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Uts 2
Uts 2
philo (love) and sophia (wisdom). This field is also considered as “The Queen
foundations.
Various thinkers for centuries tried to explain the natural causes of everything
that exist specifically the inquiry on the self preoccupied these philosophers in
the history. The Greek philosophers were the ones who seriously questioned myths
and moved away from them in attempting to understand reality by exercising the art of questioning that
satisfies their curiosity, including the questions about self. The following lecture will present the
different
Socrates
he did not know anything and would get the other person to clarify
Oracle’s that command to “Know Thyself”. Here, Socrates would like to emphasize that knowing
or understanding oneself should be more than the physical self, or the body.
According to Socrates, self is dichotomous which means composed of two things: The physical
realm or the one that is changeable, temporal, and imperfect. The best example of the physical
realm is the physical world. The physical world is consisting of anything we sense – see, smell,
feel, hear, and taste. It is always changing and deteriorating. The ideal realm is the one that is
imperfect and unchanging, eternal, and immortal. This includes the intellectual essences of the
universe like the concept of beauty, truth, and goodness. Moreover, the ideal realm is also present
in the physical world. One may define someone as beautiful or truthful, but their definition is
limited and imperfect for it is always relative and subjective. It is only the ideal forms themselves
For Socrates, a human is composed of body and soul, the first belongs to the physical realm because
it changed, it is imperfect, and it dies, and the latter belongs to ideal realm for it survives the death.
The self, according to Socrates is the immortal and unified entity that is consistent over time. For
example, a human being remains the same person during their childhood to adulthood given the
Plato
spirit or passion.
empathy.
Plato also illustrated his view of the soul/self in “Phaedrus” in his metaphor: the soul is like a
winged chariot drawn by two powerful horses: a white horse, representing Spirit, and a black horse,
embodying appetite. The charioteer is reason, whose task is to guide the chariot to the eternal realm
by controlling the two independent-minded horses. Those charioteers who are successful in setting
a true course and ensuring that the two steeds work together in harmonious unity achieve true
wisdom and banquet with the gods. However, those charioteers who are unable to control their
horses and keep their chariot on track are destined to experience personal, intellectual, and spiritual
failure.
St. Augustine
and said that the body is a “slave” of the soul he even characterized
that “the soul makes war with the body”. Later on he came to view
the body as “spouse” of the soul, with both attached to one another
by a “natural appetite.” He concluded, “That the body is united
with the soul, so that man may be entire and complete, is a fact we
1. God as the source of all reality and truth. Through mystical experience, man is capable of
knowing eternal truths. This is made possible through the existence of the one eternal truth
which is God. He further added that without God as the source of all truth, man could never
understand eternal truth. This relationship with God means that those who know most about
God will come closest to understanding the true nature of the world.
2. The sinfulness of man. The cause of sin or evil is an act of mans’ freewill. Moral goodness
He also stated that real happiness can only be found in God. For God is love and he created humans
for them to also love. Problems arise because of the objects humans choose to love. Disordered
love results when man loves the wrong things which he believes will give him happiness.
Furthermore, he said that if man loves God first and everything else to a lesser degree, then all will
Rene Descartes
someone aware that they are thinking being thus, they exist.
The self is a dynamic entity that engages in metal operations – thinking, reasoning, and perceiving
processes. In addition to this, self-identity is dependent on the awareness in engaging with those
mental operations.
He declared that the essential self or the self as the thinking entity is radically different from the
physical body. The thinking self or soul is a non-material, immortal, conscious being, independent
of the physical laws of the universe while the physical body is a material, mortal, non-thinking
He also maintained that the soul and the body are independent of one another and each can exist
and function without the other. In cases in which people are sleeping or comatose, their bodies
continue to function even though their minds are not thinking, much like the mechanisms of a clock.
He identified the physical self as part of nature, governed by the physical laws of the universe, and
available to scientific analysis and experimentation, and the conscious self (mind, soul) is a part of
the spiritual realm, independent of the physical laws of the universe, governed only by the laws of
reason and God’s will. And because it exists outside of the natural world of cause-and-effect, the
John Locke
5. Consciousness makes possible our belief that we are the same identity in different times and
different places.
