Molecular

Polarity
Review on Atoms
 Atomic Number

Definition Proton and Electron Importance

refers to the number of protons the number of protons in an The atomic number of an
in the atom’s nucleus element determines the element helps the scientists to

electrons that surround the synthesize new elements in the
the basis of element’s identity nucleus. laboratories

Henry Moseley Who is he?

In 1913, while working at the University of
Manchester, he experimented using his X-ray
spectroscopy, the different beam of electrons
bombarded with other elements produced
varying frequencies of x-ray spectral lines.

He measured and concluded that these

frequencies revealed by the elements in his
worked were similar location in the periodic
table of elements. Therefore, he assigned these
frequencies as the atomic number of each
element. This discovery is now known as
Moseley’s Law.
Atomic Number and its Representation

Mass number (A)

= number of protons (p+) + number of neutrons (n)
= Atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons (n)
= Mass number > Atomic number
Atomic Number and its Representation

Atomic Number (Z)

=number of protons (p+)
= number of electrons (e-) for neutral atom
Atomic Number and its Representation

Number of Neutrons (n)

= Mass number (A) - number of protons (p+)
Closer look at the elements in the Periodic Table
 Example 1:

No of Protons:=?
No of neutrons:=?
No of electrons:=?
Atomic number:=?
Atomic mass:=?
Nitrogen Example 1
No. of Proton: 7

No. of Neutron: 7

Atomic Number = No. of proton = No. of electron = 7

Atomic Mass / weight / Mass Number

= No. of Proton + No. of Neutron

= 7 + 7 = 14
 Example 2:

No of Protons:=?
No of neutrons:=?
No of electrons:=?
Atomic number:=?
Atomic mass:=?
Aluminum Example 2
No. of Proton: 13

No. of Electron: 13

No. of Neutron: 14

Atomic Number = No. of proton = No. of electron = 13

Atomic Mass / weight / Mass Number

= No. of Proton + No. of Neutron

= 13 + 14 = 27
Molecular
Polarity
WATER IS POLAR

OIL IS NONPOLAR
Lesson Objectives: After going through this

lesson, you are specifically

expected to:
1. Differentiate polar molecule

from non-polar molecule;

2. Determine whether the

bond between atoms is polar,

nonpolar, or ionic based on

electronegativity difference;

and
3. Relate the polarity of a

molecule to its properties.

Lesson Objectives: The most essential learning

competencies for this module:

Determine if a molecule is

polar or non-polar given its

structure (S11/12PS-IIIc-15)

Relate the polarity of a

molecule to its

properties(S11/12PS-IIIc-16)
 REMEMBER!

MOLECULES ARE

NEUTRAL!
#PROTONS=#ELECTRONS
MOLECULE 1 MOLECULE 2
 REMEMBER!

NONPOLAR

MOLECULES

=EQUAL

SHARING/
DISTRIBUTION
 REMEMBER!

POLAR

MOLECULES

=NOT EQUAL

SHARING
WHY WATER IS POLAR?
THEY SHARE ELECTRONS!
 COVALENT BOND
When two nonmetal atoms combine,

neither of them loses or gains electron

Instead, electron pairs are being shared

by both atoms and the type of chemical

bond formed is called covalent bond.

Result through the sharing of electrons.

Two types of Covalent Bond

POLAR COVALENT BOND NON- POLAR COVALENT BOND

1 when two bonded atoms are not
1
When the two atoms

equally distributed having similar

2 one atom is more electronegative

electronegativity will

than the other atom share electrons equally.

3 meaning one atom is partially

positive and the other atom is

partially negative
Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonds are formed

when atoms lose, gain, or

share electrons. It is a lasting

attraction between atoms, ions

or molecules that enables the

formation of chemical

compounds.
Ionic Bond
An ionic bond occurs when there is a transfer of one or more

valence electrons form one atom to another. It exists between

metal and nonmetal atoms where a metal loses electron/s while

the nonmetal element accepts the electron/s donated by metal.

Result from the electrostatic force of attraction between

oppositely charged ions.

Covalent Bond
When two nonmetal atoms combine, neither of them loses or

gains electron Instead, electron pairs are being shared by both

atoms and the type of chemical bond formed is called covalent

bond. Result through the sharing of electrons.

 IONIC BOND
An ionic bond occurs when there is a transfer of one

or more valence electrons form one atom to

another. It exists between metal and nonmetal

atoms where a metal loses electron/s while the

nonmetal element accepts the electron/s donated

by metal.
Result from the electrostatic force of attraction

between oppositely charged ions.

Polarity of Bonds and Electronegativity

Electronegativity (EN) measures the

relative tendency of an atom to

attract electrons to itself when

chemically combined with other

atoms.
Polarity of Bonds and Electronegativity
So what is the connection of electronegativity to the

polarity of bonds? We could use the electronegativity

values of the atoms involved to get the absolute

electronegativity difference (∆EN) which will help us in

predicting what type of chemical bond (ionic, polar

covalent or nonpolar covalent) that would exist between

them.


It increases within
period (from left to
right) and decreases
within a group (from
top to bottom).

Take note also that

the higher the value of
EN, the more it tends
to attract electrons
towards itself.

 EXAMPLES

1. Calcium Chloride - CaCL

EN Ca = 1.0 EN Cl = 3.16 Ionic Bond
│ │
(∆EN) = 1.0 – 3.16 = -2.16 = 2.16

2. ClCl
EN Ca = 3.16 EN Cl = 3.16
│ │
(∆EN) = 3.16 – 3.16 = 0.0 = 0.0 Non-Polar Covalent Bond

3. Hydrogen Chloride - HCl

EN H = 2.2 EN Cl = 3.0 Polar Covalent Bond
│ │
(∆EN) = 2.2 – 3.16 = -0.96 = 0.96
 YOUR TURN!

4. Sulfur Monoxide - SO

5. Calcium Flouride - CaF

6. Nitric Oxide - NO
 YOUR TURN!

4. Sulfur Monoxide - SO
EN S = 2.5 EN O = 3.5 Polar Covalent Bond
(∆EN) = 2.58 – 3.44 = │-1.00│= 1.00
5. Calcium Flouride - CaF
EN C = 1.0 EN F = 3.98
│ │
(∆EN) = 1.00 – 4.00= - 3.00 = 3.00 Ionic Bond

6. Nitric Oxide - NO
EN N = 3.04 EN O = 3.44 Polar Covalent Bond
│ │
(∆EN) = 3.00 – 3.50 = -0.5 = 0.5
Polarity of Molecules and Molecular Geometry
The polarity of molecules is determined by the two factors: the polarity of bonds based on
the electronegativity difference of the atoms involved and the geometrical shape of the
molecules which can be predicted via valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.

For polyatomic molecules, both the bond polarity and molecular shape determine the
overall molecular polarity. In terms of molecular geometry, the valence shell electron
pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory would help us to determine the spatial arrangement of
atoms in a polyatomic molecule.

A non-polar molecule is symmetric. If a molecule is symmetric meaning all electrons are

equally shared or bonded.

The polar molecule is asymmetric, meaning the distribution of electrons in a covalent

bond is not equal. It also contains lone pairs of electrons on the central atom or atom is
bonded with different electronegativity values.
 Step 1: Determine the central atom of a molecule. The

Steps to Predict
central atom is the least electronegative element.

the Molecular Step 2: Draw the appropriate Lewis dot structure for the

Geometry molecule.

Step 3: Count the number of bonding pairs of electrons

and non-bonding (or lone pairs) around the central atom.

Step 4: Determine the electron pair orientation using the

total number of electron pairs.

Step 5: Name the shape based on the location of the

atoms
Lewis Dot Structure
Lewis Dot Structure
Counting the Valence Shell Electrons
Video Link
Counting the Valence Electron
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Concept-
Builders/Chemistry/Lewis-
Structures/conceptBuilderHelp/Valence-Electrons

https://www.schoolmykids.com/learn/interactive-periodic-
table/valence-electrons-of-all-the-elements

Lewis Dot Structure

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Concept-
Builders/Chemistry/Lewis-
Structures/conceptBuilderHelp/help8
Different
Molecular
Shapes
Flowchart to determine
if a molecule is polar or
nonpolar
 Predict the 1
ENC= 2.5 ENO= 3.0 therefore, C will be the central atom and two
O atoms will be the attached to it. (You may also use the chemical

molecular geometry formula to predict which atom will be the central atom.)

of Carbon Dioxide
or CO2 2

To determine the position of the bonding pairs, let us count

3 the double bonds as one bonding pair. Therefore, CO2 has two
bonding pairs of electron.

4 Step 4: The electron pair orientation for two-electron pairs is linear.

5 Step 5: The molecular shape of CO2 is linear. So it is non-polar.

 EXAMPLE

NH3 and H2O are polar molecules because the bond dipole cannot be
cancelled because of the presence of lone pairs on the central atom

 EXAMPLE

CCl4 and HBr are non-polar molecules because they are symmetric and
they share the electrons equally

 Any questions? Thank you!

See you again on our next meeting!