CE3100: Structural Engineering Laboratory

Experiment-6: Plastic Behaviour of Steel Beams

THURPU PUJITHA
CE19B030

Aim: To study the different failure modes and to determine the capacity of the given bolted
connections.
Details of test specimen:
1. Bolt: M10 bolt of grade 4.6
Plate: Fe 250
L=40 mm
w=41.51 mm W
do=10.7 mm
e₁=end distance=110.19 mm
edge distance=20.74 mm L
thickness=5.80 mm

2. Bolt: M10 bolt of grade 4.6

Plate: Fe 250
L=40 mm
w=39.1 mm W
do=10.33 mm
e₁=end distance=24.96 mm
edge distance=13.86 mm L
thickness=5.80 mm
pitch= 69.2 mm

3. Bolt: M10 bolt of grade 10.9

(High strength friction grip bolt)
Plate: Fe 250
W
L=40 mm
w=65.75 mm
do=10.7 mm L
e₁=end distance=110.19 mm
edge distance=20.74 mm
thickness=6.24 mm

4. Bolt: M10 bolt of grade 4.6

(High strength friction grip bolt)
Plate: Fe 250
L=40 mm W
w=39.1 mm
do=10.33 mm
e₁=end distance=24.96 mm
L
edge distance=13.86 mm
thickness=5.80 mm
pitch= 69.2 mm
Apparatus used:

• Universal testing machine

• Cover plates and connections
• 6 Strain gauges near the bolts to obtain the strains in the plates
• 2 Dial gauges to measure the elongation
• Bolts (Black bolts, High strength friction grip bolts)
• Vernier callipers
• Steel washers
Background:
Brief description about different types of bolts.
Bolts used in steel structures are of three types:
• Black Bolts
• Turned and Fitted Bolts
• High Strength Friction Grip (HSFG) Bolts

Black bolts are unfinished and are made of mild steel and are usually of Grade 4.6. Black bolts have
adequate strength and ductility when used properly. But while tightening the nut snug tight (“Snug
tight” is defined as the tightness that exists when all plies in a joint are in firm contact) will twist off
easily if tightened too much. High strength black bolts (grade 8.8) may also be used in connections in
which the bolts are tightened snug fit.
Turned and fitted bolts have uniform shanks and are inserted in close tolerance drilled holes and
made snug tight by box spanners. The diameter of the hole is about 1.5 to 2.0 mm larger than the bolt
diameter for ease in fitting. This creates a very tightly fitting bolt, slip is negligible, and higher stresses
can be used. Due to the high cost of the bolts and the costs of installation, these bolts are not often
used.
High Strength Friction Grip bolts (HSFG bolts) work in a different way. They are made from a
material very similar to grade 8.8 bolts, but have different shaped heads and nuts. The nut is tightened
in a carefully controlled manner to put a large pretension into the bolt shank. This has the effect of
clamping together the plates between the bolt head and the nut. The mating surfaces are called
'faying' surfaces and they must be flat and unpainted. Because the tightening requires careful
supervision, this connection is relatively expensive and generally used only where slip of a connection
must be avoided.
Brief description of different types of bolted connectio ns and their behaviour.
Bolted connections can also be classified in the following ways:
1. Lap joint: The two members to be connected are overlapped and connected together. It is
further classified into:
• Single bolted lap joint
• Double bolted lap joint
• Eccentric lap joint
2. Butt joint: The two members to be connected are placed end to end. Cover plates are connected
to the main plates.
• Single cover single bolted butt joint
• Single cover double bolted butt joint
• Double cover single bolted butt joint
• Double cover double bolted butt joint
Modes of failure:
1. Shear failure of the bolt
2. Bearing failure of the bolt
3. Bearing failure of the plate
4. Tension failure of the bolt
5. Tension failure of the plate
6. Block shear failure

Brief derivation of the formula for finding out their strength.

