;f r*¾i&f pS yf g;taMumif;udk
a&S;OD;pGm ajymMu&atmif ---
orxykdif; r*¾if&Spfyg;
a&S;OD;pGm a,m*g0p&&[ef;awmfu 0pD'pk ½du k af v;yg;rS a&SmifMuOf
jcif;qdkwJh or®m0gpmç um,'kp½dkufokH;yg;rS a&SmifMuOfjcif;qdkwJh or®m-
ur®EÅç rdpämtmZD0 = rSm;,Gif;aom toufarG;rIrS a&SmifMuOfjcif;qdkwJh
or®mtmZD0 --- 'Dov D r*¾io f ;Hk yg;udk pifMu,fatmif jznfu
h si&hf ygw,f/
wpfzef 'DoDvwnf;[laom ajray:rSm&yfwnfNyD;awmh or®m-
0g,mr = rSefuefpGm tm;xkwfjcif;ç or®mowd = rSefuefaom owdç
or®morm"d = rSefuefaom pdwfwnfMunfrI = orm"dqdkwJh orm"d
r*¾ifokH;yg;ESifh jynfhpkHatmif BudK;pm;&jyefw,f/ Oyrm - uodkPf;udk
½Iw,fqMkd upd?Yk tJ'D rdrd ½IaewJh uodP k ;f y#dbm*edrw d t

f m½kuH kd odatmif
tqifhqifhBudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif; 0D&d,ESifh tJ'D uodkPf;y#dbm*edrdwf
tm½küH pdwNf ird 0f yfpmG uyfwnfaeatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwjf cif; 0D&, d u
or®m0g,mrç tJ'D uodP k ;f y#dbm*edrw d tf m½ku H kd trSw&f aejcif; owd
jraJ ejcif;oabmu or®mowd? tJ'D uodP k ;f y#dbm*edrw d f tm½kw H pfck
wnf;ü pdwf Nidrf0yfpGm uyfí wnfaejcif;oabmu or®morm"dwdkY
jzpfMuw,f/ orm"dr*¾ifokH;yg; jzpfMuw,f/
tJ'uD odP k ;f y#dbm*edrw d tf m½ku
H kd xGi;f azmufojd rifjcif; oabm
u or®m'd|d (psmeor®m'd|d) jzpfw,f? tJ'D uodkPf;y#dbm*edrdwf tm½kH
ay:odYk pdwu f akd &S;½Iwifay;jcif;oabmu or®mouFyÜ jzpfw,f/ 'Dr*¾if
ESpfyg;uawmh ynmr*¾ifawGjzpfMuw,f/ oDvr*¾ifokH;yg; orm"dr*¾if
okH;yg; ynmr*¾ifESpfyg; aygif;vdkufawmh r*¾if&Spfyg;jzpfw,f/
tu,fí a,m*g0p&&[ef;u "mwfur®|mef;udk tm;xkwfw,f
qdk&ifawmh r*¾if&Spfyg;wkdYrSm 'DvdkjzpfMuw,f ---
a&S;OD;pGm aqmufwnfusio
hf ;Hk xm;&wJh r*¾iaf wGu oDvr*¾io
f ;Hk yg;
jzpfMuw,f/ 'DoDvwnf;[laom ajray:rSm&yfwnfNyD;awmh orm"d
wnf;[laom ausmufzsmxufrmS ÓPfwnf;[laom oefvsuu f kd jrjr
xufatmif aoG;ay;&w,f/
(u) "mwfBu;D av;yg;wk\ Yd ud, k yf ikd of bm0vu©Pm toD;toD;
udk xGif;azmufodjrifjcif;oabmu or®m'd|d?
( c ) tJ'D "mwfav;yg;wdkY\ udk,fydkif obm0vu©Pm tm½kH
toD;oD;ay:odYk bm0empdwu f kd a&S;½Iwifay;jcif;oabmu
or®mouFyÜ?
( * ) "mwfBu;D av;yg;tm½kuH kd odatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwjf cif;ç tJ'D
"mwfBuD;av;yg;tm½kHü bm0empdwfudk Nidrf0yfpGm uyfwnf
aeatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif; oabmu or®m0g,mr?

(C) "mwfBu;D av;yg;tm½ku H kd trSw&f aejcif;oabmç rarhaysmuf
jcif;oabmu or®mowd?
( i ) "mwfBuD;av;yg;tm½kHü pdwfwnfNidrfaerIoabmu or®m-
orm"d -
oDvr*¾if okH;yg;ESifhyg aygif;vdkufawmh r*¾if&Spfyg; jzpfygw,f/
'guawmh orxydkif; r*¾if&Spfyg; jzpfw,f/
0dyóemydkif; r*¾if&Spfyg;
0dyóemydkif; r*¾if&Spfyg;taMumif;udk ajymMu&atmif ---
bk&m;&Sifu emrnfausmf r[mowdy|meokwåef (r-1-88/)rSm
or®m'd|dudk av;rsKd;cGJjcm;NyD; a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
(u) 'ku©opömudk odwJhÓPfonf or®m'd|dç
( c ) ork',opömudk odwJhÓPfonf or®m'd|dç
( * ) eda&m"opömudk odwJhÓPfonf or®m'd|dç
(C) eda&m" = edAÁmefodkY a&mufaMumif;usifhpOfjzpfwJh r*¾opömudk
odwJhÓPfonf or®m'd|d ---
'Dvdk or®m'd|dudk (4)rsKd;cGJjcm;NyD; a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
'Dowdy|mefa'oemawmfrmS a[mMum;xm;awmfrw l hJ r*¾opömudk ykA-Á
bm*owdy|mer*f = t&d,r*f\ a&S;tzdkYü vdkufemjyKusifh&rnfh
avmuDr*¾opöm jzpfaMumif;udk t|uxmrsm;u ('D-|-2-336-337/ r-
|-1-235-236/) zGifhqkdxm;Muygw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'Dae&mrSm 'Dopöm
av;yg; taMumif;udk enf;enf;&Sif;jyrnf/
'ku©opöm
'Demrnfausmf r[mowdy|meokwåefpwJh xdkxdka'oemawmf
rsm;rSm --- oHcdawåe yÍöKyg'geu©E¨m 'ku©m/ (r-1-82/) vdk&if;wdk&Sif;
ajym&vQif Oyg'geu©Em¨ ig;yg;wdoYk nf 'kuo © pöm jzpfMuw,fqNkd y;D a[m-

Mum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
wpfzef - ½lykyg'geu©E¨m a0'Ekyg'geu©E¨m onKyg'geu©E¨m
ocFg½kyg'geu©E¨m 0dnmPkyg'geu©E¨m qdkNyD; Oyg'geu©E¨mwdkYudkvnf;
a&wGufjyxm;awmfrlygw,f/ (r-1-84/)
tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tm½kHjzpfwJh wPSm'd|dwdkYjzifh ]]ig-igh[m}}vdkY
pG,
J t
l yfwhJ pGv
J rf;tyfwhJ twdwf tem*wfç ypöKyeÜ çf tZÑwå (ud, k w f iG ;f )ç
A[d'¨ (jyify)ç MoVm&du (tMurf;)ç okcrk (tEk)ç [De (t,kw)f ç yPDw
(tjrwf)ç 'l& (ta0;)ç oEÅdu (teD;) qdkwJh (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&m
tm;jzifh wnfaewJh ½kyfw&m; tpktyHkukd ½lykyg'geu©E¨mvdkY ac:qdk
aMumif;ukdvnf; cE¨0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmf cEökwåef (oH-2-39/) rSm
bk&m;&Sifu a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJhygw,f/ a0'Ekyg'geu©E¨m pwJh
usefemrfcE¨m (4)yg;wddkYudkvnf; yHkpHwlyJ a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
'gaMumifh twdwfç tem*wçf ypöKyÜefç tZÑwåç A[d'¨ pwJh (11)rsKd;
aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaewJh Oyg'geu©Em¨ ig;yg;onf 'kuo © pöm
jzpfw,f/ tJ'D 'ku©opömudk xdk;xGif;odwJhÓPfu or®m'd|d jzpfw,f/
ork',opöm
bk&m;&Siu
f opö0b d if; (tbd-2-112-115/) ygVdawmfrmS ork',
opömudk (5)enf; cGJjcm;NyD; a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
(u) wPSmukv d nf; ork',opömvdYk a[mMum;xm;awmfrw l ,f?
(tbd-2-112/)
( c ) wPSmESifhwuG udavomtm;vHk;udkdvnf; ork',opömvdkY
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlw,f? (tbd-2-113/)
( * ) wPSmç udavomESiw hf uG tukov
kd w
f &m;tm;vH;k udv
k nf;
ork',opömvdkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrlw,f? (tbd-2-114/)
(C) wPSmç udavomç tukodkvfw&m;tm;vHk;ESifh tmoa0g
w&m;wdkY\ tm½HkjzpfwJh tavmbç ta'goç tarm[ =

ukovrlvw&m; oH;k yg;ukv d nf; ork',opömvdYk a[mMum;
xm;awmfrlygw,f/ (tbd-2-114/)
( i ) tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tm½HkjzpfwJh ukovrlvw&m; oHk;yg;
wdkYESifhwuG tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tm½HkjzpfwJh ukodkvfw&m;
tm;vHk;ç wPSm udavomESifhwuGaom tukodkvfw&m;
tm;vHk;wdkYudkvnf; ork',opömvdkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrl
ygw,f/ (tbd-2-115/)
'Dopö0dbif;a'oemawmfudkyJ &nfñTef;um t|uxmBuD;rsm;
uvnf; ---
ww¬ ,o®m ukovmukovur®H t0daoaoe ork',opöEÅd
opö0dba*F 0kwåH/ (tbd-|-2-185/ 0dok'¨d-2-216/)
apwemç apwemESihf ,SOzf ufw&m; ponfjzifh txl; rajymawmh
yJ omrntm;jzifh ajym&rnfqv kd Qif ukov kd u
f H tukov
dk u
f H rSeo
f rQudk
ork',opömvdkY bk&m;&Sifu a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh taMumif;ukd
zGifhqdkxm;Muygw,f/
aemufwpfck &Sdao;w,f/ [dk t*FkwådK&f ygVdawmf wduedygwf
wdw¬m,weokwåef (tH-1-178/)rSm t0dZmÆ ypö,m ocFg&m ponfjzifh
a[mMum;xm;awmfrltyfwJh t0dZÆmaMumifh ocFg& jzpfyHk pwJh ocFg&
avmu\ jzpfpOf = tEkavmry#dpo ö rkygÜ 'f oabmw&m;wd\ Yk aMumif;-
usKd;qufEG,frIoabmukdvnf; ork',opömvdkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrl
ygw,f/
ckajymcJhwJh ork',opöm t&yf&yfawGudk jcHKajym&vQifawmh ---
t0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg'gefwdkYudk tajcwnfum taMumif;cHum jyKpk
ysKd;axmifxm;wJh ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuH rSeforQ[m ork',opöm
rnfw,fvYkd rSwyf g/ tJ'D ork',opömukd odwhJ ÓPf[mvnf; or®m-
'd|dyJ jzpfygw,f/
eda&m"opöm
eda&m"opöm taMumif;udk qufajymOD;rnf/ 0dyóemydkif;rSm
0dyóemÓPfjzifh xk;d xGi;f od&rnhf eda&m"opömukd ajymrnfaemf/ ckeu
ork',opömwkef;u ajymcJhwJh wdw¬m,weokwåef (tH-1-178/)rSmyJ
bk&m;&Sifu ---
t0dZÆm, awG0 taoo0d&m*eda&m"m ocFg&eda&ma"m =
ponfjzifh ocFg&avmu\ csKypf Of y#davmry#dpo ö rkygÜ 'f oabmw&m;
udkvnf; eda&m"opömvdkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ a,m*g0p&-
&[ef;awmfu t0dZmÆ csKyjf cif;aMumifh ocFg&csKyyf pkH wJh ocFg&avmu\
csKyfpOfudkvnf; 0dyóemÓPfjzifh odatmif usifh&rSm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh 'Dvdka'oemawmfawGukd &nfñTef;vsuf 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxm
(0dok'¨d-2-267/)u 0dyóemÓPfjzifh xkd;xGif;od&rnhf eda&m"opömudk
'Dvdk zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f ---
tEkyÜg'eda&m"
ypö , awm 0,'óaee ed a &m"opö H ygu#H a[mwd ?
ypö,mEkyÜga'e ypö,0wH tEkyÜg'g0aAm"awm/ (0dok'¨d-2-267/)
a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmfu 0dyóemydkif;a&mufwJhtcg O',-
AÁ,ÓPf\ tpdwftydkif; wpfckjzpfwJh ypö,awm 0,'óeÓPf =
taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh tysufukd = tcsKyfudk ½IjrifwwfwJh ÓPfjzifh
0dyóem½IvdkufwJhtcg xkda,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf\ ÓPffrSm eda&m"opöm
w&m;[m xif&Sm;vmw,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿ t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef
ocFg& uHqw kd hJ taMumif;w&m;awGu aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyjf cif;
vdkY ac:qdktyfwJh tEkyÜg'eda&m" oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;wJhtcg
taMumif;w&m; xif&Sm;&SdygrS jzpfEkdifwJh pGrf;tm;&SdwJh tusKd;cE¨mig;yg;
wd\Yk aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyjf cif;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f rIukd ,if; 0dyóem-
ÓPfu xd;k xGi;f odaomaMumifh eda&m"opöm[m a,m*g0p& &[ef;\

todÓPfrSm xif&Sm;vmjcif; jzpfw,f/ 'Dvdk zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm ar;p&mwpfck &Sdvmw,f/ bmvJ¿ b,ftcgrSm 'D
t0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHawGu aemifwpfzef rjzpfaomtm;jzifh
csKyfjcif;vdkY ac:qdktyfwJh tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;
ygovJvdkY ar;p&m &Sdw,f/ 0dok'¨dr*¾ r[m#Dumq&mawmfu 'Dvdk
ajzqdkxm;ygw,f ----
t0dZÆmeda&m"m ½lyeda&ma"m
&ma"mwd t*¾r*¾ÓaPe t0dZÆm,
tEkyÜg'eda&m"awm tem*wó ½lyó tEkyÜg'eda&ma"m a[mwd
ypö,mbma0 tbm0awm/ (r[m#D-2-421/)
'D #Dumpum;&yfu bmudk ajymvdw k mvJ¿ ckeu eda&m"opömydik ;f
wke;f u ajymcJw h hJ y#davmry#dpo ö rkygÜ 'fvYkd ac:qdt k yfwhJ ocFg&w&m;
wd\Yk csKypf Ofukd jyeftm½k,
H x l m;yg/ y#dorÇ'd gr*¾ygVdawmf pmrsuEf mS (53)
rSm vm&Sw d t
hJ wdik ;f t0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHqw kd hJ taMumif;
w&m;awG[m t&[wår*fodkY qdkufa&mufoGm;wJh tcgrSm r[m
tocFw"mwf tNird ;f "mwfeAd mÁ efw&m;awmfjrwfBu;D \ tm&r®Pypö,-
owåjd zifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI t&Sed t f 0g owåx d ;l Bu;D udk qufcvH ukd &f aom
tJ'D t&[wår*f\ pGr;f tifaMumifh ,wdjywf vk;H 0 csKyNf ird ;f oGm;Mu
w,f/ aemufxyfwpfzef b,fawmhrS xyfrjzpfMuawmhbl;/ 'Dvdk
aemufxyfwpfzef b,fawmhrS rjzpfwhJ csKyNf ird ;f rIrsK;d udk tEkygÜ 'eda&m" &m"vdYk
ac:qdw k ,f/
'Dae&mrSm wu,fajymMupdkY qdkvQifawmh t&[wår*fu t0dZÆm
wPSm Oyg'gefqwkd hJ udavomawGuo kd m t<uif;rJh ,wdjywf aemuf-
xyf b,fawmhrS rjzpfatmif y,fowfvdkufwm jzpfw,f/ odkYaomf
ocFg& uHawG[m t0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'gefqw kd hJ udavomtaygif;tazmf
udk &&SdygrSomvQif b0opfvdkY ac:qdktyfwJh Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg; 'ku©-

opömw&m;awGukd jzpfapEdik w f hJ pGr;f tm;&Swd ,f/ t0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'gef
qdwk hJ udavom tazmfo[m,fukd r&&Scd v hJ Qif 'kuo
© pöm tusK;d w&m;udk
jzpfapEdkifwJh pGrf;tm;r&Sdawmhbl;? pGrf;tifawG ukefcef;oGm;w,f/ 'D
taMumif;jycsufaMumifh t&[wår*fu t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg&
uHawGudk aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;vdkY ac:qdktyfwJh tEkyÜg'-
eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;apw,fvdkYyJ ajym&w,f/
'Dvdk t&[wår*faMumifh t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHawG\
aemufxyfwpfzef b,fawmhrS jyefrjzpfwJh csKyfenf;vdkY ac:qdkwJh =
tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;jcif;aMumifh tusKd; Oyg'g-
eu©Em¨ ig;yg;wdv Yk nf; y&deAd mÁ epkwu
d kd aemufq;Hk xm;Ny;D y&deAd mÁ epkw\
d
aemufqG,frSm aemufxyfwpfzef jzpfcGifhr&Sdaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;
jcif;qdkwJh tEkyÜg'eda&m" oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;Muw,f/ 'D
csKyfNidrf;rIudk 0dyóemÓPfu jrifatmif½I&rSm jzpfw,f/
OyÜg'eda&m"
tEkygÜ 'eda&m" taMumif;udk ajymNy;D awmh OyÜg'eda&m" taMumif;
udkvnf; ajymOD;rnf/ 'ku©opömw&m; ork',opömw&m;qdkwJh ocFg&
w&m;awG[m jzpfNyD;wmeJY wpfcgwnf; ysufoGm;Muw,f/ 'DvdkjzpfNyD;-
wmeJY cPrpJ woJoJ csKyfysufaewJh oabmudk c,0d&m* = cP cP--
eda&m"
&m"vdvYk nf; ac:qdw
k ,f/ (0do'k -d¨ 2-1-282/) odaYk omf taMumif;w&m;
awGu aemufxyfjzpfatmif aus;Zl;jyKay;aeorQ umvywfvkH;
'DocFg&w&m;awG[m cPrpJ woJoJ csKyfaysmufoGm;ayrJhvdkY topf
topf xyfum xyfum jzpfaeMuOD;rSm jzpfw,f/ 'Dvdk csKyfysufNyD;
aemuf aemufxyfwpfzef jyefjzpfcGifh &SdaewJh csKyfysufjcif;udkawmh
OyÜg'eda&m"
&m"vdkY ac:qdkygw,f/
a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmfu 0dyóemykdif; a&mufwJhtcg ocFg&

w&m;awG\ 'DOyÜg'eda&m"oabmudkvnf; 0dyóemÓPfESifh jrif
atmif MunfhNyD;awmh tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&; okH;wefwdkYodkY
wifum 0dyóem½I&rSm jzpfw,f/
ckajymcJhwJh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ OyÜg'eda&m"ESihf tEkyÜg'eda&m"
ESpfrsKd;vkH;udkyJ odwJh 0dyóemÓPf[m 0dyóemor®m'd|d jzpfygw,f/
avmuDr*¾opöm
a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmfu 0dyóemydik ;f a&mufwt hJ cgrSm t½ly-
owåu 0dyóem½Ienf;tydkif; (0dok'¨d-2-261-261-264/) O',AÁ,m-
EkyóemÓPfyikd ;f (0do'k -d¨ 2-268/) b*FgEkyóemÓPfyikd ;f (0do'k -d¨ 2-288??)
pwJh 0dyóemydik ;f odYk a&mufwt hJ cg 0dyóemÓPfjy"mef;aewJh 0dyó-
emraem'Gg&du aZm0Dxd pdwftpOfawGudkvnf; wpfzef jyefNyD;awmh
0dyóem½I&rSm jzpfw,f/
'Dvkd 0dyóem½IwhJ tydik ;f rSm 'D0yd óemÓPfEiS hf pdwuå P© wpfck
twGif;rSm twl,SOfwGJ jzpfaeMuwJh or®mouFyÜç or®m0g,mrç or®m-
owdç or®morm"dqdkwJh r*¾ifawGudkvnf; a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu &Sif;&Sif;
vif;vif; odaeygw,f/ ol\ ÓPfxrJ mS 'Dr*¾iw f &m;ud, k f = r*¾opöm
w&m;awG[m xif&mS ;aeygw,f/ 'Dr*¾opömw&m;awGu w'*F tcdu k f
twefYtm;jzifh udavomawGudk y,fowfEdkifwJhtwGuf 'Dr*¾ifw&m;-
udk,fawGudk r*¾opömw&m;awGvdkY ac:qdkjcif;jzpfw,f/ (0dok'¨d-2-268/)
'Dvkd 0dyóemÓPfu r*¾opömw&m;awGukd xd;k xGi;f odru
I v
kd nf;
0dyóemor®m'd|dvdkYyJ ac:qdkygw,f/
0dyóemtcdkuf opömav;yg;
ckajymcJhwmu 0dyóemtcdkufrSm 0dyóemÓPf = 0dyóem-
or®m'd|dESihf xdk;xGif;odwJh opömav;yg; jzpfygw,f/ em;&Sif;atmif

