Soil Erosion Example

CHAPTER 7
EVALUATION OF IMPACTS
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Cadangan Projek Pembangunan Ladang Hutan (Getah Klon Balak) Seluas 404.0 Hektar
Di HSK Ulu Temiang (Komp 17, 18, 20, 21 & 22 – Sebahagian), Mukim Olak Jeram, First Schedule
Daerah Manek Urai, Jajahan Kuala Krai, Kelantan Darul Naim
SK Timber Sdn Bhd (SKTSB)
7.0 EVALUATION OF IMPACTS
7.1 IDENTIFICATION AND PREDICTION ASSESSMENT
The proposed project is expected to generate impacts which could be both positive as
well as negative impacts. This chapter outlines the potential environmental impacts on
the existing physical, biological and human environment resulting from the project
activities as below:
 Planning Stage (Site survey, boundary demarcation, etc.)
 Planting Stage (Site preparation, site clearance, earthworks & field
establishment)
 Operation Stage (Maintenance & harvesting)
 Replanting Stage
 Abandonment Stage
The adverse impacts, which may arise, are normally limited to a particular area and can
be classified as a short-term impact and some impacts will occur temporarily in nature
during various stages of development. The undesirable impacts on the environment
which have been predicted from the proposed project will be mitigated and need to be
carried out by the environmental consultant through this Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) study.
The potential impacts are described in accordance to their probability of occurrence,

magnitude and duration of the impacts and their significance to the environment. The
prediction and evaluation of the potential environmental impacts of the project are
performed on the basis survey findings and relevant studies as well as the professional
judgment. The potential impacts, which could arise, are confined to a particular area and
only impermanent in nature during various stages of the development. These potential
impacts, either beneficial or unbeneficial, and its mitigating measures are discussed in
detail in the proceeding section of this chapter.
The activities, which usually constitute potential impacts, are site preparation, clearing,
planting, harvesting and maintenance. These are normal activities undertaken in any
plantation project development. The resulting impacts from the activities are identified
as the following:
 Soil Erosion & Sedimentation
 Noise Generation
 Air Pollution
 Water Pollution
 Ecology (Flora and Fauna)
CHAPTER 7 – EVALUATION OF IMPACTS

Page 7-1
 Waste Generation (Biomass, Solid waste & Scheduled waste)

 Traffic Congestion
 Socio-economy
 Health and Disease
 Safety and Security
 Abandonment
The process of identifying and predicting the potential environmental impacts was aided
with the use of an environmental impact assessment matrix. The matrix essentially
identifies the potential environmental impacts that may result from interactions between
the project activities of each implementation phase and the environmental components
or receptors likely to be impacted upon. The impact matrix format and an impact ranking
scheme that can clearly indicate the likely magnitude and severity of the potential
impacts have been employed for this EIA study. The potential environmental impacts are
identified as shown in Appendix K which also include the potential key activities and the
critical issues identified and discussed further in the subsequent paragraphs.
7.2 SOIL EROSION & SEDIMENTATION
During site preparation stage, which will involve in earthwork and land clearance
activities thus create a large area of expose land. Once exposed, erosion takes place
through a sequence of process starting with the detachment of soil particles by rainfall
splash, progressing onto sheet, rill and gully erosion. The factor of variations in rainfall,
runoff, soil, slope and cover conditions gives the non-uniformity in time and space of the
rate of detachment. The soil particles will be loosened from the surface detached and
dispersed on the way down to the lower area and usually tend to follow the water flow
into the sea. The particles will be slowly deposited under the base of the river. Earthwork
process can normally have deleterious impact on the environment if not properly
conducted. The main impacts of the proposed project will be the removal of vegetation,
land clearing and planting of timber latex clone (TLC) forest trees at later stage. The
damage increases with the interval of time between land clearing and plantation
establishment which the longer the delay, the more erosion, sedimentation and siltation
might occur on-site.
Sedimentation is the direct result of the soil loss (erosion) of sediments from other
aquatic areas or land-based areas. Sedimentation can be detrimental or beneficial to
aquatic environments. Human activities, however, have significantly enhanced
sedimentation as well as sediment loss. Sediment impoverishment or loss is generally due
to retention behind dams, bank or beach protection activities, water diversions and many
of the aquatic activities.

Page 7-2
Soil erosion and sedimentation can cause both environmental and economic impacts.
Environmental impacts may build up slowly and not produce a dramatic result for many
years when it will be too late to rectify the problem. Environmental impacts are related
to:
 The topsoil is usually the first soil material that is removed by surface erosion.
This portion of the soil profile provides the best plant growth medium in terms of
both physical and chemical fertility. The remaining subsoil is often more
compacted, perhaps rocky and infertile. As a result, the reestablishment and the
growing of vegetation are more difficult.
 Suspended sediment abrades and coats aquatic organisms.
 Excessive sedimentation paves the water body floor, blankets the bottom fauna
and destroys fish spawning areas.
 Turbidity due to the suspended sediment reduces light penetration and

photosynthesis, thus reducing phytoplanktonic growth and food supply to other
forms of aquatic life.
 Eroded soil contains nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients. When they are
introduced into the water system they could cause eutrophication and trigger
algal bloom, which will reduce water clarity, deplete oxygen and create
unpleasant odour and taste.
 The proposed project site is mostly drained towards the seasonal river tributary
(Sg Raba, Sg Perupok, Sg Cheneh and Anak Sg Cheneh) which is slow flowing
during the dry season. Therefore, the surface runoff will be directed to sediment
basin so that the sedimentation only occurs towards the sediment basin and can
the impact will only be significant if the mitigation is not properly implemented.
7.2.1 ESTIMATION OF SOIL EROSION
The purpose of the soil loss equation is to predict soil loss due to soil erosion process and
to provide a guide in conversation planning. The estimation of soil loss during the
establishment phases and blocks are based on two (2) conditions as follows:
i. No LD-P2M2 element and proper mitigating measures - soil erosion estimation

during development phase where the development is carried out without
implementation any mitigation measures.
ii. With LD-P2M2 element and proper mitigating measures - soil erosion estimation
during development phase where mitigation measures are implemented such as
an installation of LD-P2M2 tools before commencement of the field
establishment.

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The most widely used empirical equation for the prediction of soil erosion is the
Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE)
and Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE). The RUSLE estimates erosion
rates by mean of multiplying a number of factors including. rainfall intensity, soil
erodibility, slope length, ground cover, and the presence or absence of soil conservation
structures. The basic equation used was the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation
(RUSLE). The equation is as follows:
A=R*K*L*S*C*P
Where:
A = average annual soil loss in the proposed project site
R = rainfall erosivity index
K = soil erodibility index
L = topographic factor, L for slope length
S = topographic factor, S for percent slope
C = a cropping-management factor
P = conservation practice factor
An estimation of soil erosion was carried out for the following condition:
 During existing condition (pre-development)
 During site preparation stage without LD-P2M2 element and mitigating
measures (worst case scenario)
 During site preparation stage (development phase) with LD-P2M2 element and
proper mitigating measures
 During operation and maintenance stage conditions (post-development)
The amount of soil loss was calculated for each block development. Table 7.1 shows the
estimation of soil loss for the existing condition within the proposed project site. The
existing soil loss is in average of 4.86 tonnes/ha/year. Generally, soil loss occurs even
under natural conditions without human interference. High amount of soil loss is
expected to occur in the worst-case scenario when no LD-P2M2 element are not adopted.
The worst-case scenario is assumed when the land is totally cleared and left bared
without any conservation measures. The estimation of average potential soil loss for the
worst-case scenario is 161.56 tonnes/ha/year (refer Table 7.2). This value has been
classified as “Very High” level of erosion rate as refer to rate of erosion classification
produced by Department of Agriculture (DOA) Negeri Kelantan in Table 7.5 and
expected to be high and easily transported through surface runoff and badly damage the
rivulets, streams and rivers within the proposed project site and finally the nearby major
river. However, with the implementation of control measures and LD-P2M2 element the
average potential soil loss is estimated at 8.08 tonnes/ha/year (refer Table 7.3). And
during post development (maintenance, harvesting and re-planting activity) with proper
LD-P2M2 element, the average soil erosion per block is forecasted to be further reduced
to 6.46 tonnes/ha/year (refer Table 7.4). At this stage the proposed project site is
expected back to normal condition even though with different types of coverage.