Shear capacity of Bolts as per IS 800:
The design strength of the bolt is given by Vdsb = Vnsb / γmb
Vnsb = nominal shear capacity of a bolt.
𝑽𝒏𝒔𝒃 =( 𝒇𝒖 /√𝟑 )*(𝒏𝒏 𝑨𝒏𝒃 + 𝒏𝒔𝑨𝒔𝒃)
where,
fu = ultimate tensile strength of a bolt
nn = number of shear planes with threads intercepting the shear plane
ns = number of shear planes without threads intercepting the shear plane
Asb = nominal plain shank area of the bolt
Anb = net shear area of the bolt at threads may be taken as the area corresponding to root
diameter at the thread
γmb =Partial safety factor for bolted connection with bearing type bolts
Bearing strength of Bolts as per IS 800:
The design bearing strength of a bolt, on any plate, is given by
Vdpb = Vnpb / γmb
Where,
Vnpb = nominal bearing strength of a bolt
Vnpb = 2.5 kb x d x t x fu
kb is smaller of {e/ 𝟑𝐝𝐨, (𝐩/𝟑𝐝𝐨) − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓, 𝐟𝐮𝐛/𝐟𝐮 , 𝟏}
p = end and pitch distances of the fastener along bearing direction
d0 = diameter of the hole fub,
fu = ultimate tensile stress of the bolt and the ultimate tensile stress of the plate, respectively
d = nominal diameter of the bolt
t = summation of the thicknesses of the connected plates experiencing bearing stress in the
same direction, or, if the bolts are countersunk, the thickness of the plate minus one half of the
depth of countersinking

Procedure:
Two butt joints are to be tested.
In the first test, a single bearing bolt is put on one side of a double cover plate butt connection.
The grade of the bolt is indicated on its head. The thickness of the connecting plates is to be
noted. As the load is increased, the elongation is measured by dial gauges. Strain in the plates is
also measured by means of dial gauges. The bolt usually fails under double shear.
 In the second test, high strength friction grip bolts are used. These are pre-tensioned to the
proof stress by the turn-of-the-nut method wherein 3/4th of a turn is given after the snug tight
condition. The increase in the length of the bolt will be by 3/4th of the pitch. This can be used
to calculate the force in the bolt. The failure is usually by slip followed by the rupture of the
section.

Calculations:
A. Bearing Type Bolted Connection
Grade of bolt = 4.6
Ultimate Strength of the bolt (fub) = 400 MPa
Yield Strength of the bolt (fyb) = 0.6*400 = 240 MPa

Material of the packing plate – Mild Steel

Ultimate tensile strength of the plate (fu) = 415 MPa
Yield tensile strength of the plate (fy) = 250 MPa

Dimensions of the bolt

Shank diameter of the bolt = 9.81 mm
Shank Area of the bolt (Asb) = (π/4)*𝑑² =( π/ 4) ∗ (9.81) ² = 75.5836 𝑚𝑚2
Nominal Area of the bolt (Anb)= 0.78*Asb = 0.78 ∗ 75.5836 = 58.9552𝑚𝑚2

Dimensions of the plates

For single bolt:
L=40 mm
w=41.51 mm
do=10.7 mm
e₁=end distance=110.19 mm
edge distance=20.74 mm
thickness=5.80 mm
For 3 bolts:
L=40 mm
w=39.1 mm
do=10.33 mm
e₁=end distance=24.96 mm
edge distance=13.86 mm
thickness=5.80 mm
pitch= 69.2 mm

Type of Joint: Double-cover butt joint

Number of shear planes intercepting the threaded area (𝑛𝑛) = 1
Number of shear planes without intercepting the threaded area (𝑛𝑠) = 1

For Single-Bolt Connection

1. Shear Capacity of Bolt
Nominal Shear Capacity (𝑉𝑛𝑠𝑏) = (𝑓𝑢/ √3)*(𝑛𝑛 ∗ 𝐴𝑛𝑏 + 𝑛𝑠 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑏) = (400 /√3 )(1 ∗ 75.5836
+ 1 ∗ 58.9552) = 31.0704𝑘𝑁
Design Shear Capacity (𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏) = 𝑉𝑛𝑠𝑏 /γ𝑚𝑏 = 31.0704/1.25 = 24.8563𝑘𝑁

2. Bearing Capacity of Bolt

 Nominal bearing strength (𝑉𝑛𝑝𝑏) = 2.5 ∗ 𝑘𝑏𝑑𝑡𝑓𝑢
𝑘𝑏 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑒 /3𝑑0, (𝑝/ 3𝑑0) − 0.25, 𝑓𝑢𝑏/ 𝑓𝑢, 1.0)
Where,
e = end distance = 110.19 mm
d0 = diameter of the hole = 10.7 mm
fub = ultimate strength of bolt = 400 MPa
fu = ultimate strength of plate = 415 MPa
Kb= min{(110.19/(3*10.7)),(400/415),1}
Therefore, 𝑘𝑏 = 𝑓𝑢𝑏/ 𝑓𝑢 = 400 /415 = 0.96385
d = diameter of bolt = 9.81 mm
Therefore,
𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑉𝑛𝑝𝑏) = 2.5 ∗ 0.96385 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 5.8 ∗ 415 = 56.897 𝑘𝑁
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏) = 𝑉𝑛𝑝𝑏/ γ𝑚𝑏 = 56.897/1.25 = 45.518 𝑘𝑁

