Sans10111 1

ISBN 978-0-626-23666-3
SANS 10111-1:2011
Edition 3.2
Any reference to SABS 10111-1 is deemed

to be a reference to this standard
(Government Notice No. 1373 of 8 November 2002)
SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Engineering drawings Amdt 2
Part 1: General principles
Published by SABS Standards Division

1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001
Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568
www.sabs.co.za
© SABS
Copyright protected. Licensed to Charmaine Moodley of Goba (Pty) Ltd. Single-user licence only; copying and networking prohibited. Note that only one
printout of the standard may be made.
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Table of changes
Change No. Date Scope
Amdt 1 1993 Amended to delete requirements and interpretation of tolerances of
form (geometric tolerances).
Amdt 2 2011 Amended to change the title, to change the designation of SABS
standards to SANS standards, and to update referenced standards.
Acknowledgement
The SABS Standards Division wishes to acknowledge the valuable assistance derived from
publications of the following organizations:
British Standards Institution

International Organization for Standardization
Foreword
This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS TC 59, Construction
standards, in accordance with procedures of the SABS Standards Division, in compliance with
annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement.
This document was published in February 2011.
This document supersedes SABS 0111-1:1993 (edition 3.1).
A vertical line in the margin shows where the text has been technically modified by amendment
No. 2.
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Contents
Page
Acknowledgement
Foreword
1 Scope ............................................................................................................................................. 3
2 Drawing sheets and materials ........................................................................................................ 3
3 Scales............................................................................................................................................. 5
4 Lines, letters, figures and symbols, and arrowheads..................................................................... 6
5 Layout of drawings ....................................................................................................................... 17
6 Projection...................................................................................................................................... 18
7 Sections and sectional views ....................................................................................................... 22
8 Conventional representation of common features ....................................................................... 29
9 Dimensioning and tolerancing ...................................................................................................... 39
10 Machining and surface texture symbols..................................................................................... 77
Appendix A Applicable standards ................................................................................................... 87
Appendix B Abbreviations and symbols.......................................................................................... 88
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Engineering drawings Amdt 2
Part 1:
General principles
1 Scope
1.1 This part of SANS 10111 covers the general principles of mechanical engineering drawing and
includes the preparation, dimensioning and tolerancing of drawings of mechanical parts used in the
fields of mechanical, civil and electrical engineering.
1.2 This part of the code does not include geometric tolerancing.
NOTES
a) The figures given in this part of the code are complete only in so far as is necessary to illustrate the point
under consideration, and are not intended to be fully dimensioned working drawings.
b) Except where otherwise specified, all dimensions on drawings are in millimetres.
c) The standards referred to in this part of the code are listed in appendix A.
d) Recommended abbreviations and symbols are given in appendix B.
2 Drawing sheets and materials

2.1 Sizes
a) Drawing sheets should be of one of the sizes given in table 1. Drawing sheets of lengths
exceeding 1 189 mm may be used in exceptional circumstances.
b) The smallest of the recommended sizes that is consistent with clarity should be used wherever
possible.
2.2 Layout of information

2.2.1 General
The layout of drawing sheets with regard to title blocks, parts lists, etc., and the printing style should
be decided by each organization to suit its specific requirements. Pre-printing of drawing and
tracing sheets should be done on the front face to avoid loss of definition in microfilms.
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2.2.2 Camera alignment marks
In the border at the midpoint of each of the four border lines of the drawing, a camera alignment
mark (centring mark) should be drawn in the form of an arrow or a thick line of length equal to the
width of the border (see figure 1).
Table 1 — Size of drawing sheets: ISO A series*
1 2 3
Designation Dimensions+ Width of border
mm mm
A0 841 × 1 189 20
A1 594 × 841 20
A2 420 × 594 15
A3 297 × 420 15
A4 210 × 297 15
* See ISO 216.
+ The permissible tolerances on these sizes are ± 2 mm for dimensions not
exceeding 600 mm, and ± 3 mm for dimensions exceeding 600 mm.
Figure 1 — Camera alignment marks
2.3 Drawing number

2.3.1 General
The drawing number should be placed in bold legible characters of height at least equal to the
appropriate value given in tables 4 and 5, in the bottom right-hand corner and, when so required, in
the most suitable position at the top of the sheet, above the drawing.
2.3.2 Revisions
All revised drawings should be marked with a revision character in the appropriate space in the title
block.
2.4 Drawing materials
2.4.1 Choice of materials
Materials that provide the maximum contrast between characters and drawing sheet should be
used.
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2.4.2 Pencil
Only pencils that will cause neither indentation nor smudging on the drawing sheet should be used.
Plastics-film leads are recommended for use on film, but these leads should not be used on
ordinary paper.
2.4.3 Ink
A black ink that dries to a matt finish (to avoid reflection in the lens of a copy camera) should be
used.
2.4.4 Drawing sheets
A drawing material that has a non-reflecting surface should be used.
3 Scales
3.1 Scales for preparing drawings
Drawings should be prepared to an appropriate scale, preferably one of those given in table 2. The
scale used should be clearly indicated on the drawing.
NOTE If, for a special application, there is a need for a larger enlargement scale or a smaller reduction scale
than those shown in the table, the recommended range of scales may be extended in either direction, provided
that the required scale be derived from a recommended scale by multiplying by a multiple of 10. In exceptional
cases where, for functional reasons, the recommended scales cannot be applied, intermediate scales may be
chosen.
Table 2 — Scales for preparing drawings
1 2
Category Recommended scales
Enlargement 50:1 20:1 10:1
5:1 2:1
Full size 1:1
Reduction 1:2 1:5 1:10
1:20 1:50 1:100
1:200 1:500
3.2 Metric reference scale 1)
All original drawings should be marked with a metric reference scale at the bottom of the drawing
and preferably placed symmetrically about a centring mark near the frame in the border. The scale
should be 100 mm long, with a maximum width of 5 mm, and marked off in units of 10 mm
(see figure 2).
1) The metric reference scale will serve to indicate on microfilm copies the size of the original drawing.
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Figure 2 — Metric reference scale
4 Lines, letters, figures and symbols, and arrowheads
4.1 Lines
4.1.1 Quality of lines
a) All lines should be black, uniform and bold.
b) All the lines on a drawing, including those added in any revision, should be of consistent density
and reflectance.
c) The lines on any one finished drawing sheet should be entirely in pencil or entirely in ink.
d) Each type of line should be of consistent thickness (see 4.1.2(c)).
4.1.2 Types of lines, their application, construction and precedence
a) Types of lines and applications. The various types of lines given in column 1 of table 3 should
be used for the relevant applications given in column 3. (See figures 3 to 6 for examples of use
of the different types of lines.)
b) Special lines. In cases where other types of lines are used in specialized fields (e.g. electrical or
pipework diagrams), the conventions adopted should be clearly indicated on the drawing, by
reference to the standard(s) in which they are described or by notes.
c) Line thickness. In general, no more than two thicknesses of lines should be used on one
drawing; however, for lines that do not represent a real feature, it is preferable to use two
thicknesses of those lines described in table 3 as "thin", (i.e. the thinner line for centre lines and
dimension lines, and the thicker line for certain physical features, e.g. hidden detail, outlines of
revolved sections, etc.). Where it is possible to restrict the drawing to two line thicknesses, the
ratio of thickness should be approximately 2:1.
Line thicknesses should be chosen from the following range, according to the size and the type
of drawing:
1) For ink drawings: 0,18 mm; 0,25 mm; 0,35 mm; 0,5 mm; 0,7 mm; 1 mm; 1,4 mm; and
2 mm;
2) for pencil drawings: 0,3 mm; 0,5 mm; 0,7 mm; and 0,9 mm.
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Table 3 — Types of lines
1 2 3
Line Description General applications
Continuous thick A1 Visible outlines
A2 Visible edges
Continuous thin B1 Imaginary lines of intersection
(Straight or curved) B2 Dimensions lines
B3 Projection lines
B4 Leader lines
B5 Hatching
B6 Outlines of revolved sections in place
B7 Short centre lines
B8 Bending lines
+
Continuous thin freehand C1 Limits of partial or interrupted views
Continuous thin and sections, if the limit is not a chain
(straight) with zigzags thin
D1 Break line
+
Dashed thick E1 Hidden outlines
Dashed thin E2 Hidden edges
F1 Hidden outlines
F2 Hidden edges
Chain thin G1 Centre lines
G2 Lines of symmetry
G3 Trajectories
Chain thin, thick at ends H1 Cutting planes
and changes of direction
Chain thick J1 Indication of lines or surfaces to which

