Ministry Of Education, Heritage and Arts

FIJI YEAR 12 CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS

GEOGRAPHY

DETAILED SOLUTION

2019

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QUESTION 1 NATURAL HAZARDS – FIJI AND MONSOON ASIA (32 marks)

A. Mapping (2 marks) (Learning Outcome- Geo 11.1.3.1) pg 11

(i) Sind/Rajasthan/ Thar dessert (iii) Java

(ii) Bombay/Mumbai (iv) Himalayas/mountains

(1/2 mark per correct answer)

Koroipita

KEY

Drought prone region in Vanua Levu – North West region/ Labasa/ seaqaqa/macuata

‘model town’, 3km from Lautoka

(1 mark for correct location and name) (1/2 mark for key and correction location only)

B. Resource Interpretation (Learning Outcome- Geo 11.1.3.2) pg 11

Better food storage and preservation techniques and building reserves in seed banks can help
increase resilience to natural disaster; people will not starve as source of food will be available

Preservation of food technique used will ensure nutrition is maintained and enough food supply
is maintained during natural disasters

(1 mark for stating food preservation, 1 mark for explaining how food preservation can mitigate
the impacts of natural hazards)

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C. Synoptic Chart Interpretation (Learning Outcome- Geo 11.1.3.1) pg 11

(i)

 Flooding - flooded vegetation affected animals' habitats, damage to cropland

- salinisation of soil, therefore, soil becomes infertile

 Strong winds - Fallen trees, damage to homes, crops

 Coastal inundation - exposing the coast to further erosion and impacting wildlife.
 Water pollution - untreated sewage was washed into public drinking water, threatening
human health
 Torrential rainfall-causes landslide, erosion
 Storm surge- causes salinization, coastal inundation

(1 mark for identifying effect, 1 mark for explaining the effect)

(ii) Dry, calm conditions, sunny weather (1 mark for stating weather conditions)

Presence of High Pressure system (1 mark for describing reason for the weather
condition - HP system)

A high pressure system is colder air moving from the upper layers of the atmosphere
towards the earth's surface. The air is becoming denser as it sinks, and any water is
vaporized into the air mass. There is no water to form clouds and the air is stable, fair,
and dry.

(iii) The weather temperature starts becoming cooler and can drop by 4 degrees Celsius or
even more.

It can also bring rain, thunderstorms or gusty winds. Long continuous rain.

(1 mark for stating weather conditions)

Cold front (1 mark1 for stating cold front)

- The transition zone where a cold air mass is replacing a warmer air mass. Cold fronts
generally move from northwest to southeast. The air behind a cold front is noticeably
colder and drier than the air ahead of it.

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D. Short Answer Questions
(i) (Learning Outcome- Geo 11.1.3.1) pg 11

Factor Explanation
LEDCs have little capital, Less capital to spend on monitoring systems, to train people, to
MEDCs have more empower people about natural hazards
capital MEDC’s have the money so they can predict by internet, phone, radio
and etc. If you know there is a natural disaster coming up you can
invest money to prevent it. If you can prevent it you can prepare it.
Later on if you know things could get worse then you can plan for the
future. This can’t happen in LEDC’S as they have no money or
resources.
LEDC’s don’t have the money or resources and so can’t predict or
prepare or prevent and plan for the future.
Level of development LEDCs usually do not have enough capital to invest in “up-to-date”
prediction and monitoring technology, and with the absence of
effective early-warning systems, people may not know when or how to
evacuate effectively when a hazard event occurs.
LEDCs may also not to educate and teach their citizens to understand the geography of the
have the necessary area; the lack of understanding and public awareness in that field
education system increases the vulnerability of that area
LEDCs have less LEDCs rely on primary industries, less money therefore not enough
proficient economy with money to spend on natural hazards’ precautions, adaptations,
most of their population rehabilitation….
living on agriculture
Many of the poor do not People with no insurance cover do not have the finances to recover
have insurance cover from the damages caused by natural hazards
LEDCs may not have Buildings cannot cope with natural hazards
strict building codes governments who impose strict building codes and regulations to
earthquake proof buildings are reducing level of vulnerability as well,
as the stricter and better enforcement of building regulations, the less
vulnerable the community.
Governmental system of Whether the government is committed enough to prepare for an
the area impending disaster should there be a hazard in that area. One of these
factors is the readiness of emergency personnel, as the more ready the
emergency personnel is to deal with such a crisis, the better prepared
the country is to face the disaster, the less vulnerable the people and
area are to damage.

LEDC’s have lack of There seems to be less expatriates in less economically developed
expertise than MEDC’s countries in terms of technology and advance warning system, lack of
expatriate ideas, lack of awareness and emergency plan than in
MEDC’s
1 mark for identifying 1 mark for explaining how the factor makes LEDCs suffer from the
factor effects of natural hazards

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(ii) Why monitor natural hazards? (Learning Outcome- Geo 11.1.3.2) pg 11

 Natural hazard monitoring is a crucial step in achieving a state of readiness.