3. Tensile Capacity of Plate

𝑻𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟗 ∗ 𝑨𝒏 ∗ 𝒇𝒖
Where,
An = Net tensile area of the plate = (41.51 – 10.7) ∗ 5.8 = 178.698 𝑚𝑚2
fu = Ultimate strength of the plate = 415 MPa

Substituting the values, 𝑇𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 178.698 ∗ 415 = 66.743 𝑘𝑁

Design tensile capacity (𝑇𝑑𝑛) = 𝑇𝑛/ γ𝑚1 = 66.743/ 1.25 = 53.394 𝑘𝑁

Comparison of strengths
To summarize,
For single bolt connection with bearing-type bolt,
Design Shear Capacity(𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏) = 𝑉𝑛𝑠𝑏 /𝛾𝑚𝑏 = 31.0704/ 1.25 = 24.8563𝑘𝑁
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏) = 𝑉𝑛𝑝𝑏/ 𝛾𝑚𝑏 = 56.897/1.25 = 45.518 𝑘𝑁
Design tensile capacity (𝑇𝑑𝑛) = 𝑇𝑛 /𝛾𝑚1 = 66.743/ 1.25 = 53.394 𝑘𝑁
Therefore,
𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏 < 𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏 < 𝑇𝑑𝑛
Hence, for single bolt connection with bearing-type bolt, shear failure of bolt will happen
before the bearing and tensile failure of the plate.

Using three bearing type bolts instead of one,

Design Shear Capacity(𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏) = 𝑉𝑛𝑠𝑏/ 𝛾𝑚𝑏 = 3 ∗ 24.8563𝑘𝑁 = 74.5689 𝑘𝑁
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏) = 𝑉𝑛𝑝𝑏/ 𝛾𝑚𝑏 = 3 ∗ 45.518 𝑘𝑁 = 136.554 𝑘𝑁
Design tensile capacity (𝑇𝑑𝑛) =
An = Net tensile area of the plate = (39.1 – 10.33) ∗ 5.8 = 166.866 𝑚𝑚2
fu = Ultimate strength of the plate = 415 MPa

Substituting the values, 𝑇𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 166.866 ∗ 415 = 62.324 𝑘𝑁

Design tensile capacity (𝑇𝑑𝑛) = 𝑇𝑛 /𝛾𝑚1 = 62.324/1.25 = 49.859 𝑘𝑁
Therefore,
𝑇𝑑𝑛 < 𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏 < 𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏
Hence, for triple bolt connection with bearing-type bolt, tensile failure of plate will happen
before the shear failure of the bolts.

B. High Strength Friction Grip (HSFG) Bolted Connection

Grade of bolt = 10.9

Ultimate Strength of the bolt (fub) = 1000 MPa
Yield Strength of the bolt (fyb) = 0.9*1000 = 900 MPa

Material of the packing plate – Mild Steel

Ultimate tensile strength of the plate (fu) = 415 MPa
Yield tensile strength of the plate (fy) = 250 MPa

Dimensions of the bolt

Shank diameter of the bolt = 9.78 mm
Shank Area of the bolt (Asb ) = (π/ 4 )𝑑² = (π/ 4) ∗ (9.78) ^2 = 75.1221 𝑚𝑚2
Nominal Area of the bolt (Anb )= 0.78*Asb = 0.78 ∗ 75.1221 = 58.59522 𝑚𝑚2

Dimensions of the plates

For single bolt: (High strength friction grip bolt)
Plate: Fe 250
L=40 mm
w=65.75 mm
do=10.7 mm
e₁=end distance=110.19 mm
edge distance=20.74 mm
thickness=6.24 mm
For 3 bolts:
(High strength friction grip bolt)
Plate: Fe 250
L=40 mm
w=39.1 mm
do=10.33 mm
e₁=end distance=24.96 mm
edge distance=13.86 mm
thickness=5.80 mm
pitch= 69.2 mm

Type of Joint: Double-cover butt joint

Number of shear planes intercepting the threaded area (𝑛𝑛) = 1
Number of shear planes without intercepting the threaded area (𝑛𝑠) = 1

For Single-Bolt Connection

1. Shear Capacity of Bolt
Nominal Shear Capacity (𝑉𝑛𝑠𝑏) = (𝑓𝑢/ √3)* (𝑛𝑛 ∗ 𝐴𝑛𝑏 + 𝑛𝑠 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑏) = (1000 /√3)* (1 ∗
75.1221 + 1 ∗ 58.59522) = 77.201 𝑘𝑁
Design Shear Capacity (𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏) = 𝑉𝑛𝑠𝑏/ γ𝑚𝑏 = 77.201/ 1.25 = 61.761 𝑘𝑁