Page 7-4
Table 7.1: Estimation of Soil Erosion/Loss for Existing Condition (Pre-Development)
Area Factor Value Amount of Erosion Loss (ton/ha/yr)
Planning Composition Pre-weighted Weighted

No. ton/yr
Block ha R K LS C P Average Average
%
Usable [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [2]x[3]x[4]x[5]x[6] [2]x[3]x[4]x[5]x[6]x[1]
1 Block B1 24.54 9.97% 15500 0.002333 28.23 0.03 1 30.62 3.05 74.90
2 Block B2 31.39 12.75% 15500 0.002333 42.13 0.03 1 45.71 5.83 182.92
3 Block B3 24.85 10.09% 15500 0.002333 32.76 0.03 1 35.54 3.59 89.14
4 Block B4 36.84 14.96% 15500 0.002333 33.16 0.03 1 35.97 5.38 198.30
5 Block B5 30.76 12.49% 15500 0.002333 37.61 0.03 1 40.80 5.10 156.80
6 Block B6 30.28 12.30% 15500 0.002333 34.62 0.03 1 37.56 4.62 139.88
7 Block B7 33.42 13.57% 15500 0.002333 33.39 0.03 1 36.22 4.92 164.32
8 Block B8 34.13 13.86% 15500 0.002333 41.83 0.03 1 45.37 6.29 214.67
Average Erosion Rate 4.86 1,220.94
C = 0.03 (Forested Area)

P = 1.0 (No Conservation Practices)
R = From DID Manual,2010
LS = GIS USLE estimation.
K = From DOA, average according to block planning
Table 7.2: Estimation of Soil Erosion/Loss during Site Preparation without LD-P2M2 Element
(Worst Case Scenario)

No. ha R K LS C P ton/yr
Block Average Average
%
1 Block B1 24.54 9.97% 15500 0.002333 28.23 1 1 1020.8 101.74 2496.73

2 Block B2 31.39 12.75% 15500 0.002333 42.13 1 1 1523.6 194.25 6097.38
3 Block B3 24.85 10.09% 15500 0.002333 32.76 1 1 1184.7 119.57 2971.35
4 Block B4 36.84 14.96% 15500 0.002333 33.16 1 1 1199.1 179.42 6609.86
5 Block B5 30.76 12.49% 15500 0.002333 37.61 1 1 1360.1 169.92 5226.66
6 Block B6 30.28 12.30% 15500 0.002333 34.62 1 1 1252.1 153.99 4662.71
7 Block B7 33.42 13.57% 15500 0.002333 33.39 1 1 1207.5 163.90 5477.46
8 Block B8 34.13 13.86% 15500 0.002333 41.83 1 1 1512.5 209.66 7155.71
Average Erosion
161.56 40,697.86
Rate
C = 1.0 (Bare Soil)

P = 1.0 (No Conservation Practice)
R = From DID Manual, 2010
Table 7.3: Estimation of Soil Erosion/Loss during Site Preparation with LD-P2M2 Element
(Development Phase)

%
1 Block B1 24.54 9.97% 15500 0.002333 28.23 0.1 0.5 51.0 5.09 124.84
2 Block B2 31.39 12.75% 15500 0.002333 42.13 0.1 0.5 76.2 9.71 304.87
3 Block B3 24.85 10.09% 15500 0.002333 32.76 0.1 0.5 59.2 5.98 148.57
4 Block B4 36.84 14.96% 15500 0.002333 33.16 0.1 0.5 60.0 8.97 330.49
5 Block B5 30.76 12.49% 15500 0.002333 37.61 0.1 0.5 68.0 8.50 261.33
6 Block B6 30.28 12.30% 15500 0.002333 34.62 0.1 0.5 62.6 7.70 233.14
7 Block B7 33.42 13.57% 15500 0.002333 33.39 0.1 0.5 60.4 8.19 273.87
8 Block B10 34.13 13.86% 15500 0.002333 41.83 0.1 0.5 75.6 10.48 357.79
C = 0.1 (Turfing 40%)

P = 0.5 (Sediment Containment)
Table 7.4: Estimation of Soil Erosion/Loss during Operational & Maintenance with LD-P2M2 Element
(Post Development)

%
1 Block B1 24.54 9.97% 15500 0.002333 28.23 0.05 0.8 40.8 4.07 99.87
2 Block B2 31.39 12.75% 15500 0.002333 42.13 0.05 0.8 60.9 7.77 243.90
3 Block B3 24.85 10.09% 15500 0.002333 32.76 0.05 0.8 47.4 4.78 118.85
4 Block B4 36.84 14.96% 15500 0.002333 33.16 0.05 0.8 48.0 7.18 264.39
5 Block B5 30.76 12.49% 15500 0.002333 37.61 0.05 0.8 54.4 6.80 209.07
6 Block B6 30.28 12.30% 15500 0.002333 34.62 0.05 0.8 50.1 6.16 186.51
7 Block B7 33.42 13.57% 15500 0.002333 33.39 0.05 0.8 48.3 6.56 219.10
8 Block B8 34.13 13.86% 15500 0.002333 41.83 0.05 0.8 60.5 8.39 286.23
C = 0.05 (Turfing 60%))

P = 0.8 (Buffer Strip)
Table 7.5: Rate of Erosion Classification
Erosion Rate (tonnne/ha/year) Classification

0 - 10 Low
10 - 50 Moderate
50 - 100 Moderate High
100 - 150 High
> 150 Very High
Source: Department of Agriculture Negeri Kelantan
7.2.2 SEDIMENT YIELD PREDICTION
Sediment yield is calculated to estimate the amount of total suspended solids loading in
the river or stream. The Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) is
recommended for sediment yield estimation of a catchment as a result of a specific storm
event. The following equation is used to express this empirical relationship:
Y = 89.6 (VQP)0.56(K.LS.C.P)
Where,
Y = Sediment yield per storm event (tones)
V = Runoff volume in cubic meter
Qp = Peak discharge in m3/s
K = Soil erodibility factor
LS = Slope/length factor
C = Cropping management factor
P = Erosion control practice factor
Table 7.6 shows the estimation of sediment yield for the existing condition within the
proposed project. The total value of existing sediment yield is 232.79 tonnes/event.
Meanwhile, estimation of sediment yield if no LD-P2M2 element and proper mitigating
measures being implemented on-site is calculated to be 13,749.79 tonnes/event (refer
Table 7.7). This amount of sedimentation is expected to be transported and producing a
significant impact and major disaster to the water quality of nearby streams, rivulets and
rivers within and surrounding the proposed project site as well as the nearby major river.
The estimation of sediment yield if LD-P2M2 elements and the mitigation measures
being implemented on-site is estimated at 461.08 tonnes/event as shown in Table 7.8
below. It is clearly show that LD-P2M2 element (proper terracing, collecting or diversion
channel, sediment basin, check dam, sufficient cover crops, proper scheduling, etc.) as
well as other mitigating measures had high capability in handling sedimentation problem
during site preparation and planting activity. And the sediment yield is expected to
further reduce to 428.37 tonnes/event during post development stage (maintenance,
harvesting and re-planting activity) if proper and regular maintenance work of the LD-
P2M2 element being carry out on-site (refer Table 7.9).

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Table 7.6: Estimation of Sediment Yield for Existing Condition

(Pre-Development)
Planning Factor Total

Block Qp V K LS C P (t/event)
Block B1 1.02 3681.00 0.002333 28.23 0.03 1 17.80
Block B2 1.31 4708.50 0.002333 42.14 0.03 1 35.00
Block B3 1.04 3727.50 0.002333 32.77 0.03 1 20.95
Block B4 1.54 5526.00 0.002333 33.17 0.03 1 32.97
Block B5 1.28 4614.00 0.002333 37.60 0.03 1 30.54
Block B6 1.26 4542.00 0.002333 34.61 0.03 1 27.62
Block B7 1.39 5013.00 0.002333 33.39 0.03 1 29.75
Block B8 1.42 5119.50 0.002333 41.82 0.03 1 38.16
TOTAL 232.79
Table 7.7: Estimation of Sediment Yield during Site Preparation without

LD-P2M2 Element (Worst Case Scenario)

Block B1 1.70 6135.00 0.002333 28.23 1.0 1.0 1051.24
Block B2 2.18 7847.50 0.002333 42.14 1.0 1.0 2067.54
Block B3 1.73 6212.50 0.002333 32.77 1.0 1.0 1237.58
Block B4 2.56 9210.00 0.002333 33.17 1.0 1.0 1947.22
Block B5 2.14 7690.00 0.002333 37.60 1.0 1.0 1803.68
Block B6 2.10 7570.00 0.002333 34.61 1.0 1.0 1631.31
Block B7 2.32 8355.00 0.002333 33.39 1.0 1.0 1757.47
Block B8 2.37 8532.50 0.002333 41.82 1.0 1.0 2253.75
TOTAL 13,749.79

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Table 7.8: Estimation of Sediment Yield during Site Preparation with

LD-P2M2 Element (Development Phase)

