CONFIDENTIAL

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

ANSWER SCHEME
TEST 1
SEMESTER II
SESSION 2021/2022

COURSE NAME : URBAN STORMWATER

MANAGEMENT

COURSE CODE : BNA 40703

PROGRAMME : BNA

DATE : MEI 2022

DURATION : 1 1/2 HOURS

INSTRUCTION :

CONFIDENTIAL
 BNA40703

Q1 (a) The responsibility for urban stormwater management is shared between Malaysian
Federal and State agencies/institution. List FOUR (4) roles and responsibilities for
each of Federal and State agencies.
MASMA 1- CHAPTER 5 – Institutional and Legal Framework
( 8 marks)

The roles and responsibility, choose any 3 from each:

Federal government State government
• National policy, planning, • state level policy,
and strategy formulation planning and strategy
• Technical assistance formulation
• Data collection and • infrastructural
documentation development and
• Research and development management
• Capacity building • regulatory
• financing responsibilities
• financing
• emergency management
4m 4m

(b) Explain TWO (2) categories in stormwater systems.

Tentukan DUA (2) kategori dalam sistem air ribut dan terangkan secara ringkas.
knowledge (7 marks)

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(b) Discuss briefly the effects of runoff quality and quantity as a result of the
transformation of natural catchment area to an urbanized catchment area.
Bincangkan secara ringkas kesan kualiti dan kuantiti air larian hasil daripada
transformasi kawasan tadahan semulajadi kepada kawasan tadahan perbandaran
comprehension(10 marks)

In terms of runoff quantity, when a catchment is urbanized, large areas of natural

vegetation are replaced by development containing a high percentage of impervious
surfaces such as roads, roofs, car parks, and surface paving. These human alterations
to land surfaces change the physical and biological features that affect hydrologic
processes. Impervious areas decrease the natural occurrence of rainfall infiltration and
5 depression storage, which increases runoff volumes. They also accelerate overland
flow velocities, which reduce flow travel times. The inevitable consequence is a
significant increase in peak discharge due a larger runoff volume occurring over a
shorter time. This increase in peak discharge for any storm means that a related high
discharge occurs more frequently.

In terms of runoff quality, urbanization and the resultant increase in population and
activities associated with the urban life can dramatically change the quality of runoff
within a catchment and its receiving waters. Runoff from urban areas has been shown
to contain many different types of pollutants, depending on the nature of the activities.
5 For example runoff from roads and highways is contaminated with vehicular
pollutants. Runoff from industrial areas typically contains even more types of heavy
metals, sediments, and a broad range of man-made organic pollutants. Also,
construction site can turn the receiving waters turbid and be deposited over the natural
sediment of the receiving water.

Q2 (a) Discuss in general the importance of having rainfall temporal patterns in the
hydrologic design.
Bincangkan secara umum kepentingan mempunyai hujan corak “temporal”
dalam reka bentuk hidrologi.
COM(8 marks)

The temporal distribution of rainfall within the design storm is an important factor
that affects the runoff volume, and magnitude and timing of the peak discharge.
Design rainfall temporal patterns are used to represent the typical storm burst.
Standardization of temporal patterns allows standard design procedures to be
1 adopted in flow calculation. It is important to emphasize that these temporal patterns
0 are intended for use in design storms. Temporal patterns should be chosen so that
the resulting runoff hydrographs are consistent with observed hydrographs.

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(b) Figure Q2 shows a 98 hectare of mixed urban area located in Taman Perling,
Johor Bahru. Based on your justification, identify the suitable method to
develop hydrograph for this study area; Rational Hydrograph Method or
Time-Area Hydrograph Method
(i) Using the method you chose in Q(b)(i), calculate a 10 year ARI runoff
hydrograph with 30 minutes duration for this mixed urban area. Assume tc = 9
minutes and continuous loss is constant at 2.5 mm/hr.
(15marks)

(ii) Predict the peak discharge for this hydrograph.

(2 marks)

(i) Time-Area Hydrograph method, because it has catchment area larger than 80 ha.

