T.C.

Melek YARDIM

ISPARTA - 2012
Bu tezin akademik ve etik kurallara uygun

Melek YARDIM
 Sayfa
......................................................................................................... i
.................................................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................ iii
............................................................................................................ iv
..................................................................... v
................................................................................................................ 1
........................................................................................... 4
3. TEMEL KAVRAMLAR ........................................................................................ 11
.................................................................................. 14
................................................... 14
5. ................................................................................ 26
KAYNAKLAR ......................................................................................................... 27
........................................................................................................... 29

i
 Melek YARDIM

bir matrisin

Anahtar Kelimeler: ndirgemeli

dizi, determinant,

2012, 29 sayfa

ii
 ABSTRACT

M.Sc. Thesis

ON THE PASCAL LIKE MATRICES

Melek YARDIM

Graduate School of Applied and Natural Sciences

Department of Mathematics

Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr.

Co-Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr.

In this thesis, a Pascal-like recursive matrix is decomposed by . Lower and upper

triangular matrices, which are obtained by the decomposition of , satisfy
recurrence relations. It is seen that, the initial conditions of lower and upper
triangular matrices change depending on the initial condition of recursive matrix.
Finally, it follows from the decomposition of , the determinant of recursive
matrix is obtained.

Keywords: Pascal matrix, recursive matrix, recurrence relation, recursive sequence,

determinant, matrix decomposition.

2012, 29 pages

iii
itibaren her zaman destek olan

Melek YARDIM
ISPARTA, 2012

iv
detA
n

pn
Toeplitz matris
n
r

v
1.

Pascal

Call ve Velleman (1993) ile Lee ve Cho (2008)

i 1
, i j
pij j 1 (1.1)
0, i j

(2002), Moghaddamfar
vd.(2008)

(1.2)

(2004)
Pascal matrisi; (1.2) matrisini de simetrik Pascal

1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 2 1 0 0 , 1 3 6 10 15
1 3 3 1 0 1 4 10 20 35
1 4 6 4 1 1 5 15 35 70

verilebilir.

pij pi 1, j 1 pi 1, j
(1.3)
pi ,0 p0,i 1

(2002)
(1993) ise Pascal matrisinin
halini
i 1
xi j
j 1
, i j
P[ x ] (1.4)
0, i j
1
Stanica ve Peele (2008)
matrisini ile;

Moghaddamfar vd.(2008a; 2008b)

matris dirgeme

Moghaddamfar vd.(2008a; 2008b; 2009), elde etti

bulurken de

(2008a; 2008b)

neticesinde elde

5.

2
bulunulmaktad

3
Call ve Velleman (1993), Pascal matrisini,

i 1
j 1
, i j
pij
0, i j

Pascal matrisinin tersi

i 1
( 1)i j
j 1
, i j
Qij
0, i j

i 1
xi j
j 1
, i j
P[ x ]
0, i j

Peele ve Stanica (2000

matrisinin kuvvetinin

Len [lij(e) ]

matrisinin; karesini
3
n ij ve kuvvetini de

bi , j 1 bi 1, j 1 2bi 1, j bij , 2 i n, 1 j n 1

Fe 1aij(e) Feai(e1,) j Fe 1ai(e1,) j 1 Feai(,ej) 1

ve

matrislerinin kuvvetlerinin bir ikler

matrisinin kuvvetleri ile ilgili

incelemelerine ek olarak Fibonacci matris ya da -matrisi olarak ifade edilen

4
 -matrisinin

-matrisinin
kuvvetinin bir

Bacher (2002), Pascal matrisini simetrik ve sonsuz b

Matrisin elem

(2.1)

(2.2)

(2.3)

i i 1

ve ( i )i 1

P ,

dereceden bir lineer indirgemeli

(2.4)