a special requirement applies
Chain thin double-dashed K1 Outlines of adjacent components
K2 Alternative and extreme positions of
movable components
K3 Centroidal lines
K4 Initial outlines prior to forming
K5 Parts situated in front of the cutting
plane
* This type of line is suited for production of drawings by machines.
+ Although two alternatives are available, it is recommended that on any one drawing, only one type of line
be used.
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Developed view to show blank shape
Figure 3 — Examples of use of some types of lines
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d) Line spacing. To allow for the present limitations of printing and viewing of reduced microfilm
copies, adjacent parallel lines should be spaced at least 1 mm apart. (It is accepted that in some
cases the scale of the drawing will thus be violated.)
e) Construction of type F, G, J and K lines (see table 3)
1) Type F lines. As a general rule, the dashes and spaces should be approximately 3 mm
and 2 mm long, respectively, but longer dashes and spaces may be used on larger
drawings, provided the proportions are maintained. Except when a dash would form a
continuation of a visible detail line, a type F line should begin and end with a dash in
contact with the lines at which it starts and ends. Dashes at corners should be joined
(see figure 4).
Figure 4 — Type F line — Examples of use and construction
2) Type G, J and K lines. The long dashes should be between 5 mm and 40 mm long
(depending on the size of the detail) and the short dashes and the spaces approximately
2 mm long.
The centre lines should be extended a short distance beyond the relevant outlines and may also be
extended for their dimensioning. Centre lines that intersect should cross on the long or short
dashes and not in the spaces (see figures 5 and 6).
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Figure 5 — Type G and type K lines — Examples of use and construction
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(a) Developed view showing shape of

blank superimposed
(b) Adjacent components
(c) Outline of tool
Figure 6 — Uses of type K line
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f) Precedence of lines. In any view, different lines are likely to coincide. The outlines of hidden
features of the component may coincide with those of visible features, or a centre line may
coincide with a visible or hidden outline.
Because the physical features of the component have to be represented, full and dashed lines
take precedence over all other lines. Since the visible outline is represented by full lines, these
take precedence over dashed lines.
When a centre line and a cutting-plane line coincide, the one that is more important for the
readability of the drawing takes precedence over the other.
Break lines (i.e. type D lines) should be so positioned that they do not spoil the readability of the
overall view.
Dimension and projection lines should be so placed that they do not coincide with other lines of
the drawing. The following list gives the order of precedence of lines:
1) full lines;
2) dashed lines;
3) centre lines or cutting-plane lines;
4) break lines;
5) dimension and projection lines;
6) hatch lines.
4.2 Letters, figures and symbols

4.2.1 General
The essential requirements for lettering on engineering drawings are
a) legibility,
b) uniformity, and
c) suitability for microfilming, and photographic and other types of reproduction.
4.2.2 Rules
In order to ensure that these requirements are met, the following rules should be observed:
a) Characters should be clear and of uniform size and density and clearly distinguishable from one
another in order to avoid any confusion between them.
NOTE The following characters can easily be confused when badly formed or wrongly placed:
1) B, 8 and 3 5) C and G
2) 6 and 9 6) 0 and Q
3) D and O 7) 5 and S
4) 3 and 5 8) 2 and Z
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b) The same style, spacing and size of letters and figures (except for providing emphasis, as
recommended in 5.5) should be used in each note on a drawing.
c) In a drawing that may be used for microfilming, and for photographic and other types of
reproduction, the space between characters should be at least twice the line thickness (see
figure 9 and table 5).
d) The line thickness for lower-case and capital letters should be the same in order to facilitate
lettering.
e) Capital letters should be used in preference to lower-case letters, since they are less congested
and are less likely to be misread when reduced in size.
NOTE Lower-case letters should be used where they form part of a standard symbol, code or abbreviation.
f) Lettering should be either vertical (upright) or inclined up to 15° to the right.
Examples of acceptable types of letters, figures and symbols are given in figures 7 and 8.
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Figure 7 — Acceptable types of letters, figures and symbols (ISO origin)
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Figure 8 — Acceptable types of letters, figures and symbols (Universal)
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4.2.3 Size and spacing of letters and figures
a) Height and line thickness. The height h of capital letters is taken as the basis for dimensioning.
The standard values of h are 2,5 mm; 3,5 mm; 5 mm; 7 mm; 10 mm; 14 mm and 20 mm. (The
ratio between successive standard values is approximately 2 . This ratio is derived from the
standardized progression of dimensions for the A-series of paper sizes.) The height and the line
thickness of the characters on a drawing should conform to the relevant values given in table 4.
The value for both h and c (height of lower-case letters) should be at least 2,5 mm.
This means that when capitals and lower-case letters are used together and the value of c is
2,5 mm, h will be 3,5 mm.
Table 4 — Height and line thickness of characters
1 2 3 4 5
Character Line thickness Line thickness
Application Drawing sheet size height h (ink) d (pencil) d
mm, min. mm, min. mm, min.
Drawing numbers, A0, A1, A2 and A3 7 0,7 0,7
etc. A4 5 0,5 0,5
Dimensions and A0 3,5 0,35 0,3
notes A1, A2, A3 and A4 2,5 0,25 0,3
b) General dimensions. The symbols designating the various dimensions and spacing of letters
and figures are given in figure 9 and the values that should be used are given in table 5.
Figure 9 — Symbols designating the dimensions and spacing

of letters and figures
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Table 5 — Dimensions and spacing of lettering
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Dimensions
Characteristic Symbol*
mm
Height of capital letters h 2,5 3,5 5 7 10 14 20
Height of lower-case letters

(without ascender or c = (7/10) h – 2,5 3,5 5 7 10 14
descender)
+
Spacing between characters a = (2/10) h 0,5 0,7 1 1,4 2 2,8 4
Spacing between base lines, b = (14/10) h 3,5 5 7 10 14 20 28

min.
Spacing between words, min. e = (6/10) h 1,5 2,1 3 4,2 6 8,4 12

Thickness of lines (in ink) d = (1/10) h 0,25 0,35 0,5 0,7 1 1,4 2
*See figure 9.
+
Proportional spacing, where the space between each pair of letters is varied, is also acceptable.
4.3 Arrowheads
a) The arrowhead should be drawn as a short line forming barbs at any convenient included angle
between 15° and 90°. The arrowhead may be open, closed, or closed and filled in.
b) The size of the arrowhead should be proportionate to the size of the drawing, but not larger than
is necessary for clarity.
c) Only one style of arrowhead termination should be used on a single drawing.
5 Layout of drawings
5.1 Information
The necessary information (on the drawing) should be given in a clear, concise manner and the
drawing should not be complicated by over-elaborate and unnecessary views or with verbose
notes.
5.2 Spacing
Details of components, views and notes should be spaced far enough apart to give clarity to the
finished drawing.
5.3 Notes
Notes should be placed adjacent to the details of components or views to which they refer unless
this reduces clarity, in which case the notes should be tabulated.
5.4 Underlining
Notes on drawings should not be underlined.
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5.5 Emphasizing
Where a note or heading has to be emphasized, the characters should be larger than those used
for other notes or headings.
6 Projection
6.1 Designation of views
The views depicted in a drawing are designated as shown in figure 10.
Front view – View in direction of arrow A

Top view – View in direction of arrow B
Left view – View in direction of arrow C
Right view – View in direction of arrow D
Bottom view – View in direction of arrow E
Rear view – View in direction of arrow F
Figure 10 — Designation of views
6.2 Systems of projection

Either first angle projection (see 6.2.1) or third angle projection (see 6.2.2) should be used, and the
system of projection used should be clearly indicated, by means of a symbol (see figures 11
and 12) adjacent to the scale or by means of a note prominently shown on the drawing. Where a
particular view is not projected in accordance with the system generally adopted on the drawing, or
where there is any doubt as to which system of projection has been used for a view, a note should
be added, with an arrow to indicate the direction of viewing.
6.2.1 First angle projection
In first angle projection, with reference to the front view, A, the other views should be arranged as
follows (see figure 11):
a) top view, B, is placed below;
b) left view, C, is placed on the right;
c) right view, d, is placed on the left;
d) bottom view, e, is placed above; and
e) rear view, f, is placed on either the left or the right, as convenient.
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NOTE A, B, C are primary views (first choice) and

d, e, f are secondary views (second choice).
Figure 11 — First angle projection
6.2.2 Third angle projection
In third angle projection, with reference to the front view, A, the other views should be arranged as
follows (see figure 12):
a) top view, B, is placed above;
b) left view, c, is placed on the left;
c) right view, D, is placed on the right;
d) bottom view, e, is placed below; and
e) rear view, f, is placed on either the left or the right, as convenient.
NOTE A, B, D are primary views (first choice) and