enf;enf; xyfajymrnf ---
twdwçf tem*wfç ypöKyeÜ çf tZÑwçå A[d'p¨ wJh (11)rsK;d aom tjcif;
t&mtm;jzihf wnfaewJh Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg; = 'ku©opömw&m;awGudk
xd;k xGi;f odwÓ hJ Pfu or®m'd|?d xdk 'kuo © pömw&m; tm½kaH y:odYk pdwu f kd
a&S;½Iwifay;jcif;oabmu or®mouFyÜ? xdk 'ku©opömw&m;awGudk
odatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIoabmu or®m0g,mr? xdk 'ku©opöm
w&m;awGudk trSwf&aerIoabmu or®mowd? xdk 'ku©opömw&m;
tm½kHwpfckwnf;ay:ü pdwfusa&muf wnfNidrfaerIoabmu or®m-
orm"d? aygif;vdu k af wmh r*¾iw f &m;ud,
k f ig;yg;jzpfygw,f/ BuKd wifum
aqmufwnf usifhokH;xm;wJh oDvr*¾if (3)yg;ESihf aygif;vdkufygu
r*¾ifw&m;udk,f (8)yg; jzpfygw,f/
'ku©opömudk xdk;xGif;od&mü r*¾ifw&m;udk,f (8)yg;udk oabm
aygufygu ork',opömudk xdk;xGif;od&müvnf; tvm;wlyif r*¾if-
w&m;udk,f (8)yg;yif &SdMuygw,f/
0dyóemydkif; a&mufwJhtcg --- eda&m"opömESihf r*¾opömawGu
awmh ,if;'ku©opömw&m; ork',opömw&m;awGudk vu©Pma&;
(3)wefoYkd wifum 0dyóem½IwhJ tydik ;f rSm xif&mS ;vmMurSm jzpfw,f/
'D'ku©opöm ork',opömqdkwJh ocFg&w&m;awGudk ,if;ocFg&w&m;
wd\ Yk jzpfNy;D wmeJY csKyyf suo
f mG ;wJo
h abmudk tm½k, H Nl y;D awmhvnf; tedpö
vdkY odkYr[kwf 'ku©vdkY odkYr[kwf tewåvdkY wpfvSnfhpD vu©Pma&;wif
um 0dyóem½I&w,f/ NyD;awmh 'DocFg&w&m;awG\ cPrpJ woJoJ
NydKNydK ysufysuf csKyfcsKyfaewJh oabmudk ÓPfESifh jrifatmif MunfhNyD;
awmhvnf; tedpövdkY odkYr[kwf 'ku©vdkY odkYr[kwf tewåvdkY wpfvSnfhpD
vu©Pma&;wifNyD;vnf; 0dyóem½I&w,f/ cPawm O',AÁ,-
'óevdkY ac:ygw,f/
'gwGifruao;bl;? taMumif;ork',opömw&m;awG xif&Sm;

jzpfjcif;aMumihf tusK;d 'kuo
© pömw&m;awG xif&mS ;jzpfyuHk v
kd nf; ½I&w,f/
(ypö,awm O','óeÓPf jzpfw,f/) taMumif;w&m;awG tEkygÜ '-
eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfjcif;aMumihf tusKd;cE¨mig;yg;wdkY\ tEkyÜg'
eda&m" oabmtm;jzifh csKyjf cif;udv k nf; 0dyóemÓPfjzifh jrifatmif
½I&w,f/ (ypö,awm 0,'óeÓPf jzpfw,f/) ESpf&yfaygif;vdkuf
awmh ypö,awm O',AÁ,'óeÓPf jzpfw,f/ aemufwpfck---
taMumif;ork',opömw&m; - tusKd;'ku©opömw&m; = taMumif;
w&m;ESifhwuGaom Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;wdkY\ jzpfNyD;ysufwJh oabmudk
ÓPfESifh jrifatmif MunfhNyD;awmhvnf; vu©Pma&;okH;wefwdkYodkY
wpfvSnfhpDwifum 0dyóem½I&jyefw,f? cPawm O',AÁ,'óe
ÓPf jzpfw,f/ cPtm;jzifh jzpfysuu f kd ½IwÓ
hJ Pf jzpfw,f/ 'gawGukd
aygif;NyD; xyfajym&vQif (6)rsKd; jzpfygw,f ---
(u) cPawm O','óeÓPf = cPtm;jzifh tjzpfudk jrif
atmif ½IwJhÓPfç
( c ) cPawm 0,'óeÓPf = cPtm;jzifh tysufudk jrif
atmif ½IwJhÓPfç
( * ) cPawm O',AÁ,'óeÓPf = cPtm;jzifh jzpfrI ysurf I
udk jrifatmif ½IwJhÓPfç
(C) ypö,awm O','óeÓPf = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh
tjzpfudk jrifatmif ½IwJhÓPf = taMumif;w&m; xif&Sm;
jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m; xif&Sm; jzpfykHudk jrifatmif
½IwJhÓPfç
( i ) ypö,awm 0,'óeÓPf = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh
tysufudk = tcsKyfudk jrifatmif ½IwJhÓPf? wpfenf;ajym&
vQifawmh taMumif;w&m;awG aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom
csKyfjcif;vdkY ac:qdktyfwJh tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh

csKyNf ird ;f oGm;jcif;aMumifh tusK;d w&m;awGvnf; aemifwpfzef
rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;vdkY ac:qdktyfwJh tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabm
tm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;ykHudk jrifatmif½IwJhÓPfç
( p ) ypö,awm O',AÁ,'óeÓPf = taMumif;w&m;awG
xif&Sm; jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m;awG xif&Sm; jzpfykHç
taMumif;w&m;awG tEkygÜ 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f
jcif;aMumifh tusK;d w&m;awG tEkygÜ 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh
csKyfNidrf;ykHudk jrifatmif ½IwJhÓPf ---
'Dvkd (6)rsK;d cGjJ cm;Edik yf gw,f/ 'D (6)rsK;d udyk J xyfNy;D csK;H ajym&&ifawmh
cPawm O',AÁ,'óeÓPfESifh ypö,awm O',AÁ,'óeÓPf
qdNk y;D ESprf sK;d yJ &Sad wmhw,f/ 'Dvkd ocFg&w&m;awGukd ESprf sK;d aom O',-
AÁ,'óeÓPfwjYkd zifh ½IjrifaewJh a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmf\ ÓPfxrJ mS
opömav;yg; xif&Sm;vmykH tydkif;udk 0dok'¨dr*¾ t|uxmu (0dok'¨d-2-
267-268/) 'Dvdk zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/
(u) ypö,awm O','óe = taMumif;w&m;awG xif&Sm;
jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m;awG xif&Sm;jzpfykHudk 0dyóem
ÓPfjzifh ½Ijrifjcif;jzifh a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmf\ todÓPf
rSm ork ' ,opö m w&m; w&m;[m xif&Sm;vmygw,f/ tusKd;
w&m;awGukd (= 'kuo © pömw&m;awGu)kd wdu
k ½f u
dk f jzpfapwwf
wJh taMumif;w&m;awGudk (= ork',opömw&m;awGudk)
xGif;azmuf odjrifjcif;aMumifh jzpfygw,f/ aemufwpfck
ajym&atmif ---
( c ) cPawm O','óe = 'DocFg&w&m;awG\ cPrpJ
woJoJ jzpfaerIukd ½Ijrifvu
kd jf cif;jzifh xdk a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ v\
f
todÓPfrSm 'k u © o pö m w&m; w&m;[m xif & S m ;vmygw,f /

bmjzpfvdkYvJ¿ 'DocFg&w&m;awG\ jzpfjcif; = Zmwd'ku©udk
xGif;azmuf odjrifjcif;aMumifh jzpfw,f/ uJ aemufwpfck
xyfajymOD;rnf ---
( * ) ypö,awm 0,'óe = taMumif;w&m;awG tEkygÜ 'eda&m"
oabmtm;jzifh csKyjf cif;aMumifh tusK;d w&m;awG\ tEkygÜ '-
eda&m" oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;ykHudk ½IjrifvkdufwJhtcg
tJ'D a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmf\ todÓPfrSm eda&m"opöm
w&m;
w&m;[m xif&Sm;vmygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿ taMumif;
w&m;wd\ Yk tEkygÜ 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f oGm;jcif;
aMumifh taMumif;w&m;&SdwJh tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ tEkyÜg'-
eda&m" oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f oGm;ykuH kd xGi;f azmuf odjrif
aewJh twGuaf Mumihf jzpfw,f/ uJ aemufxyfwpfck xyfajym
OD;rnf ---
(C) cPawm 0,'óe = 'DocFg&w&m;awG\ cPrpJ woJoJ
csKyfysufaewJh OyÜg'eda&m" oabmudk 0dyóemÓPfjzifh
½IjrifvkdufwJhtcg tJ'D a,m*g0p& &[ef;\ todÓPfrSm
'ku©opömw&m; w&m;yJ xif&Sm;vmjyefw,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿ 'D
ocFg&w&m;awG\ cPrpJ woJoJ aoausysufpD;aewJh
r&P'ku©udk xGif;azmuf odjrifaewJh twGufaMumifh jzpf-
w,f/ uJ aemufwpfck xyfajym&OD;rnf ---
( i ) 'Da,m*g0p& &[ef;\ oEÅmefrmS jzpfay:oGm;wJh O',AÁ,-
'óe = cPawm O',AÁ,'óe+ypö,awm O',AÁ,-
'óe
'óeac:wJh ESpfrsKd;aom O',AÁ,'óeÓPftjrif[m
tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ odkYr[kwf taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;
ESpfrsKd;vkH;wdkY\ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; O',AÁ,udkvnf; odjrif
w,f? taMumif;w&m;awG xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;

w&m;awG xif&mS ;jzpfyçHk taMumif;w&m;awG tEkygÜ 'eda&m"
oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f oGm;jcif;aMumifh tusK;d Oyg'geu©Em¨
ig;yg;wd\
Yk tEkygÜ 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f ykuH vkd nf;
odjrifw,f/ 'Dvdk ESpfrsKd;aom O',AÁ,'óeÓPftjrif
[m avmuDr*¾opömw&m; jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumihf tJ'&D [ef;
\ todÓPfrSm r*¾opömw&m; w&m;[m xif&Sm;vmygw,f/
bmaMumifv h ¿J tJ'oD cFg&w&m;awG\ ESprf sK;d aom O',AÁ,
oabmw&m;tay:rSm rodatmif zk;H vTr;f xm;wJh oar®m[
w&m;udk 'D0dyóemÓPfu y,f&Sm;Edkifjcif;aMumifh jzpfyg
w,f/ (0dok'¨d-2-267-268/)
0dyóemtcdkuf r*¾if (8) yg;
'Dawmh 'Dae&mrSm 0dyóemtcdkuf r*¾if (8)yg; jzpfykHudk opöm
av;yg;vkH;udk jcHKikHum xyfNyD;awmh ajymOD;rnf ---
ckajymcJwh hJ opömav;yg;udk xGi;f azmufojd rifjcif;oabmu or®m-
'd|d? tJ'D opömav;yg;tm½kHay:odkY pdwfudk a&S;½Iwifay;jcif;oabmu
or®mouFyÜ? tJ'Dopömav;yg;udk xdk;xGif;odatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf
jcif; oabmu or®m0g,mr? tJ'D opömav;yg;udk trSwf&aejcif;
oabmu or®mowd? tJ'D opömav;yg; tm½kHü pdwfcdkifjrJaejcif;
oabmç Nidrf0yfpGm wnfMunfaejcif; oabmu or®morm"d? aygif;
vdkufawmh r*¾ifig;yg; jzpfygw,f/ BudKwif aqmufwnfxm;wJhç jzLpif
atmif usio hf ;Hk xm;wJh oDvr*¾io
f ;Hk yg;ESihf aygif;vku
d v
f Qiaf wmh 0dyó-
emtcdu k f avmuDr*¾if (8)yg; jzpfygw,f/ 'DavmuDr*¾i&f pS yf g; usiphf Of
w&m;udkyJ ykAÁbm* owdy|mer*f (r-|-1-235/)vdkYvnf; t|uxm
q&mawmfrsm;u ac:a0:okH;pGJxm;ygw,f/ t&d,r*fodkY rqdkufrD
a&S;tzdkYü jznfhusifh&rnhf owdy|mefusifhpOf jzpfygw,f/
'DavmuDr*¾i&f pS yf g; usiphf Ofw&m;awGukd 0dyóemÓPfpOftwdik ;f

tqifq h ifh BuKd pm;tm;xkwEf ikd cf ahJ omf wpfcsed rf mS 0dyóemÓPfawGu
&ifhusufvmMuygvdrfhrnf/ tJ'D &ifhusufvmwJh 0dyóemÓPfwdkY\
tqkH;rSm t&d,r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfwdkYu r[mtocFw"mwf tNidrf;
"mwf edAÁmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udk tm½kH,lum jzpfay:vmMuygvdrfh
rnf/ tJ'D r[mtocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAÁmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;
uawmh avmukwå&m eda&m"opömw&m;jrwfBuD;yJ jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D
tcsed rf mS avmukw&å mr*¾if (8)yg; usiphf Ofw&m;awG[m Ny;D jynfph o Hk mG ;NyD
jzpfygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm t&d,r*ftcdu k f jzpfay:oGm;MuwJh r*¾if (8)yg;
wdu
Yk kd pHxm;um xyfNy;D &Si;f jyygrnf/ zdv k Óf Pftcdu k f r*¾if (8)yg;wdu Yk kd
vnf; enf;wloabmaygufyg/
avmukwå&m r*¾if (8) yg;
tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAÁmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udk xGif;
azmuf odjrifwJh t&d,r*fÓPfu or®m'd|d = r*¾or®m'd|djzpfw,f?
edAmÁ eftm½kaH y:odYk pdwu
f kd a&S;½Iwifay;jcif;oabmu or®mouFyrÜ *¾if
jzpfw,f? or®m0gpm rjzpfatmif or®mur®EÅ rjzpfatmif or®mtmZD0
rjzpfatmif wm;jrpf aESmifh,SufwwfwJh udavom tnpftaMu;
awGukd tJ't D &d,r*fÓPfu t<uif;rJh y,fowfvu kd yf gw,f/ 'gaMumifh
or®m0gpmoabmç or®mur®EÅoabmç or®mtmZD0oabmawG[m
xdkt&d,r*fÓPftcdkufrSm a&S;½I wnfaeMuygw,f/
aemufxyf r*¾if (3)ckudk qufajymrnf/ r[mtocFw"mwf
tNidrf;"mwf edAÁmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udk xGif;azmufodjrifzdkY&ef BudK;-
pm; tm;xkwfjcif; oabmu or®m0g,mrr*¾if? tJ'D edAÁmeftm½kHudk
trSwf&aejcif; oabmu or®mowdr*¾if? tJ'D edAÁmeftm½kHü pdwf
Nird 0f yfpmG uyfwnfaerI oabmu or®morm"dr*¾iw f Ykd jzpfMuygw,f/
tm;vkH;aygif;vdkufawmh avmukwå&m r*¾if&Spfyg;wdkY jzpfMuw,f/

'Dvkd avmukw&å mr*¾iaf wGukd jynfph aHk tmif tm;xkwEf ikd w
f hJ yk*Kd¾ vf
\ oEÅmefrmS or®mÓPfac:wJh ypöa0u©PmÓPfawGvnf; yg&rDtm;
avsmpf mG tqifq
h ifh jzpfay:vmMuygvdrrhf nf/ or®m0drw k adå c:wJh t&d,
zdkvfw&m;awGvnf; jzpfay:vmMuygvdrfhrnf/
tm;xkwfykHpepft>ruf
'Dae&mrSm a,m*D&[ef; wpfyg;taeESihf avmukw&å m r*¾iw f &m;
awGudk &&SdzdkYtwGuf ykAÁbm*owdy|mer*fvdkY ac:qdkwJh avmuDr*¾if
w&m;awGudk yxr jynfhpkHatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&rSm jzpfw,f? yGm;-
rsm;&rSm jzpfw,f/ yGm;rsm;ykH pepfuawmh a&S;OD;pGm oDvr*¾if (3)yg;udk
jzLpifatmif jznfhusifhyg/ oDvjzLpifwJhtcg orm"dr*¾if (3)yg;udk
yGm;rsm;yg/ avmuD 0dyóemÓPfEiS fh opömav;yg;udk odjrifa&;twGuf
jzpfygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿ opömav;yg;udk xdk;xGif;odjrifa&;twGuf
bk&m;&Sifu 'Dvdk wdkufwGef;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ b,fvdkvJ¿
orm"ð bdu©a0 bma0x? orm[dawm bdu©a0 bdu©K
,xmblwH yZmemwd/ (oH-3-363/)
&[ef;wdYk ...orm"dukd xlaxmifMuyg/ orm"d&w
dS hJ &[ef;[m
[kwfwkdif;rSefpGm odygw,f/
'Dvdk bk&m;&Sifu a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ orm"d&SdvQif
bmawGudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odrSmvJ¿ opömav;yg;udk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm
odrnf/ 'Dvdk qufNyD; a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ orm"dxlaxmifykH
ESiYf ywfoufvYkd bk&m;&Siuf orxur®|mef; (40) a[mMum;xm;awmfrl
ygw,f/ rdrdwdkY BudKufESpfouf&m ur®|mef;jzifh orm"dudk xlaxmifEdkif
ygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm "mwfur®|mef;ESifh orm"dxlaxmifykH tydkif;udk
t&dyt f >rufavmufyJ ajymzdYk &nf&,
G x
f m;ygw,f/ 'D"mwfur®|mef;[m
orxydkif; ur®|mef; (40)xJrSmvnf; yg0ifygw,f/ Oypm&orm"d (=

o'doyl pm&tm;jzifh Oypm&orm"d)txd qdu k af &mufEikd w
f ,f/ (r[m#D-
1-436/) 0dyóemul;wJhtcg ½kyfw&m;awGudk odrf;qnf;csif&ifvnf;
'D"mwfur®|mef;udkyJ pwiftm;xkwf&ygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿ t|-
uxmBuD;rsm;u 'Dvdk zGifhxm;Muw,f/ em;axmifMunfhyg ---
ww¬ b*0g ½lyur®|meH uaxaEÅm oacFyreodum&0aoe
0g 0dw¬m&reodum&0aoe 0g pwk"mwk00w¬meH uaxod/
('D-|-2-314/ r-|-1-280/ tbd-|-2-252/)
'Dt|uxm pum;&yfawGu bmudq k v kd okd vJ¿ 0dyóemtydik ;f odYk
ul;wJth cgrSm a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vu f ½kyw
f &m;awG emrfw&m;awGukd pwif
odr;f qnf;&awmhrnf/ 'gaMumihf 'd|0d o d 'k p¨d cef; qdwk hJ 0dyóemÓPf\
t½IcHtm½kHawGudk pwifodrf;qnf;wJh tydkif;rSm --- ½kyfur®|mef; emrf
ur®|mef;[k ur®|mef;ESprf sK;d &Sw
d ,f/ ½lyy&d*[ ¾ = ½kyuf kd odr;f qnf;jcif;
= ÓPfjzifh ykdif;jcm;,ljcif;? t½lyy&d*¾[ = emrfudk odrf;qnf;jcif; =
ÓPfjzifh ykdif;jcm;,ljcif;vdkYvnf; ac:qdkygw,f/
'Dvkd ½kyu
f r®|mef; emrfur®|mef; ESprf sK;d &S&d mrSm ½kyu
f r®|mef;½Iuu
G ef YJ
ywfoufvdkY bk&m;&Sifu a[mMum;awmfrlwJh tydkif;rSm ---
(1) "mwfBuD; av;yg;udk tusOf;ESvkH;oGif;enf;ç
(2) "mwfBuD;av;yg;udk tus,fESvkH;oGif;enf; -
qdkwJh enf;ESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif wpfenf;enf;ESifh pwk"mwk00w¬mefac:wJh
"mwfur®|mef;udk a[mMum;awmfrlygw,f/ 'guawmh bk&m;&Sif a[m
Mum;awmfrlwJh "r®wmyg/
'Dvkd t|uxmawGu zGiq hf x
kd m;awmh bk&m;a[m ygVdawmfawGukd
vdkufMunfhvdkufwJhtcgrSm bk&m;&Sifu r[mowdy|meokwåefrSm ('D-
2-234/ r-1-73/) "mwfur®|mef; tusOf;enf; ½IuGufudk a[mMum;-
xm;awmfrlygw,f/ "mwfur®|mef; tus,fenf;udkawmh bk&m;&Sifu

