Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 5 Optics 191 - Tagged
Chapter 5 Optics 191 - Tagged
2
Chapter Objectives
1. To understand the basic nature of
light.
2. To understand the place of visible light
in the electromagnetic spectrum.
3. To understand how the change of light
speed in different materials leads to
Refraction and Dispersion.
4. To understand how to draw ray
diagrams for lenses.
3
Chapter Objectives continued……..
5. To be able to use thin lens equation.
6. To be able to calculate magnification
of an image.
7. Learn parts of eye and their functions.
8. Understand image formation by
human eye.
9. Understand the causes of vision
defects and corrections.
4
Topics to be covered
6
1.1. Introduction
1.Light travels in straight lines
2.Light travels much faster than
sound (light velocity = 3108
m/s in vacuum, sound velocity
= 344 m/s at room temp.)
3.We see things because they
reflect light into our eyes
4.Shadows are formed when
light is blocked by an object
5.Images are formed when rays 7
1.2. Electromagnetic waves
• Light is an electromagnetic wave, that is,
light is a self-propagating combination of
oscillating electric and magnetic fields.
• It can be shown that changing of electric
field causes changing of magnetic field
and vice-versa.
• A waving electric field causes a similarly
waving magnetic field at right angle to it.
8
1.2. Electromagnetic waves
9
1.2. Electromagnetic waves
10
1.3. Reflection of Light
• When light hits the surface of
almost any material, some of
that light “ bounces back” off the
surface. This is called reflection.
• It is how we are able to see
objects.
11
12
1.3. Specular reflection
Smooth, shiny surfaces
have clear (specular =
regular) reflection.
Light rays remain
parallel after reflection.
c
i.e. n always v c n 1
v
15
1.4. Refractive index of some elements
Hence
Diamond is optically
denser than water
16
1.4. Snell’s Law
Snell’s Law - relates the
indices of refractions and
the angles of incidence and
refraction
n1 sin 1 n2 sin 2
19
1.4. Total internal reflection
When light is incident non-normal from a medium of
high refractive index into another medium of less
refractive index:
The transmitted part of the ray is bent away from
the normal.
There is also reflected part in the same medium
of the incident ray. Such reflection is commonly
called internal reflection.
Higher than certain angle of incidence (called
critical angle), the light rays is totally reflected.
This is called total internal reflection.
20
1.4. Total internal reflection
21
1.4. Total internal reflection
Chapter: 30 - Lenses
Chapter: 31 - The Parts of Eye
24
2. Image formation (Lenses)
All employ lenses and in some cases mirrors for image formation
Microscopes
25
2.1. Lenses
• A lens is a piece of transparent material made of
glass or polymer, while the lens of the human
eye is formed by a transparent membrane filled
with a clear fluid.
• A lens can focus light so that an image is formed.
There are two types
of lenses:
1) converging
(convex) lenses.
2) diverging
(concave)lenses.
26
27
Convex lenses
Convex lenses are thicker in the middle and focus light
rays to a focal point in front of the lens.
Object Main optical axis
F’
F C
F and F’: focal point Image
f and f’: focal distance
s: object distance
s’: image distance f f’
29
s s’
30
31
2.2. Lens formula
32
Sign conventions
33
Example
35
The power of lens
36
The power of lens
37
Example
A lens 0.1 m from a lamp forms a real image of this
lamp that is 10 times larger. What is the focal
length of the lens?
+ve +ve
'
Given : s 0.1 m , h 10 h , f ??
' ' '
h s 10 h s '
M , , s 10 s 1 m
h s h s
1 1 1 1 1 1
' 11 f 0.09 m
f s s 0.1 1 11
38
2.2. The human eye
Main parts of the eye
Cornea- bends light,
Iris-controls the amount of light,
Pupil – opening,
Sclera – outer covering,
Crystalline Lens – focuses light
onto retina,
Fovea – center of the vision
“0.25 mm diameter”,
Retina – back of eye
Optic nerve - “single wire”
(corresponds to blind spot),
Choroid – absorbs stray light, 39
2.2. The mechanism of image forming
• Light enters to eye through cornea
which refracts it. Cornea has a small
radius of curvature (0.8 cm) so most
of the bending light occurs inside it.
• The light reaches the interior of the
eye through the pupil.
• The light refracted more through the
crystalline lens onto the retina.
41
3.1. Emmetropia ( Normal Vision)
• Emmetropia is a state in which the eye is relaxed
and focused on an object more than 6 meters or 20
feet away.
• The light rays coming from that object are essentially
parallel, and the rays are focused on the retina
without effort.
• If the gaze shifts to something closer, light rays from
the source are too divergent to be focused without
effort.
• In other words, the eye is automatically focused on
things in the distance unless a conscious effort is
made to focus elsewhere. 42
3.1. Emmetropia ( Normal vision)
43
3.1. Eye accommodation
Accommodation of the eye is the process by which
the ciliary muscles can change the focal length of an eye lens to
focus objects clearly on the retina. It is a measure of the ability of
the eye to focus objects lying at different distances.
A Pn Pf
1 1 1
The power of the lens is: P f s s '
51
Thanks for your listening
52