- When, why and how a hazard may occur?
- What are the warning signs?
- How do we minimise risk?
 To help mitigate the damage
- Timely precautionary measures can thus be taken during the pre-disaster, disaster and
post disaster stages, thereby minimizing loss of life and property.
 To define the activity of a device that measures periodically or continuously sensitive
states and specific parameters.
 Good predictions and warnings save lives
 Predictions and warnings can also reduce damage and economic losses
 Continuous radio and television broadcasts make both routine weather forecasts and
severe weather warnings accessible to everyone
 Televised weather programs have improved through the use of meteorologists and
advanced presentation technology

1 mark – identifying reason for monitoring

1 mark – explaining how point raised can mitigate the impacts of natural hazards

E. Definitions (Learning Outcome- Geo 11.1.3.1) pg 11

(i) focus: the point in the crust where earthquakes originates

: The point of fracture of rocks at depth within the Earth, giving rise to
earthquakes. These are classified as shallow (<70 km), intermediate (70 –
300 km) and deep (>300 km).

: source where earthquake originates

Source: www.iris.edu

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(ii) monsoon: a seasonal prevailing wind in the region of South and SE Asia, blowing
from the south-west between May and September and bringing rain (the wet
monsoon ), or from the north-east between October and April (the dry monsoon ).

OR

The seasonal wind of the Indian Ocean and southern Asia, blowing from the
southwest in summer and from the northeast in winter.

OR

(in India and nearby lands) the season during which the southwest monsoon blows,
commonly marked by heavy rains; rainy season.

OR any wind that changes directions with the seasons.

OR any persistent wind established between water and adjoining land.

OR seasonal wind/ a major wind system

(iii) heat wave: an air mass of high temperature covering an extended area and moving
relatively slowly.

OR a period of abnormally hot and usually humid weather.

OR a period of unusually hot weather associated with high humidity

(iv) sand storm: a windstorm, especially in a desert, that blows along great clouds of
sand

(v) gale: strong winds

(vi) magma: molten material beneath or within the earth's crust, from which igneous
rock is formed.

OR hot molten rock

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 Source: https://www.researchgate.net

(vii) tsunami: a long, high sea wave caused by an earthquake or other disturbance. OR
an unusually large sea wave produced by a seaquake or undersea volcanic
eruption.

Source: http://www.hayesbrokers.com

(viii) subduction zone: A convergent plate boundary where one plate sinks (subducts)
beneath the other, usually because it is denser

OR

the area or zone where two tectonic plates come together, one riding over the other.

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 Source: https://www.usgs.gov

(1 mark per definition, do not accept examples)

F. Essay (10 marks)

A specific hazard – Floods, landslides, drought (Learning Outcome- Geo 11.1.3.1) pg 11

Two human activities that can worsen the effects of the hazard and two measures to
reduce the effects.

Floods

Agriculture and Deforestation - sustainable farming methods, afforestation (Learning

Outcome- Geo 11.1.3.2) pg 11

Large-scale agricultural operations can deplete topsoil, reducing the amount of nutrients present
and degrading its quality. This can lead to a weakening of the surrounding plant life, reducing its
ability to protect against floods. Similarly, deforestation can remove the anchors keeping rich
soil in place, allowing it to wash away and leaving dry, dusty soil in its place -- ill-suited to
absorbing heavy rainfall. This increases the amount of water that washes into rivers and streams,
adding to the volume that passes through the water system and causing floods.

Human Development – carry out an EIA

Rural and urban development can disrupt the natural system of waterways, causing further
flooding issues. Draining and paving over wetlands and flood plains removes some of the natural
overflow capacity of the water system, forcing the excess through the few channels still available
and increasing the chances for spillover into cities and towns. In addition, the use of levees to
reclaim land offers its own dangers, potentially raising the level of a river's crest high above

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nearby human settlements. When one of these levees fails, it can result in a massive flood,
destroying homes, farms and businesses and threatening lives.

Hydroelectric Power

Of course, in some cases, human activities are completely at fault in a flood. Hydroelectric dams
rely on trapping water as it flows through a river, creating a reservoir above the dam and
carefully regulating the water that flows through. In the event of a structural failure, the dam may
give way and cause a catastrophe.

Infrastructure failures – proper building codes, carry out an EIA

Floods can be caused by a breaking or failure of infrastructure that can cause large quantities of
water to flood a local area.

Another example is when dams break due to faulty construction or maintenance, or when they
are overwhelmed due to heavy precipitation.

Development and infrastructure in flood-prone areas – proper planning

The development and building of infrastructure in flood-prone areas, such as along rivers, near
ocean shorelines, or near river deltas, has led to an increase in vulnerability to flooding because
the natural resiliency of these ecosystems has been compromised.

Impermeable surfaces - ensure drains are not blocked

In developed areas, such as in urban areas, there is commonly a large amount of impermeable
surfaces like roads and other concrete structures that do not allow water to permeate back into
the soil.

When large amounts of rain falls on these impermeable surfaces, the water can accumulate and
lead to flooding in low-lying areas if it is not directed properly.

Bridge construction – careful survey to be done for the appropriate site for the bridge
before construction

Sometimes, bridges that have been built over rivers can slow the discharge of water and reduce
the river’s capacity to hold more water.

Flood embankments

Flood embankments that are intended to increase the water-holding capacity of rivers can
potentially prevent flood water from draining back into the rivers during large precipitation
events

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 Droughts

Deforestation - afforestation, agroforestry

During photosynthesis, trees absorb water from the soil through their roots, and use that water to
create food. Any excess water that was absorbed by the tree gets released back into the air
through their leaves.