2. Slip Resistance of Bolt

Nominal shear capacity (𝑉𝑛𝑠𝑓) = μ𝑓𝑛𝑒𝐾ℎ 𝐹0
Where,
𝜇𝑓 = coefficient of friction (slip factor) = 0.33 (as per Table 20 of IS 800:2007)
𝑛𝑒 = number of interfaces offering frictional resistance to slip = 2
𝐾ℎ = 0.7 (as per IS 800:2007)
𝐹0 = 𝐴𝑛𝑏𝑓0 = proof load at installation
𝑓0 = proof stress = 0.7𝑓𝑢𝑏
 𝑇ℎ 𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒,
𝑉𝑛𝑠𝑓 = 0.33 ∗ 2 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 58.59522 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1000 = 18.949 𝑘𝑁

3. Bearing Capacity of Bolt

Nominal bearing strength (𝑉𝑛𝑝𝑏) = 2.5 ∗ 𝑘𝑏𝑑𝑡𝑓𝑢
𝑘𝑏 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑒/ 3𝑑0, (𝑝/ 3𝑑0) − 0.25, 𝑓𝑢𝑏/ 𝑓𝑢, 1.0)
Where,
e = end distance = 110.19 mm
d0 = diameter of the hole = 10.7 mm
fub = ultimate strength of bolt = 1000 MPa
fu = ultimate strength of plate = 415 MPa

Therefore,
𝑘𝑏 = 1
d = diameter of bolt = 9.78 mm
t = 6.24 mm

Therefore, 𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑉𝑛𝑝𝑏) = 2.5 ∗ 1 ∗ 9.78 ∗ 6.24 ∗ 415 = 63.315𝑘𝑁
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏) = 𝑉𝑛𝑝𝑏 /γ𝑚𝑏 = 63.315 /1.25 = 50.652 𝑘𝑁

4. Tensile Capacity of Plate

𝑻𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟗 ∗ 𝑨𝒏 ∗ 𝒇𝒖
Where,
An = Net tensile area of the plate = (65.75 – 10.7) ∗ 6.24 = 343.512 𝑚𝑚2
fu = Ultimate strength of the plate = 415 MPa

Substituting the values, 𝑇𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 343.512 ∗ 415 = 128.301 𝑘𝑁

Design tensile capacity (𝑇𝑑𝑛) = 𝑇𝑛 /𝛾𝑚1 = 128.301/1.25 = 102.641 𝑘𝑁

Comparison of strengths
To summarize,
For single bolt connection with HSFG bolt,
Design Shear Capacity(𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏) = 𝑉𝑛𝑠𝑏 /𝛾𝑚𝑏 = 77.201/ 1.25 = 61.761 𝑘𝑁
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏) = 𝑉𝑛𝑝𝑏 /𝛾𝑚𝑏 = 63.315 /1.25 = 50.652 𝑘𝑁
Design tensile capacity (𝑇𝑑𝑛) = 𝑇𝑛/ 𝛾𝑚1 = 128.301/1.25 = 102.641 𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑛𝑠𝑓 < 𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏 < 𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏 < 𝑇𝑑𝑛
Therefore,
Hence, for single bolt connection with HSFG bolt, shear and bearing failure of bolt will
happen before tensile failure of plate.
Using three HSFG bolts instead of one,
Design Shear Capacity(𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏) = 3 ∗ 61.761𝑘𝑁 = 185.283 𝑘𝑁
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏) =
𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑉𝑛𝑝𝑏) = 2.5 ∗ 1 ∗ 9.78 ∗ 5.8 ∗ 415 = 58.851 𝑘𝑁
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏) = 𝑉𝑛𝑝𝑏 /γ𝑚𝑏 = 58.851 /1.25 = 47.08 𝑘𝑁
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏) = 3 ∗ 47.08 = 141.242𝑘𝑁
Design tensile capacity (𝑇𝑑𝑛) =
 An = Net tensile area of the plate = (39.1 – 10.33) ∗ 5.8 = 166.866 𝑚𝑚2
fu = Ultimate strength of the plate = 415 MPa

Substituting the values, 𝑇𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 166.866 ∗ 415 = 62.324 𝑘𝑁

Design tensile capacity (𝑇𝑑𝑛) = 𝑇𝑛 /𝛾𝑚1 = 62.324/1.25 = 49.859 𝑘𝑁
Therefore,
𝑉𝑛𝑠𝑓 < 𝑇𝑑𝑛 < 𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏 < 𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏
Hence, for triple bolt connection with HSFG bolts, tensile failure of plate will happen before the
shear failure and bearing failure of the bolts.

