Transitive verb:

Form: Be + P.P (of a P.P

transitive verb) Aspect + tense

Focus/ Emphasis on the Ex: The first goal was

result of the action scored by Peter.

The agent is unknown

Ex: I was born in 1992.
or obvious

Ex: Some verbs cannot

The agent is "people or
be used in the
things in general"
Continuous.

Ex: All the messages of sympathy she recieved surprised her.

The agent is a long => Helen was surprised by all the messages of sympathy she
phrase received.
=> End-weight principle

Ex: We can’t possibly complete

Avoiding inferences to ourselves and making a statement
this work overnight.
impersonal (to avoid personal involvement/responsibility)
=> This work can’t possibly be
Reason for using *impersonal: vô nhân xưng
completed overnight.
Passive

Avoiding ‘you’ in orders Ex: You must give in your application before the end of the
and rules week.
*Tránh công kích cá => All application must be given in before the end of the
nhân, bossy week.

Get sb to -Inf In factual writing when

focus is on events, Ex: Vaccination had
Active achievements, rather been pioneered two
Ex: I had the mechanic
than hundred years earlier.
repair my motorbike Have sb Inf
agents
last week.

The action is
Ex: I had my motorbike Structures Ex: When he picked up
unexpected,
repaired ( by the the phone, we got cut
involuntary or
mechanic) last week. off.
unwelcome
Using Get instead
of BE
I got my bag stolen/
Get/ Have sth P.P Passive BE + P.P = GET +P.P An achievement based
Ex: She got elected.
robbed/snatched
on a previous effort
=> Quan tâm đến I (informal)
Causative verbs: get,
have, want, need, ask, An achievement in Ex: I finally got
My bag got snatch
order, force,... difficulty admitted to hospital.
=> quan tâm tới My bag

Causative Ex:
Ex: She goes to hospital and has her blood pressure We arrange for PASSIVE & CAUSATIVE Passive Stative Passive (Bị
Passive form = existing state/situation
The door is locked.
taken. somebody to do (Truyền khiến) ❑ NO action occurring
Now the window is broken.
She never managed to get her symphonies played. something for us động tĩnh) ❑ NO agent
I am interested in art.
❑ Past participle = adjective
Uses She is satisfied with the results.

Ex: He got his leg broken playing football.

Unfortunate
His leg got broken while he was playing football. ❑ Passive sentences: no interest in who/what
experiences
His leg was broken while he was playing football. Not mentioning the performs the action Ex: That window has
agent ❑ Focus: the action itself, who/what is affected by the been broken again.
action, the result
❑ We should get the car looked at by a professional.
❑ BY + agent The agent
❑ The engine is started with a special electronic card instead of a
❑ WITH + instruments/materials
key. Ex: I remember being taken to the fair by my father,
❑ Past participles as adjectives + Other
❑ I’m frightened of driving on motorways. who
prepositions When we think the information is important, when we
❑ My car is covered in dirt. Mentioning the agent rarely showed any interest in such things.
Watch out want to say more about it
* I remember my father's taking me to the fair .....
I remember your telling me about it.
Don’t worry. We’ll soon GET/HAVE sb/sth V-ing:
have your car running make sb/sth start doing
like new. sth
Verbs with two usually have two passive forms
1. My mom gave me some money.
➔ I was given some money.
objects (a person => HAVE ONLY ONE FORM
2. My mom gave some money to me.
and a thing) => chose object near the verb
➔ Some money was given to me.

The Tasmanian tiger

NO intransitive verbs in
was died out early this
passive
century.

Some verbs, (explain, suggest) can’t change the indirect He was explained the
object into the subject procedure.
Verbs with Limited
Uses in Passive
Some verb phrases with two objects cannot ❑ I bear him no ill will.
be passive ❑ Let me wish you luck.

Some verbs are followed by two nouns, but the They declared him
second is not an object. President.

The subject is the

agent, the sentence is Ex: I’ve got so many
active ➔ an books to return.
active infinitive

The subject is not the

Ex: So many books have
agent ➔ passive
to be returned.
infinitive

Active and passive

Ex: There are many
infinitives with the
rooms to paint / to be
same meaning
painted.
with there

Infinitive and –ing

Ex:
form passive
Something/anything/ There’s nothing to do in the evening. (= we’re bored)
nothing + to do I’m sorry, there’s nothing to be done. (= there’s no action
anyone can take)

Report verbs (think, believe, say, claim, - It’s thought by the press that the chairman earns too much.
mention, request, etc.) - The chairman is thought by the press to earn too much.
=> Impersonal passive constructions - There are thought to be disagreements among senior ministers.

After verbs normally Ex:I love being given

followed by –ing forms flowers.

Ex: Being paid monthly,

Passive –ing forms (being + -ed), perfect passive –ing As participles, usually with the meaning of
I find annual bills hard
forms (having been + -ed) used... because
to pay.

As the subject of a Ex: As the subject of a

sentence sentence