ETHICS – has always been building a
collection of moral principles and evaluating the
implications of our actions to others and to
society at large.
Citizenship and M&IL Education
Digital Access
- Responsible digital citizenship should
advocate for the increase access of all
citizens to information technologies.
Digital Communication
- involves the electronic exchange to
information through values platforms
and channels information technology
has hastened and facilitated exchange to
information.
Digital Commerce
- Involve the sales and purchase of goods
and services using digital platforms in
the internet and mobile phones.
Digital Etiquette
- commonly regarded as appropriate and
respectful behavior when using
information technologies. Etiquette
covers the proper use of language
specially in an environment that relies
much on the written words, as well as
invoking the virtue of empathy which is
the ability to the feelings of others in as
much as we would like our feelings
considered.
Digital Law
- covers the legal environment that
informs and guide the users ethical and
productive use of technology defined as
abiding with the laws of society. In the
Philippines we can refer to Magna Carta
for Internet Freedom which is crowd-
source of documents.
Digital Wellness
- protections of users from could be
potentially deleterious to their physical,
physiological and psychological well
being.
Digital Security
- covers the entire safety precautions that
information technologies invoke from
virus protections to data protections. As
technologies grow and evolve Into
something more complex, the need for
security systems become even more
compelling.
COPYRIGHT
- Legal device that gives the creator the
sole right to publish and sell that work
- Rights can be sold to publishers or
recording companies
CYBERBULLYING
- bullying that takes place online, or using
electronic technology such as cell
phones, computers, and tablets over
communication tools including social
media sites, text messages, chat, and
websites
COMPUTER ADDICTION
- the excessive use of computers to the
extent that it interferes with daily life.
- Example: interfere with work or sleep or
affects mood, relationships, and thought
processes
DIGITAL DIVIDE
- economic inequality between groups in
terms of access to, use of, or knowledge
of ICT
Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics
1. Thou shalt not use a computer to harm
other people.
2. Thou shalt not interfere with other
people's computer work.
3. Thou shalt not snoop around in other
people's computer files.
4. Thou shalt not use a computer to steal.
5. Thou shalt not use a computer to bear
false witness.
6. Thou shalt not copy or use proprietary
software for which you have not paid.
7. Thou shalt not use other people's
computer resources without
authorization or proper compensation.
8. Thou shalt not appropriate other people's
intellectual output.
9. Thou shalt think about the social
consequences of the program you are
writing or the system you are designing.
10. Thou shalt always use a computer in
ways that ensure consideration and
respect for your fellow humans.
Sources should be
• Reliable - Information can be verified
and evaluated
• Accurate - Closeness of the report to
the actual data
• Valuable - aids the user in making
decisions
• Authorized - Sources with expertise on
the subject matter have sound authority
• Timely - Reliability, accuracy, and value
of information may vary based on the
time it was produced or acquired
LIBRARIES
Academic – Academic libraries may
have one or more physical buildings or
rooms that are filled with books and
other materials that are served to help
the students for their research and other
staff and faculty for their study. (Ex.
University of the Philippines,
Polytechnic University)
Public – Libraries that can be found in
the cities and towns that are funded by
the mass or taxation. Public libraries
tend to make a collection that could
pique the mass’s interest. (Ex. National
Library of the Philippines)
School – Books or any printed/non-
printed materials are provided by the
school authority. School Library is
established to ensure that student and
staffs are using reliable ideas and
information. (Ex. Camarines Sur
National High School)
Special – A privately held library that
functions as a division of a company or
other organization, focuses on books and
other content of particular interest to that
organization and typically solely serves
it personnel or members.
Information professionals and
specialized libraries or information
collections can be found in the fields of
• Law
• Medicine
• Business
• Science
• Government
• Military
 Information on the Internet
• Information varied in form and content
• More difficult to determine its reliability
and accuracy
• Easy access to information
• Discipline to check and validate
• Factual and fiction merged
• Sources always have to be validated
Determining the reliability of Information
• Author
• Date of publication or of update
• Citations
• Domain or owner of the site or page
• Site design and the writing style
INDIGENOUS MEDIA AND
INFORMATION
- Indigenous peoples are distinct social
and cultural groups that share collective
ancestral ties to the lands and natural
resources where they live, occupy or
from which they have been displaced
How is it passed on within local communities?
Local meetings
- Baliktaktakan
- Kwentong barbero
Indigenous – transmission of information
through local channels and forms. It is means by
which culture is preserved, handed, down and
adapted.
Communication
• Original information created by a local
group of people
• Content about indigenous people
distributed through dominant forms of
media or through forms of
communication unique to their people
group
Importance
• Popular media cannot reach some rural
areas. While print, broadcast, and new
media have a wide reach, there are still
areas that these forms of media have not
reached
• Indigenous media and information are
highly credible because they are near the
source and are seldom circulated for
profit.
Forms of Indigenous Media
• Folk or traditional media
• Gatherings and social organizations
• Direct observation
• Records – may be written, carved or oral
• Oral instructions
Superstitious Beliefs
• Bawal isukat ang damit pangkasal
• Bawal magwalis sa araw ng burol
• Bawal maggupit ng kuko sa gabi
• Friday the 13th
• Mga Alamat, Parabula at Pabula
CODES AND CONVENTIONS
Codes - are system of signs and symbolic
meaning that when put together create meaning.
It can be divided into two categories-technical
and symbolic
Two categories of Codes
Technical - are all the ways in which equipment
is used to tell the story in a media text.
Symbolic - show what is beneath the surface of
what we see
Models of Semiotic Theory
Semiotics
• The term semiotics is derived from the
Greek words semeio (interpreter of sign)
and tikos (pertaining to).
• According to Haul (1997), the media is
always engaged in signifying practices.
• It emphasizes the importance of
providing appropriate social and cultural
context for a communicant so that the
message does not get “lost in
translation.”

