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Xanthan Gum Its Biopharmaceutical Applications: An Overview
Xanthan Gum Its Biopharmaceutical Applications: An Overview
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1
College of Pharmacy, University of Aden, Yemen. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
PCTE Group of Institutes, Ludhiana, India.
2
Department of pharmacy practice, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India.
3
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, PCTE Group of Institutes, Ludhiana, India.
INTRODUCTION
Polymers are widely used in pharmaceutical dosage forms, which include both synthetic as
well as natural polymeric materials.[1] The natural polymers such as natural gums are
biocompatible, biodegradable, cheap and easily available and are preferred to synthetic
polymers because of their low cost, lack of toxicity, availability and non irritant nature.[2] On
the other hand, they have some limitations, such as the highest possibility of immunogenicity
and polymer variability related to both origin and supplier.[3]
The plant based polymers have been studied for their application in different pharmaceutical
dosage forms like matrix controlled systems, microspheres, nanoparticles, film coating
agents, buccal films, viscous liquid formulations like ophthalmic solutions, suspensions,
implants and their applicability and efficacy has been proven. These also have been utilized
as viscosity enhancers, solubilizes, stabilizers, disintegrates, emulsifiers, gelling agents and
bioadhasives, binders in different dosage forms.[4]
The xanthan gum is a high molecular weight hetero polysaccharide gum produced by a pure
culture fermentation of a carbohydrate with the microorganism Xanthamonas campestris.[5]
Xanthan gum is a hetero polysaccharide consisting mainly of repeating unit of
pentasaccharide formed by two glucose units, two mannose units, and one glucuronic acid
unit, in the molar ratio 2.8:2.0:2.0 (Fig.1).[6]
Xanthan is one of the most extensively investigated polysaccharides.It has been widely used
in oral and topical formulations, cosmetics and foods as suspending or stabilizing agent,
thickening, emulsifying, film forming and gelling nature and release control agent in
hydrophilic matrix formulations.[8,9]
This natural polymer has been investigating increased interest in the biopharmaceutical field,
particularly in oral drug delivery. It has been showing its application in the design of drug
delivery systems, providing the delivery of a defined dose, at a predetermined rate, to a
targeted biological site. In this review, critical aspects of xanthan gum are exposed, with
particular discussion on the physicochemical properties that affect its biopharmaceutical
application. The most effective synergies interactions with other polysaccharides are
described and the reported biopharmaceutical applications are explored and discussed.
presence of certain b-(1, 4) linked polysaccharides, which normally exist in water solution as
random coils and in the condensed phase as stiff, extended ribbons, like the galactomannans.
The synergy between xanthan gum and LBG is the most effective and results in a firm,
thermo reversible gel.[25] A synergic behavior was observed even in dilute gum solution.26
The synergistic interaction between the two polysaccharides was reported by Rocks, he
observing the formation of a thermally reversible gel.[27]
Other studies indicated that the synergistic interaction occurs due to the interaction between
the side chains of xanthan and the backbone of locust been gum as in a lock-key model, in
which one xanthan chain could associate with one, two, or more locust bean gum
molecules.[28] A study using X-ray diffraction suggested that in order for the binding between
both polymers to occur, it required denaturation of xanthan at temperatures exceeding the
helix–coil transition temperature, leading to strong elastic gels. Furthermore, it was reported
that when the two polymers were mixed in the same weight ratio, stronger gels, in terms of
hardness and elastic modulus were obtained. The same study also suggested that the
association interaction between xanthan and locust been gum occurred because of disordered
xanthan chains.[29] In contrast, a work with calorimetry and rheological methods revealed that
the association interaction between the polysaccharides was triggered by xanthan
conformational changes.[30] The interaction between the polymers was later reported to be
mediated by two distinct mechanisms. First mechanism takes place at room temperature,
results in weak gels, and presents little dependence upon the galactose content. The second
mechanism requires heating of the polymeric mixture to significant temperature and results in
stronger gels, which formation is highly dependent upon the specific galactomannan
composition.[31] There are reports on the dependence of gelation upon the temperature of
reaction and the specific mannose /galactose ratio of galactomannan. For low galactose
contents, such as that of locust been gum, interactions have been described at temperatures
usually higher than 45°C.[28] Another study demonstrated that the stability of xanthan helical
structure or xanthan chain flexibility played a critical role in the interaction with locust been
gum. It was shown that the deacetylation and heating of xanthan helical structure facilitated
the intermolecular binding between xanthan and locust been gum. However, a study in dilute
solution conditions suggested that the synergy is a result of a conformational change of the