This process, which is known as transpiration, adds moisture to the air. This helps circulate water
through the water cycle faster, and contributes to more rainfall.

When trees are brought down, we not only experience a reduction in the amount of rainfall but
also increased amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. These conditions lead to increased
temperatures, causing the drying up of more vegetation.

Landslides

Factor Explanation Countermeasure

Heavy The greater the intensity and duration of a rainstorm, the higher the Plant trees
rainfall erosion potential. The impact of raindrops on the soil surface can
break down soil aggregates and disperse the aggregate material.
Clearing The potential for soil erosion increases if the soil has no or very little Afforestation/
forest vegetative cover of plants and/or crop residues. Plant and residue Agroforestry
cover/loggin cover protects the soil from raindrop impact and splash, tends to slow
g/deforestati down the movement of runoff water and allows excess surface water Sustainable
on to infiltrate. logging methods

Introduced Grazing animals (Figure 2) wander over large areas of pasture or Rotational
animals natural grasslands eating grasses and shrubs. Grazers expose soil by grazing
removing the plant cover for an area. They also churn up the ground
with their hooves. If too many animals graze the same land area, the transhumance
animals’ hooves pull plants out by their roots. A land is overgrazed if
too many animals are living there.

Excavation Soil is bare, the higher the risk for erosion Land
rehabilitation by
mining
companies,
planting of trees
Construction Constructing buildings and roads churns up the ground and exposes Land use zoning
soil to erosion. In some locations, native landscapes, such as forest
and grassland, are cleared, exposing the surface to erosion (in some carry out an EIA
locations the land that will be built on is farmland). Near construction
sites, dirt, picked up by the wind, is often in the air. Completed
construction can also contribute to erosion

Recreational Recreational activities may accelerate soil erosion. Off-road vehicles Controlled
Activities disturb the landscape and the area eventually develops bare spots tourism activities,

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 where no plants can grow. In some delicate habitats, even hikers’ public education
boots can disturb the ground, so it’s important to stay on the trail about the
importance of
environmental
conservation,
signs/billboards
in recreational
activities
outlining rules
Agricultural Agricultural practices such as burning and clearing of vegetation also Use sustainable
practices reduce the overall vegetation cover. As a result, the lack of land cover agricultural
causes increased rates of soil erosion. practices

Relevance – 4 marks (2 marks – 2 human activities that can worsen the effects of the
chosen hazard and 2 marks – two measures to reduce the effects)

Example – 2 marks Logic – 2marks

Introduction - 1 mark Conclusion - 1 mark

SECTION B [68 marks]

QUESTION 2 AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SUPPLY – (16 marks)

FIJI AND NEW ZEALAND (Learning Outcome- Geo 11.2.2.1) pg 13

A. Mapping (2 marks)

(i) Taveuni

(ii) Legalega Research Station

(iii) Bua

(iv) Cicia (1/2 mark per correct answer)

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 North land

Waikato basin

Hawkes Bay

Canterbury Plains

KEY

region engaged in raising store sheep in the North Island (Heretaunga plains/

Poverty Bay

a plain in the South Island engaged in mixed farming

(1 1/2mark for the correct name and location 1/2 mark for the key)

B. Resource interpretation

One benefit of the method of farming (Learning Outcome- Geo 11.2.2.2) pg 13

Benefit Explanation
Increased Economic yield increases per unit area per unit by time due to
productivity intensification of crop and allied farming enterprises
Profitability Because waste material and by-product of an enterprise as an input into
other farming enterprise
Adoption of new Adoption of technology needs money. Large farmers have finances so they
technology can adopt it easily. However small farmers usually face shortage in
finances. But due to IFS, they have the opportunity to increase their returns
from farming and adapt to new technology
Environmental safety As we are using the waste material of one enterprise as input into the

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 production function of other type of enterprise, so waste pollution is
minimised and hence environmental safety is ensured
Fight against Planting timber and fuel wood with crops in the field not only utilises the
deforestation free space of land but also supply wood for many other purposes. Hence
pressure on forests can be reduced and natural ecosystem is preserved
Manure Used as soil fertilizer but remains a product of methane.

1 mark for identifying 1 mark for explaining how the point identified is beneficial
benefit

Other benefits of IFS include:

 Promotion of agro-industry
 Increased input efficiency
 Increased employment
 Fodder security for livestock
 Recycling
 Continuous income round the year
 Energy saving
 Enhanced productivity
 Profitability
 Adoption of new technology
 Fight against deforestration

C. Short Answer Questions (Learning Outcome- Geo 11.2.2.3) pg 13

(i) A measure by government to achieve food security for its growing population.
Measure Explanation
Education and Role of education in improving farm efficiency and technology adoption has
literacy been well established. As agriculture transformed from subsistence to
commercial level, farmers seek information on a wide range of issues to
acquire knowledge or upgrade their skills and entrepreneurial ability.
Literacy emerges as an important source of growth in adoption of
technology, and use of modern inputs like fertilizers and machines.
Awareness on the production, marketing and consumption of local food
Diet Diversification (Home gardening, Raising backyard livestock, e.g.
poultry)