Block B1 1.19 4294.50 0.002333 28.23 0.1 0.5 35.25
Block B2 1.53 5493.25 0.002333 42.14 0.1 0.5 69.33
Block B3 1.21 4348.75 0.002333 32.77 0.1 0.5 41.50
Block B4 1.79 6447.00 0.002333 33.17 0.1 0.5 65.30
Block B5 1.50 5383.00 0.002333 37.60 0.1 0.5 60.48
Block B6 1.47 5299.00 0.002333 34.61 0.1 0.5 54.70
Block B7 1.62 5848.50 0.002333 33.39 0.1 0.5 58.93
Block B8 1.66 5972.75 0.002333 41.82 0.1 0.5 75.58
TOTAL 461.08
Table 7.9: Estimation of Sediment Yield during Operational & Maintenance with
LD-P2M2 Element (Post Development)

Block B1 1.36 4908.00 0.002333 28.23 0.05 0.8 32.75
Block B2 1.74 6278.00 0.002333 42.14 0.05 0.8 64.41
Block B3 1.38 4970.00 0.002333 32.77 0.05 0.8 38.56
Block B4 2.05 7368.00 0.002333 33.17 0.05 0.8 60.66
Block B5 1.71 6152.00 0.002333 37.60 0.05 0.8 56.19
Block B6 1.68 6056.00 0.002333 34.61 0.05 0.8 50.82
Block B7 1.86 6684.00 0.002333 33.39 0.05 0.8 54.75
Block B8 1.90 6826.00 0.002333 41.82 0.05 0.8 70.21
TOTAL 428.37

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7.3 WATER POLLUTION
Water pollution occurs when a body of water is adversely affected due to the addition of
large amounts of materials to the water. Water pollution and water quality are another
issue however, leaching of pesticides and other agrochemicals, runoff, sedimentation,
pollution by effluent discharge and hydrocarbon contamination all affect water and can
be significant impacts. Normally in an aspect and impact register, anything which enters
either ground or surface water has attached to it a significant risk factor as the magnitude
is spread over a very wide area and the impact is easily seen. The proposed timber latex
clone (TLC) forest plantation project was identified to have some potential impacts on
the river water quality during site preparation, planting, harvesting, maintenance and
also during replanting stages. The main contributory sources of water pollution within
this area are expected to come from soil erosion, sewage from workers houses, fertilizers,
pesticides and agriculture chemicals application. Excessive growth of these types of
organisms consequently clogs waterways, use up dissolved oxygen as they decompose,
and block light to deeper waters.
Suspended solids may adversely affect water users and the available aquatic ecosystem.
The impact is particularly significant if water users downstream of the site are
abstracting water for drinking as well as domestic use. Increased suspended sediment
load may degrade portable water use and fish spawning spots resulting in fishing activity
by local population hampered, while improper waste disposal from overall timber latex
clone (TLC) forest plantation activity such as oil, grease and other refuse may cause health
hazard. Pollution in the form of organic material enters waterways in many different
forms as sewage, as leaves and grass clippings. When natural bacteria and protozoan in
the water break down this organic material, they begin to use up the oxygen dissolved in
the water.
The proposed timber latex clone (TLC) forest plantation was identified to have some
potential impacts on the water quality of rivers during site preparation, planting,
maintenance, harvesting and also during replanting stages. Impacts on this water body
may indirectly affect the catchments capability for Sg Raba, Sg Perupok, Sg Cheneh, Anak
Sg Cheneh and its tributaries. There are four (4) significant potential water impact have
been identified with respect to the development of the timber latex clone (TLC) forest
plantation project such as:
i. fertilizers, pesticide and agricultural chemicals
ii. sewage and sullage
iii. oil spillage from skid tanks
iv. soil erosion & sedimentation

Page 7-10
7.3.1 FERTILIZERS, PESTICIDES AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL
A large number of these chemicals, with a wide range of different physical and chemical
properties are currently used in agriculture, where they have helped to increase crop
yields. As analytical methods become more sophisticated, agricultural chemicals have
been detected in water supplies more frequently. Coinciding with the increasing use of
fertilizers is a growing use of pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals for the control of
insects, weeds and fungal pathogens.
The degree to which agricultural chemicals can enter into groundwater through normal
agricultural use depends on a number of factors. These include the extent to which the
chemicals are absorbed onto organic matter in soils, the extent to which they are
volatized from the soil, the rate of degradation within the soil, their solubility in water
and the amount of percolating water that is available to mobilize them. The degree to
which such chemicals can contaminate runoff to surface waters depends mainly on local
rainfall and the extent to which the chemicals are absorbed onto soil.
The highest concentrations of agricultural chemicals in water supplies generally result

from the percolation of contaminated runoff into natural and human-made pathways
through the soils, although over spraying of water courses and poor disposal practices
may also be important. Groundwater may be contaminated by leaching through highly
cracked soils and fissured rocks. Some very soluble and mobile herbicides may leach to
groundwater if they are applied at a time when the net movement of water is downwards
and there is little transpiration by plants. Agricultural chemicals are generally applied
directly to plants (foliar spraying etc) or to the soil, and concentrations in surface waters
are dependent on factors such as application rates (including over application and
misapplication), interception loss on plants, soil characteristics and climate (particularly
rainfall) and whether or not irrigation is used. Surface water is particularly prone to
contamination by poor agricultural practices, such as inappropriate disposal of excess
chemicals, water from the washing of application equipment and spills. Other important
potential point sources of contamination include chemical storage facilities (particularly
those near water sources), mixing sites for chemicals and animal treatment sites (e.g. dips
and sprays) where concentrations, and the chance of spills, are likely to be high.
Pollutant reaching waters can be related either to point sources or to diffuse (non-point)
sources, according to its pathway and characteristics. Point sources of water pollution
such as those from industries and sewage treatments works are more easily identified,
measured, and amenable to practical control. In contrast, diffuse sources of pollution
from non-point locations (e.g. the land surface or the atmosphere) are by nature, more
difficult to identify, measure and control. Fertilizer and pesticide chemicals in agriculture
land are one from of non-point sources of water pollution. Agricultural run-off containing
nitrates and phosphates from excessive fertilizer use can lead to waterways (both
freshwater and marine) becoming enriched with nutrients, beyond levels that can be
absorbed or dissipated by the natural system. This enrichment can promote algal blooms.
These may directly damage ecosystems through the release of toxins, or prevent sunlight
reaching aquatic plants growing in deeper water. These plants are then unable to
Page 7-11
photosynthesis, and so die and decay. The decay process uses up oxygen, leading to
hypoxic (low oxygen) conditions, causing further death and decay of aquatic organisms
(eutrophication).
During planting activity stage, the application of fertilizer will be applied to the nursery
and transplanting stage. Over dosage of fertilizer will cause excessive nutrients enter
waterbodies and cause algal bloom in the lakes. Accurate amount of fertilizers applied at
the correct time will not pose the environmental hazards mentioned above, as all of
applied fertilizers will be absorbed by the roots of trees. Furthermore, proper storage of
fertilizers will assure maximum values and environmental protection for the nearby
water body. Normally in plantation, herbicides are more widely used compared to the
usage of pesticide. As a result, the impacts of pesticides are not significant.
7.3.2 SEWAGE
Sewage will be generated by workers employed in the proposed project site during the
site preparation and field maintenance stages. The most common parameters related to
improper sewage treatment are COD, BOD 5 , NH 3 N and E-coli. The depletion of DO level,
elevation in COD, BOD 5 and microbial counts in the surrounding waterways may result
in anaerobic conditions. All these may lead to a reduction in dissolved oxygen levels,
deterioration in the water quality, possibly cause eutrophication and emit odor, creating
an unpleasant environment. The magnitude of the impact will depend on the actual
population and the strategies put in place to avoid pollution of this nature.
Approximately 15 - 20 workers are expected to be involved in the development stage of