Although Locke and Descartes believed that a person or the self is a thinking intelligent being who
has the abilities to reflect and to reason, Locke was not convinced with the assumptions of Plato,
St. Augustine and Descartes that the individual self necessarily exists in a single soul or substance.
For Locke, personal identity and the soul or substance in which the personal identity is situated are
two very different things. The bottom line of his theory on self is that self is not tied to any particular
body or substance. It only exists in other times and places because of the memory of those
experiences.
David Hume
include thoughts and images that are built up from our primary
from reality.
Hume considered that the self does not exist because all
and this includes the perception of self. None of these perceptions resemble a unified and
He further added that there are instances that an individual is limited in experiencing their
perception like in sleeping. Similarly, when someone died all empirical senses end and according
to him, it makes no sense to believe that self exists in other forms. As an empiricist, Hume provide
an honest description and analysis of his own experience, within which there is no self to be found.
Hume explained that the self that is being experienced by an individual is nothing but a kind of
fictional self. Human created an imaginary creature which is not real. “Fictional self” is created to
unify the mental events and introduce order into an individual lives, but this “self” has no real
existence.
Sigmund Freud
21st century.
and reduction of tensions to optimal levels and the goal of every individual is to make unconscious
conscious.
Freud proposed how mind works, he called this as provinces or structures of the mind. By illustrating
the tip of the iceberg which according to him represents conscious awareness which characterizes the
person in dealing with the external world. The observable behavior, however, is further controlled by
societal expectations.
According to Freud, there are two kinds of instinct that drive individual behavior – the eros or the life
instinct and the thanatos of the death instinct. The energy of eros is called libido and includes urges
necessary for individual and species survival like thrist, hunger, and sex.in cases that human behaior is
directed towards destruction in the form of aggression and violence, such are the manifestations of
thanatos.
Gilbert Ryle
Immanuel Kant
period.
collection of sensations.
unified experience possible and unlike Hume, Kant’s self is not the object of consciousness, but it
makes the consciousness understandable and unique.
Transcendental apperception happens when people do not experience self directly, instead as a
unity of all impressions that are organized by the mind through perceptions. Kant concluded that
all objects of knowledge, which includes the self, are phenomenal. That the true nature of things is
For Kant, the kingdom of God is within man. God is manifested in people’s lives therefore it is
man’s duty to move towards perfection. Kant emphasized that people should always see duty as a
An American
perception.
Churchlands’ central
The behavior of the self can be attributed to the neuropharmacological states, the neural activity in
Neurophilosopy was coined by Patricia Churchland, the modern scientific inquiry looks into the
study of the philosophy of science, neuroscience, and psychology. It aims to explore the relevance
Patricia Churchland claimed that man’s brain is responsible for the identity known as self. The
Paul Churchland is one of the many philosophers and psychologists that viewed the self from a
materialistic point of view, contending that in the final analysis mental states are identical with,
reducible to, or explainable in terms of physical brain states. This assumption was made due to the
physiological processes of the body that directly affecting the mental state of the person. The advent
of sophisticated technology and scientific research gives hope to understand the connection
between the physical body and the mind/brain relationship that integrated in the self.
Being an eliminative materialist, he believes that there is a need to develop a new vocabulary and
conceptual framework that is grounded in neuroscience. This new framework will be a more
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
becoming.
Phenomenology provides a direct description of the human experience which serves to guide man’s
conscious actions. He further added that, the world is a field of perception, and human
consciousness assigns meaning to the world. Thus man cannot separate himself from his
Perception is not purely the result of sensations nor it is purely interpretations. Rather consciousness
References/Sources:
Arcega, A M., Cullar, D. S., Evangelista, L. D. & Falculan, L. M. (2018). Understanding the Self. Malabon
Gazzingan, L. B. et al. (2019). Understanding the Self. Muntinlupa City: Panday-Lahi Publishing House,
Inc.
Alata, E.J.P., Caslib, B.N., Serafica, J.P.J., Pawilen, R.A. (2018). Unsertanding the Self. Rex Book Store