Policy Advocacy Mainstreaming climate change into policy

The Fiji Plan of Action for Nutrition presents a unique opportunity to
revitalize the commitment by Government to improve the food and
nutrition situation of its people, and in particular, effectively coordinate
the approach to food and nutrition development in Fiji
Endorsing the World Declaration and Plan of Action for Nutrition at the
International Conference on Nutrition (ICN), Rome, 1992, the Fiji

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 Government had made commitment to implement FPAN(Fiji Plan of Action
for Nutrition) – 2010 - 2014 as a framework for inter-sectoral cooperation to
address food and nutrition problems
Policy for school canteens – do not sell junk food/fizzy drinks
Wellness programmes

Crop diversification There is a need to increase crop diversification and improve allied activities
to produce crops and produces in which we are deficient.
Tackling climate Food security can be achieved by paying higher attention to issues such as
change/Climate climate change, limiting global warming, including the promotion of
Resilient Agriculture climate-smart agricultural production systems and land use policies at a scale
to help adapt and mitigate ill effects of climate change.
Climate proofing agriculture (Climate smart agriculture):–adapting and
building resilience to climate change (improving farming systems and
practices, crop diversification, high yield crops, resilient crop varieties, soil
biodiversity etc.);–reducing and/or removing greenhouse gas emissions
(mitigation), where possible.–sustainably increasing agricultural productivity
and incomes;–Traditional Knowledge
Reduce vulnerability Increased land area for cultivation.
to food shortages Building capacity with knowledge on good farming practice would ensure
resulting from climate consistent transferring of this technology to new generation and other
change neighbouring districts

Integrated water Improved management of irrigation water is essential in enhancing

management production and productivity, food security and poverty alleviation.
Integrated nutrient Attention needs to be given to balanced use of nutrients.
management
Improved varieties Farmers can get information about the availability of new and improved
varieties and farmers must have access to quality seeds of these varieties,
resulting in higher yields.
Farming of crops using good farming skills from training support production
which will benefit on long term; Introduction of traditional crops would
support the current resilient ones that are being trialled.
Improved technology Adoption of technologies like integrated nutrient management, integrated
adoption pest management and integrated weed management need to be made
available for adoption to ensure higher production and sustainability of
production base.
Awareness on The awareness of the pressures of increasing population growth and
population growth consumption patterns on ecosystem functioning should be created to
sensitize farmers on adoption of sustainable crop cultivation and
management practices.
Focus on small Increase in food production in the country does not necessarily ensure food
farmers security, if the poor do not have the buying power. Therefore, participation
of small farmers in food production is essential to achieve food security.
Most of them being illiterate and having failed earlier either in adopting new
technologies or repaying the loan provided under various development
schemes. They need support not only to procure inputs but also to gain
confidence.

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 Agricultural research The agricultural education is facing one of the biggest challenges. It has to
education identify its role in equipping the human resources for enhanced agricultural
productivity and sustainable use of natural resources. Agricultural colleges
and universities were initially assigned to disseminate scientific knowledge
and skills to the farming community and to train them to use such skills for
better output. As a backup for such a mission, agricultural research was
encouraged to focus on scientific knowledge to suit to the realities of rural
societies
Livestock Adaptation Have an active surveillance and disease control/eradication program
Options •Develop Emergency Response Plans available •Resilient facilities •Proper
feed/water sources/storage facilities, select resilient pasture species
•Identify/Choose resilient breeds/species (conserving indigenous genetic
resources)
Provision of manure/ Will help increase soil fertility
fertilizer

1 mark for identifying 1 mark for explaining how the point identified can help government achieve
measure food security

(ii)

Why have a plan of work

or a proven work cycle Explanation

Opportunities in planning
Maximize profit(avoid Get the most of what in invest into the arming system, prevent losses
loss), prevent stock death
Upgrading of facilities
Diversification
Possibilities/ Expansion of With a little creative, lateral thinking, there are all sorts of ways you can
operations
Both planting and cultivation requires careful planning – when to plant, to
apply chemicals, prune trees, harvest. Crop protection measurement may
also easily be coordinated with weather conditions. Soil preparation may
easily be coordinated with a planting routine.
(e.g. Introducing new technology, new procedures, replacing or improving
worn out or damaged facilities)
Many farms today are under financial pressure, with traditional enterprises
such as cattle and sheep becoming a less reliable source of income. Farmers
are more than ever susceptible to such things as changes in the international
market place, land degradation problems, drought and flood, changing cost
structures in the market place, etc.
One solution is to diversify, creating more than one source of income for a
farm. In essence, the strategy means that instead of depending mainly on one
type of animal or crop for farm income, there is income generated by several
different sources.
make money from a farm property. You already have a major asset in your
land, and it might not be too difficult, or disruptive, to develop a
supplementary money making venture such as one of those following. In due
course, such a new venture may develop into a major part of a farm activity,
or simply remain a small supplement to the main source of income.

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 Possibilities can include providing accommodation, Tourism, Agroforestry,
alternative animals (e.g. deer, etc), or alternative crops (e.g. herbs, cut
flowers etc).
Contingencies in case of To be prepared for downturns or for the worse
anything going wrong (e.g.
economic downturn,
drought, illness).