the timber latex clone (TLC) forest plantation. Based on the number of base camp and
quarters that will be constructed for staff and workers, a proper sewage facility (toilet
and etc.) will be provided to manage the sewage discharged. The estimation of the
(workers) population equivalent (PE) is important to determine the type of sewage
treatment system that should be built in the workers camp following the Malaysian
Sewerage Industry Guidelines for Sewage Treatment Plants, published by the
National Water Services Commission (SPAN). Therefore, any sewage discharge from
the above area must comply with Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulation (2009)
as prescribed.
7.3.3 OIL SPILLAGE FROM SKID TANKS AND OTHERS
Accidental oil spillage can happen from the skid tanks area or the schedule waste storage
area which will pollute the river. Spills may include liquids or solid or semi-solid
materials that may potentially cause water pollution to the river and water channel
nearby. Improper management of skid tank or fuel tank and machineries could lead to
water pollution when there is oil and grease leakage and spillage. During minor repairs
and maintenance of machineries on site, there will be a potential for oil and grease
pollution due to the improper handling of fuels, waste oils and lubricants. The oil and
Page 7-12
grease might be washed out into the water body during the heavy rainfall. This will
degrade the water quality and affect the aquatic lives.
7.3.4 POTENTIAL IMPACT OF WATER QUALITY FOR TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID
Soil erosion will occur if the land clearing and earthwork activities during the land
preparation stage are done without a proper control plan. The typical impact that may
arise from this soil erosion is sedimentation. Sedimentation is the process whereby
detached particles generated by erosion are deposited elsewhere on the land, river or
stream. High flow of surface runoff will make it worst. Deposition of sediment occurs
when soil-laden water slows enough to allow the different sized particles to settle out and
may result in degradation of water quality, the total suspended solids level increase as
well as an increment in turbidity level. Water quality modelling has been carried out to
determine the carrying capacity or sediment transport of Sg Raba, Sg Perupok, Sg Cheneh,
Anak Sg Cheneh and its tributaries to absorb contaminants.
7.3.4.1 WATER QUALITY MODELLING
The water quality model used to assess the impact of the proposed development was
QUAL2K. The QUAL2K model is used for waste load allocations, discharge permit
allocations, and other pollution evaluations. QUAL2K is applicable to well mixed
dendritic streams where the major transport mechanisms of advection and dispersion
are only significant along the longitudinal axis of flow for a stream. Streamflow and input
of waste loads are considered to be constant i.e. in steady state during the simulation
period. A river is represented in the QUAL2K model as a linked group of streams and
tributary reaches that consist of headwaters (the beginning of a stream reach) and
sequential strings of completely mixed reactors, which are referred to as computational
elements. Within each reach, all the computational elements have the same average
depth, stream slope, channel cross-section, and biological/chemical rate constants. The
QUAL2K model calculates a flow and mass balance for each computational element. This
model capable to show contaminants transportation along river stretch and river
assimilation rate. The model uses 1-D modeling principle, of which the river is assumed
to be fully-mixed vertically and laterally. The model also works in steady-state hydraulic
and steady flow. A steady-state flow balance is implemented for each model reach as
follows.
Q i = Q i-1 + Q in, I – Q out,I – Q evap, i
Qi = Outflow from element I into the downstream element I + 1 (m3/day)

Q i+1 = Outflow from reach i+1 (m3/day)
Qi -1 = Inflow from the upstream reach i-1(m3/day)
Q in,i = Total inflow into the reach from point or nonpoint sources (m3/day)
Q evap,I = is the outflow due to evaporation (m3/day).

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For this study, the simulation for Total Suspended Solids (TSS) was conducted to predict
the level of TSS accrued from the project site. Only total suspended solids (TSS) was
modelled, as it is thought to be the most relevant parameter related to potential impacts
from land clearing activities towards water environment. The TSS discharges will
potentially affect Sg Raba, Sg Perupok, Sg Cheneh, Anak Sg Cheneh and its tributaries. The
result and full report of Water Quality Modelling (WQM) was attached in Appendix G.
The level of TSS from simulation shall be compared with National Water Quality
Standard for Malaysia (NWQSM).
7.4 AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution is defined as the transfer of harmful amounts of natural and synthetic
materials into the atmosphere as direct or indirect consequence of human activity. Major
air pollution could be generated during the site preparation activity and traffic
movements during the plantation and operational stages. The disposal of uprooted
vegetation and trees, could be a short term but significant impact to the localized area
surrounding, if it is being carry out without proper management control. Air pollutant
emitted would be dust and smoke that could result in haze problem. Vehicle movements
will result in higher level in carbon release and lead particulate including gaseous
pollutant such as CO, CO 2 , SO 2 and NOx. Being exposed in a long period and high density
of these gaseous pollutant may give an indirectly impact not only to the surrounding
material but also to human life. The potential impacts of the proposed development on
air quality would occur mostly during the site preparation and planting phases which are
summarized as follow:
 Dust generated during site preparation activity especially trucks and bulldozers
and also movement of vehicle within the site.
 Increasing the level of CO, CO 2 , SO 2 and NOx from the vehicle movement and plant
machinery.
 Generation of the particulates and suspended particulate matter from various
traffic sources.
A part of that, the “greenhouse effect” may become a serious issue if the plantation project
is being carried out without proper environmental management. Even though it is more
consider as a global issue and very hard to proof it but with an environmental knowledge
in implementing the plantation activity, it may contribute in preventing the greenhouse
effect. Greenhouse effect can lead to rapid temperature rise and could resulted in several
consequences as highlighted:
 These changes in global temperature, although apparently small, could cause very
large changes in climate.
 A rapid extinction of species.

Page 7-14
 Rising sea levels – water expands as it warms and glaciers melt, adding water to
the oceans, thus we can expect widespread flooding of coastal areas as sea levels
rise.
 Greater frequency and scale of extreme weather conditions, e.g. drought and
flood. Changes in the distribution of disease-bearing organisms so that people,
domestic, animals, and crops might be exposed to diseases previously absent
from an area.
The proposed project site is covered and surrounded by forest and agricultural land.
There will be no major impacts on the air quality due to this proposed project
development. However, a temporary and short-term impact on air quality may be caused
due to airborne dusts arising from the site clearing activities. There could also be some
air pollutants produced by vehicles used for plantation preparation. The wind speed will
also influence the dust concentration in the air. Air pollutants such as particulate matter
(PM), sulphur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO) emitted
from the exhaust of transport vehicles and other machineries during the development
phase can pose some risks to human health such as asthma, default in breathing, etc. Even
though the impact is temporary and short term, recommended mitigation measures shall
be implemented to reduce the potential impacts. During site clearing, there will be a
significant amount of biomass. Open burning is strictly prohibited under the
Environmental Quality Act, 1974, Section 29A (1).
The “greenhouse effect” may possible occur if felling and earthwork activity being carry
out one shot at the proposed project site without immediately planting the timber latex
clone (TLC) plantation trees and cover crops as recommended. If this happens it may
reduce the volume biomass sink, thus increase the level of carbon dioxide and at the same
time depleting the level of oxygen in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is also expected to
influence intensely the process of depletion of ozone layer, which would further make the
climate hot. Mosquitoes may have longer life and breed in larger numbers due to global
warming and hence may spread malaria. Warmer and humid conditions may also
enhance the growth of bacteria and molds and their toxic products resulting in increased
amounts of contaminated and spoilt food. This situation however is expected to be a short
terms event only and mainly occur during the initial part of overall project development.
The air quality impact during planting activities is expected to be contributed by the dust
from vehicles movement. Some smoke expected from combustion engine of machineries
but it is not significant and will not be damaging to the surrounding area. Some smoke
expected from combustion engine of machineries but it is not significant. As suspended
particulate matter is the only significant air pollution emitted from timber latex clone
(TLC) forest plantation operations, the assessment involved predicting the particulate
matter PM 10 concentrations in ambient air is required by the Department of
Environment (DOE) Malaysia in its latest gazette, Malaysia Ambient Air Quality
Standard, 2020.
During the maintenance and harvesting stage include the process whereby the planted
timber latex clone (TLC) forest trees are maintained by controlling of disease, weed and
Page 7-15
pests activities. Once the timber latex clone (TLC) forest plantation is established, air
pollution will not be a major concern during these phases. The movement of vehicles and
machinery during estate maintenance is reduced so dust dispersion will not be
significant. Spraying of agrochemicals in controlling weeds, pests and diseases could
introduce chemical pollutants into the air in the form of spray droplets suspended in the
air and swept away by winds. Again, this source of atmospheric pollution is temporary in
nature and can be easily minimized with proper control measures. Although the impacts
of air pollution are temporary and short term, some mitigation measures are
recommended.
7.5 NOISE GENERATION
The noise impacts during the development of timber latex clone (TLC) forest plantation
project will most likely be due to the noise generation by the operation of machineries,
equipment and mechanical works. It is expected that during the land clearing and
construction of the access roads, a few equipment will be used. Noise can be considered
as any unwanted sound that may adversely affect the health and well-being of individuals
or population exposed for a long period. The presence of unwanted sound is called noise
pollution. These unwanted sounds can seriously damage and effect physiological and
psychological health. For instance, noise pollution can cause annoyance and aggression,
hypertension, high stress levels, tinnitus, hearing loss, and other harmful effects
depending on the level of sound. Furthermore, stress and hypertension are the leading
causes to health problems, whereas tinnitus can lead to forgetfulness, severe depression
and at times panic attacks. Noise intensity is measured in decibel units. The decibel scale
is logarithmic; each decibel increase represents a tenfold increase in noise intensity.
Noise is recognized as a controllable pollutant that can yield to abatement technology.
Development of forest plantation activities are expected to generate the main sources of
noise within the proposed project site during site preparation, planting and maintenance
period. Noise from plantation activities usually come from movement of vehicle activities
but it occurs only during a fixed period. Continual exposure in noise pollution can be a
source of nuisance and distress for people. Among the common sources of noise during
development of timber latex clone (TLC) forest plantation activities include the following
matters:
 Chain saw and any other cutting tree machines.
 Generator and workshop equipment.
 Road construction equipment such as bulldozers, graders, scrapers and
compactors.
 Earthmoving equipment such as trucks, backhoes, shovels and front-loader.
Excessive noise level would not only be a nuisance to human and animal, but it can also
cause harm if any particular individual is being exposed for certain duration and various
noise levels. The mechanism for chronic exposure to noise leading to hearing loss is well
Page 7-16
established. The elevated sound levels cause trauma to the cochlear structure in the inner
ear, which gives rise to irreversible hearing loss. The pinna (visible portion of the human
ear) combined with the middle ear amplifies sound levels by a factor of 20 when sound
reaches the inner ear. It is proven that hearing loss due to aging is insignificant, but
instead hearing loss is associated with chronic exposure to moderately high levels of
environmental noise. High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects. Exposure
to moderately high (e.g. above 70 dBA) levels during a single eight hours period causes a
statistical rise in blood pressure of five to ten mmHg. A clear and measurable increase in
stress and vasoconstriction leading to the increased blood pressure noted above as well
as to increased incidence of coronary artery disease.
According to the latest Department of Environment (DOE), Guidelines for