r[m&m[kavm0g'okwåef (r-2-84-86/) "mwk0db*Fokwåef (r-3-283-
285/) tbd"r®m "mwk0dbif;ygVdawmf (tbd-2-84-86/)wdkYrSm a[m
Mum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ t&Sifom&dykwå&m rax&fjrwfBuD;uvnf;
r[m[w¬dya'gyrokwåef (r-1-242-247/)rSm 'D"mwfur®|mef; tus,f
enf;udk a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
'gaMumihf ½kyfur®|mef;½IuGufESifh ywfoufvdkY "mwfur®|mef;
tusOf;enf;ç "mwfur®|mef; tus,fenf;qdkwJh enf;ESpfrsKd;udkom
bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfral Mumif;ukd t|uxmrsm;u zGiq hf Mkd ujcif;
jzpfygw,f/
r[m#DumtzGifh
'Dae&mrSm r[m#Dumq&mawmf\ tzGifhudkvnf; xyfNyD;awmh
ajymcsifw,f/ b,fvdkzGifhqdkxm;ovJ¿
,xm ½lay 0dyóembdeda0aom a,bka,se 0dyóem,med-
uó? {0H t½lay 0dyóembdeda0aom a,bka,se orx,med-
uó a[mwd/ tbdeda0aomwd p 0dyóem, ykAÁbma* uwåAÁ-
emr½lyy&dapäa'g a0'dwaAÁm/ wo®m yXrH ½lyy&d*¾PSeH ½lay tbd-
eda0aom/ {o ea,m aoaookyd/ (r[m#D-2-470/)
a,bk,s pnf;urf;owfrw S cf sut
f & ajym&rnfqv kd Qif ½kyw
f &m;
u pNyD;awmh 0dyóemESvkH;oGif;jcif;[m ok'¨0dyóem,meduyk*¾dKvf
twGuf jzpfw,f/ tvm;wlbJ emrfw&m;u pNy;D awmh 0dyóem ESv;Hk
oGi;f jcif;[mvnf; a,bk,stm;jzifah wmh orx,meduyk*Kd¾ vt f wGuf
jzpfygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm 0dyóemESv;Hk oGi;f jcif;qdw k muvnf; 0dyóem
\ a&S;tzdkYrSm jyKoifhjyKxdkufwJh emrf½kyfudk ydkif;jcm;jcif; emr½lyy&dapä'
ÓPfudk qdkvdkygw,f/ ½kyfw&m;udk odrf;qnf;jcif; = ÓPfjzifh ydkif;jcm;
,ljcif;udk ½kyw
f &m;ü 0dyóemESv;Hk oGi;f jcif;vdYk ac:qdyk gw,f/ tvm;
wlyJ emrfw&m;udk odrf;qnf;jcif; = ÓPfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,ljcif;udkvnf;
emrfw&m;ü 0dyóem ESvkH;oGif;jcif;vdkY qdkvdkygw,f/
'Dvkd a,bk,spnf;urf;owfrw S cf suu
f kd vdu
k ef mjyKusiw
hf thJ aeESihf
0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmq&mawmfu ½kyfur®|mef;upí ESvkH;oGif;vdkwJh
orx,meduyk*Kd¾ vEf iS hf ok'0¨ yd óem,meduyk*Kd¾ v[ f m 'd|0d o
d 'k pd¨ cef;
odkY ul;wJhtcg "mwfur®|mef;u pwiftm;xkwfzdkY&ef ñTefMum;xm;
ygw,f/ (0dok'¨d-2-222/)
"mwfoabmw&m; (12) rsKd;
yx0D"mwfü --- rm-Murf;-av;-aysmh-acsm-aygh-vdkY oabmw&m;
(6)rsK;d &Sw
d ,f/ (tbd-1-170/ tbd |-1-368/) tmayg"mwfrmS awmh ,kpd ;D -
zGJUpnf;qdkNyD; oabmw&m; (2)rsKd; &Sdw,f/ awaZm"mwfrSmawmh ylrI
-at;rIqdkwJh oabmw&m; (2)rsKd; &Sdw,f/ 0ga,m"mwfrSmawmh
axmufuefrIoabmç wGef;uefrIoabmqdkNyD; oabmw&m; (2)rsKd;
&Sdw,f/
a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vu f 'D"mwfoabmw&m; (12)rsK;d udk ajcqk;H acgif;qk;H
wpfudk,fvkH;rSm wpfckNyD;wpfck jrifatmif Munfh&rSm jzpfw,f/ Oyrm-
-- rmrIoabmudk ½Iawmhrnfqdk&if rmrIxif&Sm;wJh ae&mu pNyD;awmh
wpfu, kd v f ;Hk rSm jrifatmif ½Iyg/ useo f abmw&m;awGuv kd nf; wpfcNk y;D
wpfck tvm;wlyJ ½Iyg/ "mwfoabmw&m; (12)ckv;Hk udk ajcqk;H acgif;-
qkH; ½IEkdifygu 'Doabmw&m;awGudk wpfckNyD; wpfck cyfjrefjref jrifEkdif
atmif BuKd ;pm;yg/ "mwfoabmw&m;wpfcu k kd ½Iaomfvnf; ESpcf k ok;H ck
udk NyKd iw f v l v kd kd awGUvQif ydak umif;ygw,f/ tJ'v D kd oGuo
f u G v
f ufvuf
½IEidk w
f t hJ cg rdru d ,kd f wpfu, kd v
f ;Hk udk jcKH iNHk y;D "mwfoabmw&m; (12)ck
udk jrifatmif ½Iyg/ ckvdk wpfudk,fvkH;udk jcHK½IwJh tydkif;rSm udk,fudk
tm½kHr,lbJ "mwfoabmw&m;awGudkom wpfzufowf tm½kH,lyg/

[dka&TUMunfh 'Da&TUMunfh rvkyfygESifh/ "mwfoabmw&m;awGudkom
jcHKikHMunfhNyD; wpfckpD oGufoGufvufvuf jrifatmif ½Iaeyg/ ½Izef
rsm;vmwJhtcg "mwfoabmw&m;awGudk NydKifwlvkdvkd awGUaeygvdrfh
rnf/ tJ'Dvkd awGUNyDqkd&ifawmh (4)csuf ajymif;½Iyg/
(u) rm-Murf;-av;-aysmh-acsm-aygh-udk MunfhNyD; yx0D"mwfç
( c ) ,kdpD;-zGJUpnf;ukd MunfhNyD; tmayg"mwfç
( * ) yl-at;ukd MunfhNyD; awaZm"mwfç
(C) axmuf-wGef;ukd MunfhNyD; 0ga,m"mwf ---
'Dvdk (4)csuf ajymif;½Iyg/ orm"dudk xlaxmifyg/ xkid w f idk ;f xkid w
f idk ;f
"mwfav;yg;tm½kHü bm0empdwfu wpfem&D ESpfem&DcefY wnfaeNyD
qkvd Qif rMumrD &ufyikd ;f twGi;f rSmyJ cE¨muk,
d Bf u;D ukd rawGUawmhbJ tjzL
twk;H tcJBu;D ukd awGUwwfygw,f/ tJ'D tjzL twk;H tcJBu;D rSm &Sad ewJh
"mwfBu;D av;yg;udyk J odr;f qnf;um orm"dudk qufvuf xlaxmifvu dk f
vQifawmh orm"du ykdí ykdí euf½dIif;vmwJhtcg a&cJwkH; zvfwkH;
rSefwkH; vkd MunfaewJh tMunf twkH;tcJBuD;ukd awGUaeayvdrfhrnf/
tJ'D tMunf twkH;tcJrSm wnf&SdaewJh "mwfBuD;av;yg;ukdyJ odrf;
qnf;NyD; awmh orm"dukd qufvufxlaxmifyg/
tMunftwkH;tcJ tMunfjyiif
'Dae&mrSm ar;p&mawmh&Sdw,f/ 'D tMunftwkH;tcJBuD;qkdwm
bmvJvkdY ar;p&m&Sdw,f/ 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmu 'Dvkd tajzay;xm;
ygw,f ---
pu©m'dyÍö0d"H ½lyg'DeH *[Pypö,bma0e tm'gowvH 0d,
0dyÜoEéwåm yom'½lyH/ (0do'k -d¨ 2-81/)
pu©Kyom' aomwyom' Cmeyom' Zd0gS yom' um,yom'

= rsufpdtMunf em;tMunf ESmtMunf vQmtMunf ukd,ftMunf
qkw Ydk m aMu;rkrH eS t
d hJ tMunf½yk f ig;ckw[ f jyifvdk MunfvifaewJt
h wGuf
aMumifh yom'½kyf = tMunf½kyfvkdY ac:qkdygw,f ...wJh/
'Dt|uxm tzGifhtwkdif;yJ a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu Ceac:wJh ½kyftwkH;
tcJudk rNzdKcGJEkdifrD Ce = twkH;tcJ rNydKrD 'DtMunf½kyfawGudk twkH;-
vdkuf tcJvdkuf tpkvdkuftjyHKvdkuf awGUaejcif;jzpfw,f/ 'DtMunf-
½kyfawGxJrSm um,tMunf"mwf = udk,ftMunf"mwfu wpfudk,fvkH;
tESt YH jym;&Sw
d ,f/ xdru I o
kd wd hJ ae&mwdik ;f rSm &Sad eygw,f/ tJ't D Munf
"mwfawGukd Ceac:wJh ½kyt f wk;H tcJ rNyKd rD twk;H vdu k f tcJvu kd f awGU-
aejcif; jzpfygw,f/ a,m*Dy*k K¾d vu f tJ'D tMunfjyifrmS &dw S hJ tmumo
"mwfudk jrifatmif ½I&ygw,f/ tmumo"mwfudk ½I&ef txufu
ajymcJhwJh r[m&m[kavm0g'okwåef pwJh okwåefawGrSm bk&m;&Sifu
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
t|uxm (r-|-3-97/)uvnf; tmumo"mwfudk tOD;rlum
Oyg'g½kyt
f m;vk;H udk ½IymG ;apvdw
k t
hJ wGuf tmumo"mwfukd jrifatmif
½I&ef bk&m;&Sifu ñTefMum;awmfrljcif;jzpfw,fvdkY 'Dvdk &Sif;jyxm;yg
w,f/ tJ'D tMunfjyifrSm tmumo"mwfudk jrifwmeJY wpfNydKifeuf
½kyfuvmyfawGudk pwif awGUwwfygw,f/ ½kyfuvmyfawGudk awGUwJh
tcg ½kyfuvmyfwpfckwpfckrSm wnf&SdwJh yx0Dç tmaygç awaZmç
0ga,mç 0PÖ (= ta&miftqif;)ç *E¨ (= teHY )ç &o (= t&om)ç
MoZm (= tqDtap;) pwJh y&rwf½kyfoabmw&m;awGudk qufvuf
odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/ q&morm;ESifhom csOf;uyfavhvmyg/
pu©K'gG &pwJh 'Gg& (6)yg;vk;H rSm &Sw
d hJ ½kyw
f &m;awGEiS hf (42)aum|mo
rSm&SdwJh ½kyfw&m;awGudk qufvufodrf;qnf;yg/
½kyfw&m;awGudk odrf;qnf;NyD;wJh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu 'D½kyfw&m;awG

udk tm½kH,lum 'D½kyfw&m;awGukd rDSwG,fjzpfay:aeMuwJh emrfw&m;
awGudk qufvufodrf;qnf;yg/ (tbd-|-1-271/) 'Dvdkodrf;qnf;wJh-
tydik ;f rSm zóupíjzpfapç a0'emupíjzpfapç 0dnmPf = todpw d f
u píjzpfap zóvQif ig;ckajrmuf&SdwJh zóyÍöruw&m; OD;aqmif
aewJh emrfw&m;awGukd pu©K'gG & aomw'Gg&pwJh tm,we'Gg&tvdu k f
qufvufodrf;qnf;yg/ (r-|-1-280-281-ponf/)
atmifjrifrI&&Sdygu ,if;½kyfemrfwdkY\ taMumif;w&m;awGudk
wpfqifhwufum &SmazGyg/ t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHqdkwJh
twdwftaMumif;w&m;awG xif&Sm; jzpfjcif;aMumifh ypöKyÜeftusKd;
Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;wdkY xif&Sm;jzpfykHudk ÓPfjzifh jrifatmif quf½Iyg/
<uif;usefwJh twdwftenf;i,fESifh tem*wfwdkYüvnf; enf;wl½Iyg/
NyD;awmh [dkcyfapmapmu &Sif;jycJhwJhtwdkif; t0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg-
'gefç ocFg&ç uHwdkY\ tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;jcif;
aMumifh tusKd; Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;wkdY\ tEkyÜg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh
csKyfNidrf;ykHudkvnf; jrifatmif quf½Iyg/ NyD;awmh taMumif;w&m;ESifh
wuGaom 'D½yk ef mrfawGukd vu©Pma&;ok;H wefwo Ykd w Ykd ifum 0dyóem
ÓPfpOftwdkif; wGifwGifBuD; 0dyóem½Iyg/ r*fqdkufzdkvfqdkufonfh
wdkifatmif ½Iyg/
tJ'Dvdk r*fqdkuf zdkvfqdkufonftxd 0dyóem ½IEkdifrnfqdkvQif
awmh avmuDr*¾i&f pS yf g;ç avmukw&å mr*¾if &Spyf g;wdu Yk v kd nf; jznfuh siNhf y;D
jzpfoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ 0dyóemÓPfjzifh xdk;xGif;od&rnfh opömav;yg;ç
t&d,r*fÓPf zdv k Óf PfwjYkd zifh xd;k xGi;f od&rJh opömav;yg;wdu Yk vkd nf;
xdk;xGif;od&Sdygvdrfhrnf/
0dyóemÓPfawGu udavomawGudk w'*Ftm;jzifh y,f&Sm;yg
vdrfhrnf/ t&d,r*fÓPfuawmh tJ'D udavomawGudk orkapä'
tm;jzifh tjrpfjywf y,fowfygvdrfhrnf/ 'Dvdk t&d,r*fqdkufonfh

wdkifatmif tm;xkwfEkdifcJhvQifawmh pdwf"mwfawG[m tvGefYtvGef
tajymif;vJBuD; ajymif;vJoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/
'Dvkd ajymif;vJraI wGukd OD;pm;ay;vsuf &nfñeT ;f vsuf [dak &SUydik ;f u

ajymcJhwJh oav’cokwåefrSm bk&m;&Sifu pdwf"mwfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;
w&m;awGudkqufNyD; a[mawmfrlygao;w,f/ qufNyD;awmh emMunfh
prf;yg --- aumif;vGef;vdkYyg aumif;vGef;vdkYyg .../
pdwf"mwf toGiftjyif ajymif;vJrIjyK&ef
21/ olwpfyg;awG[m xderd'¨ (= pdwfapwodufwdkY xdkif;rIdif;rI)
tvTr;f rd;k cH&wJo
h al wG jzpfcsijf zpfMuygap? wdu
Yk awmh 'Dae&mrSm
xderd'¨ uif;pifwo hJ al wGom jzpfapMu&rnfvYkd 'Dvkd pdw"f mwf
udk arG;jrLMuprf;yg/
22/ olwpfyg;awG[m pdwfysHUvGifhwJY olawG jzpfcsif jzpfMuygap?
wdkYuawmh 'Dae&mrSm pdwf"mwfrysHUvGifhwJh olawGom jzpfap
23/ olwpfyg;awG[m 0dpdudpäm (= &wemokH;wef uH-uH\ tusKd;
w&m; ponfwdkYtay:ü ,kHrSm;oHo,) xlajymwJh yk*¾dKvfawG
jzpfcsifjzpfMuygap? wdkYuawmh 'Dae&mrSm 0dpdudpämudk vGef
ajrmufEkdifwJh olawmfaumif;awGom jzpfapMu&rnfvdkY 'Dvdk
pdwf"mwfudk arG;jrLMuprf;yg/
&[ef;awmfwpfyg;[m ypö,y&d*¾[ = ½kyfemrfwdkY\ taMumif;
w&m;awGudk twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜef umvokH;yg;vkH;rSm pGrf;tm;&Sd
oavmuf odrf;qnf;EkdifcJhrnf qdkvQifawmh 'Dypö,y&d*¾ÓPfuvnf;
w'*Ftm;jzifh 'D0pd u
d pd mä w&m;udk y,f&mS ;Ekid yf gw,f/ odaYk omf aomwm-
ywådr*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfokdYwdkifatmif qdkufa&mufoGm;vQifawmh 'D

aomwmywård *fÓPfu 'D0pd u d pd mä w&m;udk tjrpfjywf y,fowfvu kd rf mS
jzpfygw,f/ tJ'DtcgrSm tNyD;wdkif 'D0dpdudpämw&m;udk ausmfvTm;
vGeaf jrmufrmS jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvkd ausmv f mT ;vGeaf jrmufatmif pdw"f mwf
toGit f jyifukd jyKjyifajymif;vJay;zdYk bk&m;&Siuf qdq k ;Hk raeawmfrjl cif;
jzpfygw,f/ aemufwpfck -
24/ olwpfyg;awG[m a'goBu;D wJh trsux f uG af vh&w
dS hJ yk*Kd¾ vaf wG
jzpfcsijf zpfMuygap? wdu
Yk awmh 'Dae&mrSm a'gorBu;D wJh trsuf
rxGufwwfwhJolawGom jzpfapMu&rnfvdkY 'Dvdk pdwf"mwfudk
arG;jrLMuprf;yg/
[dk O'gef;ygVdawmf arCd,okwåef (O'ge-120/)rSm --- arwåm
bma0wAÁm Asmyg'ó y[mem, = a'goudk y,f&Sm;Ekdifa&;twGuf
arwåmbm0em ur®|mef;udk yGm;rsm;ygqdkNyD; bk&m;&Sifu qdkqkH;rxm;
awmfrlygw,f/ 'gaMumifh &[ef;jzpfvmvQif rdrdwdkY\ pdwf"mwfudk
arwåm"mwfjzifh tjrwJ rf; xkrH rG ;f ay;wwfzYkd vdyk gw,f/ &[ef;jzpfygvsuf
a'gou odyfBuD;aernfqdkvQif rdrdcH,lxm;wJh yAÁZdw = udavom
awGukd ESix
f w
k af eolqw
kd hJ emrnfEiS hf b,fvrkd S rvdu k af vsmEkid af wmhb;l /
'Dtcsuu f awmh orxenf;vrf;ESihf a'goudk ajz&Si;f ykpH epf jzpfygw,f/
tu,fí rdrdu 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;EkdifwJh ol-
awmfaumif;jzpfrnfqv kd Qif ckvkd a'gojzpfavmufwhJ tm½kaH wGeYJ wdu
k f
qdkifvmwJhtcg rdrda'gojzpfaewJh yk*¾dKvfwdkY\ oEÅmefrSmwnf&SdaewJh
"mwfBu;D av;yg; OD;aqmifaewJh ½kyw f &m;awGukd odr;f qnf;um vu©-
Pma&;okH;wefodkYwifNyD;awmh 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;Ekdif
rnfqdkvQifawmh tJ'DtcsdeftcgrSm rdrda'gojzpf&rJh yk*¾dKvfowå0gudk
&SmrawGUawmhbJ tedpöw&m;tpktykH 'ku©w&m;tpktykH tewåw&m;
tpktykHawGukdom awGUaeayvdrfhrnf/ 'DvkdodaejrifaewJh 0dyóem-
ÓPfawGuvnf; w'*Ftm;jzifhawmh a'goESifhwuGaom udavom