Single bolt- Mild steel

Load, Kg LVDT-1 LVDT-2
0 0 0
212.2283176 0.012910157 0.059407554
229.2922998 0.017447917 0.056445314
425.9646151 0.364921884 0.468743501
468.5055195 0.435201833 0.559238295
723.5922109 0.637643245 0.834498718
966.0594923 0.834231791 1.109414089
1217.177816 0.999739608 1.349134147
1468.772343 1.133899767 1.552161496
1707.112522 1.249778676 1.729088584
1978.152053 1.358131543 1.901503952
2217.762109 1.459804723 2.06406255
2464.118391 1.556497434 2.227682346
2732.935636 1.645293009 2.394349016
2981.831673 1.731920615 2.561914125
3224.298954 1.825983117 2.782740953
3506.132446 1.891588587 2.994759187
3781.934018 1.950084683 3.215722734
3965.351984 1.975221402 3.410696697
4219.089431 2.031080778 3.699681079
4394.411926 2.072109425 3.904134209
4550.051317 2.0826563 4.025293066
4716.881506 2.132643281 4.531484485
4974.746055 2.192506564 5.274453253

Strain (µm/m)
Load, Kg 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
212.228318 -5.416666949 -11.53333393 4.083333546 20.89166776 12.60833399 3.07500016
229.2923 -6.691667016 -14.12500074 4.583333572 38.47500201 13.34166736 3.700000193
425.964615 -16.38333419 -11.35833393 11.72500061 48.65000254 19.82500103 9.325000486
468.505519 -18.33333429 -11.26666725 12.783334 49.47500258 22.40000117 11.50833393
723.592211 -25.28333465 -9.108333808 17.10000089 54.77500286 33.45000174 20.44166773
966.059492 -32.65833504 -3.333333507 22.65000118 53.85000281 47.45000247 31.70000165
1217.17782 -40.50833545 1.233333398 27.38333476 52.9583361 62.85833661 43.75833562
1468.77234 -43.52500227 2.841666815 29.15000152 51.98333604 77.97500407 57.20000298
1707.11252 -46.12500241 3.558333519 30.47500159 53.00000276 93.62500488 71.71667041
1978.15205 -49.16666923 6.433333669 33.10000173 52.16666939 109.8333391 86.29167117
2217.76211 -50.80000265 9.625000502 35.01666849 51.62500269 126.0083399 100.2083386
2464.11839 -50.70833598 14.6583341 37.24166861 52.42500273 143.1166741 113.4333392
2732.93564 -45.10833569 18.17500095 37.69166863 57.73333634 160.7916751 125.3750065
2981.83167 -33.1916684 20.69166775 34.04166844 65.35000341 178.916676 135.8666738
3224.29895 -17.23333423 22.3083345 28.7000015 77.57500405 199.4166771 146.7750077
3506.13245 10.55833388 24.66666795 17.03333422 94.37500492 225.1166784 155.5000081
3781.93402 24.63333462 22.81666786 11.60833394 108.833339 234.7833456 157.6750082
3965.35198 44.65833566 32.05000167 12.61666732 115.1583393 227.1000118 141.1333407
4219.08943 74.40833721 45.19166902 30.19166824 54.85833619 188.4416765 114.5666726
4394.41193 94.32500492 50.37500263 46.91666911 131.8583402 156.7416748 100.7000053
4550.05132 106.0416722 53.1083361 54.45833617 20.93333443 142.6333408 94.87500495
4716.88151 151.1750079 57.09166964 44.72500233 -88.10000459 120.516673 65.82500343
4974.74605 209.5500109 17.65833425 14.37500075 -12.63333399 122.5583397 73.85833719