Environmental Noise Limits and Control, Third Edition (2019) (Reprint 2021) the
receiving land use such as the nearby settlement areas shall be considered as Suburban
Residential (Medium Density) Areas where the limits shall be 60 dBA for day time and 55
dBA for night time. The DOE may relax these levels if it can be demonstrated that there is
no significant impact at the nearest communities. For DOSH, the noise regulation falls
under Occupational Safety and Health (Noise Exposure) Regulations, 2019. These
regulations place a number of duties on employers with overall aim of controlling noise
in at workplace.
Potential impacts during site preparation activity is basically from the machineries for
the cutting vegetation and site clearance activity will create an adverse noise impact to
the surrounding environment. The impact is temporary and will be diminished as the
activity is finished. There is also some noise from the vehicles moving in and out of the
site. During site preparation stage, higher noise levels will also be generated during the
maintenance of the machineries at the workshop located nearby the site office. In this
situation, there will also be some temporary displacement of faunal habitats and under
growths. However, the duration and intensity of these operations are short and localized
in nature. Hence, the adverse impacts can be considered insignificant and within the
control range as compared to the standard requirements.
The noise level is expected to remain significantly above the desirable 60 dBA during
planting activity stage, representing daytime outdoor noise level in a community.
Planting machineries and trucks may generate high noise level in excess of 85 dBA which
is a hazardous noise level for persons exposed for long hours. Impacts of noise from such
machineries affect only workers at close vicinity; therefore, they must be use ear
protection gears. In practice, attenuation by natural barriers and trees could lower the
noise level considerably. The development site constitutes a large area of trees and other
vegetation, which are very appropriate for the natural noise mitigation. It is expected that
the source of noise generation during maintenance activities be mainly from moving
traffic especially trucks, lorries and machineries which is infrequent. The potential impact
that may occur is similar during the early replanting stage of overall development. Noise
from the machineries for the cutting trees, site clearance and planting activity will create
an adverse noise impact to the surrounding environment. The impact is temporary and
diminished as the activities is finished.
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7.6 ECOLOGY
7.6.1 EXPECTED IMPACTS OF FLORA
Habitat Loss
Loss of natural habitats would result in reduced plant and animal populations and
diversity, due to actual removal, dispersal or mortality during the land preparation stage
and the fact that the remaining forest would be subjected to increasing population
pressure and lack of suitable natural habitat. Development would also imply improved
accessibility to the area, which would enhance the presence of humans and therefore,
poaching and illegal hunting pressures, which would contribute further to the decline of
wildlife and forest resources.
With establishment of the forest development project, it is expected that the natural flora
and fauna would be re-established, albeit not as rich or diverse as in the original forest
habitat. Initially, the open bare land surface would be colonized by hardy fast growing
pioneering species of herbs and shrubs such as bracken ferns (Dicranopteris linearis),
Mahang (Macaranga sp.), Senduduk (Melastoma sp.), tall grasses, Croton hirtus and other
weed species. Although the forest plantation is not ecologically sterile and an interactive
balanced ecology does build up in the plantation, it cannot support the range of species
that exists in the mature and, natural and virgin forests.
Impact on Flora Biodiversity

All the existing plant species at the proposed project site are mostly common lowland
mixed dipterocarp and secondary forest tree species in Peninsular Malaysia. From the
inventory carried out, there were 4 dipterocarps species which have concern in terms of
conservation status referred in the Malaysia Plant Red List. All 4 dipterocarp trees were
listed as Least Concern (LC) for conservation status in Peninsular Malaysia under
Malaysia Plant Red List (Peninsular Malaysia), although listed as Near Threatened (NT)
under Malaysia Plant Red List (Malaysia) for general conservation status in Malaysia
(including Sabah and Sarawak). These species are widely distributed and common in
forests in Peninsular Malaysia. All other plant species were not listed as having high
conservation value in the database.
Impact on Riparian Zone

There are several streams or tributaries flowing across the site in northerly-southerly
direction. The development of the plantation is anticipated to cause siltation and
sedimentation towards the streams should there is no allocation of buffer zone
(vegetated or non-vegetated) and best management practices (BMPs) being installed.

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7.6.2 EXPECTED IMPACTS ON FAUNA
Habitat Loss and Fragmentation

The impact of habitat loss is expected to be unavoidable since the intention of the
proposed project is to convert the degraded forest reserve to forest plantation of timber
latex clone (TLC). Nevertheless, the site preparation and development of the plantation
area shall be according to 4 Phases (8 Blocks) which in a way or another provide time for
the fauna within the proposed project site to retreat or migrate off-site to the
neighbouring forest. The impact of habitat loss is an impact which could not be mitigated.
Loss and Displacement of Fauna

Although the site preparation and development of the plantation shall be carried out in
staggered phases, there is possibility that not all fauna would be able to make their escape
especially those slow moving and small ones such as frogs and toads. Some fauna might
be loss during this migratory process.
Human-Wildlife Conflict
Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia (PERHILITAN)
defines human-wildlife conflict as follow:
“Behaviours or acts of wildlife species that may cause death, injury, property destruction,
damage of crops, depredation of livestock or could cause fear on public safety.”
The habitat loss experienced by some species to cause human-wildlife conflict which was
recorded within and surrounding of the proposed project site. These species can be
commonly found in human-associated habitat or when forested area being opened for
development. Conversion of their natural habitat could cause these species to feed on the
crops and damage properties.
Based on information and feedback gathered from PERHILITAN Negeri Kelantan

through letter ref: JPHLTN.(KN).90-6Jld.26( ) dated on 18th July 2022, based on the
mapping on the GIS there are streams and rivers close to the proposed project site that
may be a source of drinking water to wildlife. There is a record of complaints of elephant
disturbance and others species of mammal near the proposed project site within a 5.0 km
radius. It is expected about twenty (20) numbers of elephants from HSK Ulu Temiang
herd roaming within the area (refer Appendix E).
Shrinking of elephant habitats forces them out of the forests in search of food. This then
creates the human-elephant conflicts (HEC). During operation stage, there might be
conflict between human-wildlife. It is expected that there will be potential human-wildlife
conflict especially by elephant, long-tailed macaque (kera) and wild boar (babi hutan)
which were recorded within and surrounding of the proposed project site.

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7.6.3 CHANGE OF LANDSCAPE AND AESTHETICS
The proposed project will incur the transformation of landscape, from secondary forest
to an area completely covered with timber latex clone (TLC) forest plantation. The timber
latex clone (TLC) forest plantation activities and human presence will affect the
tranquility, landscape and natural aesthetics of the area.
7.6.4 CENTRAL FOREST SPINE (CFS) ECOLOGICAL CORRIDOR
Under the National Physical Plan, a master plan has been identified to link significant
forest patches into larger forest complexes across Peninsular Malaysia. One of the
purposes of linking these fragmented forests is to form a more functional and sustaining
ecosystem especially for mobile fauna where sizable and interconnected habitats are
crucial. The linkage is crucial due to the ever shrinking and fragmenting forested habitats
due to development including agriculture, road etc. For this reason, the Central Forest
Spine (CFS) has been established with the PLAN Malaysia (formerly Department of
Town and Country Planning) being the leading agency. Other main agencies for CFS
implementation are state and federal forestry departments and Department of Wildlife
and National Parks locally known as Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar Dan Taman
Negara (PERHILITAN). The proposed project was noted located within of the potential
area for CFS which is Secondary Linkage (SL) CFS1-SL1: Lebir FR – Relai FR – Ulu
Temiang FR – Jentiang FR – Serasa FR – Gunung Stong State Park.
7.7 WASTES PRODUCTION
7.7.1 BIOMASS ESTIMATION
Land preparation for a timber latex clone (TLC) forest plantation will result in the
generation of large quantities of biomass. During land clearing activities, the biomasses
are in the form of trees and non-economic vegetative wastes. Tree biomass is defined as
the total amount of living organic matter in trees and is expressed as oven-dry biomass
per unit area (usually in tonne/hectare). The volume of each tree (D2xH) was used to
calculate the biomass. To estimate the biomass, the following coefficients of allometric
equations of Kato et al., (1978) was used.
Y = 0.2544*DBH2.3684
*DBH= Diameter Breast Height
The proposed project site consists of high vegetation species and biomass value due to its
condition which were not totally disturbed. Estimation of biomass for the proposed
project site is based on the dbh measurement of the tree. Total estimated aboveground
biomass (TAGB) at proposed project site was estimated at 170.99 t/ha.