c e, f are secondary views (second choice).
Figure 12 — Third angle projection
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6.3 Number of views
The number of views used should be restricted to the minimum necessary for clarity.
6.4 Auxiliary views
Components with an inclined part or face may have an auxiliary view projected to show the true
shape of the inclined part, the direction of viewing being shown by an arrow (identified by a letter
when necessary) as shown in figure 13. Whenever possible, a view of an inclined face should be
shown in line with the direction of view (see figure 13(a)). When this is not possible, the view may
be placed elsewhere (see figure 13(b)).
a) Partial auxiliary view projected from a full view
NOTE View title and arrow may be omitted if the measuring is clear without them.
b) Auxiliary view showing true shape of inclined face
Figure 13 — Examples of auxiliary views
6.5 Partial and interrupted views
To save time and space on a drawing, partial and interrupted views may be used as follows:
a) Partial view of symmetrical components. A portion of a symmetrical component may be

drawn to represent the whole (see figure 14(a)). The lines of symmetry should be identified by
two short parallel strokes drawn at each end of, and at right angles to, the line(s) terminating the
view.
b) Enlarged partial view . When required for clarity, an enlarged partial view may be drawn (see
example in figure 14(b)).
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a) Partial view of symmetrical components
b) Enlarge auxiliary partial view
Figure 14 — Examples of partial views
c) Interrupted view . Only those portions of a long component that are required for its definition
should be drawn, the limits of the retained portions being defined by type C lines, and the
retained portions being drawn close together (see figure 15).
Figure 15 — Interrupted view
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7 Sections and sectional views
7.1 General
7.1.1 Section or cross-section
Generally, a section or cross-section is a view or an outline taken at a cutting plane through a

component that will be either a section or a sectional view.
a) Section. An elemental slice, having no substance, taken through a component, revealing the
outline shape solely at the selected cutting plane.
b) Sectional view . The resultant view at a cutting plane, revealing detail of a component not
otherwise readily visible, or including other visible outlines situated beyond that selected cutting
plane when seen in the direction of viewing.
7.2 Hatching
7.2.1 Standard hatching
a) Hatching should be used (preferably at an angle of 45° to the axis or main outline) to make the
area sectioned evident (see figure 16). Hatching may be omitted where the meaning of the
drawing is clear without it, but the practice followed should be consistent on any one drawing.
Figure 16 — Hatching of sections
b) The spacing between the hatching lines may vary according to the size of the section but should
be the same in all sectional views of the same component drawn to the same scale. Hatching on
adjacent components should be drawn in different directions or to a different spacing (see
figure 17).
Figure 17 — Hatching interrupted for dimensions
c) Hatching may be interrupted for dimensions and lettering (see figure 18), or where necessary for
clarity.
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Figure 18 — Hatching interrupted for dimensions
d) In the case of a large area, the hatching may be limited to a zone following the outline of the area
(see figure 19).
Figure 19 — Limited hatching
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7.2.2 Thermal insulation, glass, wood, concrete, liquids and brickwork
Where necessary, sections through thermal insulation, glass, wood, concrete, liquids and brickwork
should be indicated as shown in figure 20.
Materials Convention
Thermal insulation
Glass
Wood
Concrete
Liquids
Brickwork
Figure 20 — Sections through thermal insulation, glass,

wood, concrete, liquids and brickwork
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7.2.3 Section lines
The position of the cutting plane may be shown, when necessary, by drawing a thin chain line,
thickened at the ends and where it changes direction. Arrows indicating a cutting plane should be
larger than those used for dimensioning. Arrows and letters at the end, outside the outline, should
be added to indicate the direction in which the section is viewed (see figure 21(a) and (c)). When a
sectional view is shown in one plane along a centre line, a section line is unnecessary
(see figure 21(b)).
(a) Sectional view in one plane
(b) Sectional view in one plane along centre line

(section lines not required)
(c) Sectional view in two planes
Figure 21 — Examples of section lines
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7.3 Types of section

7.3.1 Half section
Components that are symmetrical about a centre line may be drawn with one half in outside view
and one half in section. When the sectioned half of the view contains an area of hatching that
touches the centre line, the centre line should be changed to a continuous thin line (see figure 22).
Hidden features should not be shown unless they are necessary for clarity.
Correct Incorrect
Figure 22 — Half section showing the correct and

incorrect presentation
7.3.2 Part section
A view may be drawn in part section to show detail that would otherwise be hidden (see figure 23).
Figure 23 — Part section
7.3.3 Revolved section
A revolved section (see figure 24) is used to show the shape of a cross-section on the view of the
component by revolving the cutting plane in position. A revolved section is a section (see 7.1.1(a)),
not a sectional view (see 7.1.1(b)).
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The outline of a revolved section is drawn with a continuous thin line. If a revolved section cannot
be shown or dimensioned clearly in position, a removed section should be used instead (see 7.3.4).
Figure 24 — Revolved section
7.3.4 Removed section
A removed section is also used to show the shape of the cross-section of a component. It may be
placed near the view and, if applicable, connected with the view by its line of symmetry (thin chain
line) through the cutting plane, as shown in figure 25(a).
Alternatively, it may be shown, conventionally identified, either in projection or in any convenient

place on the drawing (see figure 25(b)).
If a removed section is not symmetrical, one of the methods shown in figure 25(b) should be used.
In all cases, the outline of the section should be drawn with a continuous thick line.
(a) Connected with the view by its line (b) Conventional representation
of symmetry
Figure 25 — Removed section
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7.3.5 Sections of thin components
Sections of components that are too thin for hatching may be blackened (i.e. filled in solid), and a
space left between adjacent components (see figure 26).
Figure 26 — Section of thin components
7.3.6 Successive sections
The method shown in figure 27(a) should be used to show successive sections, unless lack of
space makes it necessary to adopt the arrangement shown in figure 27(b).
(a) Preferred arrangement
(b) Alternative arrangement
Figure 27 — Successive sections
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7.3.7 Exceptions
Ribs, shafts, bolts, nuts, rivets, rods, keys, pins and similar components should not be sectioned
when the cutting plane passes longitudinally through them (see figure 28).
Figure 28 — Rib, shaft, key, crank pin, nut and washer, not sectioned
8 Conventional representation of common features
8.1 Common features
To save time and space when a commonly occurring feature is being drawn, conventional
representations may be used, preferably in the simplified form, where applicable, as given in
figure 30.
8.1.1 Squares and other flat faces
Flat faces such as squares, tapered squares and local flats may be indicated by crossed diagonal
thin lines (see figure 29).
Figure 29 — Square on a shaft and flat face on a cylinder
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8.1.2 Other conventional representations
Other conventional representations are shown in figure 30.
Figure 30 — Conventional representation of common features
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Figure 30 (continued)
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Figure 30 (concluded)
8.2 Gears
8.2.1 General
Except in the case of an axial section, a gear should be represented as a solid component without
teeth, but with the addition of the pitch surface in a thin chain line. Detailed rules are given in 8.2.2
to 8.2.6 (inclusive). (See also the examples in figure 31.)
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8.2.2 Contours and edges
Contours and the edges of each gear should be represented as if the gear were
a) in an unsectioned view, a solid gear bounded by the tip surface, and
b) in an axial section, a spur gear having two diametrically opposed teeth, represented
unsectioned, even in the case of a gear that does not have spur teeth or has an odd number of
teeth.
8.2.3 Pitch surface
The pitch surface should be drawn with a thin long chain line, even in concealed portions and
sectional views. It should be represented
a) in a projection normal to the axis, by its pitch circle (the external pitch circle in the case of a bevel
gear and the median pitch circle in the case of a worm wheel) (see figure 31), and
b) in a projection parallel to the axis, by its apparent contour, the line being extended beyond the
gear contour on each side (see figure 31).
8.2.4 Root surface
As a general rule, the root surface should not be represented except in sectional views. However, if
it seems helpful to show the root surface also on unsectioned views, it should always be drawn as a
thin continuous line.
8.2.5 Teeth
Tooth profile should be specified either by reference to a standard or by a drawing to a suitable

scale. If it is essential to show one or two teeth on the drawing itself (either to define the ends of a
toothed portion or rack, or to specify the position of the teeth in relation to a given axial plane), they
should be drawn as thick continuous lines.
8.2.6 Assembly drawings (gear pairs)
The specified rules for the representation of gears on detail drawings are equally applicable to
assembly drawings. However, for a pair of bevel gears in projection parallel to the axis, the line
drawn for the pitch surface should be extended to the point where the axes meet (see the second
feature in figure 31).
Neither of the two gears of a gear pair should be assumed to be hidden by the other in the portion
in mesh, except in the following two cases:
a) If one of the gears, the whole of which is located in front of the other, effectively conceals part of
the other gear (see the second feature in figure 31); or
b) if both gears are represented in axial section, in which case one of the two gears, chosen
arbitrarily, is assumed to be partly concealed by the other (see the second, fourth and seventh
features in figure 31).
In these two cases, concealed contour edges need not be represented unless they are necessary
for clarity (see the second feature in figure 31).
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Figure 31 — Conventional representation of gears
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Figure 31 (concluded)
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9 Dimensioning and tolerancing
9.1 Terminology (see figure 32)