awGudk y,f&mS ;ay;Ekid w
f hJ pGr;f tm;&Syd gw,f/ 'gaMumifh 0dyóembm0em
vufeufjzifh 'Da'goukd wku d zf suEf idk af tmif 0dyóembm0ema&csr;f jzifh
rdrdwkdY\ pdwftpOfukd aq;aMumokwfoifay;yg/ 0dyóembm0em
pdw"f mwfawGudk arG;jrLay;Muprf;yg/ 'Dvdk bk&m;&Siu f qk;H raeygw,f/
'gwGifruao;bl; --- tu,fí &[ef;wpfyg;u ckvkd 0dyóem
bm0emur®|mef; pD;jzef;vkdufvkdY yg&rDtm;avsmfpGm tem*grdr*fÓPf
zkv
d Óf Pfow Ydk idk af tmif aygufa&mufcrhJ nfqv
dk Qiaf wmh 'Dtem*grdr*f-
ÓPfu 'Da'gow&m;ukd t<uif;rJh y,f&Sm; owfjzwfEkdifygw,f/ 'Dvkd
a'goukd tNyD;wkdif tjrpfjywf ajz&Sif;EkdifvQifawmh taumif;qkH;aom
pdw"f mwfarG;jrLenf;jzpfygw,f/ uJ aemufwpfck qufemMunf&h atmif-
25/ olwpfyg;awG[m wpfbufom;ukd &efNiKd ;zGUJ wwfwhJ olawG jzpf
csijf zpfMuygap? wku
Yd awmh 'Dae&mrSm &efNiKd ;rzGUJ wwfwhJ olawG
jzpfapMu&rnf/
26/ olwpfyg;awG[m olwpfyg;\ *kPfaus;Zl;ukd acszsufwwfwJh
olawG jzpfcsifjzpfMuygap? wkdYuawmh 'Dae&mrSm olwpfyg;\
*kPfaus;Zl;ukd racszsufwwfwJholawGom jzpfapMu&rnf/
27/ olwpfyg;awG[m *kPcf si;f NyfdKiw
f wfwhJ olawGjzpfcsijf zpfMuygap?
wku
Yd awmh 'Dae&mrSm b,fawmhrS *kPcf si;f rNyKd iwf hJ olawGom
jzpfapMu&rnf/
28/ olwpfyg;awG[m jiLplwwfwhJ uk, d x
hf ufomremvkwd hJ pdwx
f m;
&SdwJholawG jzpfcsifjzpfMuygap? wkdYuawmh 'Dae&mrSm rjiLpl
wwfwJh ukd,fhxufom remvkdwJh pdwfxm;r&SdwJholawGom
jzpfapMu&rnf/
29/ olwpfyg;awG[m 0efwjdk cif; rpä&,

d w&m; xif&mS ;&Sw
d yhJ *k Kd¾ vaf wG
jzpfcsijf zpfMuygap? wku
Yd awmh 'Dae&mrSm o0efww dk hJ pdwx f m;
r&SdwJholawGom jzpfapMu&rnf ... vkdY 'Dvkd pdwf"mwfukd
arG;jrLMuprf;yg/
ckajymcJhwJh &efNidK;zGJUjcif;ç olwpfyg;*kPfaus;Zl;ukd zsufqD;jcif;ç
*kPcf si;f NyKd ijf cif;ç jiLpljcif;ç 0efwjdk cif;qkw
d hJ 'Dpw
d x
f m;uav;awGuawmh
a'go\tqG,ftyGm; wynfhom;ajr;uav;rsm;om jzpfMuygw,f/
arwåmpwJh jA[®pkd&fw&m;awGukd yGm;rsm;jcif;? 0dyóembm0em ur®-
|mef;ukd pD;jzef;jcif;? t&d,r*fÓPf zkdvfÓPfwkdYukd &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;
tm;xkwjf cif;jzifh 'Duad vomtnpftaMu;awGudk pifMu,fomG ;atmif
pdw"f mwfudk toGit f jyif ajymif;ay;Ekid yf gw,f/ aemufxyf bk&m;&Si&f UJ
tqkH;trawGudk qufNyD;awmh emMunfhMu&atmif ---
30/ olwpfyg;awG[m aumufuspfpOf;vJwJholawG jzpfcsifjzpfMu
ygap? wku
Yd awmh 'Dae&mrSm raumufusprf pOf;vJwhJ olawGom
jzpfapMu&rnf/
31/ olwpfyg;awG[m vSnyhf wfwwfwhJ rm,mrsm;wJo h al wG jzpfcsif
jzpfMuygap? wkdYuawmh 'Dae&mrSm rvSnfhywfwwfwJh rm,m
rrsm;wJholawGom jzpfapMu&rnfvkdY 'Dvkdpdwf"mwfukd arG;jrL
Muprf;yg/
'Dae&mrSm rm,mESifh omaX,s b,fvkd uGmjcm;ovJvkdY ar;p&m
&Sdw,f/ r[m#Dumq&mawmfu 'Dvkd &Sif;jyxm;ygw,f --
oEÅa'goy#dpmä 'evu©Pm rm,m/ toEÅ*P
k orÇm0evu©PH
omaX,sH/ (r[m#D-1-84/)
rm,mu rdrrd mS xif&mS ;&Sad ewJh tjypfudk zk;H uG,w
f wfwhJ oabm
&Sdw,f/ rdrd\ tjypfukd zkH;um zdumESifh tjypfr&Sda,mif [efaqmif
wwfw,f/ 'Drm,m[m rsuv f nS ohf rm;eJwY w

l ,f/ rsuv f n
S o hf rm;awG
[m a&Tr[kww f hJ ausmufw;Hk ausmufcu J dk a&Tw;Hk a&Tcv
J Ydk xifvmatmif
vSnphf m;wwfw,f/ tvm;wlyJ rm,morm;[mvnf; vlwpfbufom;
ukd txifrSm;atmif rdrdrSm &SdwJh tjypfukd zkH;uG,fNyD;awmh tjypf&Sdyg-
vsuf r&S[ d efaqmifwwfw,f/ avmurSm vltrsm;u aMumifoal wmf
vkdY ac:a0: okH;pGJaewJh pdwf"mwfwpfrsKd; jzpfw,f/ bk&m;&Sifu 'Dvkd
nHzh si;f vGe;f vSwhJ pdw"f mwfrsK;d awGudk rdr\d wynfh om;orD;awG oEÅmef
rSm r&Sad pcsib f ;l / bk&m;tp&Sw d hJ t&d,m olawmfaumif;wk\ Yd oabm
xm;u --- rdrrd mS xif&mS ;&Sw d hJ tjypfudk tjypftm;avsmpf mG xifpmG jyKjcif;
ukpm;jcif;uko d m tvk&d adS wmfrMl uygw,f/ 'D rm,m[m y&rw¬oabm
t& ajym&vQiaf wmh avmb arm[jy"mef;aewJh tukov dk pf w d t
f pOf
wpfrsKd;omjzpfygw,f/
vlwpfbufom;wkYd txifBu;D vmatmif rdrrd mS r&Sdw*hJ P k u
f dk &S[
d ef
aqmifwwfwhJ avmbwpfrsK;d ukyd J omaX,s = aumufuspf pOf;vJjcif;
vkdY ac:w,f/ rm,mu rdrdrSm&SdwJh tjypfukd zkH;uG,fum rdrdrSm tjypf-
r&Sda,mif [efaqmifwwfw,f/ omaX,suawmh rdrdrSm xif&Sm;
r&SdwJh*kPfukd &Sdava,mif [efaqmifwwfw,f/ 'DESpfrsKd;vkH;uawmh
tvdrfÓPf tyvDÓPf taumufÓPfrsKd;awGcsnf;jzpfMuw,f/
oDvr&SdbJ oDv&Sd[efç orm"dr&SdbJ orm"d&Sd[efç ynmr&SdbJ ynm
&Sd[efç tusifhraumif;ygbJ tusifhaumif;av[efç pmayusrf;*ef
rwwfbJ pmayusrf;*efwwfav[efç r*fÓPf zkdvfÓPfr&bJ &av
[ef - 'Dv[ dk efaqmifraI wG tm;vk;H [m omaX,scsn;f yJvo Ydk m rSwyf g/
vlUavmu vlUabmifbufukd vSnfhNyD; ajym&vQifvnf; ykHpHwl
uav;awGukd awGUjrifEkdifw,f/ tcsKdUu oDv orm"d ynm r&SdygbJ
vsuf &Sd[efaqmifwwfMujyefw,f/ tcsKdUu bGJUr&bJ bGJU&av[efç
ypönf;Opöm r&SdygbJ &Sdav[ef - 'Dvkdvnf; [efaqmifwwfMuw,f/
tcsKdUqkdvQif vlwum txifBuD;oGm;atmif olwpfyg;\ vuf0wf

wefqm pdefa&T&wem tjzmjzmwkdYukd iSm;&rf; 0wfqifwwfMuw,f/
tcsKUd uawmh owård &Sb d J owå&d [dS ef [dw[
f ef xkww f wfMuw,f/ 'Dvdk
[efaqmifrIawG[m omaX,scsnf; jzpfMuygw,f/ bk&m;&Sifu 'Dvkd
pdwf"mwfrsKd;awGukdvnf; omoemh0efxrf; &Sif&[ef;awG\ oEÅmefrSm
r&Sad pcsiyf gbl;/ 'gaMumifh ]]olwpfyg;awG[m rm,momaX,sorm;awG
jzpfcsifjzpfMuygap? wkdYuawmh 'Dae&mrSm rm,momaX,sorm; rjzpf
Muap&bl;}}vkdY 'Dvkd ckdifjrJwJh pdwf"mwfawGukd arG;jrLzkdY&ef bk&m;&Sifu
wkdufwGef;awmfrljcif; jzpfw,f/ bk&m;&SifwkdYuawmh 'Dvkd pdwfxm;rsKd;
awGukd &GH&SmpufqkyfawmfrlMuygw,f/
aemufxyfb&k m;&Si\
f tqk;H trawGudk qufNy;D awmh em,lMunfh
ygOD; ...
32/ olwpfyg;awG[m pdwf"mwfcufxefwif;rmwJholawG jzpfcsif
jzpfMuygap? wku Yd awmh 'Dae&mrSm pdw"f mwfcufxefwif;rmrI
r&Sw
d hJ El;nHah ysmah ysmif;wJh pdw"f mwf&o
dS al wGom jzpfapMu&rnf/
33/ olwpfyg;awG[m tvGef rmefrmeBuD;wJholawG jzpfcsifjzpfMu
ygap? wdkYuawmh 'Dae&mrSm tvGef rmefrmerBuD;wJholawG
ESdrfcsxm;wJh pdwf"mwf&SdolawGom jzpfapMu&rnfvdkY 'Dvdk
pdwf"mwfudk arG;jrLMuprf;yg/
odyaf umif;w,f odyaf umif;w,f...omoemh0efxrf; &Si&f [ef;
wpfyg;taeESihf omoemrSm aewJt h cg 'Dvkd ESrd cf swhJ pdw"f mwfuav;eJY
aexdkifwwfzdkY[m tvGef vdktyfygw,f/ t&Sif&m[kvmwdkYvdk ESdrfcswJh
pdwx f m;ç odum© oH;k &yf tusijhf rwfukd vdv
k m;awmifw h wJh pdwxf m;awG
&Szd [
Ykd m odyvf t
kd yfygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm t&Si&f m[kvmudk pHxm;Ny;D awmh
&[ef;awGudk bk&m;&Sifu qdkqHk;rxm;awmfrlwJh tqHk;trwpfckudk
ajym&OD;rnf/ rZÑdryPÖmoygVdawmf r[m&m[kavm0g'okwåef (r-2-

86-87/)rSm vm&Syd gw,f/ 'DtqH;k truawmh pMum0aw;rif;\ om;Bu;D
&wemjzpfzdkY&ef MuHpnfrdwJh t&Sif&m[kvmudk pHxm;um bk&m;&Sifu
&[ef;awmfawGukd qdq k ;kH rawmfrw
l hJ tqH;k tr jzpfygw,f/ bk&m;&Siu
f
b,fvkd qkdqHk;rxm;awmfrlovJ¿
r[myx0DajrBuD;ESifh wlnDwJh pdwf"mwf
cspfom; &m[kvm ... r[myx0DajrBuD;ESifh wlnDwJh pdwfxm;
&Sdatmif oifcspfom;\ pdwf"mwfudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfprf;yg/ cspfom;
&m[kvm ... r[myx0DajrBu;D ESihf wlnw D hJ pdwx
f m;rsK;d &daS tmif pdwu f kd
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaewJh oifhoEÅmefrSm jzpfay:vmMuwJh jrwfEkd;zG,f&m
tawGUtxd tm½HkawG rjrwfEkd;zG,f&m tawGUtxd tm½HkawG[m
oifcspfom;\ pdwf"mwfukd odrf;usKH;,liifNyD; b,fawmhrS rwnfEdkif
awmhbl;/ cspfom; &m[kvm ... Oyrmwpfck ajymrnf --- r[myx0D
ajrBuD;ay:rSm pifMu,fwJh t&m0w¬KawGudkvnf; ypfcsMuw,f? rpif
Mu,fwJh t&m0w¬KawGudkvnf; ypfcsMuw,f? usifBuD;udkvnf; ypfcs
Muw,f? usiif ,fuv kd nf; ypfcsMuw,f? wHawG;udv k nf; ypfcsMuw,f?
jynfuv dk nf; ypfcsMuw,f? aoG;udv k nf; ypfcsMuw,f/ 'gayrJv h Ykd 'Dvkd
ypfcswt hJ wGuf r[myx0DajrBu;D [m emMunf;rIvnf; rjzpfb;l ? &SuEf ;dk rI
vnf; rjzpfb;l ? &G&H mS pufqyk rf v
I nf; rjzpfb;l / cspo
f m; &m[kvm ...
'D Oyrmtwdkdif;yJ? oifcspfom;[m r[myx0DajrBuD;ESifh wlnDaewJh
pdwf"mwf&Sdatmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfprf;yg/ cspfom; &m[kvm ...
r[myx0DajrBuD;ESifh wlnDwJh pdwf"mwfrsKd;&Sdatmif pdwfukd yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwaf ewJh oifcspo f m;\ oEÅmefrmS jzpfay:vmMuwJh jrwfE;kd zG,&f m
tawGUtxd tm½HkawG? rjrwfEdk;zG,f&m tawGUtxd tm½HkawG[m
oifcspfom;\ pdwf"mwfudk odrf;usKH;,liifNyD; b,fawmhrS rwnfEdkif
awmhbl;/
a&ESifh wlnDwJh pdwf"mwf

cspfom; &m[kvm ... a&ESifh wlnDwJh pdwfxm;&Sdatmif oif
cspof m;\ pdw"f mwfudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwpf rf;yg/ cspo
f m; &m[kvm ...
a&ESifh wlnDwJh pdwfxm;rsKd;&Sdatmif pdwfudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaewJh
oifcspfom;\ oEÅmefrSm jzpfay:vmMuwJh jrwfEkd;zG,f&m tawGUtxd
tm½HkawGç rjrwfEdk;zG,f&m tawGUtxd tm½HkawG[m oifcspfom;\
pdw"f mwfudk odr;f usK;H ,liifNy;D b,fawmhrS rwnfEikd af wmhb;l / cspo
f m;
&m[kvm ... Oyrmwpfck ajymrnf? a&xJrmS pifMu,fwhJ t&m0w¬Kukd
vnf; aq;aMumMuw,f? rpifMu,fwJh t&m0w¬Kukdvnf; aq;aMum
Muw,f? rpifuv kd nf; aq;aMumMuw,f? usiif ,fuv kd nf; aq;aMum
Muw,f? wHawG;udkvnf; aq;aMumMuw,f? jynfudkvnf; aq;aMum
Muw,f? aoG;udkvnf; aq;aMumMuw,f/ 'gayrJhvdkY 'Dvdk aq;aMum
vdkufwJhtwGuf a&[m emMunf;rIvnf; rjzpfbl;? &SufEkd;rIvnf; rjzpf
bl;? &GH&SmpufqkyfrIvnf; rjzpfbl;? cspfom; &m[kvm ... 'DOyrm
twdkif;yJ a&ESifh wlnDwJh pdwfxm;&Sdatmif oifcspfom;\ pdwf"mwfudk
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfprf;yg/ cspfom; &m[kvm ... a&ESifh wlnDwJh
pdwfxm;rsKd;&Sdatmif pdwfudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaewJh oifcspfom;\
oEÅmefrSm jzpfay:vmMuwJh jrwfEdk;zG,f&m tawGUtxd tm½HkawG?
rjrwfEkd;zG,f&m tawGUtxd tm½HkawG[m oifcspfom;\ pdwf"mwfudk
odrf;usKH;,liifNyD; b,fawmhrS rwnfEdkifawmhbl;/
rD;ESifhwlnDwJhpdwf"mwf
cspfom; &m[kvm ... rD;ESifh wlnDwJh pdwfxm;&Sdatmif oif
cspo f m;\ pdw"f mwfukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwpf rf;yg/ rD;ESihf wlnw
D hJ pdwx
f m;
rsKd;&Sdatmif pdwfukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaewJh oifcspfom;\ oEÅmefrSm
jzpfay:vmMuwJh jrwfE;dk zG,&f m tawGUtxd tm½Hak wGç rjrwfE;kd zG,&f m
tawGUtxd tm½Hak wG[m oifcspo f m;\ pdw"f mwfudk odr;f usK;H ,liifNy;D
b,fawmhrS rwnfEdkifawmhbl;/ cspfom; &m[kvm ... Oyrmwpfck
ajymrnf ... rD;[m pifMu,fwJh t&m0w¬Kukdvnf; avmifuRrf;ypf
w,f? rpifMu,fwJh t&m0w¬Kukdvnf; avmifuRrf;ypfw,f? rpifudk
vnf; avmifuRrf;ypfw,f? usifi,fudkvnf; avmifuRrf;ypfw,f?
wHawG;udv k nf; avmifuRr;f ypfw,f? jynfuv kd nf; avmifuRr;f ypfw,f?
aoG;ukv d nf; avmifuRr;f ypfw,f/ 'gayrJv h Ykd ...'Dvkd avmifuRr;f &wJh
twGuf rD;[m emMunf;rIvnf; rjzpfbl;? &SufEdk;rIvnf; rjzpfbl;?
pufqyk &f &HG mS rIvnf; rjzpfb;l / cspo
f m; &m[kvm ... 'DOyrmtwdik ;f yJ
rD;ESifh wlnDwJh pdwfxm;&Sdatmif oifcspfom;\ pdwf"mwfudk yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwfprf;yg/ rD;ESifh wlnDwJh pdwfxm;rsKd;&Sdatmif pdwfudk yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwaf ewJh oifcspo f m;\ oEÅmefrmS jzpfay:vmMuwJh jrwfE;kd zG,&f m
tawGUtxd tm½HkawGç rjrwfEdk;zG,f&m tawGUtxd tm½HkawG[m
oifcspfom;\ pdwf"mwfudk odrf;usKH;,liifNyD; b,fawmhrS rwnfEdkif
awmhbl;/
avESifh wlnDwJh pdwf"mwf
cspfom; &m[kvm ... avESifh wlnDwJh pdwfxm;&Sdatmif oif
cspfom;\ pdwf"mwfudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfprf;yg? avESifh wlnDwJh
pdwx f m;rsK;d &Sad tmif pdwu
f kd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf ewJh oifcspo f m;&JUJ oEÅmef
rSm jzpfay:vmMuwJh jrwfEdk;zG,f&m tawGUtxd tm½HkawGç rjrwfEdk;
zG,&f m tawGUtxd tm½Hak wG[m oifcspo f m;\ pdw"f mwfukd odr;f usK;H
,liifNyD; b,fawmhrS rwnfEdkifawmhbl;/ cspfom; &m[kvm ...
Oyrmwpfckajymrnf ... av[m pifMu,fwJh t&m0w¬Kukdvnf;
wduk cf wfomG ;w,f? rpifMu,fwhJ t&m0w¬Kuv dk nf; wdu
k cf wfomG ;w,f?
usifBuD;udkvnf; wdkufcwfoGm;w,f? usifi,fudkvnf; wdkufcwfoGm;-
w,f? wHawG;udv k nf; wduk cf wfomG ;w,f? jynfuv dk nf; wduk cf wfomG ;
w,f? aoG;ukdvnf; wkdufcwfoGm;w,f/ 'gayrJhvdkY 'Dvkd wdkufcwf

oGm;&wJhtwGuf av[m emMunf;rIvnf; rjzpfbl;? &SufEdk;rIvnf;
rjzpfbl;? pufqkyf&GH&SmrIvnf; rjzpfbl;/ cspfom; &m[kvm ...'D
Oyrmtwdkif;yJ avESihf wlnDwJh pdwfxm;&Sdatmif oifcspfom;\ pdwf
"mwfudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfprf;yg/ avESifh wlnDwJh pdwfxm;rsKd;&Sdatmif
pdwfudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaewJh oifcspfom;\ oEÅmefrSm jzpfay:vm
MuwJh jrwfE;kd zG,&f m tawGUtxd tm½Hak wGç rjrwfE;kd zG,&f m tawGUtxd
tm½Hak wG[m oifcspo f m;\ pdw"f mwfukd odr;f usK;H ,liifNy;D b,fawmhrS
rwnfEdkifawmhbl;/
aumif;uifESifh wlnDwJh pdwf"mwf
cspfom; &m[kvm ... aumif;uifESihf wlnDwJh pdwfxm;rsKd;
&Sdatmif oifcspfom;\ pdwf"mwfukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfprf;yg/ aumif;-
uifESifh wlnDwJh pdwfxm;rsKd;&Sdatmif pdwfudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaewJh
oifcspfom;\ oEÅmefrSm jzpfay:vmMuwJh jrwfEdk;zG,f&m tawGUtxd
tm½HkawGç rjrwfEdk;zG,f&m tawGUtxd tm½HkawG[m oifcspfom;\
pdw"f mwfukd odr;f usK;H ,liifNy;D b,fawmhrS rwnfEikd af wmhb;l / cspo f m;
&m[kvm...Oyrmwpfcak jymrnf... aumif;uif[m b,ft&yfrmS rS
wnfraebl;/ cspo f m; &m[kvm ... 'DOyrmtwdik ;f yJ aumif;uifEiS hf
wlnw D hJ pdwx
f m;&Sad tmif oifcspo f m;\ pdw"f mwfukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf
prf;yg/ aumif;uifESifh wlnDwJh pdwfxm;rsKd;&Sdatmif pdwfudk yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwaf ewJh oif cspo f m;\ oEÅmefrmS jzpfay:vmMuwJh jrwfE;kd zG,&f m
tawGUtxd tm½Hak wGç rjrwfE;kd zG,&f m tawGUtxd tm½Hak wG[m oif
cspfom;\ pdwf"mwfudk odrf;usKH;,liifNyD; b,fawmhrS rwnfEdkifawmh
bl;/ (r-2-86-87/)
b,fvw dk ek ;f ...w&m;emy&dwo f wfawG? bk&m;&Si\f tqH;k tr
awG[m odyfMunfndKzdkY raumif;bl;vm; -- odyfMunfndKzdkYaumiff;yg
w,f/ 'Dae&mrSm ajrBu;D ESihf wlnw