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7.7.2 SOLID WASTE GENERATION
Solid waste is not a significant environmental problem since the proposed project is
timber latex clone (TLC) forest plantation development activities and expected not to
generate serious impact to the surrounding environment. Solid waste is normally
produced at the stage of site preparation and planting. Most of the solid waste is an
agriculture waste and can easily biodegraded through the nature process. Based on the
past experience, normally the project proponent will stage the biomass and left to rot on-
site.
Site preparation activity will involve cutting vegetation and felled trees from the ground.
All the bushes and shrubs will be cleared at the proposed project site to allow for lining,
terracing as well as timber latex clone (TLC) forest plantation planting activity. All this
mass should be dumped aside after which are to be collected away or being left to rot
naturally. Quantity of biomass from plantation is significant. It is normally left along the
plantation roads or stumping points allowing them to rot to improve soil fertility.
However, these materials should be properly managed to ensure that they do not enter
the waterways.
During planting activity, the generation of solid waste is from polybags used. The
polybags will be taken out from the timber latex clone (TLC) forest plantation trees
during planting activity. Even though it was in small quantity, it has to be properly being
disposed at designated disposal area since it is hard to biodegrade through natural
process.
At maintenance stage, the generation of solid waste is from timber latex clone (TLC)
forest plantation branches that have been trim from the timber latex clone (TLC) trees. It
can easy biodegrade and non-toxic to the fauna. The solid waste generation also usually
depends on the estimated daily average population generated from the worker quarters,
nursery area as well as site office. The storage and handling of general refuse has the
potential to give rise to a variety of adverse impacts. These include odor problems if the
waste is not collected regularly, windblown litter, water quality impacts if waste enter
water courses, visual impacts as well as the attraction of pests, disease vectors and
scavenging animals (insects, rodents etc) to the proposed project site if waste materials
are incorrectly stored or accumulated on-site.
Replanting activity will involve in cutting existing old timber latex clone (TLC) trees from
the ground. All the trunks will be cleared at the proposed project site to allow for
replanting activity. All these masses should be dumped aside after which are to be
collected away or being left to rot naturally. Quantity of biomass from plantation is
significant and will be left rot naturally within the project site area. These materials
should be properly managed to ensure they do not enter waterways. Wherever, the
practicable, green vegetation, small branches and other organic materials shall be
disposed of via, mulching or composting in a suitable area within the proposed project
site. The disposal of cut vegetation by open burning shall not be permitted.

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7.7.3 SCHEDULED WASTES
In view that the proposed project shall consume diesel in its operation, an area must be
dedicated as a fuel oil storage area. Improper management of skid tank or fuel tank and
earthwork machineries could lead to water pollution when there is oil and grease leakage
and spillage. This substance can pose serious environmental and health or safety hazard
unless they are handled, stored, transported and disposed of in an appropriate manner
at suitable sites. The spillages are likely to affect surface water quality or aquatic ecology
if they enter surrounding water bodies.
The potential of environmental damage from improper use of this material is imminent,
as leakage from any of the tanks shall pollute the surface and underground water in the
area. Due to its flammable nature, if the fuels oils, leakage also may lead to fire. Provided
that diesel stored, transported and disposed in accordance with regulation and
appropriate measures, and then associated impacts shall be minor.
In addition, there will be waste lubricant oils and diesel generated during timber latex
clone (TLC) forest plantation. Oil and grease are categorized as scheduled wastes. When
oil spills on the ground, it can lead to water pollution. Improper storage and disposal of
containers of waste oils, agrochemicals and fertilizers will cause ground contamination
and potential water pollution. The proposed project might produce several types of
scheduled waste such as:
 SW 103 Waste of batteries containing cadmium and nickel or mercury lithium
 SW 305 Used lubricating oil from vehicle and machine maintenance
 SW 306 Spent hydraulic oil
 SW 311 Waste oil or oily sludge
 SW 312 Oily residue from automotive workshop, service station oil or grease
interceptor
 SW 408 Contaminated soil, debris or matter resulting from clean-up of spill of
chemical, mineral oil or scheduled waste
 SW 409 Disposed containers, bags or equipment contaminated with chemicals,
pesticides, mineral oil or scheduled wastes
 SW 425 Waste from the production, formulation, trade or use of pesticide,
herbicides or biocides
Hence, proper management of scheduled waste shall be outlined according to the
Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations, 2005 in order to ensure
adequate protection of human health and the environment.

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7.8 TRAFFIC
The proposed project site area is can be accessed from existing logging track and
established plantation road via Jalan Kg Sg Mengkuang (nearby road network) located at
south east part of proposed project site area. This access road is noted passing through
several types pf landuse area such as local community (Kg Sg Mengkuang and Kg Slow
Mengkuang), plantation area (Aura Kurnia Sdn Bhd, Beta Agresif Sdn Bhd and JFL
Agro Sdn Bhd) and forested area (HSK Ulu Temiang). Issue such as the increasing of
traffic movement, maintenance of road condition as well as river crossing structure, dust
generation, noise generation is expected may arise. There would be temporary
disruptions of local traffics due to vehicle movements carrying equipment and
machineries on the existing roads. Besides that, transport also has positive effects such
as improving the residential environment by allowing development in areas with new
roads.
During site preparation activity, some traffic congestion during the early stage of
plantation development is expected due to the vehicles moving in and out from the
proposed site. The lorries and trucks leaving the site would usually be loaded with
disposed vegetation and waste material from the site clearance. Currently, due to the
average traffic volume, the access road to the proposed project site could cater for an
increment of vehicles from the proposed project activities. Meanwhile during replanting
activity, the usage of heavy machinery, vehicle and equipment will be increased back
however the volume is much lesser as compared during the early stage of overall
development. Some traffic congestion during the replanting stage is expected due to the
vehicles moving in and out from the proposed project site. Table 7.10 shown the
potential impact and effect of traffic.
Table 7.10: The Potential Impact and Effect of Traffic
Impact Effect
Damage to local
Disturbances to roadside residents and other road
users
Effects on ecosystem and drainage
Construction Impact Land consumption and loss of property
Planning blight effects on wildlife, plants and the
aquatic ecosystem
Impacts on utilities and drainage
Employment/ business impacts
Safety and capacity impacts Accidents
Effects on the operation of roads and intersections
Vehicular impacts Noise & Vibration
Air Pollution
Physical damage

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7.9 SOCIO-ECONOMY
The nearest local settlement area which is known as Kg Raba, Kg Bunut Petri, Kg Jelapang,
Kg Pichong, and Kg Mambong Chegar Pinggan community area was found located at west
and north area approximately 0.9 km, 1.0 km, 1.1 km, 1.2 km and 1.5 km (straight
distance) from proposed project site respectively. The proposed timber latex clone (TLC)
forest plantation project is expected to generate employment opportunities both to the
local people and foreign workers. It helps to enhance the local economies. The plantation
might hire foreign workers to meet the needs of workers at the field, therefore, the
intrusion of foreign workers become a concern among the villagers although they are
provided with adequate accommodation facilities and utilities.
During site preparation and planting stage, there will be plantation workers from the
appointed contractors. Some may even stay at the quarters during the duration of the
project. The nearby local communities can gain a lot of benefit from the existence of
workers since they can offer catering services for those workers. The workers will stay at
quarters in the proposed project site. People always proposed project site quarters with
unhygienic conditions, prone to the spread of diseases, and crime. Local surrounding
community will always look with suspicious towards these workers, especially if they are
foreigners. Furthermore, this situation is aggravated with the attitude of the workers
itself of not caring for the hygiene, manners and local customs.
During maintenance and harvesting, the impact that may potentially occur is more on
positive impact. The project owner of the proposed development, nearby local
communities, as well as district members will gain a direct economic benefit from this
development once the overall timber latex clone (TLC) forest plantation project is in
operation and start entering the maintenance stage. Normally at this stage, project
proponent has to allocate huge amount of financial to cater cutting and felling of existing
old forest, preparation of the project site, planting and maintenance activity. Whilst for
the nearby local community, they will gain benefit in terms of job opportunity, small
business opportunity as well as will gain indirect economic benefits from this stage.
Residents from the surrounding area will have an opportunity to work for this proposed
plantation project.
The local government or authority can also benefit from this project by means of
increased revenue from taxes derived from quit rent and general services. The Gross
National Product (GNP) for the state will also increase as the activities will contribute
to increase the state income. It will contribute directly in line with the country’s
industrialization program. Plantation activity industry is expected to play a major role in
socio-economic development of the country. It will continue to be an important
component of the agriculture sector and a leading commodity in terms of its contribution
to the expert earnings of the country.