a) Auxiliary dimension. A redundant dimension given, without tolerances, on a drawing to provide
useful information (see 9.5.4).
b) Functional dimension. A dimension that directly affects the function of a component.
c) Non-functional dimension. A dimension that is necessary to define a component but does not
directly affect its function.
d) Redundant dimension. A dimension that is not necessary to define a component and does not
directly affect its function (see 9.5.4).
F = A functional dimension
NF = A non-functional dimension
Aux = An auxiliary dimension given, without
tolerances, for information only
Figure 32 — Terminology of dimensions
9.2 Dimensioning
9.2.1 General
Each dimension necessary for the complete definition of a component should be given once only
and, except for auxiliary dimensions, redundant dimensions should not be given.
9.2.2 Functional dimensions
All functional dimensions should be given directly on the drawing.
The application of this principle will necessitate the selection of datum features on the basis of the
function of the component and the method of locating it in any assembly. If any datum feature other
than one based on the function of the component is used, finer tolerances will be necessary and
components that would satisfy the functional requirements may be rejected for exceeding these
finer tolerances. Figure 33 illustrates this point.
This recommendation does not preclude the preparation of special drawings, wholly dimensioned
from a common datum point, to suit a particular numerically controlled machining system where it is
known that the overall accuracy of the system will be adequate to ensure meeting the finer
tolerances thus arising.
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(a) Assembly drawing showing functional requirement
(b) Components 1 and 2 dimensioned from functional surface
(c) Component 2 redimensioned using top surface as datum surface.

Tolerance have had to be reduced to keep the assembly within the
limits 12,55 and 12,37
Figure 33 — Effect of using a datum surface not determined by

functional requirements
9.2.3 Non-functional dimensions
Non-functional dimensions should be given that will aid production or inspection or both.
9.2.4 Dimensions not to scale
Where any part of a view is not drawn to the given scale, the note "Dimensions are not to scale"
should be added, or "NTS" printed after the relevant dimensions, or the dimensions underlined (see
figure 34) with a thick line. Underlining is not recommended for drawings that are to be microfilmed.
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Figure 34 — Dimensions not to scale
9.2.5 Equal dimensions
When a dimension is divided into several equal parts, the sign = may be used to indicate those
dimensions that are nominally equal (see figure 35).
Figure 35 — Equal dimensions
NOTE This practice is not recommended for precision work.
9.2.6 Precision work
In the case of precision work, given dimensions of the finished component are applicable at a
temperature of 20 °C, and this should be stated on the drawing.
NOTE The term "finished component" refers to the component in the condition in which it is to be used and
includes any specified surface treatment other than painting, lacquering or other similar finishes.
9.3 Projection lines, dimension lines and leaders
9.3.1 Projection lines
a) Type of line. Continuous thin lines should be used, so projected from points, lines or surfaces
that the dimensions can, wherever possible, be placed outside the outline.
b) Projection lines that are extensions of lines of the outline. The projection lines should be
started just clear of the outline and should extend to just beyond the dimension line
(see figure 36).
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Figure 36 — Projection and dimension lines
c) Projection lines that refer to points on surfaces or to points of intersection. The projection
lines should touch or pass through the points (see figures 37 and 38).
Figure 37 — Projection lines from points on surfaces
Figure 38 — Points of intersection emphasized by dots
9.3.2 Dimension lines
a) Type of line. Continuous thin lines should be used and, wherever possible, placed outside the
outline. A dimension line may, if necessary, be interrupted for the insertion of the dimension.
Arrowheads (see 4.3) should be sharply defined, and their points should touch the projection or
other limiting lines.
A centre line or part of an outline should never be used as a dimension line, but may be used as a
projection line.
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The introduction of an axis of symmetry can result in great simplification of dimensions

(see figure 39(a)). It is good practice to separate dimensions giving information about the position of
a feature from dimensions giving information about the size of the feature (see figure 39(b)).
(a) Dimensions simplified by the introduction of an axis of symmetry
(b) Use of the rule of separating size dimensions from positional dimensions
Figure 39 — Good and bad practice in the use of dimension lines
b) Dimensions from a common datum line. Except where space restriction necessitates the use
of the alternative method, the normal method (see figure 40(a)) should be used to give a number
of dimensions from a common datum line. In the alternative method, the dimensions should be
placed near the appropriate arrowheads, for purposes of clarity. A dot may replace a single
arrowhead to indicate the common origin of successive dimensions (see figure 40(b)).
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(a) Normal method
(b) Alternative method
Figure 40 — Dimensions from a common datum line
9.3.3 Leaders
a) Type of line. A continuous thin line should be used, terminating in an arrowhead or a dot, for a
leader line (leader) to indicate where a dimension or note is to apply. An arrowhead should
terminate on a line, and a dot should be located within the outline of the component or between
projection lines, where space is limited (see figure 41).
(a) Leader terminating in (b) Leader terminating in dots, (c) Leader where
arrow head and method of item references space is limited
showing the quantities
Figure 41 — Typical leaders
b) Leaders that touch lines. A leader should be so drawn that it touches a line normal or nearly
normal to the line (see figure 42).
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(a) Correct (b) Incorrect
Figure 42 — Leaders that touch lines
c) Long leaders. Long leaders should be avoided even if their avoidance requires the repetition of
dimensions or notes (see figure 43), or the use of letter symbols (see figure 44).
Figure 43 — Use of repeated dimensions to avoid long leaders
Figure 44 — Use of letter symbols to avoid long leaders
9.4 Units and format of dimensions
9.4.1 Unit of measurement
Linear dimensions should be expressed in millimetres and should be indicated clearly on the
drawing.
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9.4.2 Decimal dimensions
Decimal dimensions should be expressed to the lowest number of decimal places consistent with
the design requirements and the use of basic sizes.
9.4.3 Use of comma
A decimal comma should be used in preference to the decimal point, e.g. 24,505.
9.4.4 Use of the numeral "0"
When the dimension has a value that is less than one, the numeral "0" should be placed before the
decimal comma, e.g. 0,5.
9.4.5 Spacing of digits
Every three digits of a dimension to the right and the left of a decimal comma should be separated
by a full character space, e.g. 12 000,5 and 10,001 75.
9.4.6 Angular dimensions
Angular dimensions should be expressed in degrees, minutes and seconds, e.g. 22°; 22° 30'; 22°
30' 30". When the angle is less than 1°, the dimension should be preceded by 0°, e.g. 0° 15'; 0° 15'
10".
9.5 Arrangement of dimensions

9.5.1 Position of dimensions
Figures and letters should be placed above and clear of, and preferably near the middle of, the
appropriate dimension line and in such a way that they are not crossed or separated by any other
line of the drawing. Dimensions should not be placed in a hatched area (see figure 45(a)), unless
this is unavoidable.
9.5.2 Direction of reading
Dimensions shall be so orientated that they can be read from the bottom or from the right-hand side
of the drawing (see figure 45(a) to (d)).
(a) Linear dimensions written parallel (b) Angular dimensions

to the line
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(a) Linear dimensions written (b) Angular dimensions written

horizontally horizontally
Figure 45 — Dimensions orientated to read from the bottom or

from the right-hand side of the drawing
9.5.3 Overall dimensions
Overall dimensions should be placed outside intermediate dimensions (see figure 46).
Figure 46 — Overall dimensions placed outside

intermediate dimensions
9.5.4 Auxiliary and other redundant dimensions
Redundant dimensions (other than auxiliary dimensions) should not be given on a drawing.
Auxiliary dimensions should be placed within brackets, and should not be toleranced.
Example 1. In figure 46, one of the dimensions in the string of intermediate dimensions has been
omitted because it is redundant.
Example 2. In figure 47, the overall length is redundant but has been given in brackets as an
auxiliary dimension because it provides useful information, namely the overall length of the
component.
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Figure 47 — Overall length added as an auxiliary dimension
9.6 Toleranced dimensions
9.6.1 General
As it is impossible to manufacture components to exact sizes, tolerances are used to define the
maximum and minimum limits of size that are acceptable. The magnitude of the tolerance will vary
with the class of work. In fine precision work, the tolerances will be of a different order from that of
the tolerances used on large castings. Tolerances should be chosen with due regard to
performance, possible difficulties in manufacture, inspection and assembly, and should be as great
as satisfactory functioning will permit.
Except where the application of normal workshop techniques can be relied upon to achieve the
required accuracy of form, geometric (form) tolerances (see SANS 10111-2) should be for all
dimensions critical to function and interchangeability. Geometric tolerances, when applied, take
precedence over the size tolerance, i.e. when a component complies with a size tolerance but fails
to comply with the geometric tolerance given, the component is defective. Amdt 1
9.6.2 Application of tolerances
Tolerances should be applied to dimensions in the following circumstances:
a) When the dimensions are critical to function or interchangeability, and it is doubtful whether
ordinary or established workshop techniques and equipment can be relied upon to achieve a
satisfactory standard of accuracy; and
b) when it is desirable to indicate that unusually wide variations are permissible.
9.6.3 Specification of tolerances
Every dimension inscribed on a drawing should, in principle, be associated with a tolerance, which
is normally indicated as in (b) below. However, it is acceptable to give general tolerances as in (a)
below and, where necessary, to give tolerances to individual dimensions only.
a) General tolerances. When appropriate, general notes may be used to state allowable
tolerances. Examples of general tolerance notes are given in table 6.
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Table 6 — Examples of general tolerance notes
Tolerance (Except where Tolerances (except where otherwise