Single bolt- HSFG

 Load, Kg LVDT-1 LVDT-2
0 0 0
598.5092533 0.599505223 0.83531252
1065.268691 0.655670589 0.880410178
1541.869681 0.838001322 1.467701858
2096.409417 0.972617211 1.777265668
2562.454549 1.089042995 1.981634163
3094.771425 1.210091175 2.191282605
3567.404047 1.30512373 2.386647193
4058.846733 1.389453159 2.578105531
4684.420256 1.489654984 2.832337308
5070.383722 1.544322954 3.025703198
5569.207573 1.60516931 3.305586018
6108.270674 1.674505249 3.663671964
6578.442908 1.73513025 4.051504004
7066.075961 1.802031294 4.417207138
7574.503262 1.867291712 4.869069128
8086.978298 1.93176437 5.416341277
8631.200278 1.996927132 6.049290511
9092.72147 2.133405 6.860494958
9573.132093 2.147545625 7.769544459
10072.67025 2.221516981 8.986940322
10672.44938 2.238821669 11.36106798
11087.54067 2.255266982 12.99761099
 Strain(µm/m)
Load, Kg
1 2 3 4 5 6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
598.5092533 14.24166741 48.05833584 21.82500114 -3.61666686 22.30000116 1.608333417
1065.268691 11.46666726 71.96667042 44.64166899 -4.58333357 33.30000174 10.30000054
1541.869681 -11.6083339 99.47500519 -34.3000018 -1.65000009 199.4583437 80.18333752
2096.409417 -16.8000009 94.89167162 -61.5333365 -1.2333334 273.7666809 142.6666741
2562.454549 -15.4833341 122.5750064 -41.0583355 -3.01666682 299.8000156 150.5416745
3094.771425 -16.7666675 149.9500078 -25.9083347 -6.67500035 327.1333504 165.383342
3567.404047 -21.6500011 164.4000086 -13.8000007 -7.74166707 354.4000185 187.5833431
4058.846733 -25.9583347 174.1416757 2.008333438 -9.89166718 378.4916864 208.4083442
4684.420256 -31.1000016 201.5250105 19.45000101 -11.6000006 412.5000215 233.2250122
5070.383722 -34.1500018 225.0833451 29.99166823 -12.3750006 430.7333558 244.8250128
5569.207573 -37.4833353 247.6833463 46.83333578 -14.3583341 451.6666902 258.7083468
6108.270674 -41.5000022 275.2250144 67.55000352 -15.8416675 464.1916909 272.8916809
6578.442908 -44.816669 303.2833492 85.96667115 -17.6583343 478.8583583 282.7666814
7066.075961 -46.1083357 349.7583516 91.79167145 -18.3666676 528.6500276 282.2083481
7574.503262 -47.4166691 389.7750203 97.70833843 -20.075001 576.2416967 281.733348
8086.978298 -48.9583359 422.5583554 108.3000056 -22.0666678 620.416699 277.0916811
8631.200278 -51.1000027 445.7083566 116.5000061 -25.8000013 654.1750341 275.5250144
9092.72147 -52.6750027 459.6666906 122.7333397 -24.9000013 656.2667009 272.5833475
9573.132093 -55.6500029 467.8166911 133.775007 -26.9416681 636.7250332 265.7750139
10072.67025 -59.6500031 450.4750235 148.1666744 -29.4583349 582.0333637 258.7083468
10672.44938 -67.3166702 361.0916855 154.9916748 -33.6500018 458.9416906 247.3916796
11087.54067 -73.8666705 282.2000147 189.5416766 -36.5166686 300.208349 232.8000121
 3 bolts- Mild steel
Load, Kg LVDT-1 LVDT-2
0 0 0
285.1669205 0.384589853 0.371341155
474.1406019 0.793795592 0.675449235
695.5755332 1.097291693 1.216074248
948.8367754 1.275475291 1.485110713
1021.696011 1.314153678 1.535651079
1225.511388 1.45804691 1.710559937
1492.741286 1.600397174 1.880104212
1686.238907 1.71404301 2.010970101
1723.938402 1.733209677 2.033483122
1955.056151 1.834446659 2.155638073
2252.048808 1.929003953 2.272382868
2449.991001 2.022747445 2.395201881
2698.093365 2.100540415 2.499349019
2984.768265 2.162819063 2.593671938
3241.759773 2.239335992 2.699030013
3441.130579 2.285136774 2.775592515
3736.773991 2.360625057 2.887610747
3972.177577 2.401269589 2.962194082
4255.836518 2.479974018 3.101237054
4483.144634 2.520950582 3.198457109
4716.008465 2.57278001 3.323066487
4962.285379 2.626230532 3.443984458
5226.658052 2.666315169 3.561139409
5482.300315 2.715117253 3.695599048
5721.275432 2.764251369 3.818925874
5960.885489 2.825052152 3.969869888