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7.10 HEALTH & DISEASE
Generally, the impact of health occurs because the lack practicing of hygiene.
Transmission of an infectious disease (Malaria, Chikungunya, Dengue, Thypoid fever,
Leptospirosis, COVID-19, etc) may occur through several pathways; including through
contact with infected individuals, by water, food, airborne inhalation, or through vector
borne spread. Transmission may occur through several different mechanisms.
Transmission of infectious diseases may also involve a vector. Vectors may be mechanical
or biological. A mechanical vector picks up an infectious agent on the outside of its body
and transmits it in a passive manner.
Several human activities have led to the emergence and spread of diseases as listed
below.
 Encroachment on wildlife habitats. The construction of new developments in
rural areas brings people into contact with animals and the microbes they
harbour.
 Changes in agriculture. The introduction of new crops attracts new crop pests and
the microbes they carry to farming communities, exposing people to unfamiliar
diseases.
 The destruction of rain forests. During the development of proposed timber latex
clone (TLC) forest plantation project, become more and more important since
there is a lot new development involve in conversion of natural forest area which
known to be natural habitat for most of insect, birds, reptilian, etc. Disturbance of
this natural habitat area may partially create havoc and force the forest living
creature to migrate to a new area either nearby undisturbed forest area or nearby
community area. This occasion indirectly may let human living nearby the
proposed project site area will become the prime target for this forest living
creature such, mosquito, fly, insect and reptilian.
Other than that, use of fertilizers and pesticides during operation stage also will give
negative effect to human health because they are exposed to toxic material. PPE’s need to
strictly enforcement the workers to avoid these bad negative happens in future. The
impacts shall be controlled from time to time with control measures such as supplying all
the workers adequate safety gears (earplugs, safety shoes, respiratory masks, etc.) and
its usage made mandatory. Workers exposed for long periods shall be sent for periodic
medical check-up. Wastes generated at the proposed project site shall be stored, treated
or disposed at approved dump site or within the plantation area.
Good and safe working procedures shall also be implemented and maintained throughout
the plantation operation. The workers only can consume the treated water before drinks.
Polluted water can be transmitted by the bacteria and virus. Table 7.11 shown the
human diseases transmitted by polluted water. The table below briefly explained all the
diseases and symptoms.

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Table 7.11: The Human Diseases Transmitted by Polluted Water
Disease Infectious Type of Symptoms

Agent Organism
Cholera Vibrio Bacterium Severe diarrhea, vomiting, fluid

loss of as much as 20 quarts per
day causes cramps and collapse
Dysentery Shigella Bacterium Infection of the colon causes
dysenteriae painful diarrhea with mucus and
blood in the stools, abdominal
pain
Enteritis Clostridium Bacterium Inflammation of the small
perfringens intestine causes general
other bacteria discomfort, loss of appetite,
abdominal cramps and diarrhea
Typhoid Salmonella Bacterium Early symptoms include
typhi headache, loss of energy, fever,
later, a pink rash appears along
with (sometimes) hemorrhaging
in the intestines
Infectious Hipatitis virus Virus Inflammation of liver causes
hepatitis A jaundice, fever, head ache.
Nausea, vomiting, severe loss of
appetite; aching in the muscles
occurs.
The virus that causes COVID-19 is mainly transmitted through droplets generated when
an infected person coughs, sneezes, or exhales. These droplets are too heavy to hang in
the air, and quickly fall on floors or surfaces. Mainly by droplets from someone with
COVID-19 who coughs, sneezes or speaks within a distance of one (1) meter. Droplet
contaminated surfaces and objects (fomites), by touching contaminated surfaces or
objects and then touching their eyes, nose or mouth. Common symptoms include fever,
dry cough sore throat and difficulty in breathing. Other symptoms include tiredness,
aches and pains, nasal congestion, headache, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, loss of taste or smell
or a rash on skin or discoloration of fingers or toes. One (1) out of five (5) people who get
COVID-19 becomes seriously ill and develops difficulty in breathing. Incubation period is
currently estimated to range between 1-14 days. Special survey pertaining to effect of
COVID-19 on Economy and Individual (Round 1) which has been conducted online by
the Department of Statistics, Malaysia from 23rd till 31st March 2020. Table 7.12 shown
the statistical data pertaining to effect of COVID-19 outbreak by industry. Agriculture
(agriculture and plantation, farming, forestry & logging and fishing) and Services sectors
registered the highest percentage of job losses compared to other sectors with 21.9% and
15.0% respectively. In Agriculture sector, 33.0% and 21.1% workers from Fishing and
Agriculture & plantations sub-sectors respectively had lost their jobs. The sub-sector
forestry and logging, 11.8% workers had lost their jobs and 5.9% had half paid leave.

Page 7-26
Table 7.12: Effect of COVID-19 Outbreak by Industry
Effect of COVID-19 Outbreak (%)
Number of Number of
Work
Half Paid Unpaid Working Working
from Lost Job No Impact
Industry Leave Leave Hour Has Hour Has
Home
Reduced Increased
Agriculture 21.9 1.2 6.7 21.9 33.3 1.3 13.7
Agriculture and plantation 23.5 1.1 5.9 21.1 33.7 1.2 13.6
Farming 12.9 3.0 10.9 19.8 29.7 2.0 21.8
Forestry and Logging 23.5 5.9 17.6 11.8 29.4 5.9 5.9
Fishing 13.9 0.9 8.7 33.0 33.0 1.7 8.7
Industrial 51.4 8.1 13.5 6.7 12.8 1.1 6.5
Mining and quarrying 69.8 1.2 9.3 6.8 7.4 2.5 3.1
Manufacturing 47.6 10.6 15.0 4.2 13.9 1.0 7.5
Electricity, gas, steam and air
54.7 4.7 7.2 5.3 17.1 1.5 9.5
conditioning supply
Water supply: sewerage, waste
management and remediation 48.0 5.5 9.8 5.5 23.0 0.8 7.4
activities
Construction 54.9 6.6 15.6 11.8 7.4 0.8 3.0
Service 44.8 3.8 10.6 15.0 16.9 1.5 7.4
Wholesale and retail trade;
repair of motor vehicles and 26.0 6.5 15.2 14.3 27.0 1.4 9.7
motorcycles
Transportation and storage 25.9 3.9 10.2 18.7 30.3 2.4 8.5
Accommodation 21.8 8.6 22.2 14.6 21.2 2.7 9.0
Source: Report of Special Survey (Round 1) Department of Statistics, Malaysia (March 2020)
Table 7.12: Effect of COVID-19 Outbreak by Industry (continued)
Effect of COVID-19 Outbreak (%)
Work Number of Number of

Half
from Unpaid working Working
Paid Lost Job No Impact
Industry Home Leave Hour Has Hour Has
leave
Reduced Increased
Food Service 17.0 3.2 19.1 35.4 18.8 1.3 5.1
Information & Communication 70.7 1.7 4.3 4.4 7.5 2.2 9.1
Financial and 59.2 1.0 3.1 4.4 23.4 1.5 7.4
insurance/takaful
Real estate activities 61.0 3.4 7.9 13.0 11.1 0.7 2.9
Professional, scientific & 67.9 3.0 5.3 3.9 12.8 1.0 6.1
technical activities
Administrative and support 63.0 2.5 6.1 4.5 15.8 1.1 7.0
service activities
Education 59.2 5.8 11.7 11.2 6.9 1.2 4.0
Human Health and social 30.3 3.0 9.7 9.7 23.5 4.4 19.4
work activities
Arts, entertainment and 34.1 4.5 11.7 38.0 7.0 0.7 3.9
recreation
Other service activities 41.8 5.2 12.7 18.0 15.0 0.8 6.4
Source: Report of Special Survey (Round 1) Department of Statistics, Malaysia (March 2020)
7.11 SAFETY & SECURITY
Safety and security can consider as one of vital things in plantation industry. Generally,
the safety refers to the procedures that need to be follow to avoid any accidents or injury
that might happen to the workers. While, the security is referring to protection that need
to be follow or taken for protecting the workers from all aspect such as wildlife, theft and
harassment. The potential impact that of safety and security in plantation area is basically
less significant than other project likes reclamation and industrial. Project proponent
should be considering and take seriously about all safety and security aspects. Safety
hazard might be occurring the due to the less convenient working condition and harmful
to the workers. In addition, the workers also exposed to the toxic chemicals in a number
of ways when spraying the pesticides activity. They will have exposed to the skin, inhale
and through the food and drinks if the hygiene not applied before take the food. Chemical
will be absorbed to the soil and will permanently affect the existing environment. Poor
and improper management of the machineries and vehicles involve that lead to the
incident happen. Failing to manage will affect the operational cost and increasing the
capital cost. Table 7.13 showed the statistic of occupational accidents by sector until
August 2021. Agriculture, forestry and fishery industrial sector recorded 11 cases for
permanently disability, 13 cases for death and 597 cases for non-permanently disability.
Table 7.13: The Occupational Accidents Statistics by Sector Until August 2021
SECTOR NPD PD DEATH TOTAL
Hotel and Restaurant 70 1 0 71