Conventions - the established and socially

accepted ways of doing things. In this media,
these are styles and approaches that have been
standardized into the content.

Media Codes

- Technical, written and symbolic tools THE GRAMMAR OF CAMERA

used to construct or suggest meaning in Extreme Long Shot
media forms and products. Media codes
Includes the use of: a long shot that
covers a wider area.
The shot frames the
subject from a
distance and focuses
on its surroundings.
Media Conventions
Long Shot
- Rules or generally accepted ways of
constructing form and informing a view of situation
meaning in media products including: or setting from a
distance.
Medium Long Shot Extreme Close up Shot/ Detail Shot (Objects)
Moderate amount of background. An extreme close-
up shot frames a
- Shows a group of people in
subject very
interaction with each other.
closely, often so
much that the outer
portion of the subject is cut off by the edges of
the frame. (example: a shot of a hand, eye,
Full Shot mouth, or objects in detail)

a type of camera shot in

which a character's entire Establishing Shot
body reaches from the
top of the frame to the The establishing
bottom of the frame. shot is a critical
component to
opening up your
Medium shot, Mid shot and Medium Close scene to indicate
shot the location of the setting and conveying exactly
what you want to your audience. It is usually a
A medium shot or waist long shot taken from a neutral position.
shot is captured at a
medium distance from
the subject. It shows a Point of View Shot / POV Shot
subject down to his/her
chest or waist. A point of view
shot (also known
as POV shot,
Close up first-person shot
or a subjective
The close-up is a camera) is a short
shot often taken at film scene that
relatively close shows what a character (the subject) is looking
range on a longer at (represented through the camera).
lens. It is a full
screenshot of a
subject's face, showing the finest nuances of
expression.
Over the shoulder shot Insert Shot
• often a close-up that focuses on a
The over-the-shoulder shot is a camera angle
specific detail.
used in film and television, where the camera is
• insert is a shot of part of a scene as
placed above the back of the shoulder and head
filmed from a different angle from the
of a subject. This shot is most commonly used to
master shot
present conversational back and forth between
two subjects.

Types of Over the shoulder shot

Dirty single: In the
dirty single shot,
viewers see an
unfocused (“dirty”)
glimpse of the
offscreen character’s shot in the frame. The
primary focus is the onscreen character.
Reverse Angle Shot
• a shot taken roughly
180 degrees opposite of
the shot prior
• shot from opposite
perspective

Clean over: The clean-over OTS shot is angled Handheld Camera Shot
over the shoulder of the offscreen character, but
they aren’t in the frame. • held by a camera person
• the shot relies only on the
operator's body
• has less stable shots

Arial Shot or High Angle or Overhead

Long or extreme long of the
Reaction Shot
ground from the air
A reaction shot refers to
when an action takes
place on screen, and then
cuts to a separate shot that
allows the viewer to see the reaction to this High Angle Shot
action from other players in the scene. This can A high angle shot is
be a reaction from a human, animal, or any form a filming technique
with a perceptible personality. where the camera
Reactions Shot are used for looks down at the
subject from above
• Suggest emotions to the audiences
• Showcase an actor's performance
• Control pacing
• Give the editor flexibility
Low Angle Shot, Below Shot Tracking Shot
Is any type of shot Dolly Shot – The camera is moved forward or
that comes from a backward along a track
camera angle
Truck Shot - The camera is moved left or right.
positioned low on
the vertical axis.

Zoom
Eye Level Shot or Straight on Angle A zoom shot is when the focal length of a
camera lens is adjusted to give the illusion of
A shot where the
moving closer or further away from the subject.
camera is positioned
directly at a character
or characters’ eye level

Panning Shot
movements is to
turn, or pan from
the word panorama,
The camera pans
from left to right or
vice versa across
the picture.

Tilt Shot
the camera stays
fixed but rotates up
and down on a
vertical plane

Tracking Shot
A tracking shot is any shot where the camera
follows backward, forward or moves alongside
the subject being recorded