1 mark for identifying 1 mark for appropriate explanation

reason for planning

D. Definitions (Learning Outcome- Geo 11.2.2.1 - Geo 11.2.2.2) pg 13

(i) hay: pasture grass that is cut, dried and stored, usually in a barn/ shed

Source: https://www.amazon.com
(ii) subsidy: sum of money granted by government to assist and industry/farmer so
the price of a service may remain low

Source:
(iii) prime lambs; lambs fattened to be sold to the freezing works

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 Source: http://polldorset.org.au

(iv) animal husbandry: the science of breeding and caring for farm animals OR the
farming of animals to produce foods such as meat, eggs, and milk

Source: https://www.careerlinecourses.com

(v) dairying: the business of producing, storing, and distributing milk and its products

Source: https://magicvalley.com

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 (vi) herbicide: Chemical that kill weeds/chemical used to remove weeds.

Source: https://www.indiamart.com

(vii) horticulture: growing of fruits, vegetables and flowers

https://www.arqumhouse.edu.

(viii) Shelter belts: planting of trees to protect crops/ act as windbreaker/ used as farm
boundaries

Source:https://plantorama.co.nz
(1 mark per definition, do not accept examples)

E. Essay (Learning Outcome- Geo 11.2.2.2) pg 13

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Two physical factors Explanation
that affect farming.
Temperature Critical for plant growth, each plant or crop requires a minimum growing
temperature and a minimum growing season
Precipitation and water Too much water, too little water – irrigation
supply
Altitude /Relief The growth of various crops is controlled by the decrease in temperature
with height, at high altitude soil is thin, humus takes longer to break
down and leaching is more likely to occur
Soils Farming depends upon the depth, stoniness, water-retention capacity,
aeration, texture, structure, pH, leaching and mineral content of the soil.
Soils can be improved by adding fertilizers, practicing sustainable
farming methods
Global warming Can lead to an increase in temperature and changes to rainfall patterns –
the changes will influence the choice of crops to grow. Some places may
become drier and vice versa so suitable crops must be grown
Climate Plants absorb water and release energy that helps determine the type of
climate a particular region experiences. The moisture released into the
atmosphere by plants contributes to the climate, while the moisture level
in the climate in turn contributes back to the Earth's ability to foster the
growth of vegetation
Geographical location Location of farming matters as some areas are more prone to natural
disasters and hazards than others and also vulnerable to pests and
diseases
Two cultural factors that affect farming.
Land tenure Farms could be on freehold or leased land. Problem of expiring land
leases. Some farmers may enter into ‘cash tenancy’ or ‘share cropping’
Technology Access to technology-new strains of seeds, cross-breeding of animals,
improved machinery and irrigation –whether enhance or hinder
production
Transport Type available. Time taken and the cost of moving raw materials to the
farm and produce to the market. Perishable commodities need speedy
transport network. State/condition of roads??
Capital/ markets/ The amount of capital will determine the type and resourcefulness and
demand and supply farming along with demand and supply of vegetation
Skill of farmers Farmers have less skill/experience in the area of farming could affect
farming practices

Relevance – 4 marks (2 marks – 2 physical factors and 2 marks – 2 cultural factors that
affect farming)

Example – 2 marks Logic – 2marks

Introduction - 1 mark Conclusion - 1 mark

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QUESTION 3 TOURISM – FIJI AND AUSTRALIA (16 marks)

A. Mapping - (Learning Outcome- Geo 12.2.3.1) pg 12 (2 marks)

(a)
(i) Denarau Island/Denarau (iii) Pacific Harbour/ Deuba
(ii) Wakaya (iv) Waisali (1/2 mark per correct answer)

Broome

Bondi Beach

KEY

Town once called ‘Pearl capital’ of the world

One of the world's most famous beach destinations in Sydney

1 1/2mark for the correct name and location 1/2 mark for the key

B. Resource Interpretation (Learning Outcome- Geo 12.2.3.1) pg 12

The importance of security checks in airports and other points of entry for tourism development.

Importance
Protection Against Terrorists
Fight against illegal drugs
Prevent smuggling – drugs,
rare & exotic animals, gold,
Explanation
Safety of travellers
New security measures have been developed to stop more
elaborate and intelligently planned actions by terrorists.
Prevent illegal drugs from entering the country
Prevent illegal drugs from entering the country
May introduce invasive species