6239.861755 2.884609445 4.107363381
6489.868936 2.952057363 4.236458436
6711.065765 3.014785229 4.343730574
7000.677257 3.07570971 4.486497504
7243.462008 3.134381586 4.616230581
7468.389103 3.195950598 4.785592564
7738.317491 3.258691485 4.937949338
7965.784341 3.344218831 5.131432416
8212.616827 3.423971437 5.386054818
8483.100786 3.545514409 5.723893368
8757.870583 3.67954436 6.03475275
9015.576397 3.805475353 6.363893383
9192.883077 4.536894641 7.516868672
9463.367036 4.757701938 8.003411652
9734.644669 5.005384236 8.697656461
9983.540706 5.286536586 9.303522361
10175.21288 5.525273571 9.831862217
10245.21489 5.575299614 9.949218991
10490.22193 5.877513163 10.67375677
10709.91077 6.21514989 11.52487658
 Strain(µm/m)
Load, Kg
1 2 3 4 5 6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
285.1669205 -1.94166677 1.38333341 52.00000271 -3.5833335 5.81666697 11.95000062
474.1406019 -1.3583334 0.93333338 57.18333632 -3.7000002 11.33333392 18.40000096
695.5755332 13.92500073 17.1583342 74.50833722 -4.0500002 14.71666743 18.02500094
948.8367754 22.84166786 33.1083351 92.24167148 -1.8916668 20.74166775 22.50000117
1021.696011 25.20000131 37.1083353 96.45000503 -1.2000001 22.30000116 23.82500124
1225.511388 33.03333506 48.4500025 108.4500057 -0.3916667 27.20000142 27.88333479
1492.741286 39.80833541 58.9000031 116.1333394 2.25833345 35.45833518 35.61666852
1686.238907 46.50833576 66.4916701 120.941673 3.14166683 42.92500224 42.95000224
1723.938402 47.62500248 67.6583369 122.116673 3.39166684 44.20833564 44.37500231
1955.056151 53.56666946 77.275004 133.950007 5.36666695 54.38333617 53.64166946
2252.048808 59.05000308 87.4500046 144.6500075 8.03333375 65.33333674 63.73333666
2449.991001 62.85000328 96.125005 153.7666747 9.56666717 75.38333726 72.8250038
2698.093365 66.20000345 103.475005 157.9833416 10.7250006 85.49167113 81.8083376
2984.768265 70.00000365 113.525006 160.266675 13.5000007 98.99167183 93.76667156
3241.759773 70.40000367 123.93334 164.5500086 15.2000008 113.5750059 104.9000055
3441.130579 70.46667034 130.666673 165.4416753 14.5833341 122.266673 112.8333392
3736.773991 68.24167023 139.225007 171.0583423 16.7750009 133.425007 123.8083398
3972.177577 66.99167016 146.766674 177.7833426 15.7583342 143.0500075 130.6083401
4255.836518 59.54166977 157.941675 186.5083431 15.5500008 157.5833416 139.1583406
4483.144634 52.22500272 165.316675 192.8083434 13.1000007 167.9750088 148.6250078
4716.008465 40.36666877 173.658342 199.4500104 9.78333384 178.6250093 159.8500083
4962.285379 32.06666834 179.208343 205.6166774 4.83333359 184.1500096 172.850009
5226.658052 19.42500101 188.266676 219.1333448 0.90000005 187.9500098 184.9750096
5482.300315 5.675000296 204.200011 239.5416792 -6.1583337 190.4166766 192.7000101
5721.275432 -5.15000027 217.966678 255.7500133 -13.508334 192.0583433 199.6916771
5960.885489 -18.2916676 230.416679 269.6166807 -20.383334 195.0750102 207.3333441
6239.861755 -27.5750014 241.475013 282.5916814 -25.091668 202.6750106 216.916678
6489.868936 -34.5083351 249.858346 295.2833487 -30.733335 208.8083442 223.8000117
6711.065765 -38.7916687 257.058347 306.450016 -33.983335 214.9083445 229.5083453
7000.677257 -46.6666691 265.908347 321.0583501 -38.425002 223.8750117 237.2333457
7243.462008 -51.858336 270.833347 330.4000172 -42.183336 231.1083454 244.2583461
7468.389103 -56.4250029 273.600014 339.658351 -44.650002 237.3250124 251.7916798
7738.317491 -61.4416699 277.808348 349.8000182 -46.825002 244.7500128 260.3500136
7965.784341 -66.1083368 279.608348 358.708352 -48.416669 249.6416797 267.9083473
8212.616827 -70.3416703 282.991681 366.1666858 -49.841669 255.4750133 276.4833478
8483.100786 -75.9416706 285.500015 375.5166863 -51.216669 260.7666803 285.8916816
