ENGLISH 3A

Chapter 7
COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES

A.The Nature of Public Communication

Public communication is a speech communication situation where a speaker delivers a message

before an audience.
Communication is made for numerous purposes.
a) Informative communication involves giving than asking.
Types of Informative Communication
1. By Content
a) Information about Objects talk about something tangible
or a demonstration of new things that can be see or touched.
b) information about Processes discuss of a process that is in
progress that will yield to a distinct outcome.
c) Information about Events deliberate on anything worthy
and notable that took place
d) Information about Concepts tackle on ideas, beliefs,
theories and principles that will bring into new perspectives.
2. By Purpose
a) Information on Description speak about straight forward
information as you describe what you want to convey through
a word picture manner.
b) Information on Explanation talk to clarify concepts and
ideas that have been known by many.
c) Information on Instructions demonstrate in a logical
manner the training programs of a new model or operations in
an office.
b) Persuasive Communication is sometimes called the speech to actuate. It is designed to
convince the audience’s belief or action.
Characteristics
1. Persuasion is not coercive
2. Persuasion is usually incremental because attitudes do not
instantly change. Likewise it is a process.
Types of Persuasion
1. By types of Proposition
a) Proposition of Fact talks on issues having two or more
angles with conflicting testimony and the viewers or readers
are required to know and select the truth
b) Proposition of Value discusses about truth and falsity of
the issue.
c) Proposition of Policy allows a step beyond the queries of
fact or value that will require an action or a policy.
2. By Desired Outcome
a) Convincing happens when one needs to persuade the
viewers or readers need to change by giving them time to
think and feel the situation.
b) Actuating takes place when one needs to move the
viewers or readers to a specific behavior.

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 3. By Direct Approach
a) direct Persuasion demonstrates the clear purpose of the
writer to the target audienc by stating it right away.
b) Indirect Persuasion disguises or hides the intentions of the
writer through a sense of only hinting the issue and it is for the
listeners or reader to comprehend the message.

c) Entertainment Communication. Its function is to put the audience in a

relaxed mood through the use of humor.

SPEECH is the term used to refer to the body spoken expressions of information and ideas.
A speech may be delivered in any of the following modes:
Reading from a Manuscript is appropriate when the speech is long and when details
are complicated and essential such as that they need to be given completely.
Memorized speech requires a speaker to commit everything to memory.
Extemporaneous speaking may have a short or a long preparation. The speaker may
use an outline to guide him through his speech to achieve better organization and to avoid
leaving out details.
Impromptu means speaking at the spur of the moment.

Steps in Speech Preparation

I. Pre-writing activities in speech making

a. Selecting your topic and identifying your purpose
b. Analyzing your audience
Two methods of analysis for audience:
1. demographic analysis – involves analysing your audience in terms
of sex/gender, age, racial/ethnic/cultural background, group
membership and income.
2. situational audience analysis – involves identifying “traits” of the
audience unique to the speaking situation at hand
c. Gathering materials for your speech
Three ways in gathering materials for your speech:
1. Self-reflection – Your knowledge and experiences are major
sources of materials. You need to make use of them.
2. Interview - a data collection technique that requires a face-to-face
interaction between the person asking (interviewer} a
question and the person or a group of persons answering
(interviewee) the question
3. Library and computer-aided research
2. Organizing your speech

In writing your speech, you should consider the following structure:

1. INTRODUCTION

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 The introduction which is an emphatic and strategic part of your
speech must be carefully prepared. Its initial sentences must capture the
attention of your audience and must hold their interest in your speech.

Below are some techniques which you may use to make your introduction.
1. Reference to the subject show to your listeners how important the topic is to
them.
2. Humor. must be relevant, brief, appropriate and fresh.
3. Illustrations Factual illustrations, true stories and personal experience are
good source of ideas which may be of great interest of your listeners.
4. Quotation This can be taken from a printed matter or from an oral
testimony of a famous, popular or a respected person.
5. Stimulating Statement These statements must be intriguing and
different.
6. Reference to the Occasion You can start your speech with a brief
reference to the occasion.
7. Rhetorical Question You can start your speech with: Have you ever
thought of ... Do you wonder why ... Did you know that ... What would you do
... If you were ...
Your listeners will think of the answers to your questions while you
are delivering your speech.
8. Anecdote The anecdote should drive home the purpose of your speech.
9. Definition You can start your speech by defining the theme of your
message.
10. Analogy This is a comparison between two different objects which have
common qualities.

2. BODY
The body of your speech is the substance of the message.
Methods of Organizing the Body of Your Speech

a. Chronological Pattern You present your ideas following the time

sequence of events.
b. Space Pattern This illustrates the relationship of things in terms of space.
c. Logical Method You can develop the body of your speech starting from a
generalization to the specific or particular instances. You follow the deductive
method. You can also build up a generalization by proceeding from a
particular to the general. You follow the inductive method.
d. Causes and Effect This patern provides a cause to effect (result)
procedure or effect to cause.
e. Comparison and Contrast You can develop the body of your speech by pointing
out the similarities and differences between two objects, persons or ideas.
f. Analogy It is particularly useful in clarifying something abstract and familiar by
relating it to something concrete and familiar.
g. Problem-solution pattern. You begin by presenting the problem and then
propose solutions.
h. Criteria-satisfaction pattern. You present a criteria and proceed to how
you can satisfy each audience member

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 i. Comparative advantages pattern. This pattern works well when you
compare the products or services that your company are selling to what the
competing company is selling.
j. Motivated sequence pattern. It follows a five step process. The steps are:
1. Attention. Capture your audience’s attention by telling them
about a problem.
2. Need. Make them feel that the problem can affect them in many
ways.
3. Satisfaction. Present the solution and show them that it is
workable.
4. Visualization. Create a mental picture of the outcome of your
proposal. Let your audience imagine what will happen if your
proposal is not adopted.
5. Action. Encourage your audience to respond by asking them what
they can do to help solve the problem

In organizing the body of your speech, always observe the principles of

unity, coherence, clarity, conciseness and correctness.

3. CONCLUSION
Methods of Concluding Your Speech
a) Appeal to Action You may end your speech by appealing for belief or
action.
b) Summary You can end your speech by reviewing the major ideas of the
message in your speech.
c) Illustration An illustration summarizing the leading ideas may be used to
close a speech.
d) Quotation The quotation should be a summary of the main points in your
speech.
e) Rhetorical Question You can close your speech with a question which
your audience will deliberate on.
f) Personal Example You can close your speech by telling your audience that
you yourself have found the information very important.
g) Joke You can end your speech with a joke that will reinforce the significant ideas
in your speech.

II. Direct way of telling your audience about your idea

1. the wonder talk – it is a talk based on the revelation of a succession of
images or wonder moments. In this approach, you build a sense of wonder in
your audience.
2. the dynamic demo- if what you are revealing is a technology or a process
or an invention, then you need the audience to see how it works. You need a
demonstration
3. dreamscape – you share your dreams, imagination, invention, innovation,
design, vision

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III. E-MAIL MESSAGES AND MEMOS

Electronic mail or e-mail is an example of digital technology that

revolutionized how we send and receive messages

a. Stages of writing an e-mail message or memo

1. Analysis, anticipation and adaptation
In this stage, you ask yourself the following questions:
a) Do you need to write the e-mail message or memo?
b) Should you send your e-mail message or should you simply say it
face-to-face?
c) What is the purpose of your message?
d) How will the receiver of your email message or memo react?
e) How will you save your reader’s time?
2. Research, organization and composition
In this stage you make an outline of your message or memo and you
list down the ideas you want to send. Remember that each idea or assertion or
claim that you will write needs supporting details.
3. Revision, proofreading and evaluation
In this stage, you revise for clarity and correctness and be ready for
feedback. When you revise, take the point of view of your prospective readers.
Ask yourself: if I were the reader, would the message or memo be clear to me?
Finally, do not forget to include in your email message a line or two asking for
your reader’s feedback.

b. Parts of the E-mail message or memo

1. Sender. This is where the name and email address of the sender is written.
2. Receiver Line. This is where the name and email address of the recipient is
written.
3. Date Line. This is where the date: day, month, year and time is written.
4. Subject Line. This is where the subject of your email message or memo is
written. The subject should not be a one-word heading and should contain a
verb
5. Opening
6. Body. This is where the author of the email message or memo writes the
reasons for writing and explains the message thoroughly
7. Closing. This part generally ends with (a) action information, dates or
deadlines; (b) a summary of the message; or (c) a closing thought