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humans, weapons, explosives,
dangerous devices
Cyber security
Protects passengers inside the
airport
Biosecurity
1 mark for identifying
importance of airport security
C. Short Answer Questions (Learning Outcome- Geo 12.2.3.1) pg 12
(i) A measure to reduce leakage in the tourism industry.
Measure
Promote local sourcing
Encourage local entities’
participation in the tourism
value chain
Boost intra-regional tourism
Import substitution
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To tackle cyber threats - this can cause heavy financial losses
and disrupt the air transportation network.
With mass shooting incidences on the rise, airport security
keeps passengers protected inside the airport.
If there was no airport security, the airport would be left
vulnerable to surprise attacks from terrorists and criminals.
Security measures taken at the airport, discourage criminals
from committing such crimes
Measures to protect against the entry and spread of pests and
diseases.
1 mark for explaining point raised
Explanation
Tourism establishments can create demand for local agricultural
products and services, with supply opportunities enabling local
producers to capture a greater share of tourists’ food
expenditures. In addition to fostering the participation of
domestic agricultural producers, economic opportunities created
through agri-tourism or ecotourism can reduce poverty in rural
areas, and contribute to the achievement of SDG 1 on poverty
reduction
Joint venture partnerships between tourism establishments and
local communities can allow local communities to participate in
and derive economic benefits from tourism. Royalties earned
from leasing of community land and other fees paid by tourism
establishments can boost local communities’ revenues from
their assets. Similarly, stimulating supply opportunities for local
enterprises can increase incomes, including through
employment created in enterprises, spur local entrepreneurship,
and support rural economic development more broadly.
Strong demand for local goods and services by intraregional
tourists suggests that intraregional tourism could offer
opportunities to stimulate the development of viable local
linkages that reduce leakages.
Produce and provide local quality goods and services
Tax exemptions
Promoting Fiji made products
Employing locals
High tax on foreign
investment
1 mark for identifying
measure to reduce leakage in
the tourism industry
Countries with a small tourism industry may have to give tax
exemptions or other offers to increase foreign investment.
Buying more Fiji made products will reduce leakage and allow
injection of money
Employing locals and investing in local infrastructure will
ensure
Imposing higher tax on foreign investment will discourage
foreign investors from having businesses in the country where
locals will have a chance to invest also.
1 mark for appropriate explanation

(ii) One way the locals have negatively contributed to the tourism industry.
Negative local action Explanation
Hassling of tourists Tourists see this as a threatening behavior – they may think
twice about visiting the country again
Crimes committed on tourists Tourists will fear their safety, therefore may have reservations
about visiting the country again
Racial tension/prejudice Tourists will fear their safety, therefore may have reservations
about visiting the country again
Expiring of land leases Hoteliers/investors forced to look for alternative site for tourism
development
Strikes/civil unrest by workers Loss of business…..
in the tourism industry
Environmental degradation Dirty/polluted environment, therefore, tourists find the place
uninviting/unappealing
Political instability Hostile behavior towards tourists can discourage from coming
into a country.

1 mark for a way locals have 1 mark for appropriate explanation

negatively contributed to the
tourism industry

D. Definitions (Learning Outcome- Geo 12.2.3.1) pg 12

(i) resort: a hotel, motel or condominium complex located in an area associated with
recreation and leisure, such as the mountains or the seashore. Normally offer
facilities for sports and recreational activities.

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 Source: www.accorhotels.com
(ii) charter : to hire the exclusive use of any aircraft, motor coach, or other vehicle

source: http://visionaviationglobal.com

(iii) destination: the end point of a journey/country of visit.

Source: www.selloffvacations.com

(iv) transit visa: a visa allowing its holder to pass through a country only, not to stay
there.

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 Source: https://www.lcct.com

(v) heritage: a very broad expression that describes anything that has a link with some
past event or person (e.g. cultural heritage refers to past customs and traditions
with the unspoken implication that these are worthwhile or creditable)

Source: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list

(vi) tariff: a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports OR 1)

fare or rate from a supplier; (2) class or type of a fare or rate; (3) published list of
fares or rates from a supplier; (4) official publication compiling rates or fares and
conditions of service

Source: www.economyofficesupply.com

(vii) dwell time: Length of time a visitor spends at an attraction or destination

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 Source: http://www.dfrc.com.sg
(viii) long haul market: tourist markets which are further away from the source or takes
a long time or a journey over a long distance

Source: https://www.independent.ie
(1 mark per definition, do not accept examples)

F. Essay (Learning Outcome- Geo 12.2.3.1) pg 12

Four measures the government can take to ensure the tourism industry has a bright future.

 Promote and invest in other types of tourism – Sports, Medical, Ecotourism, Business,
Agri-tourism, Religious tourism, Domestic
 Promotion and marketing the country as a favourable tourist destination
 Funding tourism development - increased pressure not only on tourism and supporting
infrastructure, but also on the budgets with responsibility for: i) marketing and
promotion; ii) providing the necessary services and facilities to cater for tourists; iii)
ensuring visitor safety and security; and iv) maintaining the natural environments that
often attract them
 Infrastructure development
 Simplifying regulations and adjusting to growth of the sharing economy - Many
countries are taking specific steps to simplify the regulatory framework supporting
tourism, in order to create a more favourable business environment (particularly for
SMEs), reduce bureaucratic obstacles, and provide appropriate financial and other
incentives
 Fostering long-term investment - Another area where governments can strengthen
strategic capacity and foresight to address multi-sectorial issues that affect tourism and
improve overall competitiveness, is designing and implementing stable and
predictable policies that aim to build business confidence and foster long-term
private sector investment (both domestic and foreign). Country approaches include
introducing mechanisms to improve the stability and reliability of processes

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 necessary to obtain licenses, permits, concessions and other requirements for the
installation and operation of tourism enterprises (
 The digitalisation of tourism - The growing importance of digital technology and
social media in tourism creates challenges and opportunities for national and regional
tourism organisations and tourism enterprises. Tourists are increasingly connected to
the internet, utilising any number of tourism-related mobile apps; accessing real-
time news, transport and online booking platforms (e.g. travel agents, airlines,
trains, rental cars, Uber), and; utilising social networks to review, assess and book
accommodation (e.g. Airbnb, Trip Advisor), restaurants, and other tourism services; just
to name a few. These trends in consumer behaviour and expectations in relation to
the digital economy are necessitating a major shift towards digital marketing and
promotion, but also in relation to capacity building and product development.
Assessing and developing the role of technology for data collection, impact measurement
and communication.
 Stimulating domestic tourism - Many countries are developing actions to stimulate
domestic demand . Domestic Tourism Growth Strategy to reduce dependence on
international arrivals. The objectives are to increase domestic tourism revenues and
volumes, to improve measures aimed at addressing seasonality and equitable
geographical spread, and to promote a culture of travel among the locals.