otherwise stated): ± 0,0X stated) on dimensions:
Size Tolerance
Up to X ± 0,X
Over X up to XX ± 0,X
Over XX up to XXX ± 0,X
Over XXX ± 0,X
All angles ± X°
Tolerance on cast
thicknesses: ± X %
For tolerance on
forging dimensions,
see XX XXXX
b) Tolerancing of individual dimensions. One of the following methods should be used to

indicate tolerance on individual linear and angular dimensions:
1) Method A. Both limits of size should be given above the dimension line, the upper limit
being placed above the lower limit (see figure 48).
Figure 48 — Tolerancing by specifying both limits of size
2) Method B. The required size and limits of tolerance above and below that size should be
given (see figure 49).
Figure 49 — Tolerancing by specifying size with limits of tolerance above and below that
size
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c) Limits of fit. Where fits taken from SANS 286-1 or ISO 1829 are used, the appropriate symbols
should be given, as in the following examples: Amdt 2
–0,025 39,975
For shafts: 40 –0,050 (f7) or 39,950 (f7)
+0,039 40,039
For holes: 40 0 (H8) or 40,00 (H8)
Where these dimensions become numerous, the values of the designations need not be indicated
on the dimension but may appear in tabulated form on the drawing.
9.6.4 Single limits of size
The abbreviations "max." and "min." should be used, as appropriate, to specify a single limit of size
of a dimension:
e.g. R 0,02 max. (for the maximum radius permitted);
Length of full thread 17,5 min. (for the minimum length of full thread permitted).
In these cases, any general tolerance note on the drawing does not apply.
(a) Drawing detail (b) Interpretation of drawing detail
(c) Tolerance form on square (d) Square tolerance form, irrespective of

component shape of outline of component
Figure 52 — Interpretation of toleranced centre distances
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Normally, the tolerance on a centre distance should be observed independently of the actual
finished sizes of the features concerned. However, in many applications (see figure 53), the stated
tolerance on the centre distance may be exceeded if the features are not at their maximum material
limit of size (because of the increased clearance between the mating features). In such a case, the
toleranced dimension of a centre distance should be marked with the letters MMC (maximum
material condition) as in figure 53(b) to indicate that the stated tolerance on the centre distance
should be observed if the features are at their maximum material limit, but may be increased when
the features are finished away from their maximum material limits in the direction of minimum
material limits. The centre distances can then be checked by a simple gauge, similar to part A in
figure 53(a), instead of by direct measurements.
(a) Assembly (b) Detail of component B
(c) Tolerance diagram for (d) Tolerance diagram for minimum

maximum material condition material condition
Figure 53 — Interpretation of toleranced centre distances

in relation to maximum material condition
Either of the methods shown in figure 54 may be used to express a string of toleranced centre
distances. In the chain dimensioning method (see figure 54(a)), there is an accumulation of
tolerances between the end of the plate and the second and third holes, resulting in a tolerance
of ± 0,75 on the position of the third hole, and a tolerance of ± 0,50 on the dimension between the
first hole and the third hole. In the datum line dimensioning method (see figure 54(b)), this is
avoided.
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(a) Chain dimensioning
(b) Datum line dimensioning
Figure 54 — Comparison of chain and datum line methods for

expressing toleranced centre distances
The method of toleranced centre distances is suitable for defining the distance between two
features (e.g. the position of a hole relative to a flat surface or the distance between a pair of holes).
Typical illustrations of this are shown in figure 55.
Figure 55 — Dimensioning positions by toleranced centre distances
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9.7 Methods of dimensioning common features
9.7.1 Diameters
a) Symbol. The symbol Ø should be used to dimension a diameter and should be placed before the
relevant dimension (e.g. Ø 125) (see figure 56).
Figure 56 — Dimensioning of diameters
b) Arrangement. Dimensions of diameters should be placed on the most appropriate view to

ensure clarity (see figure 57).
Figure 57 — Arrangement of dimensioning of diameters
c) Dimensions outside component. Dimensions of diameters may be placed outside the

component (see figure 58).
Figure 58 — Dimensioning of diameters placed

outside component
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d) Dimensioning where space is restricted. Where space is restricted, one of the methods
shown in figure 59 may be used.
(a) (b)
Where equidistant or regularly arranged elements appear on a drawing, the method shown in (a)
may be used for simplicity. If there is any possibility of confusion between the pitch and the number
of pitches, one pitch should be dimensioned as in (b).
(c) (d)
Dimensioning of diameters where space is restricted
(e)
Where there is little space for arrow heads, dots may be used.
Figure 59 — Dimensioning where space is restricted
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e) Circles. One of the methods shown in figure 60 should be used to dimension the diameter of a
circle.
(a) (b) (c)
NOTE Leader to be in line with centre.
(d) (e) (f)
Figure 60 — Dimensioning the diameters of circles
f) Spheres. The method shown in figure 61 should be used to dimension the diameter of a sphere.
Figure 61 — Dimensioning the diameter of a sphere
9.7.2 Radii
a) General. The dimension line for a radius should be drawn to pass through the centre of (or to be
in line with the centre of) the arc, and an arrowhead should be placed on the dimension line
where it touches the arc.
b) Abbreviation. The abbreviation "R" should be placed before the dimension, e.g. R 5,02.
c) Radii of arcs. One of the methods shown in figure 62 should be used to dimension the radius of
an arc. The centre of the arc need not be located.
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(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 62 — Dimensioning the radius of an arc
d) Locating inconveniently placed centres. When it is necessary to locate the centre of an arc
that cannot be shown in its true position, one of the methods shown in figure 63 should be used.
Figure 63 — Locating an inconveniently placed centre
e) Radius of spherical surface. One of the methods shown in figure 64 should be used to
dimension the radius of a spherical surface.
(a)
(b)
Figure 64 — Dimensioning the radius of a spherical surface
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f) Radii of curves other than circles and spheres. One of the methods shown in figures 65
and 66 should be used to dimension a curved line other than a circle or a sphere.
Figure 65 — Dimensioning of a curved line by means of radii
Figure 66 — Dimensioning of a curved line by means of co-ordinates
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9.7.3 Holes
a) Size. One of the methods shown in figure 67 should be used to dimension holes. Suitable
methods of production (e.g. drill, punch, ream, core) may be specified, where appropriate. The
depth of a drilled hole, when stated in note form, refers to the depth of the cylindrical hole, and
not to the point of the drill.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 67 — Dimensioning of holes
b) Positioning. Holes may be positioned by dimensioning them on pitch circles as shown in

figure 68, or by giving the rectangular co-ordinates as shown in figure 69. The pitch circle
diameter (PCD) may, for purposes of clarity, be given in a note instead of on the drawing.
(a) Holes equally spaced
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(b) Holes equally spaced. Alternatively, several or all of the angular

dimensions may be given from one centre line
Figure 68 — Positioning of holes by angular dimensioning

on a pitch circle
(a) Symmetry of hole with (b) Symmetry of holes defined

edges of plate implies
(c) Relation to lower edge (d) Use of co-ordinates

important
Figure 69 — Positioning of holes by co-ordinates
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(e) Use of co-ordinates for holes lying on a pitch circle,

with radius as an auxiliary dimension
Figure 69 — Positioning of holes by co-ordinates (concluded)
9.7.4 The square symbol
The square symbol □ may be used to dimension a square section and should be placed in front of
the relevant dimension (see figure 70).
Figure 70 — The square symbol
9.7.5 The slope symbol
a) The symbol indicates a slope and, correctly orientated, may be used to show the direction
of the slope.
b) Slope is the inclination of the line representing the inclined surface of a wedge, expressed as the
ratio of the differences between the heights at right angles to the base line at a specified
distance apart, and that distance.
H −h
Thus slope = = tan β (see figure 71)
L
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Figure 71 — Slope
9.7.6 Curved surfaces
It should be clearly indicated on which curved surface the dimensions between holes or other
features are to be measured and whether the dimensions are circumferential, chordal or angular
(see figure 72).
(a) (b)
Linear dimensioning on curved surfaces
(c) Angular dimensioning on curved surfaces
Figure 72 — Dimensioning on curved surfaces
9.7.7 Countersinks, counterbores and spotfaces
The methods and abbreviations shown in figure 73 should be used to dimension countersinks,
counterbores and spotfaces. Notes such as "Counterbore to suit M6 cheese-head screw" should
not be used.
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Figure 73 — Dimensioning of countersinks, counterbores and spotfaces
9.7.8 Chamfers
The methods shown in figure 74 should be used to dimension chamfers. Notes and leaders should
not be used.
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Figure 74 — Dimensioning of chamfers
9.7.9 Screw threads
a) Designation. Standard screw threads should be specified by the designation given in the
appropriate standard.
1) ISO metric screw threads should be specified as in the following examples (see ISO 261
and BS 3643-2):
Coarse thread series: M10; M12; etc.
Fine thread series: M10 × 0,75; M12 × 1,0; etc.
NOTE The absence of the indication of pitch means that a course pitch is specified.
2) Special screw threads for which the tolerances need to be calculated should be specified
by giving the major, pitch and minor diameters as shown in figure 75.
Figure 75 — Dimensioning of a special screw thread
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3) Pipe threads should be designated as follows:
i) Where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads Amdt 2
Taper external pipe thread: R