Utilities (Electricity, Gas, Water & Sanitary Service) 124 1 6 131
Finance, Insurance, Real Estate & Business Services 195 8 13 216
Construction 96 6 48 150
Transport, Storage and Communication 162 0 4 166
Manufacturing 2549 124 34 2707
Wholesale and Retail Trade 129 2 0 131
Public Services and Statutory Authorities 37 1 3 41
Mining and Quarrying 28 1 2 31
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery 597 11 13 621
TOTAL 3987 155 123 4265
Sources: Department of Safety & Health
PD = Permanently Disability
NPD = Non Permanently Disability
During site preparation stage, the timber latex clone (TLC) forest plantation activity will
involve the machineries and equipment such as bulldozer, excavator, tractor, and others.
Failing manage these machineries and vehicles will cause to accidental occurrences and
injuries to the workers. The minor injury is costly to handle. Costs can be for medical bills,

Page 7-29
wages lost, lost production time, retraining of new workers, damaged machineries and
equipment or personal liability damages. All the machineries should be handled by
competent person. The working hours should on the day and stop during the heavy rain.
Open burning during site preparation are not allowed that potentially lead to forest fire.
The access road will be passing the others plantation and need to get the permission. It
also a habitat for wildlife such as elephants. The precaution step needs to be prepared
and for any danger.
During planting activity, the using of chemical such as fertilizer and pesticides to control
the weed and pest. These chemicals will help to stimulate the growth. The workers need
to comply the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Meanwhile, during harvesting,
maintenance and replanting activity, the machineries should be park in proper shelter
and not be park along the road. All the chemical, fertilizer and pesticides control need to
be stored in good shelter. Any chemical spillage needs to be handled with care and follow
the procedure.
7.12 ABANDONMENT & REHABILITATION
The proposed timber latex clone (TLC) forest project could be abandoned at any time due
to financial, social, political problems or the occurrence of natural disasters or wars
within or outside of the country. Abandonment at these stages would be significant on
the biological environment due to unnecessary loss of habitat, flora and fauna. Likewise,
the project proponent would incur heavy losses, as significant investment would have
already gone into the proposed project. Impacts at these stages are the loss of topsoil,
forest cover and in situ biodiversity. Those stages impact include build - up of vegetative
debris associated with relogging and land cleaning, risk of wild fires and invasion of
pioneer species, sedimentation and siltation as well as loss of employment and business
opportunities. In addition, recently rebuilt roads could also provide access to a wave of
illegal hunters and loggers into the area. If foreign workers were not repatriated properly,
potential conflicts and disputes between local and foreign workers may be possible. All
these would have negative impacts to the environment.
If the proposed project were abandoned during the operation stage, the whole area would
be left with monoculture species thriving in the area. The impacts would be the loss of
biodiversity and genetic resources as well as a different ecosystem without many of its
former environmental functions. Cleaning and felling will only take place when an
alternative development plan is identified for the site. Although the possibility of
abandonment problem of the proposed project activity is very unlikely however, there
has to be a contingency plan setup by the project proponent in the event of this happening
in abnormal circumstances such as economic turn down, economic collapse or a poor
market situation, riots or other unpredicted calamities.
The abandonment situation could take place at any stage of the proposed timber latex
clone (TLC) plantation project. In addition, the abandonment activities may create a
Page 7-30
potential impact to several aspect of environment such as aesthetic, water quality and
socioeconomic.
 Soil erosion and associated sediment pollution and siltation – on hill slopes.
However, once rehabilitated, such adverse impacts will be neutralised.
 Flora, fauna and their habitat - if the low depression area is not rehabilitated, it
will eventually be filled with water, thus changing the habitat of the area
concerned. If the area is properly restored and revegetated, the forest
environment may be re-created and the original fauna return
 Aesthetics – to observe if the project site is simply abandoned without
rehabilitation.
 Water quality - abandonment of project site would result in increase in water
turbidity and siltation. Soil erosion would be accelerated from exposed areas due
to the unfinished site clearing and earthworks. The potential adverse
environmental impacts include indirectly long – term impacts on water quality.
The impact could be significant if no site rehabilitation measures are in places.
 Socio-economy to evaluate employment and business opportunities.

Page 7-31

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CHAPTER 7

7.0 EVALUATION OF IMPACTS

7.1 IDENTIFICATION AND PREDICTION ASSESSMENT

The potential impacts are described in accordance to their probability of occurrence,

CHAPTER 7 – EVALUATION OF IMPACTS

 Waste Generation (Biomass, Solid waste & Scheduled waste)

7.2 SOIL EROSION & SEDIMENTATION

CHAPTER 7 – EVALUATION OF IMPACTS

 Suspended sediment abrades and coats aquatic organisms.

 Turbidity due to the suspended sediment reduces light penetration and

7.2.1 ESTIMATION OF SOIL EROSION

i. No LD-P2M2 element and proper mitigating measures - soil erosion estimation

CHAPTER 7 – EVALUATION OF IMPACTS

CHAPTER 7 – EVALUATION OF IMPACTS

Area Factor Value Amount of Erosion Loss (ton/ha/yr)

Planning Composition Pre-weighted Weighted

Average Erosion Rate 4.86 1,220.94

C = 0.03 (Forested Area)

Area Factor Value Amount of Erosion Loss (ton/ha/yr)

Planning Composition Pre-weighted Weighted

1 Block B1 24.54 9.97% 15500 0.002333 28.23 1 1 1020.8 101.74 2496.73

C = 1.0 (Bare Soil)

Area Factor Value Amount of Erosion Loss (ton/ha/yr)

Planning Composition Pre-weighted Weighted

Average Erosion Rate 8.08 2,034.89

C = 0.1 (Turfing 40%)

Area Factor Value Amount of Erosion Loss (ton/ha/yr)

Planning Composition Pre-weighted Weighted

Average Erosion Rate 6.46 1,627.91

C = 0.05 (Turfing 60%))

Table 7.5: Rate of Erosion Classification

Erosion Rate (tonnne/ha/year) Classification

7.2.2 SEDIMENT YIELD PREDICTION

CHAPTER 7 – EVALUATION OF IMPACTS

Table 7.6: Estimation of Sediment Yield for Existing Condition

Planning Factor Total

Table 7.7: Estimation of Sediment Yield during Site Preparation without

Planning Factor Total

CHAPTER 7 – EVALUATION OF IMPACTS

Table 7.8: Estimation of Sediment Yield during Site Preparation with

Planning Factor Total

Planning Factor Total

CHAPTER 7 – EVALUATION OF IMPACTS

7.3 WATER POLLUTION

CHAPTER 7 – EVALUATION OF IMPACTS

7.3.1 FERTILIZERS, PESTICIDES AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL

The highest concentrations of agricultural chemicals in water supplies generally result

Approximately 15 - 20 workers are expected to be involved in the development stage of

7.3.3 OIL SPILLAGE FROM SKID TANKS AND OTHERS

7.3.4 POTENTIAL IMPACT OF WATER QUALITY FOR TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID

7.3.4.1 WATER QUALITY MODELLING

Q i = Q i-1 + Q in, I – Q out,I – Q evap, i

Qi = Outflow from element I into the downstream element I + 1 (m3/day)

CHAPTER 7 – EVALUATION OF IMPACTS

7.4 AIR POLLUTION

CHAPTER 7 – EVALUATION OF IMPACTS

7.5 NOISE GENERATION

According to the latest Department of Environment (DOE), Guidelines for

7.6.1 EXPECTED IMPACTS OF FLORA

Impact on Flora Biodiversity

Impact on Riparian Zone

CHAPTER 7 – EVALUATION OF IMPACTS