Relevance – 4 marks for 4 measures, 3 marks for 3 measures, 2 marks for 2 measures and 1
mark for 1 measure

Example – 2 marks Logic – 2marks

Introduction - 1 mark Conclusion - 1 mark

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QUESTION 4 MARINE RESOURCES – FIJI AND JAPAN (16 marks)

A. Mapping (Learning Outcome- Geo 12.2.3.3 - 12.2.3.4) pg 13- 14 (2 marks)

a.
(i) Bligh Water/Vatu I Rau passage (iii) University of the South Pacific (USP)

(ii) Pearl (iv) Coral Coast/Sigatoka

(1/2 mark per correct answer)

Yokohama

Seto Inland Sea

KEY

Headquarters of the Fisheries Research Agency

The inland sea which separates three of the four main islands

1 1/2mark for the correct name and location 1/2 mark for the key

B. Resource Interpretation (Learning Outcome- Geo 12.2.3.4) pg 14

Carbon dioxide is absorbed by oceans, resulting in ocean acidification. Acidification reduces the
size and abundance of shellfish (1 mark for describing steps 1-2 and 1 mark for step 3)

C. Short Answer Questions (Learning Outcome- Geo 12.2.3.3) pg 13

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 (i) Feature of large scale fisheries.

 Bigger yield – technology available

 Bigger value of the catch – bigger yield
 Bigger profit (difference between the value of the landing and the costs of exploitation)
 More foreign currency – extensive markets
 More jobs – bigger operations
 Requires more fuel – bigger vessels
 provides a large quantity of food to many countries around the world
 Harvest a wide variety of animals, ranging from tuna, cod, carp, and salmon to shrimp,
krill, lobster, clams, squid, and crab, in various fisheries for these species.
 Sustains the food supply for local people.

(1 mark for feature, 1 mark for appropriate explanation)

(ii) One human activity that can damage the coral reef ecosystem. (Learning
Outcome- Geo 12.2.3.4) pg 14
 Pollution (1 mark)

Agriculture and industry release a variety of chemicals into coastal waters. Pesticides and
fertilisers used in agricultural development projects are carried in run off to sea and have
been known to take part in coral reef destruction. Pesticides can destroy or damage
zooplankton or reef communities. (1 mark)

 Nutrients Loading/Sewage (1 mark)

The discharge of fertilisers, waste feed and other materials from aquaculture and
agriculture into coastal waters can result in nutrient loading. The introduction of organic
compounds results in eutrophication and subsequent oxygen depletion. Eutrophication is
where the nutrient load gets to an extent that the community becomes dominated by
algal/seaweed, exceeding the capacity to control by grazing organisms. This leads to
oxygen and light reduction and perhaps death of the communities living there. (1 mark)

 Overfishing (1 mark)

Over exploitation affects the vast majority of the world’s reefs. This leads to an average
decrease in the size of the fish and a reduction in predatory target fish. Removal of key
herbivores and predator species may result in large scale ecosystem change. If grazers are
removed from reefs, algae are quick to take over and dominate, especially if the area is
also suffering from organic pollution. (1 mark)

 Destructive fishing and boating practices (1 mark)

Fishing methods in the tropics can be particularly destructive especially those of

dynamite ‘blast’ fishing, cyanide or poison (duva) fishing and fish hunting with gum
boots. Other adverse fishing practices include disintegration of the reef structure in order
to weight traps and remove hiding places and beating coral surfaces to herd fish into nets.

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 Anchor damage and accidental grounding of boats can be a serious threat to reefs. For
example, one cruise ship destroyed 3150km2 anchoring on one occasion. These practices
lead to habitat destruction and disintegration of the reef ecosystem. (1 mark)

 Construction and Sedimentation (1 mark)

Coastal Sedimentation (losing soil from upland areas) is an extremely important cause of
coral reef destruction. Coastal construction and shoreline development often result in
heavy sediment loading. Further effects are caused by inadequate land management and
deforestation where soil run off from farms and settlements delivers sediments to the
reefs. Watersheds cleared of their forests and other vegetation cover is vulnerable to
erosion and flooding, resulting in increased levels of sediments reaching the reefs.
Chemicals applied to upland agriculture also make their way down to the reefs via run off
from land and rivers. (1 mark)

 Dredging (1 mark)

Have many very serious implications for reefs. The most dramatic effects are caused by
suspension of silt, sedimentation, turbidity, oxygen reduction and the release of bacteria
and toxic matter. A large quantity of either coarse or fine particles will bury the corals,
which are unable to withstand cover for more than one or two days. (1 mark)

 Sedimentation covers the coral reef. (1 mark)

Sedimentation causes corals to secrete the protective mucus mentioned earlier, in a bid to
rid them of the sediment. This process requires increased energy levels, which have to be
diverted away from essential processes. If the problem is exacerbated by other external
stresses e.g. temperature change, then the corals become over stressed and can die. The
secretion of this sediment clearing mucus also makes the coral more susceptible to
bacteria and therefore more likely to suffer from disease. (1 mark)

Excessive sedimentation exceeds the clearing capacity of some filter feeders and
smothers the substrate. It reduces light penetration and can alter the vertical distribution
of plants and animals on reefs. Sediments can also absorb and transport other pollutants.

