Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León

Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica

Materia: Procesos de manufactura

Actividad 1.2 Materials' Properties

Alumnos:
Eleazar García Robles 2015136
Eduardo Martinez Jimenez 1889487
Carlos Eduardo Esparza del Castillo 2128085
Sigifredo Elizondo Rodriguez 1957674
Alondra Yamileth Araujo Ballesteros 1956481

Fecha de entrega: 06/02/23

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 Index
Pag 3. Introduction to materials proprieties
Pag.4 Metals proprieties
Pag.5 Ceramic proprieties
Pag.6 Composites proprieties
Pag.7 Polymers proprieties
Pag 9 Compilation tables.
Pag.10 conclusion and references

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 INTRODUCTION

The properties of the materials can be divided in many classes and this can help us to identify
what materials are better for specific uses that can go from something simple like making a bottle
to something more difficult like doin a industrial furnece, etc.

In other words, when we refer to the properties of a material, we are talking about characteristics
that we can perceive, measure or test.

The mechanical and physical properties of materials are determined by their chemical composition
and internal structure, such as grain size or crystalline structure. However, these properties can be
altered under certain conditions. For example, metalworking processes and heat treatment can
modify materials and their physical properties such as density and electrical conductivity. This is
really useful, as the new properties may be more suitable for certain applications.

In that sense, materials experts, such as the ones we have at Infinitia Research, will have the
necessary knowledge to select raw materials and apply material characterization techniques. As we
will see below, there are different types of properties that provide specific characteristics to the
material.

Physical properties of materials

Physical properties are those that can be observed without changing the composition of the
material.

Chemical properties of materials

They produce changes in the chemical composition of the material because they interact with other
substances.

Thermal properties of materials

They are related to conductivity and refer to the properties that a material exhibits when heat
passes through it.

Optical properties of materials

This typology consists of the response of a material to exposure to electromagnetic radiation,

especially visible light.

Mechanical properties of materials

They are those that determine the behavior of a material under the forces applied to it and reflect
the relationship between its response to a load and the deformation it undergoes.

With this in mind we can say that the properties of materials and their classification are very
important because they helps us to know what material or materials work better for the uses that
we want

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 METALS

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LEAD

Density: The density of lead is approximately 11.34 g/cm³, making it one of the densest
metals.

Melting Point: The melting point of lead is 327.5°C.

Boiling Point: The boiling point of lead is 1749°C.

Hardness: Lead is a soft and malleable metal and its hardness on the Rockwell scale is
approximately 20-30.

Toughness: The toughness of lead is moderate, meaning it can be deformed before

breaking.

Thermal Conductivity: The thermal conductivity of lead is moderate, meaning it conducts

heat moderately.

Electrical Conductivity: The electrical conductivity of lead is moderate, making it a good

conductor of electricity.

Elasticity: Lead is elastic and deforms when subjected to a force, but returns to its original
shape when the force stops.

These mechanical properties make lead suitable for a wide range of applications, including
batteries, radiation protection, weights, and welding.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LEAD

Thermal Conductivity: Lead has a moderate thermal conductivity.

Specific Heat: Lead's specific heat is approximately 0.128 J/g·K, meaning it requires a
moderate amount of heat to increase its temperature by one unit.

Glass Transition Temperature: Lead's glass transition temperature is around 441°C, meaning
at this temperature lead transitions from a solid state to a glassy state.

Melting Temperature: Lead's melting point is 327.5°C.

Boiling Temperature: Lead's boiling point is 1749°C.

These thermal properties make lead suitable for applications where good thermal
insulation or good thermal conductivity is required, such as in batteries, radiation
protection, and welding. It is also important to note that lead is a good material for

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constructing containers for thermally corrosive materials due to its high melting and
boiling temperature.

ELECTRIC PROPERTIES

Electrical Conductivity: Lead is a moderate electrical conductor, meaning it conducts electricity

moderately.

Resistivity: Lead's resistivity is approximately 22 micro-ohms-meters.

Breakdown Voltage: Lead's electrical breakdown voltage is approximately 50 mega-volts per meter.