D hJ pdw"f mwfç a&ESifh wlnw
D hJ pdw"f mwfç
rD;ESifh wlnDwJh pdwf"mwfç avESifh wlnDwJh pdwf"mwfç aumif;uifESifh
wlnDwJh pdwf"mwf &Sdatmifqdkwmuawmh wm'D*kPfESifh jynfhpHkatmif
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfprf;ygvdkY qdkvdkygw,f/
£|meda|ok [d t&ZÆaEÅm t'kóaEÅm wm'D emr a[mwd/
(r-|-3-98/)
tvd&k tdS yfwhJ £|m½Hak wG tay:rSmvnf; wyfrufr&I m* rjzpfb;l /
tvdkr&SdtyfwJh ted|m½HkawGtay:rSmvnf; jypfrSm;wJh zsufqD;vdkwJh
a'go rjzpfb;l / 'Dvkd wyfrufrv I nf; r&Sdy?J jypfrmS ;rIvnf; r&Sb
d J tv,f
tvwfrmS wnfNird af ewJ*h P k [
f m wm'D*P k f rnfygw,f/ vmbf&jcif;ç
vmbfr&jcif;ç tjcHt&Hrsm;jcif; tausmftapmrsm;jcif;ç tjcHt&H
enf;yg;jcif; tausmftapmr&Sdjciff;ç tuJh&JUcH&jcif;ç tcsD;rGrf;cH&jcif;ç
csrf;omjcif;ç qif;&Jjcif; qdkwJh avmu"H avjyif;rkefwkdif;wdkY wdkufcwf
vmjcif;aMumifh wkefvIyfrI r&Sdjcif;udk wm'D*kPfvdkY qdkvdkygw,f/
'Dvkd pdw"f mwfawG wkevf yI rf I r&Sad tmif wm'D*P k Ef iS hf jynfph akH tmif
usizhf &Ykd ef bk&m;&Siu
f wdu
k w
f eG ;f awmfrx l m;ygw,f/ wm'D*P k Ef iS hf >cif;-
csufr&Sd jynfhpHkrIuawmh &[EÅmt&SifjrwfwdkY\ oEÅmefrSmom jzpfEdkif
ygw,f/ odaYk omfvnf; 'D r[m&m[kavm0g'okweå u f kd bk&m;&Sif a[m
Mum;awmfral ewJh tcsed rf mS t&Si&f m[kvm[m (18)ESpo f m;om &Sad o;wJh
ykxZk efwpfO;D jzpfygw,f/ ykxZk efb0rSmyJ &Sdaeao;wJh t&Si&f m[kvmukd
ajr-a&-rD;-av-aumif;uifwEYkd iS hf wlnw D hJ pdwx
f m;rsK;d &Sad tmif usizhf çYdk
wm'D*kPfESifh jynfhpHkatmif BudK;pm;zdkY bk&m;&Sifu tqkH;tr Mo0g'
ay;aewm jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh uvsmPykxkZefu pNyD;awmh rnf-
onfh yk*¾dKvfrqkd vkdufem jyKusifhoifhwJh tqkH;tr Mo0g' jzpfygw,f/
'Dvkd wm'D*kPfESifh jynfhpkHatmif = ajr-a&-rD;-av-aumif;uifawGESifh
wlnDaewJh pdwfxm;rsKd;&Sdatmif b,fvkd usifh&rSmvJvYdkawmh ar;p&m
&Sw
d ,f/ [kad &SUykid ;f u ajymcJw
h hJr*¾if(8)yg; usiphf Ofw&m;awG jzpfMuygw,f/
'Dvdk usiEhf idk v
f Ydk atmifjrifr&I wJh tcgrSm avmu"H avjyif;rkew f idk ;f
wkdYaMumifh wkefvIyfrI r&SdwJh pdwf"mwfawG ay:vmrnf/ tJ'D tcgrSm
pdw"f mwf cufxefwif;rmrIawG tvGerf mefrmeBu;D rIawG[m wpfpwpfp
avsmeh nf;oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/ &[EÅmtjzpfoYdk a&muf&cdS v hJ Qif 'Dpw
d "f mwf
cufxefwif;rmrIawG tvGerf mefrmeBu;D rIawG[m vk;H 0 csKyNf ird ;f oGm;Mu
rSm jzpfygw,f/ tJ't D cgrSm wm'D*P k Ef iS v
hf nf; >cif;csurf &Sd jynfph o
Hk mG ;NyD
jzpfygw,f/
oav’cokwåefrSm bk&m;&Sifu &[ef;jzpfvmwJhtcgrSm pdwf"mwf
toGit f jyif ajymif;vJraI wGudk jyKvyk o f ifah Mumif; qkq
d ;Hk raewm b,f
txd a&mufoGm;NyDvJ ... pdwf"mwf cufxefwif;rmrI r&SdzkdY tvGef
rmefrme rBu;D zkt
Yd xd a&muf&o dS mG ;Ny/D aemufxyf qufNy;D qk;H rxm;wm
awG &Sdaeao;w,f/ qufNyD; emMunfhMu&atmif ---
34/ olwpfyg;awG[m qkdqkH;rcufwJh olawG jzpfcsifjzpfMuygap?
wkdYuawmh 'Dae&mrSm qkdqkH;rvG,fulwJh olawGom jzpfapMu
&rnfvkdY 'Dvkd pdwf"mwfukd arG;jrLMuprf;yg/
35/ olwpfyg;awG[m ,kwfrmwJh rdwfaqG&SdwJholawG jzpfcsifjzpf
Muygap/ wkuYd awmh 'Dae&mrSm rdwaf umif; aqGaumif; q&m-
aumif; orm;aumif;&SdwJh olawGom jzpfapMu&rnf/
36/ olwpfyg;awG[m 'ge oDv orx 0dyóem tpjzmwJh
ukokdvfw&m;wkdYü arharhavsmhavsmh ayghayghqq aexkdifwJh
olawG jzpfcsifjzpfMuygap? wkdYuawmh 'Dae&mrSm 'ge oDv
orx 0dyóem tpjzmwJh ukov dk w f &m;wküYd rarhravsmjh cif;
tyÜrm'w&m; vufukdifxm;wJh olawGom jzpfapMu&rnf/
37/ olwpfyg;awG[m o'¨gw&m; r&Sw d o hJ al wG jzpfcsif jzpfMuygap?
wkdYuawmh 'Dae&mrSm o'¨gw&m;&SdwJh olawGom jzpfapMu

&rnf/
38/ olwpfyg;awG[m 'kp½kdufw&m; tukokdvfw&m;wkdYü t&Suf
r&Swd o
hJ al wG jzpfcsijf zpfMuygap? wku
Yd awmh 'Dae&mrSm 'kp½ku
d f
w&m; tukokdvfw&m;wkdYü &SufwwfwJh pdwfxm;&SdwJh olawG
om jzpfapMu&rnf/
39/ olwpfyg;awG[m 'kp½kdufw&m; tukokdvfw&m;wkdYü rxdwf
vefYwwfwJholawG jzpfcsif jzpfMuygap? wkdYuawmh 'Dae&mrSm
'kp½ku
d w
f &m; tukovdk w
f &m;wküYd xdwvf efaY Mumuf&UHG wJh pdw-f
xm;&SdwJh olawGom jzpfapMu&rnf/
40/ olwpfyg;awG[m tMum;tjrif A[ków k r&Swd o
hJ al wG jzpfcsif
jzpfMuygap? wku
Yd awmh 'Dae&mrSm bk&m;&Si\ f w&m;awmfawG
ukd tm*rokw t"d*rokwqkw d hJ oifod usio
hf d 'Dtod ESprf sK;d
ESihf tMum;tjrif A[ków k &Sw
d hJ olawGom jzpfapMu&rnfvYdk
'Dvkd pdwf"mwfukd arG;jrLMuprf;yg/
'Dae&mrSm bk&m;&Si\
f w&m;awmfawGudk tvGw&f atmif avhusihf
um EIwfikHaqmifxm;EkdifwJh todrsKd;ukdawmh tm*rokw = oifodvkdY
ac:qkdygw,f/ tJ'D w&m;awmfawGukd oif,lxm;wJhtwkdif; or®m'd|d
ÓPfynmjzifh ukd,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifatmif BudK;pm;
vku
d wf t hJ cg vufawGUusivhf Ydk odvmwJh todudk t"d*rokwvkYd ac:qkd
ygw,f/ txl;ojzifh emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPfEiS hf ypö,y&d*[ ¾ ÓPf ESpyf g;
ukd &nfñTef;xm;ygw,f/ aemufwpfcku bmvJ ...
41/ olwpfyg;awG[m orx 0dyóem tpjzmwJh ukokdvfw&m;
wkdYü ysif;&dwJholawG jzpfcsifjzpfMuygap? wkdYuawmh 'Dae&mrSm
orx-0dyóempwJh ukov dk w
f &m;wküYd tjyif;txef BuK;d pm;
tm;xkwfwJh vkHYv 0D&d,&SdwJh olawGom jzpfapMu&rnfvkdY

'Dvkd pdwf"mwfukd arG;jrLMuprf;yg/
42/ olwpfyg;awG[m um,ç a0'emç pdwåç "r®trnf&wJh ocFg&
w&m;wkdYü owdvufvGwfaewJholawG jzpfcsifjzpfMuygap?
wku
Yd awmh 'Dae&mrSm ocFg&w&m;wküYd rarhaysmufwhJ owd&w dS hJ
olawGom jzpfapMu&rnfvYdk 'Dvdk pdw"f mwfudk arG;jrLMuprf;yg/
43/ olwpfyg;awG[m 0dyóemynm r&SdwJholawG jzpfcsifjzpfMu
ygap? wku
Yd awmh 'Dae&mrSm 0dyóemynmESihf jynfph wHk hJ olawG
om jzpfapMu&rnfvkdY 'Dvkd pdwf"mwfukd arG;jrLMuprf;yg/
ynm
(ynm wd p £" 0dyóem ynm a0'dwAÁm/ r-|-1-194/)
ynmwd
44/ olwpfyg;awG[m rdrd t,ludk rSm;aomtm;jzifh ok;H oyfavh&o dS l
awGç rdrdt,l0g'rSm;ukd jrJjrJjrHjrH qkyfukdifxm;wJh olawGç
rdrdt,lrSm;ukd pGefYvTwfEkdifcJwJh olawG jzpfcsifjzpfMuygap?
wkuYd awmh 'Dae&mrSm rdrt d ,ludk rSm;aomtm;jzifh ok;H oyfavh
r&SdwJholawGç rdrdt,lrSm;udk jrJjrHpGm qkyfukdifrxm;wJh olawGç
rdrdt,lrSm;ukd pGefYvTwfvG,fwJh olawGom jzpfapMu&rnfvkdY
'Dvdk pdwf"mwfukd arG;jrLMuprf;yg/ (r-1-52-53/)
omoemabmifokdY 0ifa&mufum &Sif&[ef;jyKvmwJh olawGrSm
&Sdoifh&SdxkdufwJh toGiftjyif jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;w&m; (44)rsKd;udk
bk&m;&Sifu rZÑdredum,f rlvyPÖmoygVdawmf oav’cokwåef (r-1-
52-53/)rSm a[mMum;xm;awmfry l gw,f/ vlUb0u xm;&Scd whJ hJ pdwaf e-
pdwfxm;awG tjyKtrlawG tajymtqkdawG tm;vkH;ukd toGifajymif;
ay;&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvdk toGifajymif;rIrsKd;awGukd &nfñTef;NyD;awmh
bk&m;&Sifu yAÁZdw tbdPSokwåerf Sm ----

ypöa0u©dwAÁH/
ig[m vlw\ Ydk uk,d t
f rlt&m toGit f jyifç EIwt
f rlt&m toGif
tjyifç pdwfaepdwfxm; toGiftjyifrS tjcm;wpfyg;aom &[ef;wkdY\
ukd,ftrlt&m toGiftjyifç EIwftrlt&m toGiftjyifç pdwfae
pdwfxm; toGiftjyifukd jyKoifhjyKxkdufw,fvkdY omoemabmifokdY
0ifa&mufum &Sif&[ef;jyKvmwJh yk*¾dKvf[m tjrJrjywf rMumcP
qifjcifay;yg --- 'Dvdk bk&m;&Siu
f wku
d w
f eG ;f xm;awmfryl gw,f/ yAÁZw
d
tbdPSokwåefukd qufMu&atmif ---
rdrdukd,fukd oDvjzifh rpGyfpGJrdjcif;

aemufwpfck - eHygwf (4)
]]upöd Ek acg ar twåm oDvawm e Oy0'wD}}wd yAÁZdawe
tbdPSH ypöa0u©dwAÁH/
upöd = tokdYygenf;/ ar = ig\/ twåm = pdwfonf/ twåmeH =
rdrdudk,fudk/ oDvawm = oDvtm;jzifh/ e Oy0'wd Ek acg = rpGyfpGJbJ
&Sdyg\avm/ £wd = þodkYvQif/ yAÁZdawe = omoemabmifokdY
0ifa&mufí &Sif&[ef;jyKvmaom yk*d¾Kvfonf/ tbdPSH = tjrJrjywf
rMumcP/ ypöa0u©dwAÁH = qifjcifoifhqifjcifxkdufay\/
ig\ pdwfuae igYukd,fukd jyefNyD;awmh oDvtm;jzifh rpGyfpGJbJ
&Syd g&JUvm;qkNd y;D awmh omoemabmifo0Ydk ifa&mufNy;D &Si&f [ef;jyKvmwJh
yk*¾dKvfrSefvQif rMumcP tjrJrjywf qifjcifay;ygwJh/
bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ rdrd\ oDvukd rdrd rMumcP 'Dvkd qifjcifay;rnf
qkv
d Qif rdr\
d oDvonf pifMu,fwhJ oDv jzpfw,f? okrYd [kwf rpifMu,f
wJh oDv jzpfw,fqkdwmukd rdrdu qef;ppfvkdY&avmufw,f/
{0H ypöa0u©awm [d tZÑwåH [d&D ork|mwd/ (tH-|-3-314/)

{0H = þokvYd Qi/f ypöa0u©awm = qifjcifo;Hk oyf ½IymG ;vsu&f adS om
yk*¾dKvf\oEÅmefü/ tZÑwåH = rdrdukd,fwGif; tZÑwåoEÅmefü/ [d&D =
&Sujf cif;[d&oD abmw&m;onf/ ork|mwd = xif&mS ;jzpfay:í vm\/
rdru
d ,
dk u
f dk rdrpd w
d u
f jyefNy;D pGypf o
JG vm;¿ rpGypf b
JG ;l vm;qkw
d mudk
'Dvkd cPcP qifjcifay;vkdufvQif rdrdukd,fukd rdrd &SufaewJh [d&D
oabmw&m;onf xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmrnf/
om wDok 'Gga&ok oH0&H oma"wd/ (tH-|-3-314/)
om = xkd &Sufjcif;qkdwJh [d&Dw&m;onf/ wDok 'Gga&ok = okH;rsKd;-
aom 'Gg&wküYd / oH0&H = apmifph nf;jcif;uk/d oma"wd = Ny;D pD;jynfph aHk p\/
'D&uS jf cif;oabmw&m; rdro d EÅmefrmS a&S;½IwnfvmNyqD v
dk Qif rdr\
d
um,'Gg&ç 0pD'Gg&ç raem'Gg&ac:wJh 'Gg&okH;yg;vkH;ü apmifhpnf;jcif;ukd
'D&u
S jf cif;qkwd hJ [d&w
D &m;u jynfph v Hk matmif &Guaf qmifay;Ekid w
f ,f/
rdrd\ um,uHawG pifMu,frI&SdoGm;atmif &Gufaqmifay;rnf? rdrd\
0pDuaH wG pifMu,fr&I o dS mG ;atmif &Guaf qmifay;rnf? rdr\
d raemuHawG
pifMu,frI&SdoGm;atmif &Gufaqmifay;rnf/
tJ'Dawmh 'Dae&mrSm oDvqkdwmu ygwdarmu©oH0&oDvvkdY
ac:qkdtyfwJh 0denf;oDv wpfrsKd;ukdom qkdvkdonfr[kwfbl;/ ygwd-
armu©oH0&oDvESifhwuG £È´d,oH0&oDvç tmZD0yg&dok'¨doDvç
ypö,oEédódwoDvac:wJh 'D pwkyg&dok'¨doDv av;rsKd;vkH;ukdyJ &nf-
ñTef;xm;ygw,f/
tJ'DxJrSm £È´d,oH0&oDv\ jynfhpkHrIqkdwmu ur®|mef;tm½kHeJY
uif;NyD;awmh £È´d,oH0&oDvu rNyD;pD; rjynfhpkHEkdifwJhtwGuf orx
ur®|mef; okdYr[kwf 0dyóemur®|mef; - ur®|mef;tm½kH wpfckwpfck
twGi;f ü rdr\ d bm0empdwu f dk rdru