Taper internal pipe thread: Rc
Parallel external long screw pipe thread: RL
Parallel internal pipe thread: Rp
ii) Where pressure-tight joints are not made on the threads (see BS EN ISO 228-1): Amdt 2
Parallel internal and external thread: G

Parallel external thread, class A: G ½ A
Parallel external thread, class B: G ¾ B
If no class is specified, the class is assumed to be class B.
iii) The thread should be designated by the length followed by the appropriate letter(s)
followed by the thread diameter (as shown in figure 76) and, when relevant, the class.
(a) Socket (b) Pipe

Figure 76 — Dimensioning of pipe thread
b) Length of thread (parallel thread). The method shown in figure 77 should be used to
dimension the distance to the end of full threads, and the method shown in figure 78 should be
used to dimension the distance to the ends of full and of imperfect threads.
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Figure 77 — Dimensioning to end Figure 78 — Dimensioning to ends of

of full thread full and of imperfect threads
c) Dimensioning of threaded holes. One of the methods shown in figure 79 should be used to
dimension the distance of thread penetration.
Figure 79 — Dimensioning of threaded holes
9.7.10 Keyways
One of the methods shown in figure 80 should be used to dimension keyways for square and
rectangular keys, and one of the methods shown in figure 81 to dimension the keyway for a
woodruff key.
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(a) Parallel hub (b) Parallel shaft (c) Tapered keyway in

parallel hub
(d) Parallel keyway in tapered shaft (e) Parallel keyway in tapered hub
Figure 80 — Keyways for square and rectangular keys
(a) Parallel hub (b) Parallel shaft
(c) Tapered hub (d) Tapered shaft
Figure 81 — Keyways for a woodruff key
9.7.11 Indication of location of special treatment
When it is desirable to indicate that a surface or a surface zone is to be given an additional

treatment that must be applied within limits to be specified on the drawing, this zone may be defined
by means of a thick chain line drawn parallel to the surface and at a short distance from it, and
having the locating lines and the corresponding dimensions added (see figure 82).
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Figure 82 — Restricted surface treatment
If the location and the extent of the surface to be specially treated are clearly apparent on the
drawing, it is not necessary to give dimensions (see figure 83).
Figure 83 — Restricted surface treatment
9.8 Dimensioning and tolerancing of cones
9.8.1 Definition
Taper is the ratio of the difference between the diameters of two sections of a cone and the
distance between the two sections.
D−d
Thus taper C = = 2 tan α (see figure 84)
L 2
Figure 84 — Taper
9.8.2 Symbol
The symbol indicates a taper and, correctly orientated, may be used to show the
direction of the taper.
NOTE Care should be taken not to confuse the taper symbol with the slope symbol (see 9.7.5).
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9.8.3 Dimensioning
a) The following dimensions may be used, in different combinations (see figure 85), to define the
size, form and position of cones:
1) The taper, specified either by the included angle or as a ratio, e.g.:
- 0,3 rad
- 35
- 1:5
- 0,2:1
- 20%
2) the diameter at the larger end;
3) the diameter at the smaller end;
4) the diameter at a selected cross-section; this cross-section may be within or outside the
cone;
5) the dimensions locating a cross-section at which the diameter is specified; and
6) the length of the cone.
b) No more of these dimensions should be given than are necessary. However, additional
dimensions may, for information, be given in brackets as "auxiliary" dimensions, for example half
the included angle.
c) If a taper is of a standardized series (in particular, morse or metric taper), the tapered feature
may be designated by specifying the standard series and appropriate number.
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Figure 85 — Combinations of dimensions
9.8.4 Tolerancing
9.8.4.1 General
a) There are two methods of specifying the accuracy of cones, as shown in 9.8.4.2 and 9.8.4.3.
b) It should be noted that errors of form may exist, provided that every part of the surface lies within
the tolerance zone.
In practice, it may not be permitted to absorb the whole of the tolerance zone by errors of form.
When restrictions in this regard are necessary, these should be indicated by appropriate
tolerances of form.
c) The datum dimensions (which may be linear or angular) and the toleranced sizes define the
tolerance zone within which the conical surface has to be contained.
d) A datum dimension (enclosed in a frame) is a dimension that defines the exact location of a
point, line, plane or conical surface, the real position of which is controlled by a means other than
direct tolerancing of this dimension.
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It may be used to define the exact position of a cross-section of a cone at which the diameter is
allowed to vary within specified limits. It may also be used to define the exact diameter of a
cross-section of a cone, the position of which is allowed to vary within specified limits.
e) It should be noted that where the method of dimensioning shown in figures 87 and 88 is used,
either the diameter or the position will be a datum dimension (enclosed in a frame).
f) The choice of the tolerancing method and of the values of the tolerances depends on the
functional requirements.
9.8.4.2 Method 1: Basic taper method
a) In this method, the tolerances limit the variation of penetration of mating surfaces, each surface
being required to remain within two limiting profiles of the same taper corresponding to the
maximum and minimum material conditions.
b) The tolerance zone limiting the cone is established by a tolerance either on diameter or on
position.
By convention, the prescribed or resulting tolerances on the diameter of the feature apply at all
cross-sections throughout its length (see figures 86 to 88).
c) The surface of the cone may lie anywhere within the tolerance zone. (See also 9.8.4.1(b).)
d) Figure 86 illustrates a cone dimensioned by the basic taper method, where the size at one end of
the cone is specified by a toleranced dimension.
e) Figure 87 illustrates a cone dimensioned by the basic taper method, where the size is controlled
by a toleranced dimension at a cross-section located by a datum dimension enclosed in a frame.
Figure 86 — Example of a basic taper method of dimensioning a cone
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f) Figure 88 illustrates a cone dimensioned by the basic taper method, where the diameter of a
cross-section is a datum dimension. This cross-section is located within specified limits in
relation to the left side of the feature.
g) The basic taper method according to figures 86, 87 or 88 may not be suitable for use in cases
where the variation in taper, arising from the necessary tolerances on diameter or position, would
not be acceptable.
This may be overcome by the use of either of the methods shown in figures 89 or 90.
h) Where it is necessary to apply restrictive conditions limiting the effective variation of the taper
within the tolerance zone, the following methods should be used:
1) By reference to a written note specifying the permissible limit of the actual taper; and
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2) by indicating a restrictive angularity tolerance to the generating lines with respect to the axis
(see figure 89).
NOTE The tolerance zone for angularity (including straightness) may lie anywhere within the tolerance zone
for size.
Figure 89 — Example of a toleranced taper method of dimensioning a cone
9.8.4.3 Method 2: Toleranced taper method
a) In this method, the numerical value of the tolerance of size applies only at the cross-section at
which the dimension is shown on the drawing and not at every cross-section as is the case in the
basic taper method.
b) The accuracy of the taper for a cone is specified directly by a tolerance on that taper and is
independent of the tolerance on the size as in the following examples:
1) (3,5 ± 0,5): 12
2) (1 ± 0,1): 50
3) (5 ± 0,1) %
4) 25° 0° 30'
5) 25° 0,5°
If not otherwise stated, the units of the tolerance are the same as those of the nominal dimensions.
c) The surface of the cone may lie anywhere between the extreme position resulting from the
accumulated tolerances of the linear dimensions on the one hand and on the taper tolerance on
the other hand, provided that the tolerance on the taper is respected.
d) Figure 90 illustrates a cone dimensioned by the toleranced taper method, where the size of the
larger end is toleranced.
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e) Figure 91 illustrates a cone dimensioned by the toleranced taper method, where the diameter of
a cross-section is a datum dimension located within the specified limits in relation to the right
side of the feature.
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f) Figure 92 shows a cone dimensioned by the toleranced taper method, a datum dimension being
used to define the position of the cross-sectional plane at which the diameter has to be within the
specified limits of size.
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9.8.5 Application
a) Where a fit to a mating part or to a gauge is necessary, this should be stated on the drawing.
b) In the dimensioning of two mating cones, the following should be specified:
1) the same nominal taper; and
2) a dimension included in a frame for diameter (figure 93) or of position (figure 94) related to
the gauging plane common to the two parts of the assembly.
Figure 93 — Example of dimensioning two mating cones
Figure 94 — Example of dimensioning two mating cones
c) Dimensioning cones as shown in figure 95, where the diameter at each end and the length are
all toleranced, is not suitable for all cases owing to the accumulation of tolerances.
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Figure 95 — A non-preferred method of dimensioning a cone
10 Machining and surface texture symbols

