Class 12 Physical Chemistry | Solutions | Formulas

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Class 12 Physical Chemistry | Solutions | Formulas

Solutions
Formulas

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Class 12 Physical Chemistry | Solutions | Formulas

A) Concentration of Solutions
Mass of component in solution
1) Mass % / Weight % of component = x 100
Total mass of solution

Volume of component in solution

2) Volume % of component = x 100
Total volume of solution

Mass of solute
3) Mass by Volume % (w/V) = x 100
Volume of solution

Mass of solute
4) Concentration in ppm = x 106
Mass of solution

no. of moles of component

5) Mole fraction of component =
total no. of moles of all components
𝑛𝐴
a) xA =
𝑛𝐴 + 𝑛𝐵
𝑛𝐵
b) xB =
𝑛𝐴 + 𝑛𝐵

c) x1 + x2 +……+ xi = 1

No.of moles of solute

6) Molarity (M) =
Volume of solution in 𝑑𝑚3
Mass of solute
=
Molar Mass of solute x Vol. of solution in 𝑑𝑚3

M1 V1 = M2 V2
(For preparation of solution of desired concentration from solution of known
concentration.)

No.of moles of solute

7) Molality (m) =
Mass of solvent (kg)

B) Henry’s Law & Raoult’s Law

1) Henry’s Law

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Class 12 Physical Chemistry | Solutions | Formulas

p = KH x

2) Raoult’s Law
(Binary solution – Volatile liquid + volatile liquid)
p1 = p10 x1
p2 = p20 x2
ptotal = p10 + (p20 - p10) x2
pi = yi ptotal

C) Colligative Properties
1) Relative lowering of vapour pressure of solvent
Δp1 p1 0 − p1 n2 w2 x M1
0 = 0 = =
p1 p1 n1 M2 x w1

2) Elevation of Boiling point of solvent

ΔTb = Tb – Tb0
K𝑏 x w2 x 1000
ΔTb = Kb m =
M2 x w1

3) Depression of Freezing point of solvent

ΔTf = Tf0 – Tf
K𝑓 x w2 x 1000
ΔTf = Kf m =
M2 x w 1

4) Osmotic pressure of solution

n2 w2 x RT
Π = CRT = RT =
V V x M2

D) Van’t Hoff factor

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Class 12 Physical Chemistry | Solutions | Formulas

total no. of moles of particles after association/dissociation

1) i =
No. of moles of particles before association/dissociation

Observed Colligative property

2) i =
Calculated Colligative property

Normal Molar mass

3) i =
Abnormal Molar mass

p1 0 − p1 n2
4) =i
p1 0 n1

5) ΔTb = i Kb m

6) ΔTf = i Kf m

n2
7) Π = i CRT = i RT
V

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