d tjrw
J rf; oGwo f iG ;f xm;&rJh vky-f
ief;cGif jzpfygw,f/ (oH-2-385/ ukar®myrokw/f ) tJ'v D o
dk wG o f iG ;f xm;Ekid rf S
um,uH pifMu,frv I nf; &Srd nf/ 0pDuH pifMu,frv I nf; &Srd nf/ raemuH
pifMu,frIvnf; &Sdrnf/ um,uHukd apmifhpnf;EkdifwJh oabmw&m;ç
0pDuu H dk apmifph nf;Ekid w
f hJ oabmw&m;ç raemuHudk apmifph nf;apEkid w f hJ
oabmw&m;awG xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmrnf/ jzpfay:vmcJhvQif bmjzpf
vJ¿
wDok 'Gga&ok oH0a&m pwkyg&dok'¨doDvH a[mwd/
(tH-|-3-314/)
wDok 'Gga&ok = 'Gg&okH;yg;wkdYü/ oH0a&m = apmifhpnf;jcif;onf/
pwkyg&dok'¨doDvH = pwkyg&dok'¨doDvonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
um,uHudkvnf; apmifhpnf;aew,f? 0pDuHudkvnf; apmifhpnf;
w,f? raemuHuv kd nf; apmifph nf;w,fqv dk Qif pwkyg&do'k o
d¨ v
D ac:wJh
oDvBuD;av;rsKd;vkH;yif pifMu,foGm;NyD ...aemf/
pwkyg&dok'¨doDav Xdawm 0dyóeH 0a¹wGm t&[wåH *PSmwd/
(tH-|-3-314/)
pwkyg&dok'¨doDav = pwkyg&dok'¨doDvü/ Xdawm = &yfwnfEkdifwJh
&[ef;awmfonf/ 0dyóeH = 0dyóemuk/d 0a¹wGm = wk;d yGm;apcJo
h nf
&Sdaomf/ t&[wåH = t&[wåzkdvfukd/ *PSmwd = t&,lEkdifay\/
pwkyg&dok'¨doDvrSm &yfwnfNyD;awmh 0dyóem bm0emur®|mef;
pD;jzef;rnfqvdk Qif 0dyóemÓPfawGudk wk;d yGm;atmif jyKvyk Ef idk cf ahJ omf
t&[wåzkdvftxd t&,lEkdifygw,f/ 'gYaMumifh 'Dvkd t&[wåzkdvfukd
t&,lEkdifwJh vkyfief;cGifawGudkom vkyfapcsifwJhtwGuf jrwfpGmbk&m;
u ---
]]upöd Ek acg ar twåm oDvawm e Oy0'wD}}wd yAÁZdawe

tbdPSH ypöa0u©dwAÁH/
upöd = tokdYygenf;/ ar = ig\/ twåm = pdwfonf? twåmeH =
rdrdudk,fudk/ oDvawm = oDvtm;jzifh/ e Oy0'wd Ek acg = rpGyfpGJbJ
&Sdyg\avm/ £wd = þodkYvQif/ yAÁdZdawe = omoemabmifokdY
0ifa&mufí &Sif&[ef;jyKvmaom yk*d¾Kvfonf/ tbdPSH = tjrJrjywf
rMumcP/ ypöa0u©dwAÁH = qifjcifoifh qifjcifxkdufay\/ 'Dvkd
qkH;rxm;w,f aemf .../ uJ - eHygwf (4) NyD;ap/ eHygwf (5)u
bmvJ¿
oDwif;oHk;azmfwdkY\ pGyfpGJrI
]]upöd Ek acg rH tEk0pd ö 0dnL ojA[®pm&D oDvawm e Oy0'EÅ}D }wd
yAÁZdawe tbdPSH ypöa0u©dwAÁH/
upöd = tokdYygenf;/ rH = igYukd/ 0dnL = wwfodem;vnfaom
ynm&Sd jzpfMuukefaom/ ojA[®pm&D = oDwif;okH;azmfwkdYu/ tEk0dpö
= ÓPfjzifh ouf0if pdppfí/ oDvawm = oDvtm;jzifh/ e Oy0'EÅd
Ek acg = rpGyfpGJbJ &SdMuygukef\avm/ £wd = þokdYvQif/ yAÁZdawe =
omoemabmifoYkd 0ifa&mufí &Si&f [ef;jyKvmaom yk*Kd¾ vof nf/ tbd-
PSH = tjrJrjywf rMumcP/ ypöa0u©dwAÁH = qifjcifoifh qifjcifxdkuf-
ay\/
b,fvkdvJ¿ igYukd wwfodem;vnfawmfrlMuwJh oDwif;okH;azmf
wkdYu ÓPfjzifhouf0if pl;prf;qifjcifNyD;awmh oDvtm;jzifh rpGyfpGJbJ
&Sdyg&JUvm; qkdwmukdvnf; omoemabmifokdY 0ifa&mufum &Sif&[ef;
jyKvmwJh yk*¾dKvfrSefvQif rMumcP tjrJrjywf qifjcifay;yg/ 'Dvkd
qifjcifvkdufwJh twGuf bmxl;EkdifovJvkdYawmh ar;p&m&Sdw,f aemf/
{0H ypöa0u©awm [d A[d'¨g MowåyHÜ oP²mwd/ (tH-|-3-314/)

{0H = þokv Yd Qi/f ypöa0u©awm = qifjcifaom yk*Kd¾ v\
f oEÅmefü/
A[d'¨g = jyify ouf&Sdowå0gwkdY tay:ü/ MowåyHÜ = aMumuf&GHU½kdaowJh
MowåyÜw&m;onf/ oP²mwd = a&S;½Iwnfvmay\/
olwpfyg;awGtay:rSm aMumuf&UHG ½kad orIç oDwif;ok;H azmfwt Ydk ay:
rSm aMumuf&UHG ½kad orIqwdk hJ oabmw&m;awG xif&mS ; jzpfay:vmrnf/
igYudk olwpfyg;wku Yd oDvjzifh pGypf u
JG &hJ UJ Muavrvm;qkNd y;D 'Dvdk qifjcif
pOf;pm;aewJh yk*Kd¾ vof nf olwpfyg;wkt Yd ay:ü ½kad oav;pm;aewJh pdw-f
xm;? aMumuf&GHUaewJh pdwfxm;awG wjznf;jznf;ay:vmrnf/ 'Dvkd
ay:vmvQif 'DMowåyÜw&m;u bmjzpfvJ¿
wH wDok 'Gga&ok oH0&H oma"wd/ (tH-|-3-314/)
wH = xkdMowåyÜw&m;onf/ wDok 'Gga&ok = 'Gg&okH;yg;wkdYü/
oH0&H = apmifhpnf;jcif;ukd/ oma"wd = NyD;pD;jynfhpkHapEkdif\/
MowåyÜw&m; --- tukokdvfw&m; 'kp½dkufw&m;wdkYudk jyKusifhzdkY&ef
aMumuf&GHUwJh MowåyÜw&m;ç olwpfyg;wkdYtay:ü aMumuf&GHUaewJh
MowåyÜw&m; xif&Sm;&SdvmvQif 'DMowåyÜw&m;u um,'Gg& 0pD'Gg&
raem'Gg&ac:wJh 'Gg&ok;H yg;vk;H ü apmifph nf;rIudk Ny;D pD;jynfph aHk pEkid w
f ,f/
aemufwpfck ---
wDok 'Gga&ok oH0a&m pwkyg&do'k o d¨ v
D H a[mwd/ (tH-|-3-314/)
wDok 'Gga&ok = 'Gg&okH;yg;wdkYü/ oH0a&m = apmifhpnf;jcif;onf/
pwkyg&dok'¨doDvH = pwkyg&dok'¨doDvonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
'Gg&ok;H yg;vk;H ukd apmifph nf;Ekid v
f Qif pwkyg&do'k o
d¨ v
D Ny;D pD;jynfph NHk y/D
pwkyg&dok'¨doDav Xdawm 0dyóeH 0a¹wGm t&[wåH *PSSmwd/
(tH-|-3-314/)
pwkyg&dok'¨doDav = pwkyg&dok'¨doDvü/ Xdawm = &yfwnfae

aom yk*¾dKvfonf/ 0dyóeH = 0dyóemukd/ 0a¹wGm = wkd;yGm;apEdkif
cJo
h nf&adS omf/ t&[wåH = t&[wåzv
dk uf /dk *PSmS wd = t&,lEidk af y\/
pwkyg&dok'¨doDvü &yfwnfEkdifwJh yk*¾dKvfonf 0dyóembm0em
ur®|mef;ukd pD;jzef;vkdY 0dyóemÓPfawGukd &ifhusufatmif wkd;yGm;
atmif aqmif&u G cf v
hJ Qif t&wåzvdk u
f dk t&,lEidk w
f ,f/ 'gaMumifh ighukd
wwfodem;vnfaewJh ynm&Sd oDwif;okH;azmf olawmfaumif;wkdYu
oDvjzifh ÓPfjzifh ouf0ifNyD;awmh rpGyfpGJbJ &SdMuyg&JUvm; qkdwmukd
vnf; &[ef;jzpfwhJ yk*Kd¾ vo f nf tjrrJ jywf rMumcP qifjcifay;ygwJ/h
eHygwf (5) NyD;oGm;NyD/ eHygwf (6) ---
&SifuGJESifh aouGJ
]]oaAÁ[d ar yda,[d remay[d emembma0g 0dembma0g}}wd
yAÁZdawe tbdPSH ypöa0u©dwAÁH/
ar = igonf/ yda,[d = cspfjrwfEkd;tyfukefaom/ remay[d =
pdwfESvkH;ukd wkd;yGm;apwwfukefaom/ oaAÁ[d = cyfodrf;OókH tvkH;pkH
ukefaom ollwkdYESifh/ emembma0g = &SifuGJ uGJ&jcif;onfvnf;aumif;/
0dembma0g = aouGJ uGJ&jcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ b0dówd = jzpf&
ayvdrfhrnf/ £wd = þokdYvQif/ yAÁZdawe = omoemabmifokdY 0if-
a&mufí &Sif&[ef;jyKvmaom yk*d¾Kvfonf/ tbdPSH = tjrJrjywf
rMumcP/ ypöa0u©dwAÁH = qifjcifoifh qifjcifxkdufay\/
rdrd cspfcifjrwfEkd;aewJh ESpfoufjrwfEkd;aewJh yk*¾dKvfawGeJY aouGJ
&Siu
f JG þESpu f JG wpfcck ak wmh used ;f ao{uef jzpf&rnfqwdk mukd cPcP
qifjcifay;ygwJh aemf/ 'Dvkd qifjcifvkdufvQif bmjzpfrvJ¿
{0H ypöa0u©awm [d wDok 'Gga&ok toH0kwmuma&m emr e
a[mwd/ (tH-|-3-314/)
{0H = þokdY/ ypöa0u©awm = qifjcifaom yk*¾dKvf\ oEÅmefü/

wDok 'Gga&ok = um,'Gg& 0pD'Gg& raem'Gg&[k ac:qkdtyfaom 'Gg&
ok;H yg;wküYd / toH0w
k muma&m emr = rapmifph nf;tyfaom tjcif;t&m
rnfonf/ e a[mwd = rjzpfEdkif/
um,'Gg& 0pD'Gg& raem'Gg&awGrSm rapmifhpnf;EkdifwJh oabm-
w&m; olUoEÅmefrSm b,fawmhrS xif&Sm; jzpfay:rvmbl;/ bmjzpfvkdY
vJ¿ aouGJ uG&J rnf? &Siu f JG uG&J rnfqwdk mukd olu tjrrJ jywf qifjcif-
aew,f/ qifjcifaewJhtwGuf 'D rdrd cspfcifjrwfEkd;wJh yk*¾dKvfawGukd
taMumif;jyKNy;D awmh rdr\d oEÅmefrmS rapmifph nf;Ekid wf hJ tjcif;t&mawG
b,fawmhrS jzpfay:rvmbl;qkw d mu ikwd mwkYd &,fwmwkYd ponfwaYdk ygh
av .../ rdrd cspfcifjrwfEkd;aewJh yk*¾dKvfawG azmufjyefysufpD;wmukd
taMumif;jyKNyD;awmY pdwfawG rcsrf;romjzpfwmwdkY &ifbwfpnfwD;
jzpfwmwdYk pwJh 'Dvkd rapmifph nf;wJh tjcif;t&mawG b,fawmhrS jzpfay:
rvmbl;/ aemufwpfck ---
r&Pówd oly|dwm a[mwd/ (tH-|-3-314/)
r&Pówd = r&PmEkówd ur®|mef;onf/ oly|dwm = a&S;&I
aumif;pGm wnfaeonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
rdrv d nf; ao&rnfqw kd mudk tjrw J rf; qifjcifrad ew,f/ olwpfyg;
wdkY ao&rnfqdkwmudkvnf; tjrJwrf; qifjcifrdw,f/ 'Dxuf rdrdu
pGrf;EkdifrnfqkdvQifayg?h rdrd aowJhykHukd tm½kH,lNyD; rdrd\ ZD0dwac:wJh
touf\ jywfprJ o I abmw&m;udk tm½k, H Nl y;D r&PmEkówdur®|mef;
udkvnf; tjrJwrf; pD;jzef;EkdifwJh tcGifhtvrf;awG ay:vmrnf/ 'Dvkd
r&PmEkówdur®|mef;ukd tjrJrjywf pD;jzef;aewJh yk*¾dKvf\ oEÅmefrSm
ckvdk cspcf ifjrwfE;dk tyfwhJ yk*Kd¾ vaf wG azmufjyefysupf ;D jcif;wnf;[laom
taMumif;w&m;aMumifh wkev f yI jf cif; qkw
d hJ tjyKtrl? azmufjyefysupf ;D wJh
tjyKtrlawG b,fawmhrS jzpfay:rvmEkdifbl;/

'gaMumifh omoemabmifokdY 0ifa&mufNyD; &Sif&[ef;jyKvmwJh
yk*¾dKvfonf cspfcifjrwfEkd;tyfwJh yk*¾dKvftm;vkkH;wkdYESifh aouGJ &SifuGJ
þESpu f JG used ;f ao{uef jzpf&rnfqw
dk mukd rMumcP tjrrJ jywf qif-
jcifay;yg/ uJ - eHygwf (7)u bmvJ¿
uHomvQif udk,fydkifOpöm&Sd\
]]ur®óaumrSd ur®'g,ma'g ur®a,med ur®AE¨K ur®y#d-
o&aPm? ,H ur®H u&dómrd uvsmPH 0g ygyuH 0g? wó 'g,ma'g
b0dómrD}}wd yAÁZdawe tbdPSH ypöa0u©dwAÁH/
t[H = igonf/ ur®óaum = uHomvQif ukd,fykdifOpöm&Sdonf/
ur®'g,ma'g = uHomvQif tarGcH &Sdonf/ ur®a,med = uHomvQif
taMumif;&if;ppf &Sod nf/ ur®AE¨K = uHomvQif taqGcifyeG ;f &So d nf/
ur®y#do&aPm = uHomvQif yke;f atmif;vnf;avsmif;rScDS &dk m &Sod nf/
trSd = jzpf&ay\/ uvsmPH 0g = aumif;onfrv l nf;jzpfaom/ ygyuH
0g = raumif;onfrv l nf;jzpfaom/ ,H ur®H = tMuifuu H /dk u&dómrd
= jyKpkysKd;axmifaytHh/ wó = xdkuH\/ 'g,ma'g = tarGcHonf/
b0dómrd = jzpf&aytHh/ £wd = þokdYvQif/ yAÁZdawe = omoem
abmifokdY 0ifa&mufí &Sif&[ef; jyKvmaom yk*¾dKvfonf/ tbdPSH =
igonf uHomvQif uk,
d yf idk Of pöm &Sw
d ,f? uHomvQif tarGc&H w
dS ,f?
uHomvQif taMumif;&if;&Sdw,f? uHomvQif taqGtrsKd;&Sdw,f? uH-
omvQif ykef;atmif;vnf;avsmif;rSSDckd&m &Sdw,f/ aumif;onfjzpfap
raumif;onfjzpfap tMuif uHwpfckukd ig jyKpkysKd;axmifrnfqkdvQif
xkduH\ tarGcHom ig usdef;ao{uef jzpf&rnfvkdY omoemabmifokdY
0ifa&mufNyD; &Sif&[ef;jyKvmwJh yk*¾dKvfonf tjrJrjywf rMumcP qif

jcifay;ygwJh/ tJ'Dvkd qifjcifvkdufrnfqkdvQif bmjzpfrvJ¿ ---
{0H ur®óuwH ye ypöa0u©awm ygyu&PH emr e a[mwd/
{0H = þokv Yd Qi/f ur®óuwH = uHomvQif uk,
d yf idk Of pöm&So
d nf\
tjzpfukd/ ypöa0u©awm = qifjcifokH;oyf ½IyGm;íaeaom yk*¾dKvf\
oEÅmefü/ ygyu&PH emr = raumif;rIukd jyKjcif;rnfonf/ e a[mwd
= rjzpfEkdifay/
igu 'Duu H dk jyKpyk sK;d axmifvQif 'Dvt
kd usK;d w&m;&rnf? 'Daumif;wJh
uHudk jyKpyk sK;d axmifvQif 'Dvakd umif;wJh tusK;d w&m;&rnf? 'Draumif;wJh
uHukd jyKpyk sK;d axmifcv hJ Qif 'Dvrkd aumif;wJh tusK;d &rnf ponfjzifh tjrJ
rjywf qifjcifaewJh yk*Kd¾ vo f nf raumif;rIuuH dk odyaf MumufomG ;w,f/
aMumufomG ;wJt h wGuaf Mumifh 'D raumif;rIuaH wGudk jyKvyk zf &Ydk ef wm0ef
awG avsmhenf;oGm;NyD? jyKcsifwJh pdwfxm;vnf; r&Sdawmhbl;/
txl;ojzifh 'Dvdk qifjcifwt hJ ykid ;f rSm rdru
d pGr;f tm;&Sv
d Ydk aMumif;-
usK;d qufE, G af ewJh y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'foabmw&m;awGukd wu,fvufawGU
½IEidk w
f hJ olawmfaumif;jzpfcv hJ Qif twdwb f 0ZmwfaMumif;wpfcrk mS rdrd
rSm;cJhwJh rSm;,Gif;csufawG raumif;wJh tukokdvfuHawG xlaxmifrdwJh
twGuf raumif;wJh tusKd;w&m; cHpm;cJh&ykHawGukd pepfwus odrnf
jrifrnfqkdvQif xkduHrsKd;awGukd aemufxyf xlaxmifzkdY&eftwGuf pdwf
"mwfawG wGeq Yf w
k o
f mG ;Ny?D 'g[m aumif;usK;d wpfcyk J aemf/ tJ'D tqifh
txd rdrdu ra&mufEkdifvQifvnf; bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmftay:ü
,kMH unfpw d cf saomtm;jzifh uH uH\ tusK;d ukd ig used ;f ao{uef cHpm;
&rnfvYdk tjrrJ jywf qifjcifay;vQif bmjzpfrvJ¿ vmbf&jcif; vmbfr&
jcif;ç csrf;omjcif; qif;&Jjcif;ç tjcHt&H rsm;jcif; tjcHt&H enf;yg;jcif;ç
tuJh&JU cH&jcif; tcsD;rGrf; cH&jcif;qkdwJh 'Davmu"Hw&m;awGeJY awGUwJh
tcgrSm rdrdu cHEkdif&nf &SdoGm;vdrfhrnf aemf/ 'gaMumifh 'Dvdk uH uH\

tusKd;ukd tjrJwrf; qifjcifay;yg/ aemufwpfck eHygwf (8) ---
nOfh-aeYawG b,fvdkukefoGm;ovJ¿
]]uxHblwó ar &wådE´d0g 0Dwd0wåEÅD}}wd yAÁZdawe tbdPSH
ypöa0u©dwAÁH/
ar = igonf/ uxHbw l ó = tb,fokdY jzpfay:aepOf/ rH =
igYukd/ &wådE´d0g = aeYnOhfwkdYonf/ 0Dwd0wåEÅd = ausmfvGefajrmufí
oGm;Muavukefoenf;/ £wd = þokdYvQif/ yAÁZdawe = omoem
abmifokdY 0ifa&mufí &Sif&[ef;jyKvmaom yk*¾dKvfonf/ tbdPSH =
igonf b,fvkd jzpfaepOftcsdeftcgrSm ighukd aeYawG nOfhawGu
ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufNyD; oGm;MuygovJqkdwmukd omoemabmifokdY
0ifa&mufí &Sif&[ef;jyKvmwJh yk*¾dKvfrSefvQif tjrJrjywf rMumcP
qifjcifay;&rnf/ bmajymwmvJ ---
udEéK acg ar 0wåyÜ#dywå ð ua&mEÅóç O'g[k tua&mEÅóç
Ak'0¨ peH oZÑm,EÅóç O'g[k toZÑm,EÅóç a,medaomreoduma&
ur®H ua&mEÅóç O'g[k tua&mEÅómwd uxHbw l ó ar &wåEd 0d´ g
0Dwd0wåEÅdç y&d0wåEÅDwd taw¬m/ (tH-|-3-314/)
udEéK acg = tokdYygenf;/ ar = igonf/ 0wåyÜ#dywåð = usifh0wf
y#dywfu/dk ua&mEÅó = vku d ef mjyKusií
hf aepOf/ O'g[k = xko
d rYdk [kw/f
tua&mEÅó = rvkdufem rjyKusifhí aepOf/ rH = ighukd/ &wådE´d0g =
aeYnOfhwkdYonf/ 0Dwd0wåEÅd = ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufí oGm;Muavukef
ovm;¿
b,fvkdvJ¿ igonf bk&m;&Sif ynwfawmfrlwJh usifh0wfy#dywf
awGukd vkdufemjyKusifhaewkef;rSm ig\ aeYnOfhawGu ighukd ausmfvTm;