5
Moghaddamfar vd.(2008b),
ve ( i )i 1

matrisinin

Moghaddamfar vd. (2008a

boyutunda ve

a1 j j, 1 j n

aij a
j i 1, j 1 a
j i 1, j , 2 i m, 2 j n

1 ve m n
c
matrisi, , , , ,

6
Moghaddamfar vd.(2009

Lee ve Cho (2008), Pascal matrisini , Fibonacci matrisini , ve Pell

matrisini

i 1
j 1
, i j
pij
0, i j

Fi j 1 , i j 1 0
fij
0, i j 1 0

pi j 1 , i j 1 0
sij
0, i j 1 0

boyutundaki bu matrisler,
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 5 2 1 0 0 0
P6 ,F , S6
1 3 3 1 0 0 6 3 2 1 1 0 0 12 5 2 1 0 0
1 4 6 4 1 0 5 3 2 1 1 0 29 12 5 2 1 0
1 5 10 10 5 1 8 5 3 2 1 1 70 29 12 5 2 1

7
Bu matrislerin
Pascal matrisin ,

i 1
j 1
xi j yi j 2
, i j
[ x , y]ij ;
0, i j

Fibona ,

ve

tipindeki bu matrisler,
1 0 0 0 0
xy y2 0 0 0
[ x , y ]5 x2y2 2 xy 3 y4 0 0
x 3y 3 3x 2 y 4 3xy 5 y6 0
x4y4 4 x 3y 5 6x2y 6 4 xy 7 y8

1 0 0 0 0
xy y 2
0 0 0
f [ x , y ]5 2x 2y 2 xy 3
y4 0 0
3x 3 y 3 2x 2 y 4 xy 5 y6 0
5x 4 y 4 3x 3 y 5 2 x 2 y 6 xy 7 y8

1 0 0 0 0
2 xy y2 0 0 0
s[ x , y ]5 5x 2 y 2 2 xy 3 y4 0 0
12 x 3 y 3 5x 2 y 4 2xy 5 y6 0
29 x 4 y 4 12 x 3y 5 5x 2 y 6 2 xy 7 y8

8
Moghaddamfar ve Pooya (2009), Toeplitz matris,

matrisinin

dizilerini

ij i
j

ve

T , (n) L 1.P , (n).U 1

ve ma

boyutundaki bir matris,

1 2 3

1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 3
,
2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3

2 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3

1 1 2 1 2 3

1 1 1 2

1 2 1 1

1 2 3 1 2 1

1 1 1 1
0 1 2 3
0 0 1 3
0 0 0 1

9
ve 1 dir. Determinant

elde edilir.

10
3. TEMEL KAVRAMLAR

tipinde ve tipinde matrisler olsun.

ve ile

A1B1 A1B2 A1Bp

A2B1 A2B2 A2Bp
C AB

AmB1 AmB2 AmBp

ve
n
cij aik bkj
k 1

Herhangi bir , kare matrisinin

i denir. (Bozkurt vd. 2010)

kare matrisinde, ise

ise

matrislerdir. (Bozkurt vd. 2010)

Teorem 3.5. matris, olan alt

n

ij ik kj
k 1

ve ,

ve

11
 1 3 2
A 2 12 3 matrisini
1 15 1

ve 11

, olarak elde edilir.

32 , , u23 1 ve

olur. O halde matrisler

1 0 0
L 2 1 0 ,
1 2 1

olarak elde edilir. (Bozkurt vd. 2010)

matrisine Toeplitz matris denir. (Davis, 1994)

tipindeki bir Toeplitz matrisi
a0 a1 a2 a n 1

a1 a0 a1
T a2 a1 a0 a2
a1
an 1 a2 a1 a0

Herhangi bir dizide terimin bir

terimi

12
Fibonacci dizisidir. Fibonacci dizisi,

n n 0

n n 0

n n 0

fonksiyonuna, (Koshy, 2001)

13
4.1. Pascal Benzer Bir Matrisin LU

( i )i 1 , dizisi,

(4.1)

.
, matrisi,

(4.2)