8757.870583 -79.8333375 287.791682 383.5666867 -52.600003 265.4416805 294.7333487
9015.576397 -82.1000043 288.658348 389.166687 -55.61667 270.3500141 303.0333491
9192.883077 -86.8916712 285.641682 391.2166871 -54.56667 267.825014 308.5250161
9463.367036 -89.1000046 287.916682 400.8916876 -56.008336 272.0833475 318.2833499
9734.644669 -91.9166715 290.383348 413.9500216 -56.908336 276.0833477 328.1500171
9983.540706 -93.2166715 291.416682 420.7750219 -57.625003 278.0750145 336.2500175
10175.21288 -93.7250049 291.175015 424.5000221 -59.425003 279.8500146 343.2666846
10245.21489 -95.0083383 292.275015 427.1500223 -58.24167 281.2250147 345.8583514
10490.22193 -95.0666716 291.850015 430.0916891 -60.775003 282.1750147 354.0083518
10709.91077 -95.8916717 292.383349 436.3083561 -61.200003 286.4666816 362.2916856
 3 Bolts- HSFG
Load, Kg LVDT-1 LVDT-2
0 0 0
500.3318304 0.139856774 0.100292971
990.1871694 0.233437506 0.282805996
1507.979819 0.287063809 0.446953136
1928.864923 0.366901051 0.574850274
2006.724302 0.383007822 0.597395848
2459.35635 0.473834647 0.74222007
2918.099684 0.567246107 0.875937521
2970.164671 0.577923191 0.891868511
3506.529283 0.682981787 1.045084661
3985.352559 0.772005227 1.173385445
4145.19842 0.803014342 1.212923206
4514.49474 0.866061219 1.311113313
5105.464095 0.96026695 1.461113317
5524.682484 1.027649764 1.587812538
5942.869098 1.08973961 1.744869834
6084.619201 1.122369819 1.807929731
6510.504449 1.158098986 1.973821662
7062.821899 1.215260446 2.364707089
8056.501232 1.420071649 3.14037768
8536.356284 1.661627644 3.700872485
8797.792364 2.582962302 4.9136134
9017.084377 3.140944086 6.215631661
9564.481051 3.846595145 7.886959826
 Strain(µm/m)
Load, Kg
1 2 3 4 5 6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
500.3318304 6.400000334 18.10833428 14.24166741 3.541666851 19.80833437 18.97500099
990.1871694 14.85000077 30.24166824 29.43333487 3.066666827 36.4750019 38.80833536
1507.979819 6.675000348 16.18333418 22.04166782 9.33333382 67.86667021 81.15833757
1928.864923 18.13333428 72.07500376 52.4666694 40.87500213 123.9750065 122.266673
2006.724302 18.28333429 73.99167053 52.05000271 39.27500205 125.1416732 125.5833399
2459.35635 29.84166822 87.54167123 50.68333598 36.15833522 136.6916738 157.8333416
2918.099684 39.67500207 102.7000054 50.67500264 35.15000183 145.9666743 188.5666765
2970.164671 41.42500216 104.0916721 50.29166929 34.33333512 146.4500076 191.60001
3506.529283 51.53333602 120.4250063 55.30000288 32.90833505 157.3583415 223.0500116
3985.352559 57.89166969 133.2833403 66.67500348 32.95000172 165.4500086 243.133346
4145.19842 60.54166982 137.1833405 71.10833704 33.38333507 168.3333421 249.1916797
4514.49474 62.77500327 146.0500076 83.61667103 34.59166847 174.7333424 262.1416803
5105.464095 69.04167027 158.8166749 103.016672 34.97500182 184.6750096 281.3166813
5524.682484 72.37500377 166.1750087 117.0333394 34.99166849 190.0166766 294.2750153
5942.869098 75.59167061 173.050009 129.3916734 18.46666763 170.4916756 302.8500158
6084.619201 77.05833735 175.0083425 133.3166736 16.14166751 171.950009 306.4333493
6510.504449 81.71667093 183.6416762 149.5833411 15.65833415 178.7083427 318.4416833
7062.821899 83.12500434 195.7333435 169.2916755 17.2500009 189.5083432 334.9166841
8056.501232 96.37500503 217.0250113 205.2416774 19.85833437 209.5833443 363.875019
8536.356284 101.1666719 226.4333451 222.0750116 20.20000105 221.2583449 378.4250197
8797.792364 102.3500053 229.6166786 231.8750121 21.31666778 231.4083454 386.0500201
9017.084377 102.6083387 230.900012 238.4750124 22.93333453 237.2500124 392.3500205
9564.481051 97.67500509 245.8083462 261.0250136 17.56666758 246.2750128 406.3750212
Failure images:

Tear failure of plate

Shear failure of the bolt

Bearing failure
Observations during the lab: