1.

Within one paragraph of 250 words, summarize the scope of study that is being appointed within
the concept paper of the research which includes:

 Background of paddy industry for the Indian population

 The objectives of study
 The problem statement stated in the concept paper.
 The collection data of the research
 The outputs/results obtained.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food for approximately 65% of India's population. According to the
article, Bihar and Punjab state play an important role in enhancing food and livelihood security. Bihar
is a traditional paddy-growing state, whereas paddy became the primary crop in Punjab following
the green revolution. In India, the Green Revolution increased agricultural production, particularly in
Haryana, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh. This article investigates the trends in cultivation costs and
profitability in rice production in two rice-growing Indian states, Bihar and Punjab, which have
almost opposite scenarios in productivity and input use. Data and research collected over the last 30
years revealed that the per hectare cost of paddy cultivation increased faster in Bihar but was still
double in Punjab, owing to increased use of fertilisers, agro-chemicals, and machine power. The use
of human labour in paddy cultivation decreased in Punjab due to mechanisation, while it decreased
slightly in Bihar due to certain areas that could not access the technology. Farmers in Punjab realised
very little income over total cultivation costs, whereas farmers in Bihar experienced losses in paddy
cultivation over the last decade, owing to low productivity caused by insufficient use of manures and
fertilisers, low adoption of modern technologies, less mechanisation, and insufficient irrigation.
However, Bihar's performance in paddy cultivation in terms of gross income to total cost has
improved recently, but more work is needed to increase profitability in paddy cultivation.

(238 words)
2. Discuss on several inputs used up in the production of paddy comparison with Bihar and Punjab
states.

Two rice-growing and production Indian states, Bihar and Punjab, have almost opposing scenarios in
productivity when certain inputs or resources are used to increase productivity. Bihar is a traditional
paddy-growing state, whereas in Punjab, paddy replaced wheat as the primary crop after the green
revolution. Several inputs that have been used up in the production of paddy comparison with Bihar
and Punjab states were seed, fertilizer, manure, human labour and bullock labour.

Figure 1: Major input in paddy cultivation in Bihar and Punjab (Table 3)

Based on the figure above, seeds and fertilizer that have been used up in the cultivations of paddy in
both states are based on kg/ha. Meanwhile, units for manure were q/ha, human labour units were
man hour/ha and lastly bullock labour were pair hour/ha.

Major Input:

Seed
Seed is the first input that has been depleted in the production of paddy in Bihar and Punjab states.
At Triennium Ending (TE) 1983, Bihar state used more seed for 15 kg per ha, then 20 kg per ha at TE
1993, 29 kg per ha at TE 2003, and finally 14 kg per ha at TE 2004. A new trend noticed by the state
agricultural department is that farmers in Punjab are using less seed because they are using different
methods for paddy sowing on their farm at the same time. Farmers in Punjab are growing kharif
crops, particularly paddy, in an intelligent manner by direct seedling on one portion of their farm and
transplantation on puddle fields on the other.

Fertilizer
Following that, fertiliser is the second input used in the cultivation or production of paddy in Bihar
and Punjab states. NPK fertiliser is used for fertiliser in both Bihar and Punjab. At TE 1983, TE 1993,
TE 2003, and TR 2013, Punjab states used more fertiliser than Bihar states. Farmers in Punjab use
more fertiliser than farmers in Bihar because farmers in Punjab are now forced to use more chemical
fertilisers to increase production due to soil degradation.

Manure
Manure is one of the inputs used in both Bihar and Punjab. At TE 2013, Bihar state used no manure,
whereas Punjab state used up to 24 q/ha. Even though Bihar did not use as much manure as Punjab,
they still use a small amount of manure in their production. According to the data, Punjab used
significantly more manure than Bihar. Farmers in Bihar are using less manure because the state
government wants to establish a value chain for Compressed Bio Gas. CBG is derived from biomass
and waste sources such as agricultural waste, cattle and cow dung, and other waste. The Bihar
government believes that CGB will lead to cleaner fuel, which will provide an opportunity for
entrepreneurs and customers to embrace cleaner fuel.

Human Labour
Human labour was another input used by both states. At TE 1983, there was little difference
between the two states. The difference at TE 1983 was only 30-man hr/ha. Following that, at TE
1993, there was a decrease in the use of human labour in Punjab compared to Bihar, which
increased the use of human labour. From 2003 to 2013, both states began to reduce their use of
human labour, but Bihar only reduced a small amount of human labour in comparison to Punjab.
Farmers in Bihar have a lower decline in human labour than farmers in Punjab because some of
them live in rural areas with limited access to technology. Bihar, as we all know, is India's fifth
poorest state. Over half of Bihar's population lives in poverty. Some farmers cannot afford to
purchase a paddy production machine. Farmers in Punjab use mechanisation to improve the
utilisation efficiency of other inputs, the safety and comfort of agricultural workers, increase
productivity, and reduce human drudgery and cultivation costs.

Bullock labour
Bullock labour was the most last few inputs used in each state. Bullock labour in Bihar began to fall
from TE 1983 to TE 2013, falling from 242 hr/ha to 30 hr/ha, which the different is 212 hr/ha. Bullock
labour in Punjab began to fall 33 hours at TE 1983 and 1 hour at TE 2013, which the different is 32
hr/ha. This time difference was too big for Bihar. Farmers in Bihar use bullock labour more
frequently than farmers in Punjab because Punjab uses more technology rather than the traditional
methods used by Bihar states. However, farmers in Punjab are increasingly using bullock labour as
the population of Bihar grows year by year and human labour becomes more prevalent.