complex xanthan-locust been gum, in which locust been gum should play a significant
role.[32]
A more recent work studied the possibility of modulating the gel mechanical properties by
varying the polymeric ratios and the temperature of reaction, xanthan chain conformation
being known to be affected by temperature of reaction. It was observed that a LBG/ xanthan
ratio of 1:1 always produces a gel, while a ratio of 1:3 results in a weak gel at 75°C and a
ratio of 1:9 never results in the formation of a real gel. These results indicated that the
properties of the complex polysaccharide gel might be controlled by varying the preparation
temperature and/or the weight ratio between the two polymers.[33]
As can be seen, information on xanthan gum/locust been gum synergy and gelling
mechanism is varied. In fact, although many efforts continue to elucidate the interaction, with
some recent works providing new evidences, a wide debate is still open in the subject. The
synergy interaction between both polymers is so effective that gels have been proposed in
pharmaceutical applications for retard release purposes and tablet formulations already exist
comprising of this polysaccharides.[34]
Liposomes
Chitosan is a natural polymer that is used to increase vesicle stability, in a particular study; a
poly anionic compound xanthan gum is allowed to undergo macromolecular complexation
with a chitosan polycationic compound and is studied for its effectiveness in increasing the
vesicle stability synergistically. The result of study was found that liposomal formulation for
pulmonary delivery have a positive effect by the liposome coating with polyelectrolyte
complex formed by xanthan gum and chitosan complexation.[36]
Hydrogel: Xanthan gum form superporous hydrogels that are cross linked very lightly in
order to enhance the swelling and absorption ability to a higher extent. Rapid absorption of
water takes place in the macromolecular structure through permeation and capillary action.
Sunny et al. have mentioned the synthesis of super porous hydrogels, using xanthan gum,
hydroxyethylmethacrylate and acrylic acid by free radical graft polymerization method. [37] It
was observed that xanthan gum does not form hydrogels readily but are only formed when
the aqueous solutions are annealed to a particular temperature and cooled suddenly.[38]
Matrix Systems: Xanthan gum is used in gum based sustained release tablets, not only
retards drug release, but can also result in time independent release kinetics with added
advantage of compatibility and inertness.[39] Jackson et al. reported that when xanthan gum
and ethyl cellulose were used in matrix tablets used in colon drug delivery, higher
concentration of xanthan gum showed more drug retarding capability than the formulation
with ethyl cellulose.[40] Sourabh Jain et al. reported that cumulative drug release percent was
decreases with increasing gum concentration. In one study, it was also found out that xanthan
gum showed higher ability to retard the drug release than synthetic hydroxypropyl methyl
cellulose.[41]
Niosomes: Shinde et al. observed that when xanthan gum was used in the preparation of
niosomes result in good spreadability there was change in the particle size also reported
compared to the formulation without using xanthan gum and the niosomal formulation
showed pseudoplastic behaviour. He was also found that the physical stability to be more in
formulation containing xanthan gum and even though at higher temperature there is chance of
enzyme leakage from gels, it was observed that chance of enzyme leakage from gels was less
when the niosomal formulation is converted to gel with the use of xanthan gum. Thus it was
experimentally proved that xanthan gum can be used as a gelling agent in the preparation of
serratiopeptidase noisome gel.[42]
release. It was found that the gold nanoparticle synthesized using xanthan gum was non-toxic
and biocompatible in the hemolysis study. They also showed high drug loading, stability and
enhanced cytotoxicity in lung cancer cells.[44] In another a study it was also reported that the
viscoelastic gel formed by the synergistic interaction of xanthan gum and guar gum mixtures
can lead to the stabilisation of micro and nano scale iron particles.[45]
CONCLUSION
Xanthan gum has been successfully used by many investigators for various approaches in
drug delivery system. Natural polymer like xanthan gum play vital role in different
formulation of drug delivery system. Different drug carrier systems was developed in order to
improve efficacy in drug delivery system so that degradation of drug during transport, toxic
effects due to rapid release can be avoided and better drug transport to the target sites can be
achieved. This also helps in reducing the side effects associated with conventional drug
delivery techniques. In all the above discussed formulations controlled release,
biocompatibility and biodegradability was observed which makes it convenient to be used in
pharmacological applications. Thus targeted delivery aids not only in maintaining the
therapeutic benefits but also in avoiding the overall toxic effects associated with the
conventional approaches.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors confirm that this article content has no conflicts of interest.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Great thanks to the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Aden University, for providing the
required facilities for the completion of this article.
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