vGefajrmufNyD;oGm;wm [kwf&JUvm;? bk&m; qdkqHk;rawmfrlwJh usifh0wf
y#dywfawGudk rvdkufem rjyKusifhaewJh tcsdeftcgrSmyJ ig\ aeYnOfh
awGu igYudk ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufNyD; oGm;avovm; qkdwmukdvnf;
qifjcifay;&rnf/ aemufwpfck ---
Ak'¨0peH = bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;pum;awmfukd/ oZÑm,EÅó =
&Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,faepOf/ O'g[k = xkdokdY r[kwf/ toZÑm,EÅó =
r&Gwfzwf ro&ZÑm,fbJ aexkdifpOf/ &wådE´d0g = aeYnOfhwkdYonf/ rH =
ighukd/ 0Dwd0wåEÅd = ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufí oGm;Muavukefoavm¿
bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;pum;awmfawGukd &Gwfzwf o&ZÑm,faepOf
okrYd [kwf bk&m;&Si\
f w&m;awmfawGudk r&Gwzf wfbJ aexkid pf OftwGi;f
rSmbJ ighudk ig\ aeYnOfah wGu ausmv
f eG af jrmufí oGm;Muavovm;/
'gukdvnf; qifjcifay;&rnf/ aemufwpfck ---
a,medaomreoduma& = a,medaomreodum& vkyfief;&yfü/
ur®H = ur®|mef;ud/k ua&mEÅó = usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwí
f
aepOf/ O'g[k = xkdokdYr[kwf/ ur®H = ur®|mef;udk/ tua&mEÅó =
usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfrI rvkyfbJ aexdkifpOf/ &wådE´d0g =
aeYnOfhwkdYonf/ rH = ighukd/ 0Dwd0wåEÅd = ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufí
oGm;Muavukefoavm¿
odkYr[kwf - a,medaomreodum&vkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh ur®|mef;
tm½ku H dk ig wu,f vufawGU usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf ewJh
tcsed t f cgrSm ig\ aeYnOfah wGu ighudk ausmvf mT ;vGeaf jrmufNy;D oGm;wm
jzpf&UJ vm; ...¿ okrYd [kwf ur®|mef;w&m;ukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwrf I r&Sw d hJ
tcsdeftcgawGrSmyJç tm;rxkwfbJ aexdkifpOfrSmyJ ig\ aeYnOfhawGu
ighukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufNyD; oGm;avovm; ...¿qkdNyD;awmh 'Dvkd
omoemabmifoYdk 0ifa&mufNy;D &Si&f [ef;jyKvmwJh yk*Kd¾ vo

f nf qifjcif
ay;&w,f/ tJ'Dvkd qifjcifvkdufvQif bmjzpfrvJ¿
{0H ypöa0u©awm [d tyÜrma'g y&dyl&wd/ (tH-|-3-314/)
{0H = þokdYvQif/ ypöa0u©awm = qiffjcifí aeaom yk*¾dKvf\
oEÅmefü/ tyÜrma'g = 'ge oDv orx 0dyóem tpjzmonfh
ukkokdvfq,fck jrwfaumif;rIü rarhravsmhjcif; tyÜrm'w&m;onf/
y&dyl&wd = NyD;pD;jynfhpkHvmEkdifay\/
'Dvkd tjrJrjywf qifjcifay;rnfqkdvkdY&SdvQif rdrd wu,fvufawGU
usifh&rnfh oDvusifhpOf orm"dusifhpOf ynmusifhpOfawGtay:ü rarh
ravsmhjcif; tyÜrm'w&m;onf NyD;pD;jynfhpkHvmEkdifw,f/ txl;ojzifh
½kyfemrf"r® ocFg&wkdY\ tedpö 'ku© tewå tjcif;t&mukd rarhravsmh
tjrw J rf; trSw&f aejcif; tyÜrm'w&m;onf Ny;D pD;jynfph vHk mEkid yf gw,f/
'gaMumifh &Sif&[ef;jzpfvmNyDqkdvkdY&SdvQif bmvkyf&rvJ¿
]]uxHblwó ar &wådE´d0g 0Dwd0wåEÅD}}wd yAÁZdawe tbdPSH
ypöa0u©dwAÁH/
ar = igonf/ uxHblwó = tb,fokdY jzpfaepOf/ rH = ighukd/
&wådE´d0g = aeYnOfhwkdYu/ 0Dwd0wåEÅd = ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufí oGm;Mu
avukefoenf;/ £wd = þokdYvQif/ yAÁZdawe = omoemabmifokdY
0ifa&mufí &Sif&[ef;jyKvmaom yk*¾dKvfonf/ tbdPSH = tjrJrjywf
rMumcP/ ypöa0u©w d AÁH = qifjcifoifh qifjcifxu
dk af y\/ 'gu eHygwf
(8)yJ aemf/ aemufwpfck - eHygwf (9)? jrwfpGmbk&m; qufa[mNyD ---
qdwfNidrfwJh awmausmif;awmifausmif;ESifh
t"dukov"r®wdkYü aysmfarGUyg&JUvm;¿
]]upöd Ek acg t[H oknm*ga& tbd&rmrD}}wd yAÁZad we tbdPHS
ypöa0u©dwAÁH/
upöd = tokdYygenf;/ t[H = igonf/ oknm*ga& = qdwfNidrf&m
t&yfü/ tbd&rmrd Ek acg = arGUavsmf aysmfykduf ESpfNcdKufyg\avm/
£wd = þokdYvQif/ yAÁZdawe = omoemabmifokdY 0ifa&mufí &Sif
&[ef;jyKvmaom yk*¾dKvfonf/ tbdPSH = tjrJrjywf rMumcP/
ypöa0u©dwAÁH = qifjcifoifh qifjcif xkdufay\/
b,fvw dk ek ;f ...¿ igonf qdwNf ird w f hJ vkyif ef;&yfawGü qdwNf ird f
wJh t&yfü arGUavsmfaysmfykduf ESpfNcdKufrI &Sdyg&JUvm; qkdwmukd omoem
abmifokdY 0ifa&mufNyD; &Sif&[ef;jyKvmwJh yk*¾dKvfrSefvQif tjrJrjywf
rMumcP qifjcifay;ygwJh/ 'gu eHygwf (9) yJaemf/
'Dawmh 'Dae&mrSm qdwfNidrfrIqkdwmu ]]0da0u}}vkdY ac:ygw,f/
y0d0w
d ó
å m,H "ar®m? em,H "ar®m o*FPu
d m&mró/ (tH-3-63??)
bdua© 0 = cspo
f m;&[ef;wk/Yd t,H "ar®m = þavmukw&å mw&m;
ukd;yg;onfum;/ y0d0dwåó = ]0da0u}okH;jzmü arGUavsmfaysmfykduf
ESpfNcdKufaom yk*¾dKvftm;omvQif/ a[mwd = jzpfEkdif\/ o*FPdum&m-
ró = taygif;tazmfü arGUavsmfaysmfykduf ESpfNcdKufaom yk*¾dKvf\
oEÅmefü/ e a[mwd = b,fawmhrS rjzpfEkdfif/
avmukwå&mw&m;ukd;yg;qkdwmu ]0da0u}okH;jzmrSm arGUavsmf
aysmfykduf ESpfNcdKufaewJh yk*¾dKvf\ oEÅmefrSmom jzpfay:vmEkdifw,f/
]0da0u}ok;H jzmü arGUavsmaf ysmyf udk f ESpNf cKd urf I r&Sb
d J taygif;tazmfEiS hf
arGUavsmaf ysmyf u
dk f ESpNf cKd uaf ewJh yk*Kd¾ v\
f oEÅmefrmS b,fawmhrS jzpfay:
NyD;awmh rvmEkdifbl;/ 'Dvkd jrwfpGmbk&m;u tEk½k'¨r[m0dwuúokwåef
qkdwJh t*Fkwå&edum,f okwåefwpfckrSm a[mxm;ygw,f aemf/
'Dawmh rdrdwkdYu avmukwå&mw&m;ukd;yg;ukd tvkd&SdcJhrnfqdkvQif
]0da0u}okH;jzmü arGUavsmfaysmfykduf ESpfNcdKufwJh pdwfxm;&SdzkdYawmh vkdyg
w,f/ ]0da0u}okH;jzmqkdwmu bmawGvJ¿ um,0da0u pdwå0da0u
Oy"d0da0uwkdY jzpfMuygw,f/ wpfa,mufxD;wnf; wpfyg;xD;wnf;
oGm;jcif;ç &yfjcif;ç xkdifjcif;ç avsmif;jcif;ç tdyfjcif; ponfjzifh tazmf
rygbJeJY aexkdifjcif;ukd um,0da0uvdkY ac:ygw,f/ um,0da0ujzifh
aexkid ½f o
Hk ufoufeYJ r*fÓPf zkv d Ó
f Pf edAmÁ efukd &Ekid rf vm; avmuk-
wå&m w&m;xl;w&m;jrwfukd &Ekid rf vm;qkad wmh r&Ekid b f ;l / r&Ekid af wmh
bmvkyf&rvJ¿
pdw0å ad 0u trnf&wJh psmeformywf &Spyf g;awGudk &atmif BuKd ;-
pm;tm;xkw&f ygw,f/ pdw0å ad 0u qkw d muawmh rdrw d \
Ydk bm0empdwf
tpOfrmS eD0&Pudavom tnpftaMu;wkrYd S uif;qdwaf erI oabm
w&m;ukd pdwå0da0uvkdY ac:ygw,f/ pdwftpOfrSm eD0&Pudavom
tnpftaMu;awG ruyfatmif uokP d ;f y&duaH wGukd usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfNyD; psmeformywf&Spfyg;udk &atmif BudK;pm;&w,f/
tJ'D psmeformywf&Spfyg;awGu pdwå0da0uw&m;awG jzpfMuygw,f/
'D psmeformywf&Spfyg;ukd 0ifpm;aeckdufrSm rdrdwkdY oEÅmefrSm eD0&P
udavom tnpftaMu;awGu uif;a0;aeygw,f/ odkYaomf 'Dpdwå-
0da0uw&m; oufoufrQjzifhvnf; avmukwå&mw&m;udk &Ekdifrvm;
qkdawmh r&Ekdifbl;/ r&Ekdifawmh bmvkyf&ovJ¿
pdwå0da0u trnf&aewJh 'DpsmeformywfawGukd tajccHNyD;awmh
½kyfemrfaMumif;usKd; ocFg&w&m;awGukd odrf;qnf;NyD;awmh 0dyóem
bm0emur®|mef;udk qufvufNy;D pD;jzef;&w,f/ 'Dvdk 0dyóembm0em

ur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;vkud wf thJ cg ocFg&w&m;awGudk vu©Pma&; ok;H wef
wifNy;D 0dyóem½Ivu dk wf hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm --- wpfcsed f - 0dyóemÓPfawG
u &ifhusufvmvQif r*fÓPf zkdvfÓPf edAÁmefokdY qkdufa&mufoGm;rSm
jzpfw,f/ tu,fí t&[wår*f t&[wåzv dk f qku d af &mufcNhJ yq D v
dk Qif
awmh xkdt&[wår*f t&[wåzkdvf edAÁmefonf Oy"d0da0uw&m; jzpf
ygw,f/
Oy"dqw dk mu wnf&m/ 0da0uu uif;qdwrf I oabmyJ/ wnf&m
av;rsKd;rS uif;qdwfw,f/ wnf&mav;rsKd;u bmawGvJvkdY ar;awmh
- umrky"d cE¨Ky"d udavoky"d tbdocFg½ky"d qkdNyD; Oy"dw&m;
av;yg;&Sdygw,f/
umrky"dqkdwmu --- tm½kHig;yg; umr*kPfw&m;awGudkvnf;
Oy"dw&m;vkaYd c:w,f/ bmaMumifv h ¿J tm½kiH g;yg; umr*kPw f &m;awG
ukd taMumif;cHNyD; okca0'emu jzpfay:vmwJhtwGuf tm½kHig;yg;
umr*kPfw&m;awGonf okca0'emawG\ wnf&mjzpfvkdY olwkdYukd
umrky"dvYdk ac:w,f/ tJ'D umrky"dtrnf&aewJh tm½kiH g;yg; umr*kPf
w&m;awGonf tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwfedAÁmefrSm r&Sdbl;/ r&SdwJh
twGufaMumifh 'Dt&[wåzdkvfedAÁmefukdvnf; umrky"dac:wJh Oy"d
w&m;rS uif;qdwfaewJh w&m;wpfckjzpfonfhtwGuf Oy"d0da0uvkdY
ac:ygw,f/ aemufwpfck -
cE¨Ky"dqkdwmu --- cE¨mig;yg;ukdvnf; Oy"dw&m;vkdY ac:w,f/
cE¨mig;yg;ukd bmaMumifh Oy"dw&m;vkYd ac:&ovJvYdk ar;awmh cE¨mvQif
taMumif;&if;&SdwJh 'ku©awGonf cE¨mig;yg;tay:rSm oGm;NyD; rSSDwif;NyD;
aexkdifMuw,f/ qkdvkdwmu 'DcE¨mig;yg;&SdwJhtwGuf i&JrSm 'ku©cH&
w,f/ 'DcE¨mig;yg; &SdwJhtwGuf Nydwåmb0rSm 'ku© cH&w,f/ 'DcE¨m
ig;yg;&Sw
d thJ wGuf wd& pämefb0rSm 'kuc© &H w,?f 'DcE¨mig;yg;&Sw d t hJ wGuf
vlUb0rSm 'kut © rsK;d rsK;d cH&w,f/ 'DcE¨mig;yg;&Sw d thJ wGuf trd0rf;wGi;f rSm
y#doaE¨ wnfae&wJh 'ku©ç tkd&wJh 'ku©ç em&wJh 'ku©ç ao&wJh 'ku©
cH&w,f/ cE¨mvQif taMumif;&if;&Sw d hJ 'kut © rsK;d rsK;d awG cE¨m&Srd aI Mumifh
xif&mS ; jzpfay:vm&wJt h wGuf cE¨monf cE¨mvQif taMumif;&if;&Sw d hJ
'ku©trsKd;rsKd;awG\ wnf&mjzpfvkdY cE¨mig;yg;ukdvnf; cE¨Ky"dvkdY ac:yg
w,f/ edAmÁ efrmS 'DcE¨Ky"dw&m;rSvnf; vk;H 0uif;qdwf aew,f/ 'gaMumifh
edAÁmefonf Oy"d0da0u rnfygw,f/
aemufwpfckuawmh udavoky"djzpfygw,f/ udavom Oy"d
w&m;awGvnf; 'DedAÁmefrSm uif;qdwf aew,f/ udavomawGukd
Oy"dvkdY bmaMumifhac:ovJvkdY ar;awmh tyg,foHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©
awG[m udavom txift&Sm;&SdwJh yk*¾dKvfawG\ oEÅmefrSmom jzpf
ay:w,f/ udavom txift&Sm;r&Sw d hJ yk*Kd¾ vaf wG\ oEÅmefrmS tyg,f
oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©awG rjzpfay:EkdifwJhtwGuf tyg,foHo&m0#f
qif;&J'u k \
© wnf&m jzpfjcif;aMumifh udavomw&m;awGuv dk nf; Oy"d
w&m;vkdY ac:ygw,f/ tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAÁmefrSm xkd
udavom Oy"dw&m;wkrYd v S nf; uif;qdwaf ewJt h wGuf tocFw"mwf
tNidrf;"mwf edAÁmefonf Oy"d0da0uw&m;jzpfw,f/ aemufwpfck ---
tbdocFg½ky"d --- tbdocFg&qkdwmu b0opfukd jzpfay:vm
atmif jyKjyifay;aewJh ukov dk u
f H tukov dk u
f H ukov dk o
f cFg& tukov dk f
ocFg&w&m;awGudk tbdocFg&vkYd ac:ygw,f/ xkt d bdocFg&awGonf
uHvQif taMumif;&if; &SdaewJh 'ku©ç oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku© t00wdkY\
wnf&mjzpfvYdk 'Duok v
dk u
f H tukov dk u
f H ukov dk o
f cFg& tukov kd o
f cFg&
w&m;awGukdvnf; Oy"dw&m;vkdY ac:ygw,f/ tJ'D tbdocFg½ky"d
trnf&aewJh Oy"dw&m;awGvnf; 'DtocFw"mwf tNird ;f "mwfeAd mÁ ef
rSm r&Sdbl;/ 'gaMumifh tocFw"mwf t&[wåzkdvf edAÁmefonf Oy"d-
0da0urnfygw,f/
aygif;vku
d af wmh 0da0uw&m; b,fEpS cf v k ¿J (3)ck --- um,0da0u
pdwå0da0u Oy"d0da0u/ tJ'D 0da0uw&m;okH;yg;ü arGUavsmfaysmfykduf
ESpfNcdKufwJh pdwfxm;&SdwJh yk*¾dKvf\ oEÅmefrSmomvQif avmukwå&m-
w&m;uk;d yg;u xif&mS ;jzpfay:vmEkid w f ,f/ 0da0uw&m;ok;H yg;ü arGU-
avsmfaysmfykduf ESpfNcdKufwJh pdwfxm;r&SdbJ taygif;tazmfeJY arGUavsmf
aysmfykduf ESpfNcdKufwJh pdwfxm;&SdaewJh yk*¾dKvf\oEÅmefrSm avmukwå&m
w&m;ukd;yg;u xif&Sm;jzpfay:NyD; b,fawmhrS rvmEkdifbl;/ tJ'Dvkd
rvmEkdifwJhtwGufaMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;u ---
]]upöd Ek acg t[H oknm*ga& tbd&rmrD}}wd yAÁZad we tbdPHS
ypöa0u©dwAÁH/
upöd = tokdYygenf;/ t[H = igonf/ oknm*ga& = qdwfNidrf&m
awmausmif; awmifausmif; t&yfa'oü (0g) qdwNf ird &f mjzpfwhJ 0da0u
w&m;ü/ tbd&rmrd Ek acg = arGUavsmfaysmfykduf ESpfNcdKufyg\avm/
£wd = þokdYvQif/ yAÁZdawe = omoemabmifokdY 0ifa&mufí
&Sif&[ef;jyKvmaom yk*¾dKvfonf/ tbdPSH = tjrJrjywf rMumcP/
ypöa0u©wd AÁH = qifjcifoifh qifjcifxu dk af y\/ 'Dvdk a[mxm;ygw,f/
tJ'Dvkd qifjcifvkdufvkdY&SdvQif bmjzpfvJ ---
{0H ypöa0u©awm um,0da0aum y&dyl&wd/
{0H = þokdYvQif/ ypöa0u©awm = tjrJrjywf qifjcifaeaom
yk*¾dKvf\oEÅmefü/ um,0da0aum = um,0da0uonf/ y&dyl&wd =
NyD;pD;jynfhpkHvmEkdifay\/
'Dvkd qifjcifaernfqkdvkdY&SdvQif qifjcifwJh yk*¾dKvf\ oEÅmefrSm
um,0da0u okdYr[kwf pdwå0da0u okdYr[kwf Oy"d0da0u qkdwJh
0da0uw&m; okH;yg;awG wjznf;jznf; jynfhpkHvmEkdifygw,f/ 'gaMumifh
tjrJrjywf qifjcifay;ygwJh/ aemuf - eHygwf (10) aemf/
ao&manmifapmif; avsmif;pufaomtcg
]]tw¬d Ek acg ar Owå&d rEkó"ar®m tvr&d,ÓP'óe-
0daoaom t"d*awm? a,em[H ypädar umav ojA[®pm&D[d yka|m
e ruFk b0dómrD}}wd yAÁZdawe tbdPSH ypöa0u©dwAÁH/
ar = ig\oEÅmefü/ t"d*awm = &&SdtyfNyD;aom/ Owå&d-
rEkó"ar®m = vlwkdY\ ukokdvfur®yxw&m; q,fyg;xuf omvGef
jrifhjrwfaom/ tvr&d,ÓP'óe0daoaom = udavom tnpf
taMu;ukd zsufqD;jcif;iSm pGrf;Ekdifaom jzLpifjrifhjrwfaom ÓPftjrif
xl;onf/ tw¬d Ek acg = &Sdrsm;&Sdygav&JUvm;¿ a,e = ,if;w&m;
aMumifh/ t[H = igonf/ ypädar umav = aemufqkH; ao&manmif
apmif; avsmif;pufaom tcsdeftcgumvü/ ojA[®pm&D[d = oDwif;
okH;azmfwkdYu/ yka|m = ar;jref;tyfonf&Sdaomf/ ruFk = rsufESm rom
r,m &Sdonf/ e b0dómrd = rjzpf&aytHh/ £wd = þokdYvQif/
yAÁZad we = omoemabmifoYdk 0ifa&mufí &Si&f [ef;jyKvmaom yk*Kd¾ vf
onf/ tbdPSH = tjrJrjywf rMumcP/ ypöa0u©dwAÁH = qifjcifoifh
qifjcifxkdufay\/
]]ighrSm vlwkdY\ ukokdvfur®yxw&m; q,fyg;xuf omvGef jrifh-
jrwfaewJh psmefw&m;awG r*fw&m;awG zkdvfw&m;awG edAÁmefw&m;
awG xif&Sm;&Sd&JUvm;ç 'Dpsmef r*fzkdvfw&m;awGu udavomtnpf
taMu;ukd pifMu,fatmif aq;aMumokwfoifEkdifwJh jzLpifjrifhjrwfwJh
ÓPftjrifxl;awGjzpfw,f? 'DÓPftjrifxl;awGonf ighoEÅmefrSm
xif&Sm; &SdMuyg&JUvm; ...¿}}qkdNyD;awmh qifjcifay;&rnf/
'Dvdk qifjcif½wHk iG v
f m;qkad wmh ruao;bl;/ 'Dqifjcifjcif;u bm
tusKd;&SdovJvkdY ar;awmh aemufqkH; rdrdu aoawmhrnf? ao&m
anmifapmif; avsmif;pufNyDqkdwJh tcsdeftcgrSm oDwif;okH;azmfwkdYu
ar;csifar;rnf ]]t&Sifbk&m;rSm tm;ukd;xkdufwJh avmukwå&mw&m;-