10.1 Symbols used for indication of surface texture
a) The basic symbol consists of two legs of unequal length inclined at approximately 60° to the line
representing the considered surface, as shown in figure 96.
This symbol alone has no meaning, except as in subsections 10.3(d) and 10.3(f).
Figure 96 — Basic symbol
b) If the removal of material by machining is required, a bar is added to the basic symbol, as shown
in figure 97.
Figure 97 — Removal of material
c) If the removal of material is not permitted, a circle is added to the basic symbol, as shown in
figure 98.
Figure 98 — Removal of material not permitted
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d) The symbol in figure 98 may also be used in a drawing relating to a production process to
indicate that a surface is to be left in the state resulting from a preceding manufacturing process,
whether this state was achieved by removal of material or otherwise. In this case none of the
indications given in 10.2 are added to the symbol.
e) When special surface characteristics have to be indicated (see 10.2.2), a line is added to the
longer arm of any of the above symbols, as shown in figure 99.
Figure 99 — Basic symbol to indicate special surface characteristics
10.2 Indications added to the symbols

10.2.1 Indication of surface roughness
a) The value or values defining the principal criterion of roughness (see 10.2.1(e)) are added to the
symbols given in figures 96, 97 and 98, as shown in figure 100.
Figure 100 — Symbol with surface texture requirement
b) A surface texture specified
1) as in figure 100(a) may be obtained by any production method;
2) as in figure 100(b) has to be obtained by removal of material by machining;
3) as in figure 100(c) has to be obtained without removal of material.
c) When only one value is specified, it represents the maximum permissible value of surface
roughness.
d) If it is necessary to impose maximum and minimum limits of the principal criterion of surface
roughness, both values shall be shown as in figure 101, with the maximum limit (a1) above the
minimum limit (a2).
Figure 101 — Symbol giving maximum and minimum limits of

surface roughness
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e) The principal criterion of roughness, Ra, may be indicated by the corresponding roughness
grade number shown in table 7.
This is to avoid misinterpretation of numerical values, which may be indicated in different units
(micrometres or micro-inches).
Table 7
1 2
Roughness Roughness
values grade
Ra*, μm numbers
50 N 12
25 N 11
12,5 N 10
6,3 N9
3,2 N8
1,6 N7
0,8 N6
0,4 N5
0,2 N4
0,1 N3
0,05 N2
0,025 N1
Amdt 2
10.2.2 Indication of special surfaces texture characteristics
a) In certain circumstances, for functional reasons, it may be necessary to specify additional special
requirements concerning surface texture.
b) If it is required that the final surface texture be produced by one particular production method,
this method should be indicated in plain language on an extension of the longer arm of the
symbol given in figure 99, as shown in figure 102.
Figure 102 — Symbol indicating production method to be used

for producing the final surface texture
c) Any indications relating to treatment or coatings should also be given on this extension line.
Unless otherwise stated, the numerical value of the roughness applies to the surface texture
after treatment or coating. If it is necessary to define surface texture both before and after
treatment, this should be explained in a suitable note, or in accordance with figure 103.
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Figure 103 — Example of symbols used to define surface

texture before and after treatment
d) If it is necessary to indicate the sampling length, it should be stated adjacent to the symbol, as
shown in figure 104.
Figure 104 — Example of symbol indicating sampling length
e) If it is necessary to control the direction of lay, it should be specified by a symbol (see 10.2.3)
added to the surface texture symbol, as shown in figure 105.
NOTE The direction of lay is the direction of the predominant surface pattern, ordinarily determined by the
production method employed.
Figure 105 — Example of symbol indicating a direction of lay
10.2.3 Symbols for the direction of lay
The series of symbols shown in table 8 specifies the common directions of lay.
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Table 8 — Symbols for direction of lay
NOTE Should it be necessary to specify a direction of lay not clearly defined by these symbols, this must be
achieved by a suitable note on the drawing.
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10.2.4 Indication of machining allowance
Where it is necessary to specify the value of the machining allowance, this should be indicated on
the left of the symbol, as shown in figure 106, and should be expressed in millimetres.
Figure 106 — Example of symbol indicating a machining allowance
10.2.5 Position of the specifications of surface texture in the symbol
The specifications of surface texture should be placed relative to the symbol, as shown in
figure 107.
a = Roughness value Ra in micrometers or

Roughness grade number N1 to N12
b = Production method, treatment or coating
c = Sampling length
d = Direction of lay
e = Machining allowance
f = Other roughness values (in brackets)
Figure 107 — Position of the specifications of surface

texture in the symbol
10.3 Indications on drawings
a) Both the symbol and the inscriptions should be so orientated that they may be read from the
bottom or the right-hand side of the drawing (see figure 108(a)).
If it is not practicable to adopt this general rule, the symbol may be drawn in any position,
provided that it does not carry any indications of special surface texture characteristics or of
machining allowances (as given in 10.2.2 and 10.2.4). Nevertheless, in such cases the
inscription defining the value of the principal criterion of roughness (if present) should always be
written in conformity with the general rule (see figure 108(b)).
If necessary, the symbol may be connected to the surface by a leader line terminating in an
arrow.
The symbol or the arrow should point from outside the material of the piece, either to the line
representing the surface, or to an extension of it (see figure 108(a)).
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Figure 108 — Examples of symbol use on drawings
b) In accordance with the general principles of dimensioning, the symbol should only be used once
for a given surface and, if possible, on the view that carries the dimension defining the size or
position of the surface (see figure 109).
Figure 109 — Example of symbol use on drawing
c) If the same texture is required on all the surfaces of a component, it should be specified either
1) by a note near a view of the component (see figure 110(a)), near the title block, or in the
space devoted to general notes; or
2) following the part number on the drawing (see figure 110(b)).
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Figure 110 — Examples of indicating that the same surface texture

is required on all surfaces of a component
d) If the same surface texture is required on the majority of the surfaces of a component, it should
be specified as in 10.3(c), with the addition of
1) the notation "except where otherwise stated" (see figure 111(a)); or
2) a basic symbol (in brackets) without any other indication (see figure 111(b)); or
3) the symbol(s) (in brackets) of the special surface texture(s) (see figure 111(c)).
The symbols for the surface textures that are exceptions to the general symbol should be
indicated on the corresponding surfaces.
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Figure 111 — Examples of indicating surfaces excluded from the

overall surface texture requirement
e) To avoid the necessity of repeating a complicated specification a number of times, or where

space is limited, a simplified specification may be used on the surface, provided that its meaning
is explained near the drawing of the component, near the title block, or in the space devoted to
general notes (see figure 112).
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Figure 112 — Examples of coded symbols
f) If the same surface texture is required on a large number of surfaces of the component, one of
the symbols shown in figures 96, 97 or 98 may be used on the appropriate surfaces and its
meaning given on the drawing, for example as shown in figure 113(a), (b) and (c).
Figure 113 — Examples of coded symbols
10.4 Important notes
a) Indications of the roughness, method of production or machining allowance should only be given
in so far as these are necessary to ensure fitness for purpose, and then only for those surfaces
that require such indications.
b) The specification of surface texture is unnecessary when the ordinary manufacturing processes
by themselves ensure an acceptable surface finish.
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Appendix A
Applicable standards
Reference is made to the latest issues of the following standards:
BS 1553-1, Specification for graphical symbols for general engineering – Part 1: Piping systems
and plant.
BS 1553-2, Specification for graphical symbols for general engineering – Part 2: Graphical symbols
for power generating plant.
BS 1553-3, Graphical symbols for general engineering – Part 3: Graphical symbols for compressing
plant.
BS 3643-2, ISO metric screw threads – Part 2: Specification for selected limits of size.
BS EN ISO 228-1, Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are not made on the threads – Part 1:
Dimensions, tolerances and designation. Amdt 2
DS\EN 60617-12, Graphical symbols for diagrams – Part 12: Binary logic elements. Amdt 2
ISO 216, Writing paper and certain classes of printed matter – Trimmed sizes – A and B series, and
indication of machine direction.
ISO 468, Surface roughness – Parameters, their values and general rules for specifying
requirements. Amdt 2
ISO 1219-1, Fluid power systems and components – Graphic symbols and circuit diagrams –
Part 1: Graphic symbols for conventional use and data-processing applications. Amdt 2
ISO 1829, Selection of tolerance zones for general purposes.
SANS 286-1/ISO 286-1, ISO system of limits and fits – Part 1: Bases of tolerances, deviations and
fits. Amdt 2
SANS 286-2/ISO 286-2, ISO system of limits and fits – Part 2: Tables of standard tolerance grades
and limit deviations for holes and shafts. Amdt 2
SABS 1109, ISO pipe threads for pipes and fittings where pressure-tight joints are made on the
threads. Amdt 2
SABS 1306, ISO pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are not made on the threads. Amdt 2
SANS 1700-2-2/ISO 261, Fasteners – Part 2: Screw threads – Section 2: ISO general purpose
metric screw threads – General plan. Amdt 2
SANS 2553/ISO 2553, Welding, brazed and soldered joints – Symbolic representation on drawings.
Amdt 2
SANS 10044-2, Welding – Part 2: Symbols.
SANS 10111-2-1/ISO 1101, Engineering drawing – Part 2: Geometrical tolerancing – Section 1:

Tolerancing of form, orientation, location and run-out – Generalities, definitions, symbols,
indications on drawings. Amdt 2
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Appendix B
Abbreviations and symbols

(This appendix forms part of the provisions of the code)
B.1 General abbreviations and symbols

Term Symbol/ Term Symbol/
Abbreviation Abbreviation
Across flats ...........................................................AF Vickers.................................................................HV
Assembly ........................................................ ASSY Hexagon ........................................................... HEX
British Standard ....................................................BS Hexagon head ............................................ HEX HD
Centre line ...........................................................CL Hydraulic........................................................... HYD
Centres..............................................................CRS Included............................................................ INC
Chamfer .......................................................... CHAM Insulated or insulation.................................... INSUL
Cheese head.................................................. CH HD Internal diameter..................................................ID
Concentric ...................................................... CONC International Organization for
Standardization...................................................ISO
Countersunk......................................................CSK Left-hand ................................................................LH
Countersunk head ....................................... CSK HD Long .......................................................................LG
Counterbore ................................................ CBORE Machine...............................................................MC
Cylinder or cylindrical ........................................CYL Machined.......................................................... MCD
Datum system ............................................. DATUM Material............................................................. MATL
Degree ................................................................... ° Maximum.......................................................... MAX.
Degree Celsius....................................................... °C Maximum material condition ............................. MMC
Diameter (preceding a dimension) ......................... φ Metric thread, nominal diameter of .........................M
Diameter (in a note)..............................................DIA Minimum........................................................... MIN.
Drawing .............................................................DRG Minute (of angle).....................................................'
Equal ........................................................... = or EQ Module.............................................................. MOD
Equally spaced .......................................... EQUI SP Nominal ............................................................ NOM
Figure ..................................................................FIG. Not to scale ...................................................... NTS
Galvanized ........................................................GALV Number................................................................No.
Hardness – Outside diameter .................................................OD
Brinell ..................................................................HB Parallel ................................................................PAR
Rockwell Pattern number.......................................... PATT No.
A scale..........................................................HRA Perpendicular ................................................ PERP
B scale .........................................................HRB Pitch circle diameter ......................................... PCD
C scale .........................................................HRC Plate ....................................................................PL
D scale .........................................................HRD Pneumatic ........................................................ PNEU
E scale .........................................................HRE Radius ....................................................................R
Required........................................................ REQD
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B.1 General abbreviations and symbols (concluded)
Term Symbol/ Term Symbol/

Abbreviation Abbreviation
Required ..................................................... REQD Specification ................................................. SPEC
Revolutions per minute........................... r/min Spherical .......................................................... SPH
or r.p.m.
Right-hand ........................................................RH Spotface......................................................SFACE
Round head ................................................ RD HD Square ..................................................... SQ or □
Radian ..............................................................rad Système International .........................................SI
Screwed......................................................... SCR Standard .......................................................... STD
Second (of angle) ............................................... " Taper, on diameter or width ....................

Sheet ............................................................. SHT Tolerance ......................................................... TOL
Sheet, when preceding the name of Typical.............................................................. TYP
a material.........................................................SH
Sketch ..............................................................SK Undercut ....................................................... UCUT
Volume............................................................. VOL
Slope ..........................................
South African Bureau of Standards ............... SABS
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B.2 Abbreviation of terms relating to dimensions and tolerances

Term Abbreviation
Basic dimension ........................................... BASIC
Datum )
Datum system )....................................... DATUM
Datum dimension )
Full indicator movement ............................... FIM
Tolerance ...................................................... TOL
NOTE For guidance on the correct use of these symbols, see SANS 10111-2-1. Amdt 2
Angularity....................................................... ANG TOL
Concentricity ................................................. CONC

TOL
Cylindricity .................................................... CYL TOL
Flatness ........................................................ FLAT TOL
Parallelism .................................................... PAR TOL
Position ......................................................... POSN TOL
Roundness ................................................... RD TOL
Straightness .................................................. STR TOL
Symmetry ..................................................... SYM TOL
Tolerance zone (profiles) .............................. TOL ZONE
True position, or true profile,

dimension in conjunction with
positional or profile tolerances ...................... TP
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B.3 Specialized symbols

For drawings relating to specialized fields, the symbols given in the following standards should be
used:
Piping systems and plant ..................................................... BS 1553-1
Welding ................................................SANS 10044-2, ISO 2553 Amdt 2
Electrical engineering .................................................DS/EN 60617-12 Amdt 2
Power generating plant ........................................................ BS 1553-2
Chemical and petroleum plant .............................................. BS 1553-1
Compressing plant ............................................................... BS 1553-3
Heating and ventilating ......................................................... BS 1553-1
Hydraulic and pneumatic equipment ...................................ISO 1219-1 Amdt 2
© SABS
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SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Engineering drawings Amdt 2

Part 1: General principles

Published by SABS Standards Division

British Standards Institution

This document was published in February 2011.

This document supersedes SABS 0111-1:1993 (edition 3.1).

This page is intentionally left blank

Engineering drawings Amdt 2

b) Except where otherwise specified, all dimensions on drawings are in millimetres.

d) Recommended abbreviations and symbols are given in appendix B.

2 Drawing sheets and materials

2.2 Layout of information

2.2.2 Camera alignment marks

Table 1 — Size of drawing sheets: ISO A series*

Figure 1 — Camera alignment marks

2.3 Drawing number

2.4 Drawing materials

2.4.1 Choice of materials

2.4.4 Drawing sheets

A drawing material that has a non-reflecting surface should be used.

3.1 Scales for preparing drawings

Table 2 — Scales for preparing drawings

3.2 Metric reference scale 1)

Figure 2 — Metric reference scale

4 Lines, letters, figures and symbols, and arrowheads

4.1.1 Quality of lines

a) All lines should be black, uniform and bold.

d) Each type of line should be of consistent thickness (see 4.1.2(c)).

4.1.2 Types of lines, their application, construction and precedence

Table 3 — Types of lines

Chain thick J1 Indication of lines or surfaces to which

Developed view to show blank shape

Figure 3 — Examples of use of some types of lines

e) Construction of type F, G, J and K lines (see table 3)

Figure 4 — Type F line — Examples of use and construction

Figure 5 — Type G and type K lines — Examples of use and construction

(a) Developed view showing shape of

(b) Adjacent components

(c) Outline of tool

Figure 6 — Uses of type K line

3) centre lines or cutting-plane lines;

5) dimension and projection lines;

4.2 Letters, figures and symbols

The essential requirements for lettering on engineering drawings are

c) suitability for microfilming, and photographic and other types of reproduction.

f) Lettering should be either vertical (upright) or inclined up to 15° to the right.

Figure 7 — Acceptable types of letters, figures and symbols (ISO origin)

Figure 8 — Acceptable types of letters, figures and symbols (Universal)

4.2.3 Size and spacing of letters and figures

Table 4 — Height and line thickness of characters

Figure 9 — Symbols designating the dimensions and spacing

Table 5 — Dimensions and spacing of lettering

Height of lower-case letters

Spacing between base lines, b = (14/10) h 3,5 5 7 10 14 20 28

Spacing between words, min. e = (6/10) h 1,5 2,1 3 4,2 6 8,4 12

c) Only one style of arrowhead termination should be used on a single drawing.

Front view – View in direction of arrow A

Figure 10 — Designation of views

6.2 Systems of projection

6.2.1 First angle projection