 Mangrove cutting (1 mark)

The destruction of mangroves by clear cutting or pollution has resounding consequences

on coral reef ecosystems. To remove mangroves, is to remove the main source of leaf
litter, a food resource for the variety of coral reef animals. Mangroves also provide the
nutrient rich feeding grounds for many marine species, which if removed would eliminate
fishing grounds. Furthermore, mangroves protect the shoreline against cyclones and
storms and stabilise it against erosion and land loss. (1 mark)

 Rubbish/Litter (1 mark)

Rubbish and litter is one of Fiji’s biggest problems. All these artificial products take a
long time to decompose. Plastic bags breakdown in 50 years, plastic bottles in 150 years,

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 and cigarette butts in 75 years, paper in 1 year and batteries in 200 years. These all take
so much time to breakdown to the detriment of creatures that live around us. If a turtle
encounters a plastic bag, which looks similar to jellyfish, he may swallow the plastic bag
and choke on it. Batteries leak poisons as they breakdown and can contaminate the fish
we eat, as well as kill corals and other marine life. (1 mark)

 Tourists (1 mark)

Snorkelers standing on the reef. Tourism is a great industry as it provides people with
jobs and income. However, tourists are not always as educated as we hope. A lot of them
come from large cities and towns and have spent very little time around natural
environments. Tourists come to visit and experience an environment they do not have at
home. We therefore need to take the responsibility to inform them how to respect and
treat that environment. Putting some guidelines for tourists to follow in place helps Fiji to
protect their marine environment in particular. Giving a tourist environmental briefing
has been shown to reduce damage to the environment by 95%. Awareness and education
is the key to protecting the precious resources of Fiji. (1 mark)

 Fish-feeding (1 mark)

In the Mamanucas, particularly at sites where fish feeding occurs, there has been an
increase in aggressive behaviour within schools of surgeonfish, fighting amongst them
and causing injury, even to the point of destroying their own reef habitat by breaking hard
corals. Triggerfish have also been observed biting and destroying the reef structure.
Sergeant Damselfish swarm around snorkellers or divers expecting to be fed. The fish
that are fed often ‘peck’ at the snorkellers or divers entering the water, taking away the
pleasure of observing the reef and its inhabitants in a calm and inoffensive manner. By
feeding the algae eaters that control algae growth, they become handout feeders that soon
neglect their important role of eating algae, which in turn can overgrow coral. (1 mark)

D. Definitions (Learning Outcome- Geo 12.2.3.3) pg 13

(i) trawling : to pull a large, cone-shaped net through the sea at a deep level behind a
special boat in order to catch fish

Source: https://www.afma.gov.au

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 (ii) mariculture: a specialized branch of aquaculture involving the cultivation of
marine organisms for food and other products in the open ocean, an enclosed
section of the ocean, or in tanks, ponds or raceways which are filled with
seawater.

Source: http://www.justscience.in
(iii) demersal species: species that swim, live or feed on the seafloor; referred to as
bottom-feeders

Source:www.nature.com
(iv) fish ranching: a type of fish farming in which juvenile fish are released into the
ocean to grow unprotected and unassisted to be subsequently harvested

source: https://en.wikipedia.org
(iv) sea grass: a grass like plant that lives in or close to the sea OR flowering plants
(angiosperms) which grow in marine environments OR grass which grows by the
sea , or in shallow sea water

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 Source: https://ocean.si.edu/ocean
(v) trenches: deepest part of the ocean

Source: www.dreamstime.com
(vi) echinoderms: these have a covering or an external endoskeleton – with spiny
covering

Source: www.slideshare.net

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 (vii) fringing reef: reefs that grow at the edge of continents and islands

Source: https://fineartamerica.com

(1 mark per definition, do not accept examples)

E. Essay (Learning Outcome- Geo 12.2.3.4) pg 14

Two importance of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

 Contains the state’s resources
 Boundary in which local fishers can fish
 Avoid conflicts – over fishing rights
 Valuable to infrastructural development – laying of communication cables
 Source of income
 Marine resources are conserved
 Food for other marine species is conserved

Two ways the government can effectively safeguard it.

 Ratify international laws that protect states maritime jurisdiction zones

 Policies to regulate fishing and fisheries by local fishermen
 Surveillance
 Quota system for issuing of fishing licences
 Promote the use of sustainable fishing methods

Relevance – 4 marks (2 marks for 2 importance of the EEZ, 2 marks for two ways the
government can effectively safeguard it)

Example – 2 marks Logic – 2marks

Introduction - 1 mark Conclusion - 1 mark

THE END
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