awG xif&mS ; &Syd g&JUvm;}}vkYd ar;vQif wynfah wmfrmS r&Syd gbl;vkYd ajymrnf
qkdvQif rsufESm romr,m jzpfoGm;rnf/ tJ'Dvkd rsufESm romr,m
rjzpf&atmif ighrmS avmukw&å mw&m;awG xif&mS ;&Syd g&JUvm;qkw d mudk
omoemabmifokdY 0ifa&mufNyD; &Sif&[ef;jyKvmwJh yk*¾dKvfonf tjrJ
rjywf rMumcP qifjcifay;yg/ 'Dvkd qifjcifvkdufvkdY bmxl;rvJ¿-
{0H ypöa0u©EÅó [d armCumvu&dd,m emr e a[mwd/
{0H = þokdYvQif/ ypöa0u©EÅó = tjrJrjywf rMumcP qifjcif
okH;oyf ½IyGm;vsuf&Sdaom yk*¾dKvf\ oEÅmefü/ armCumvu&dd,m
emr = tcsdefukd jzKef;wD;í aejcif;rnfonf/ e a[mwd = rjzpfEkdif
awmhay/
tcsdefawGukd rjzKef;awmhbl;/ ighrSm 'Davmukwå&mw&m;ukd;yg;u
xif&mS ;&Sv
d Qif &Sw
d ,f? r&Sv
d Qif r&Sb
d ;l qkw
d mukd odaewJth wGuf qifjcif
EkdifwJhtwGuf igonf tcsdefawG jzKef;aevkdYawmh rjzpfawmhbl;?
ae0ifawmh rnfqkdwm ukd,hfukd,fukd od&w,f aemf/ aeawGu 0ifzef
rsm;vmNyq D v
dk Qiaf wmh bmjzpfrvJ¿ ao&Gmukd oGm;zku Yd eD;uyfvmwmyJ/
wpfaeYxuf wpfaeY aornfhbufodkY eD;oxufom eD;vmw,f? a0;
a0; roGm;bl;/ wpfae0ifwmonf wpfaeY aornfb h ufudk eD;vmwmyJ/
aemufwpfaeY wpfae0ifvQifvnf; aemufwpfaeY aornfhbufukd
eD;vmwmyJ/
'gaMumifh ae0ifcgeD;aeNyDjzpfwJh aorJhbufukd eD;uyfvmwmudk
rdrdu rMumcP qifjcifrdwJhtwGuf tcsdefawGudk tvum; jzKef;wD;
w,fqkdwJh vkyfief;&yfawGukd rdrdu rjyK rusifhbJ a&SmifMuOfEkdifwJh
oabmawG &Sdvmrnf/ tcsdefawGudk tvum; rjzKef;wD;bl;qkdvQif
bmvkyrf vJ¿ oDvusiphf OfawGudk ig wu,fvufawGUusirhf nf? orm"d
usifhpOfawGudk ig wu,f vufawGUusifhrnf? ynmusifhpOfawGukd ig

wu,f vufawGUusifhrnfqkdwJh pdwfxm;awG ay:vmrnf/ wu,f
vufawGU oDvusifhpOfawGukdvnf; usifhw,f? orm"dusifhpOfawGudk
vnf; usifhw,f? ynmusifhpOfawGukdvnf; usifhw,f? atmifatmif
jrifjrif usifhEkdifcJhvQifawmh wpfaeYrSm rdrd arQmfvifh awmifhwaewJh
avmukwå&m w&m;xl;w&m;jrwfawGudk &&SdEkdifygw,f/ 'Dvdk &&SdEkdifwJh
twGuf jrwfpGmbk&m;u ---
]]tw¬d Ek acg ar Owå&drEkó"ar®m tvr&d,ÓP'óe
0daoaom t"d*awm? a,em[H ypädar umav ojA[®pm&D[d yka|m
e ruFk b0dómrD}}wd yAÁZdawe tbdPSH ypöa0u©dwAÁH/
ar = ig\oEÅmefü/ t"d*awm = &&SdtyfNyD;aom/ Owå&drEkó-
"ar®m = vlw\ Ydk ukov dk u
f r®yxw&m; q,fyg;xuf omvGejf rifjh rwfí
aeaom/ tvr&d,ÓP'óe0daoaom = udavom tnpf
taMu;ukd zsuq f ;D jcif;iSm pGr;f Ekid af om jzLpifjrifjh rwfaom ÓPftjrif-
xl;onf/ tw¬d Ek acg = &Sdrsm; &Sdavovm; ...¿/ a,e = ,if;
w&m;aMumifh/ t[H = igonf/ ypädar umav = aemufqkH; ao&m-
anmifapmif; avsmif;pufaom tcsdeftcgumvü/ ojA[®pm&D[d =
oDwif;okH;azmfwkdYu/ yka|m = ar;jref;tyfonf&Sdaomf/ ruFk = rsufESm
romr,m &Sdonf/ e b0dómrd = rjzpf&aytHh/ £wd = þokdYvQif/
yAÁZdawe = omoemabmifokdY 0ifa&mufí &Sif&[ef;jyKvmaom
yk*¾dKvfonf/ tbdPSH = tjrJrjywf rMumcP/ ypöa0u©dwAÁH = qifjcif
oifh qifjcifxkdufay\/
'Dvkd a[mxm;ygw,f aemf/ 'gaMumifh udavomawGudk ESifxkwf
rnfqkdwJh OD;wnfcsufjzifh omoemabmifodkY 0ifa&mufNyD; &Sif&[ef;
jyKvmwJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wG tjrrJ jywf qifjcifoifh qifjcifxu
dk w
f hJ w&m;awGukd
tm;vkH;aygif;vkdufawmh b,fESpfyg; &SdoGm;ovJ¿ q,fyg;jynfhoGm;NyD/
£ar acg bdu©a0 'o "r®m yAÁZdawe tbdPSH ypöa0u©dwAÁm/

bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY/ £ar acg 'o "r®m = þ q,fyg;
ukefaom w&m;wkdYukd/ yAÁZdawe = omoemabmifokdY 0ifa&mufí
&Sif&[ef;jyKvmaom yk*¾dKvfonf/ tbdPSH = tjrJrjywf rMumcP/
ypöa0u©dwAÁm = qifjcifoifh qifjcifxkdufay\/
'Dw&m;q,fyg;ukd omoemabmifodkY 0ifa&mufNyD; &Sif&[ef;jyK
vmwJh yk*Kd¾ vrf eS v
f Qif tjrrJ jywf qifjcifay;ygqkNd y;D awmh jrwfpmG bk&m;u
wkdufwGef;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
'gaMumifh 'DaeY tvSL&SifESifhwuG w&m;emy&dowftaygif;
olawmfaumif;wkdYvnf; bk&m;&Sif qkdqkH;rxm;wJh tqkH;trawGudk
wu,fvufawGU vku d ef mjyKusiNhf y;D awmh rdrwd Ydk arQmv
f ifah wmifw h aewJh
r*fÓPf zkv
d Ó
f Pf jrwfeAd mÁ efudk a&muf&EdS idk yf gapvkYd wku d w
f eG ;f &if;jzifh
uJ - w&m;odrf;Mu&atmif aemf ---
w&m;a'oemawmfed*Hk;
[dwGm umar yAÁZðok? oaEÅm *rÇD&pdEÅum/
aw wkarSysEkodu©ma0Sg? yAÁZdwm okayovm/
oaEÅm = bk&m;tvsm yapöumESifh t&d,mtEG,favmif; [dk
wdkYa&U Su olawmfaumif;wdkYonf/
*rÇD&pdEÅum = eufeo J nfh "mwfoabmawGukd eufepJ mG Muq
H if tMuH
aumif; 0ifawmfrlMuukefonfjzpfí/
umar = a&S;ujyKzef ukodkvfuHwdkY pDrHaxmufr vufa&muf
&om; rsm;vSZeD;onf BuD;BuD;i,fESifh ESD;EG,fa&m,l
udk,fawmfwdkY ydkifoonfh umr0w¬KtpkpkwdkYudk/
[dwGm = igwdyYk ikd jf im; þumrw&m;wdo
Yk nf trsm;ESihf qufqH
ab;awGu 0ef;&H &efawGu ajrmufjrm; wu,fudk

aMumufvefYzG,fawGygwum;[k aMumuftm;awmf
ÓPf<u,f vGwv f w
G Bf u;D pGeyYf ,fawmfrMl uukeo
f nf
jzpfí/
yAÁZo
ð k = C&m0go orÁm"[k udpörsm;ajrmif vlwdkYabmif 0#f
aESmifudk vGwfatmifMuHK;vsuf ½kef;uefxGufí ESpf
ouf&Tifvef; &Sif&[ef; jyKí awmxGufawmfrlMu
avukefNyD/
wkarSyd = jrwfaeu©r® "mwftmo,[k qEúdef;atmif; oif
olawmfaumif;wdkYonfvnf;yJ/
yAÁZdwm = 0w¬Kumr [lorQrS r&t& MuHK;vsuf ½kef;uef xGuf
Muukefonfjzpfí/
okayovm = pmr&Dom; NrD;zsm;ckHrif ykHtoGifodkY cspfcifav;jrwf
ESpfouftyfaom oDv udk,fpDudk,fi &SdMuukefonf
jzpfí/
aw = xdkbk&m;tvsm yapöumESifh t&d,mtEG,favmif;
[dk wdkYa&U Su olawmfaumif;wdkYudk/
tEkodu©ma0Sg = twkvdkufum usifhwwf&mudk usifhumraoG tm;-
xkwfEdkifMuygapukefownf; .../
om"k om"k om"kygbk&m; . . .
d d d
rCa'0 edu©rcef; (awmxGufcef;)

rvdrf;pdwfjrL? olawmfhrljzifh? ajcmufql tm&r®P? ig;umrwGif?
[Dew&m? vGef,kwfrmom;? &om,we? tm[m&EIduf? &m*wdk;yGm;?
owådtm;aMumifh? bk&m;yapöuAk'¨g? &[EÅmwdkY? 0dumvabmZe?
MuOfukefMuodkY? edpörabmuf? vSHrapmufjzifh? apmifha&SmufMunfjzL?
Ak'u
¨ v
lF Qi?f t,lrcG? þum,uk?d rQwEkid ½f Hk? a&pmusKv
H nf;? rMuKH pw
d u
f ?
oabmcs\/
*E¦ 0dyóem? ESpfjzm "k&? rvkHYvbJ? udpörenf;? tvkdonf;í?
t&nf;ryD? tvZÆDjzifh? 'kóDusifhqef;? &Sifaygufyef;wkdY? &[ef;wrifh?
w0if0h ifEh iS ?hf rif;usiphf ;kd usi?hf vlusiçf h usiu
hf ? aysmufviG o
hf w
D if;? oDv
uif;\/
ukd,fwGif;,kwfrm? ygydpämjzifh? wPSmtxnf;? avmbonf;í?
ypönf;vmbfoyf? tyfç rtyfu? &orQukd? NydwåmhrsKd;aph? wayGUayGUESifh?
wyfa>rUcifruf? woufoufwnfh? roHk;&uf[l? rvSL&ufa&;? ray;
&uftm;? rpm;&ufEdk;? wpdk;pdk;jzifh? olcdk;uyif? Opöm&Sifxuf? cifrif
ESpfouf? ESajrmcufodkY? &r®ufNidpGef;? 0wfouFef;ESifh? &[ef;jzpfvsuf?
usifhvGJvufaomf? ukr®*¾qkd;? vrf;½kd;rrSef? wd& pämefokdY? edAÁmefrayguf?
tyg,fa&mufvsuf? vrf;aumufwdrf;yif;? cRwfcJh,Gif;\/
rCa'0 edu©rcef; (awmxGufcef;) d 105
,if;odkYr[l? Ak'üFlum;? t,lajzmifhpif;? ESvHk;oGif;aMumifh? tzsif;

toGr;f ? *kPrf EhJ rG ;f atmif? uk, d 0f rf;arG;rI? vlUES,w
f v
k su?f vljyKvu l si?hf
rlrusifhbl;? &SifESifhrawmf? ypönf;arQmfí? ravsmfavsmufywf? ajrMuef
wwfu? eu©wyf nm? apyg'lw? t*F0Zd mÆ ? wd& pämjzif?h ,kwrf m 0rf;a&;?
oufarG;Mujim;? avhusurf mS ;onf?h iHpYk m; armfpm;? tajrmfpm;ESi?hf axmifh
pm;ac:½d;k ? &[ef;qd;k wd?Yk pm;rsK;d av;jzm? rdpmä ZD0? aeoevnf;? pdwrf Qw&H?
tMuHrqef;? rSJYrpGef;wnfh? wcef;xdkrS? jynfr wef;qm? vifuGm rdef;r?
rkq;kd rESi?hf [dik ;f rysKBd u;D ? woD;oGi, f wk ?f y@Kuf bduK© e?D wvD xdak emuf?
aoaomuftdrfac:? tyfravsmfom;? qa*gp&? ajcmufXmeEdIuf?
oDvcspfcif? olawmfpifwdkY? uRrf;0ifb,fcg? rjyK&mwnfh? jyKygwNyD;?
c&D;ukef;aMumif;? zHkaxmif;axmif;EIduf? rdausmif;Munf;wif? jzpfwwf
usi\ f ? odv Yk Qif rtyf? qGr;f ajcmuf&yfvnf;? rpyf rpGe;f ? jrLroef;wnf/h
&[ef; &[ef;? rnfjy|mef;vsuf? &[ef;[lvpf? ac:&mjzpf½kH? pepf
acgufcsKd;? ovif;ykd;vsuf? csKyf½kd;cef;cef;? zef&nfpGef;om;? ouFef;0g0g?
OD;jynf;umjzif?h ynmuif;y? 'kpmö &ESi?hf oDvrJrh sK;d ? twGi;f qk;d um;? tusK;d
wpd? b,frSm,Sdvdrfh? armfrdarmfref;? aeumqef;ESifh? &[ef;usifh0wf?
wyg;cRwfu? vlewfrBudKuf? uJh&JUxkduf\? aemifEIduf csrf;om? ewf&Gm
r*fzkdvf? ukd,fvQifvkdu? olUukd rwk? ukokdvfrIü? ukd,fjyKukd,f<u? ukd,f
vkv YH í? uk,
d x
f uk,d Ef ;Id ? uk,
d t
f m;BuKd ;rS? uk,
d u
f sK;d uko
d m? uk,
d Nf y;D &m\/
ukd,fhwm ukd,hf0ef? rvGefapxkduf? ukd,ftm; pkduf[k? ÓPfEdIuf
ajrmfq? oabm&vsuf? "e a&TaiG? qefa&woD;? odkrSD;rJhjcif;? jypfuif;
qGrf;&Sm? wjzmrSwfa&;? qGrf;{;rsKd;pm;? jynfwdkif;um;EIduf? vQyf0g;uvl?
rrla0;pGm? y&du&© mrruf? vk,ufab;uif;? rif;rif;trwf? yl;yGwrf uyf?
av;&yfrsufESm? avyrmvQif? vdk&mrwGefY? oGm;rwefYonfh? &[ef;okc?
[lwHkpGom;? t|orP? bj'jzifh? jA[®pm&D? avh0oDESifh? a,m*DwkdYxkH;?
jrwfESvkH;ukd? ykdufusKH;0rf;wGif;? ,lajzmifhpif;onf? jypfuif;rdpäm rk'drf;

wnf;/
&Sifqkd;&Sifnpf? &[ef;jzpfvnf;? pifppf,kwfrm? ygydpämjzifh? wum
vlAkdvf? csD;rGrf;qkdESifh? xkdxkdjzifynf;? ypönf;vmbfukd? awmifhwvkd\?
vko d nf&h r®u?f Mu0H w d ufaMumif?h tkwu f sut f ek ;f tif;? aMumfjimvQi;f í?
owif;ay;um? a'opmjzifh? NrdKU&GmZeykduf? e,fwkdufwkdufukd? vkdufí
zsufqD;? ckd;olBuD;okdY? &HoD;rsm;pGm? y&d0gESifh? rvdr®mol? &SifvlAmv?
tyÜow k ? rde;f ra,mufsm;? olwt Ydk m;vQi?f vSnjhf zm;orI? oufarG;jyK\?
&Sifwk&Sif0g? &Sif,kwfrmESifh? r[mapm&? &Sif"m;jywkdY? ygyusifhrsKd;? tvkd
qk;d jzif?h tusK;d r[J?h rku
d o
f if;zGUJ í? i&Jp;D yGm;? &Smaomvm;ok?Yd w&m;w&m;?
w[m;[m;ESifh? jypfrsm;ajym[kH? awmihfES,fykH\?
tm½kHqdwf&m? oknm*g&? t&nEdIuf? um,pdwå? 0da0uukd? &vkd
aomyk?H tcsKUd wku
H m;? &*kaH wmcGi?f ck0d ifaejim;? qGr;f cHpm;vsu?f acgif;yg;
[m&? 0rf;vsvsEiS ?hf &orQ[?l pyfqnf;qlí? yHou k 0l wf½?Hk aeygwkv
H nf;?
jymykHcJus? axmif;axmif;xokdY? O'¨pöxkH;? ESvkH;rwnf? ckdifMunfrJhvQif;?
apmifph nf;uif;í? cHwiG ;f EIwaf qmh? usio hf rG ;f aomh\? warmh<um;<um;?
wvTm;vTm;ESifh? w&m;a[ma,mif? csKdU&Sifajymifvnf;? awmifawmif
ajrmufajrmuf? yifhajr§muf csESdyf? a&mif&dyf0J&pf? vmbfukd n§pfvsuf?
AvpfAvpf? EIwfrxpfbl;? rqpfrqdwf? rwdwftoH? wnHnHjzifh? w&H
rpJ? bGmpdBuJí? EIwf&JvQm&G? wcsKdUurl? rmeawmifeD;? wufzdpD;í?
ax&fBuD;0gBuD;? odu©mBuD;tm;? c&D;vrf;Mum;? awGUMuHKjim;vnf;?
av;pm;rJb h ?d twdrmeD? rcsv D uftyk ?f rwkyrf uG? OD;rcsb;l ? a0;uMuOfz?J
wdrf;a&SmifvTJí? wyGJxGuf0if? ighjyif r,dS? [lbd0g0ifh? ravsmfusifh\/
orifhtvm;? awmopfusm;ESifh? awmom;wkdYoGif? b,fusKd;xif
vdrfh? &SifyifwyJ? i&JNydwåm? jzpfwwfpGm&Sifh? 'umç 'umr? 'kyÜnwkdY?
ajr§muf<utkHvSnfh? ulnDjznfhvsuf? ol\q&m? ighq&m[k? wPSm
rCa'0 edu©rcef; (awmxGufcef;) d 107
a&m,Suf? rmewufí? olUbufighbuf? wD;vufaqmf½kduf? EGm;ukd

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