Topic #8

Waves, sound waves, light

- Light waves are electromagnetic waves while sound waves are mechanical waves. Light
waves are transverse while sound waves are longitudinal. Light waves can travel in
vacuum. Sound waves require a material medium to travel, and hence, cannot travel in
vacuum.

Topic #9

Hardware and software

- A computer system is divided into two categories: Hardware and Software. Hardware
refers to the physical and visible components of the system such as a monitor, CPU,
keyboard and mouse. Software, on the other hand, refers to a set of instructions which
enable the hardware to perform a specific set of tasks.

Definition of compute and computer systems as a whole

- Computation is any type of arithmetic or non-arithmetic calculation that follows a well-defined

model. Mechanical or electronic devices that perform computations are known as computers.
An especially well-known discipline of the study of computation is computer science. While A
computer system consists of hardware components that have been carefully chosen so
that they work well together and software components or programs that run in the
computer. The main software component is itself an operating system that manages and
provides services to other programs that can be run in the computer.

Identification of internal and external hardware

- Computer hardware can be categorized as being either internal or external components.

Generally, internal hardware components are those necessary for the proper functioning
of the computer, while external hardware components are attached to the computer to
add or enhance functionality.

Definition of software

- Software is a set of computer programs and associated documentation and data. This is in
contrast to hardware, from which the system is built and which actually performs the work.

Types of Software
 bottom layer: it sits between the hardware and the application software. ...
 Utility software. ...
 Application System software. If you think of software as being in layers, the system software is the
software.
 The main components of computer systems
 Input Unit.
 Output Unit.
 Memory Unit.
 Control Unit.
 Arithmetical and Logical Unit.

Description and definition of each components of computer system

- Computer systems consist of three components as shown in below image: Central Processing

Unit, Input devices and Output devices. Input devices provide data input to processor, which
processes data and generates useful information that's displayed to the user through output
devices. This is stored in computer's memory.

definition of input and outputs

- An input device sends information to a computer system for processing, and an output device
reproduces or displays the results of that processing. Input devices only allow for input of data to
a computer and output devices only receive the output of data from another device.

Definition of secondary/backing storage

- Secondary storage is commonly used to store backup data that comes from primary storage. The
data is copied from the primary storage system to the secondary storage system through the use
of replication or other data protection and recovery techniques.