(ii)
a) Find rainfall intensity, i = T  (59.972)(10 0.163 )
= = 127.358 mm/hr
(d +  ) (0.5 + 0.121) 0.793
3
Total rainfall = 127.358 mm/hr × (30/60) = 63.68 mm
2
b) Find temporal pattern:

Given 30 minutes duration, from table Q2(iii), it is less than 60 mins,

hence rainfall time interval is 5 mins

Weightage from Table

Time Intensity Q2(iv) for 30 mins Storm
5 63.68 0.124 7.9
1
10 63.68 0.13 8.3
15 63.68 0.365 23.2
20 63.68 0.152 9.7
25 63.68 0.126 8.0
30 63.68 0.103 6.6
2

c) Find rainfall excess

Total Rainfall Rainfall
Time Time Losses Rainfall
rainfall excess excess
(s) (min) (mm) excess (m)
(mm) (mm) (m/s)

300 5 7.9 2.5 5.4 0.005396208 0.0000180 P1

3
600 10 8.3 2.5 5.8 0.005778283 0.0000193 P2
900 15 23.2 2.5 20.7 0.02074287 0.0000691 P3

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1200 20 9.7 2.5 7.2 0.007179223 0.0000239 P4

1500 25 8.0 2.5 5.5 0.005523566 0.0000184 P5
1800 30 6.6 2.5 4.1 0.004058947 0.0000135 P6

d) Using rainfall excess (m/s) from (c) and sub-area Table Q2(i) in m2
generate the hydrograph:

Q1 = P1A1
Q2 = P1A2 + P2A1
Q3 = P1A3 + P2A2 + P3A1
Q4 = P1A4 + P2A3 + P3A2 + P4A1
1
Q5 = P1A5 + P2A4 + P3A3 + P4A2 + P5A1
Q6 = P2A5 + P3A4 + P4A3 + P5A2 + P6A1
Q7 = P3A5 + P4A4 + P5A3 + P6A2
Q8 = P4A5 + P5A4 + P6A3
Q9 = P5A5 + P6A4
Q10 = P6A5

Sub-area (ha) 1 ha = 10000m2

A1 34 340000
A2 18 180000
A3 18 180000
A4 18 180000
A5 10 100000 3

Rainfall runoff duration

Area (m2) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
340000
6.116 6.549 23.509 8.136 6.260 4.600
180000
3.238 3.467 12.446 4.308 3.314 2.435
180000
3.238 3.467 12.446 4.308 3.314 2.435
180000
3.238 3.467 12.446 4.308 3.314 2.435
100000
1.799 1.926 6.914 2.393 1.841 1.353
Total (m3/s)
6.12 9.79 30.21 27.29 28.28 26.59 16.97 8.14 4.28 1.35
Hydrograph, Q

e) Peak discharge for this hydrograph is 30.21 m3/s (or any relevant units) 2

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LAMPIRAN
APPENDIX
UJIAN 1
TEST 1
SEMESTER/SESSION : SEM II 20212022 PROGRAMME : 4 BNA
COURSE NAME : URBAN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT COURSE CODE : BNA 40703

FIGURE

5
10
15

20

Figure Q2: Catchment area and the isochrones for Taman Perling, Johor Bahru
Rajah S2: Kawasan tadahan dan isokron untuk Taman Perling, Johor Bahru

EQUATIONS

T 
i=
( d +  )

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Table Q2(i): Areas between the isochrones

ID Isochrones Area (ha)
A1 0–5 34
A2 5 – 10 18
A3 10 – 15 18
A4 15 – 20 18
A5 20 > 10

Table Q2(ii): Fitting constants for the IDF empirical equation for the different location
in Malaysia for high ARIs between 2 and 100 year and storm duration from 5
minutes to 72 hours
State No Station Station Name Constant
ID λ κ θ η
Johor 1 1437116 Stor JPS Johor Bahru 59.972 0.163 0.121 0.793
2 1534002 Pusat Kem Pekan Nenas 54.265 0.179 0.100 0.756
3 1541139 Johor Silica 59.060 0.202 0.128 0.660

Kuala 1 3015001 Puchong Drop, K Lumpur 69.650 0.151 0.223 0.880

Lumpur 2 3116003 Ibu Pejabat JPS 61.976 0.145 0.122 0.818
3 3116004 Ibu Pejabat JPS1 64.689 0.149 0.174 0.837

Table Q2(iii): Recommended Intervals for Design Rainfall Temporal Pattern

Storm Duration (minutes) Time Interval (minutes)
Less than 60 5
60 – 120 10
121 – 360 15
Greater than 360 30

Table Q2(iv): Region 2: Johor, Negeri Sembilan, Melaka, Selangor dan Pahang
No. of Storm Duration
Block 15-min 30-min 60-min 180-min
1 0.255 0.124 0.053 0.053
2 0.376 0.130 0.059 0.061
3 0.370 0.365 0.063 0.063
4 0.152 0.087 0.080
5 0.126 0.103 0.128
6 0.103 0.153 0.151
7 0.110 0.129
8 0.088 0.097
9 0.069 0.079
10 0.060 0.062
11 0.057 0.054
12 0.046 0.042