Sana’a University

Faculty of Engineering
Department of Mechatronics

POWER SUPPLY

Supervised by:
Eng.Ayman Al_Sayaghi
Dr.Radwan Al_Buthgyi

Members Of Team:
TAHA QASSEM 201970226

2019/198
 ‫جدول المحتويات‬
3 ............................................................................................................. ABSTRACT: ❖
3 ....................................................................................................... OBJECTIVES: ❖
3 ........................................................................... THEORY & WORKING: ❖
3 ............. ................................ ................................ ................................ Background:
4 ............. ................................ ................................ ................................ Transformer
5 ................... ................................ ................................ ................................ Rectifier
6 .................................. ................................ ................................ Smoothing (Filter): -
8 ................................. ................................ ................................ Voltage Regulation :
12 ................................ ................................ ................................ MATERIAL REQUIRED:
12 .......................................... ................................ ................................ Components
12 .............. ................................ ................................ ................................ Apparatus
13 ............ ................................ ................................ ................................ PROCEDURES:
13 .......................................... ................................ ................................ Process flow:
15 ...................................... ................................ ................................ BLOCK DIAGRAM:
15 .............. ................................ ................................ ................................ HARDWARE:
16 ............ ................................ ................................ ................................ CONCLUSION:
16 ............... ................................ ................................ ................................ References:
 ❖ ABSTRACT:
Here we make a fixed and variable DC power supply and the main working
principle of this project is full wave rectification which is done by bridge
configuration. Where we are using 4 diodes and those rectifies the output
of the step-down transformer, that step down the 220 AC volts to 12 AC
volts.
In this circuit we use two capacitor, C1 and C2, and one ceramics capacitor
are used to get constant input to the regulator. Moreover it also helps to
reduce the sharp peaks in the output. The 100 μF and 10 μF capacitors are
used to reduce the noise and ripples produce by the regulators. So that
the regulated output has less ripples.
Here we also using a two voltage regulator that gives constant voltage,
which gives 5 volts, 9 volts and it is IC LM317 Voltage regulator.
Now the main task is to get variable output and for this we use the pair of
voltage divider resistors Variable resistor 1kΩ & 20kΩ to increase the
output of the regulator and in which resistance is variable. So when we
increase or decrease the value of that resistor the output voltage of the
regulator will also change accordingly and we get a range of 2V to 15V
variable voltage.

❖ OBJECTIVES:
1. To design the circuit for variable dc power supply that varies 2v to
15 v & 2A current using IC LM317.
2. To design the power supply with fixed 5 volt and 9 volt using
LM7805 and LM7809 respectively.

❖ THEORY & WORKING:

Background:
Electric power transmits best over long distances at high voltages.
Since P= I V, a larger voltage implies a smaller current for the same
transmitted power. And smaller currents allow for the use of smaller
wires with less loss. The high voltages used for power transmission
must be reduced
to be compatible with the needs of most consumer and industrial
equipment. This is done with transformers that only operate with AC
(DC does not pass through a transformer). However, most electronic
 devices powered by a home outlet require DC (constant) voltages.
Therefore, the
device must have a power supply that converts AC voltages into a DC
(constant) voltage.

Transformer
A Transformer is an equipment used either for raising or lowering the
voltage of an ac supply with a corresponding decrease and increase in
current. It essentially consist of two windings primary and secondary
N1: no. of turns in primary coil
N2: no. of turns in secondary coil

N1< N2 :- Step-up transformer

N1> N2 :- Step-down transformer

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with

little loss of power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of
the reasons why mains electricity is AC.
Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers
reduce voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to
reduce the dangerously high mains voltage (230v) to safer low voltage.

Fig 1: Transformers and their symbol

The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the
secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils,
instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in the
soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the
circuit symbol represent the core.
Rectifier
There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a rectifier to
convert AC to DC. The bridge rectifier is the most important and it
produces full-wave varying DC. A full-wave rectifier can also be made
from just two diodes if a centre-tap transformer is used, but this
method is rarely used now that diodes are cheaper. A single diode can
be used as a rectifier but it only uses the positive (+) parts of the AC
wave to produce half-wave varying DC.

Output of Transformer

Fig 2: Full Wave uncontrolled Rectifier

Working of Full Wave uncontrolled Rectifier:-

The Positive Half-cycle. During the positive half cycle of the supply,
diodes D1 and D2 conduct in series while diodes D3 and D4 are reverse
biased and the current flows through the load as shown below.

Output of Transformer

Fig 3: positive half Full Wave uncontroll ed Rectifier

The Negative Half-cycle. During the negative half cycle of the supply,
diodes D3 and D4 conduct in series, but diodes D1 and D2 switch “OFF”
 as they are now reverse biased. The current flowing through the load
is the same direction as before.

Output of

Fig 4: Negative half Full Wave uncontrolled Rectifier

Hence, we can say that the full wave rectifier give the pulsating DC
voltage which are not suitable for electronics circuit.

Smoothing (Filter): -
Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor
connected across the DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current
to the output when the varying DC voltage from the rectifier is falling.
The diagram shows the unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line) and the
smoothed DC (solid line). The capacitor charges quickly near the peak
of the varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the
output.

Fig 5: waveform with filter

Note: - Note that smoothing significantly increases the average DC

voltage to almost the peak value (1.4 × RMS value).
Smoothing is not perfect due to the capacitor voltage falling a little as
it discharges, giving a small ripple voltage. For many circuits a ripple
which is 10% of the supply voltage is satisfactory and the equation
below gives the required value for the smoothing capacitor. A larger
capacitor will give less ripple. The capacitor value must be doubled
when smoothing half-wave DC
So, in this we concluded that the pulsating DC voltage is applied to the
smoothing capacitor. This smoothing capacitor reduces the pulsations
in the rectifier DC output voltage.
The smooth DC output has a small ripple. It is suitable for most
electronics circuits.
Voltage Regulation :

VOLTAGE REGULATION

Using Using Using

IC-ML7805
- -L
IC-LM317 IC-LM7809

(1). Designing of regulated DC Power Supply using adjustable Voltage

Regulator LM7805 , LM7809:

It gives a constant direct voltage across its output terminals

Fig.4.1:
- Pin configuration of LM7805

input output

Fig 6:- Rectifier circuit with LM7805 voltage regulator

 Output of IC-LM7805 VDC=5.050Volt

S. R(Load Resistance) IDC Voutput

NO.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

TABLE 1: Veriation of output voltage with changing the load R with

LM7805

S. R(Load Resistance) IDC Voutput

NO.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

TABLE 2: Veriation of output voltage with changing the load R with

LM7809

(2) Designing of regulated DC Power Supply using adjustable

Voltage Regulator IC-LM317:-
Output from the full wave bridge rectifier is fed to a LM317 regulator
IC LM317 provides varied voltage from 1.2V to 35V. Reference voltage
of 1.25 V is maintained at 220 ohm Resistor.
 The LM317 Voltage Regulator is a 3-terminal adjustable voltage
regulator which can supply an output voltage adjustable from 1.2V to
35V. It can supply more than 1.5A of load current to a load.
LM317 Pinout
The LM317 Voltage Regulator has 3 pins. Below is the pinout:

Looking from the front of the voltage regulator, the first pin (on the
left) is the Adjustable Pin, the middle is Vout, and the last pin(on the
right) is VIN.

To observe the load regulation(if the load on the output is changed

but the output voltage remain constant) on load variation:-
S. No. RL (Ω) Voutput (Volt) Ioutput
(DC) (mA)
1. 10
2. 100
3. 200
4. 300
5. 400

TABLE 2: Veriation of output voltage with changing the load R with

LM317
LM317 Schematic Diagram
Now that the pins, how do we modify the voltage to that which we
want output?
We do this by changing the value of the resistor connected to the Adj
pin of the voltage regulator.
Let's see the schematic is set up:

Here we connect two resistors to the voltage regulator. These resistors

determine the voltage that the voltage regulator adjusts.

Variable resistor resistor 10 k Ω and 220 Ω

MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Components
1. Transformer 220V/12V
2. 5 diode 1N4007
3. 100µF/50v capacitor
4. 10µF/35v capacitor
5. 100nf ceramic capacitor
6. Voltage Regulator LM7809
7. Voltage Regulator LM317 IC
8. Voltage Regulator LM7805
9. Variable resistor 20kΩ
10.1KΩ/1W resistor
11.Heat sink 3x1
12. C2655 NPN

Apparatus
1. Multimeter
2. Connection wires
3. Wire cuter
4. Soldering Iron
PROCEDURES:

Process flow:

process:

AC supply Transformer Diode Filter Voltage

230v/50hz (step-down) Regulator
Rectifier Circuit

Fig 7: process flow of power supply

➢ Transformer: -

Fig 8: Transformer with waveform

➢ Transformer + Rectifier: -
 Fig 8: Transformer and Rectifier with waveform

➢ Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing: -

The smooth DC output has a small ripple.

Fig 9: Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing with waveform

➢ Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator:

The regulated DC output is very smooth with no ripple. It is
suitable for all electronic circuits.

Fig 11: Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator with waveform

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig 12: Block Diagram

HARDWARE:
 Fig 13 : Hardware circuit

CONCLUSION:
a) When our DC supply remain switch on for half an hour it is
giving constant output voltage.
b) There are very less ripple in the output waveform.

References:
➢ Book ‘Encyclopedia of Electronic Components’ by Charles
Platt
➢ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier
➢ http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/diode/diode_6.html
➢ https://www.eleccircuit.com/lm317-power-supply/