(4.3)

matrisinin alt

Teorem 4.1. , matrisinin;

(4.4)

i
i1
(4.5)
i 1
i2

ve U uij
1 i,j n

14
 (4.6)

1j j

2j (4.7)
j 2 j 1 j

3j 2, j 2 2, j 1 2, j j

matrisi ile

ve ve
matrisi ile

(4.8)

(4.9)

(4.10)

(4.11)

(4.12)

(4.13)

(4.14)

ve

i2 ik k 2 i 1 12 i 2 22
k 1

i i 1
2

i i 1 i 1

15
 n
(lu)i 3 likuk 3 li1u13 li 2u23 li 3u33
k 1

i
3
i 1
(x 1 y 2 (z p) 3 ) (li 1,2 zli 1,3 )(xu21 yu22 zu23 q 3 )
b b
i
(p2b qb) i 1
(xb yqb (z p)(p2b qb))
b b
( i 2
zli 1,3 )(yqb z(xb ypb (z p)(p2b qb)) q(p2b qb))
b
i (p2 q) i 1 (x yp (z p)(p2 q))
i 2 (yq z(x yp (z p)(p2 q)) q(p2 q))
zli 1,3 (yqb z(xb ypb (z p)(p2b qb)) q(p 2b qb))
(p2 q)( i p i 1 q i 2 ) i 1 (x yp z(p2 q))
i 2 (yq z(x yp (z p)(p2 q))
zli 1,3 (yqb z(xb ypb (z p)(p2b qb)) q(p 2 q))

(4.15)

ile

n
i 1
i 1,1 i 1,k k 1 i 1,1 11 1 i 1 (4.16)
k 1

n
(lu)i 1,2 li u
1,k k 2 li 1,1 12u li 1,2 22u
k 1
(4.17)
i 1
2
i 2
bq p i 1 q i 2 i ,
b b

16
 n
(lu)i 1,3 li 1,k k 3 u li 1,1 13u li u
1,2 23 li u
1,3 33
k 1

i 1
3
i 2
(x 1 y 2 (z p) 3 )
b b
li 1,3 (xu21 yu22 zu23 q 3 ) (4.18)
i 1 (p2 q) i 2 (x yp (z p)(p2 q))
li 1,3 (yqb z(x yp (z p)(p2 q)) q(p2 q)).

(4.16) denklemi x ile , (4.17) denklemi ile ve (4.18) denklemi z

ve

n
(lu)1 j l1kukj l11u1 j
k 1

1
j j .
b

n
(lu)2 j l2kukj
k 1
l21u1 j l22u2 j
2
j
1
(x j 2 y j 1 (z p) j )
b b
p j x j 2 y j 1 (z p) j

x j 2 y j 1 z j

xu1, j 2 yu1, j 1 zu1, j .

de

17
 n
(lu)3 j l3kukj l31u1 j l32u2 j
k 1

(p2b qb) pb
j (x j 2 y j 1 (z p) j )
b b
(l22 l23 )(xu2, j 2 yu2, j 1 zu2 j q j )
(p2 q) j p(x j 2 y j 1 (z p) j )
x( x j 4 y j 3 (z p) j 2 ) y(x j 3 y j 2 (z p) j 1 )
z(x j 2 y j 1 (z p) j ) q j

j (p 2
zp p 2
z 2
zp) j 1 (py yz py yz)
j 2 (xp xz xp y 2 xz) j 3 (xy xy ) j 4 (x 2 )
z2 j 2yz j 1 (y 2 2 xz) j 2 2 xy j 3 x2 j 4 .

(4.19)
, ve
n
(lu)2, j 2 l2kuk , j 2 l21u1 j l22u2, j 2
k 1
pb
j 2
1
(x j 4 y j 3 (z p) j 2 ) (4.20)
b b
p j 2 x j 4 y j 3 z j 2 p j 2

x j 4 y j 3 z j 2 ,
n
(lu)2, j 1 l2kuk , j 1 l21u1, j 1 l22u2, j 1
k 1

pb
j 1
1
(x j 3 y j 2 (z p) j 1 ) (4.21)
b b
p j 1 x j 3 y j 2 (z p) j 1

x j 3 y j 2 z j 1 ,

ve
(4.22)

(4.20) x ile, (4.21) ile ve (4.22) z

i, j 4 matris

18
 n n
(lu)ij likukj (li 1,k 1 zli 1,k )ukj
k 1 k 1
n n
li 1,k 1ukj z li u
1,k kj
k 1 k 1
n
li 1,k 1 (xuk 1, j 2 yuk 1, j 1 ) z(lu)i 1, j
k 1
n n
x li 1,k 1uk 1, j 2 y li u
1,k 1 k 1, j 1 z(lu)i 1, j
k 1 k 1

n n
(lu)ij x li 1,t ut , j 2 y li u
1,t t , j 1 z(lu)i 1, j
t 1 t 1

x(lu)i 1, j 2 y(lu)i 1, j 1 z(lu)i 1, j .

oldu.
Bir matrisi

matrisinin ma
,

n 3
(4.23)
k 1

( i )i 1 2. dereceden indirgemeli dizisinde,

dizisi; d
matrisleri incelenecektir.

19
 matrisinde

1 1 2 3 5 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 5 8
1 2 4 6 10 16 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 5 8
2 3 7 12 20 32 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 5 8
3 5 12 22 39 64 3 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 8
5 8 20 39 73 125 5 3 4 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 5
8 13 33 67 132 237 8 5 7 7 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

olur.

ij i , j 1 matrisinde

1 2 5 12 29 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 12 29
2 5 8 19 46 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 12
5 12 15 32 73 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 6 18 48
12 29 32 59 120 12 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 6 24
29 70 73 120 211 29 12 8 4 1 0 0 0 0 6

ise,

olarak bulunur.
matrisinin indirgeme

matrisi elde edilecektir.

Bu yeni matrisin, Moghaddamfar vd.(2008a

(k )
i i 1 olan bir dizi olsun. matrisinin
k 2

ai1 Fi , i 1
ai 2 Fi 1 , i 2 (4.24)
(k )
a1 j j , j 1, k 2

matrisinin

incelenecektir.

20
Teorem 4.5.

matris olsun. O halde matrisinin;

(4.25)

(4.26)

ve

(4.27)
(k )
u1 j j , j 1
1, j 2
u2 j (k ) (k ) (k )
(4.28)
x j 2 y j 1 (z 1) j , j 3
(k )
u3 j xu2, j 2 yu2, j 1 zu2 j j , j 3

r.
Teorem 4.1. de verilen ve matrislerinin

ve
ve ve
.

(4.29)

o
ve y z 1 matrisi,

1 1 1 1 0 0
1 2 4 4 3 2
2 3 8 12 15 13
B
3 5 15 26 43 52
5 8 26 51 99 147
8 13 44 93 202 348

21
 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 3 2
2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 12 11
3 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 13 26
5 3 4 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 19
8 5 7 7 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 3

olarak bulunur. Buradan

Teorem 4.5. te verilen matrisinde

Moghaddamfar vd.(2008a

Teorem 4.8.

i)

olan matrisinin;

lij li 1, j 1 zli 1, j , i, j 3
li 1 i , i 1
li 2 i 1 , i 2

ve

22
uij xui 1, j 2 yui 1, j 1 , i, j 4
u1 j j , j 1
1, j 2
u2 j
x y z 1, j 3
u3 j xu2, j 2 yu2, j 1 (z 1)u2 j , j 3

n 3

k 1

ii)

ai 2 Li , i 2
a1 j Fj , j 1

olan matrisinin;

lij li 1, j 1 zli 1, j , i, j 3
li 1 Fi , i 1
li 2 Fi 1 , i 2

ve

uij xui 1, j 2 yui 1, j 1 , i, j 4

u1 j Fj , j 1
2, j 2
u2 j
xFj 2 yFj 1 (z 1)Fj , j 3
u3 j xu2, j 2 yu2, j 1 zu2 j Fj , j 3

n 3
k
n 2 k 1

23
iii)

olan matrisinin;

ij i 1, j 1 i 1, j

i1 i

i2 i 1

ve

uij xui 1, j 2 yui 1, j 1 , i, j 4

u1 j j , j 1
1, j 2
u2 j
xu1, j 2 yu1, j 1 (z 2)u1 j , j 3
u3 j xu2, j 2 yu2, j 1 zu2 j j , j 3

n 3

k 1

Teorem 4.1
ve matrisi,

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 3 3 3
1 3 6 8 9 9
1 4 10 17 23 26
1 5 15 31 50 66
1 6 21 51 96 147

24
 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 4 4
L , U
1 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 7
1 4 6 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 5
1 5 10 10 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

olarak elde edilir. Burada elde edilen

elde edilir.

25
5.

incelenebilir.

dereceden indirgemeli diziler ele

d uvvetleri
de incelendi. Fakat,

meli dizi olan matrisin

26
KAYNAKLAR

Bacher, R., 2002. Determinants to the Matrices Related to the Pascal Triangle.
Journal de Theorie des Nombres de Bordeaux, 14, 19-41.

Bozkurt, D.,
492s, Konya.

100,372-376.
Davis, J.P., 1994. Circulant Matrices, American Mathematical Soceity, 250s, USA.

Edelman, A.,Strang, G.,2004. Pascal Matrices, The Mathematical Association of

America, 111, 189-197.

http://www.matematikdunyasi.org/arsiv/.../91_1_24_27_DOGRUSAL.pdf

Koshy, T., 2001. Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers with Applications, Wiley-Interscience,
652s, New York.

Lee, G.Y., Cho, S.H.,2008. The Generalized Pascal Matrix Via the Genarlized
Fibonacci Matrix and the Generalized Pell Matrix. Journal of the Korean
Mathematical Society, 45, 479-491.

Moghaddamfar, A.R., Salehy, S.N., Salehy, S.N., 2008. Certain Matrices Related to
the Fibonacci Sequence Having Recursive Entries. Electronic Journal of
Linear Algebra, 17, 543-576.

Moghaddamfar, A.R., Salehy, S.N., Salehy, S.N., 2008. The Determinants of Matrices
with Recursive Entries. Linear Algebra and its Applications, 428, 2468-2481.

Moghaddamfar, A.R., Pooya, S.M.H., Salehy, S.N., Salehy, S.N., 2009. A Symbolic
Evaluation of Determinants of Matrices with Recursive Entries. Lobachevskii
Journal of Matehmatics, 30, 46-56.

Moghaddamfar, A.R., Pooya, S.M.H., 2009. Generalized Pascal Triangles and Toeplitz
Matrices. Electronic Journal of Linear Algebra, 18, 564-588.

Peele, R., Stanica, P., 2008. Matrix Powers of Column-Justified Pascal Triangles and
Fibonacci Sequence. Fibonacci Quarterly, 40, 146-152.

Stanica, P., 2002.Netted Matrices. International Journal of Mathematics and

Mathematical Sciences, 39, 2507-2518.

27
Zakrajsek, H., Petkovsek, M., 2003. Pascal-Like Determinants are
Recursive.Advances in Applied Mathematics, 33, 431-450.

28
 ÖZGEÇMİŞ

Adı Soyadı : Melek YARDIM

Doğum Yeri ve Yılı : Alanya, 1988
Medeni Hali : Bekar
Yabancı Dili : İngilizce
E-posta : melekyardim@sdu.edu.tr

Eğitim Durumu
Lise : Alanya Özel Ufuk Fen Lisesi, 2005
Lisans : Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, Matematik, 2010

Mesleki Deneyim
SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, 2011-…….. (halen)

29