These electrical properties make lead suitable for applications where good electrical conductivity and
good resistance to electrical current is required, such as in the construction of electrical cables and
the manufacture of batteries.

PREDOMINANT BONDING

The predominant bonding type in metals is metallic bonding. This type of bonding results from the
sharing of electrons among a large number of positively charged metal ions and a "sea" of
delocalized electrons that move freely throughout the lattice. This bonding creates a metallic
structure that has high electrical and thermal conductivity, is malleable and ductile, and has a high
melting and boiling poin

Ceramics

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICA GLASS

Density: Silica glass has a low density of 2.20 g/cm3

Melting Point: it has a high melting temperature in the region of 1700 degrees C and its state at this
temperature is like syrup on a very cold day.

Boiling Point: The boiling point for silica glass is 2230°C

Hardness: silica glass can be very hard

Toughness: glass in general is very brittle

Thermal Conductivity: it has a thermal conductivity of only 1.38 W/(mK).this propertie makes silica
glass a good for thermal insulation

Electrical Conductivity: is a good electrical insulator, retaining high resistivity at elevated

temperatures and excellent high-frequency characteristics.

Elasticity: Fused Silica elasticity modulus is 73 GPa at 25ºC.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SILICA GLASS

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Thermal Conductivity: it has a thermal conductivity of only 1.38 W/(mK).this propertie makes silica
glass a good for thermal insulation

Specific Heat:

Glass Transition Temperature: is 2230°C

Melting Temperature: it has a high melting temperature in the region of 1700 degrees C

Boiling Temperature: The boiling point for silica glass is 2230°C

ELECTRIC PROPERTIES

Electrical Conductivity:is a good electrical insulator.

Resistivity:it has an electrical resisitivity of 1-10000

The atoms in ceramic materials are held together by a chemical bond. The two most common
chemical bonds for ceramic materials are covalent and ionic.

Predominant bonding

The predominant bonding in ceramics is usually ionic or covalent bonding. Ionic bonding occurs
between positively and negatively charged ions, while covalent bonding occurs between atoms that
share electrons. These strong bonds give ceramics their high hardness, strength, and resistance to
heat and chemical attack

Composites
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON FIBER

Carbon fibers can be very roughly classified into ultra high modulus (>500GPa), high modulus
(>300GPa), intermediate mpdulus (>200GPa), low modulus (100GPa), and high strength (>4GPa)

DENSITY: The density of Carbon Fiber is 2000 kg/m³

STRENGHT:

•Ultimate tensile strength of carbon fiber is 4000 MPa

•Yield strength of carbon fiber is 2500 MPa

•Modulus of elasticity of carbon fiber is 500 MPa

HARDNESS: The hardness of carbon fiber is approximately N/A

THERMAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON FIBER

Carbon fibers can also be classified, base don final hear treatment temperaturas, into type 1 (2000
°c heat treatment), type 2 (1500 °c heat treatment), and type 3 (1000 °c heat treatment)

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MELTING POINT: The melting point of carbon fiber is 3657°c

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY: The termal conductivity of carbon fiber is 100 W/(m*K)

SPECIFIC HEAT: The specific heat of carbon fiber is 800 J/gK

Carbon fibers generally have excellent tensile properties, low densitiesm high termal and chemical
stabilities in the absense of oxidizing agents, Good termal and electrical conductivities, and excllelen
creen resistance.

Polymers
Mechanical strength

Polyethylene is a thermoplastic polymer known for its high impact resistance, flexibility, and
chemical resistance. Some of its mechanical properties include:

Tensile strength: polyethylene has a high tensile strength compared to other polymers, making it
suitable for applications where strength is required.

Elastic modulus: polyethylene has a low elastic modulus, which makes it very flexible and impact-
resistant.

Hardness: polyethylene is a soft and flexible material with a low Rockwell hardness.

Density: polyethylene has a low density compared to other polymers, making it lightweight and
suitable for applications where weight is a concern.

Toughness: polyethylene has a high toughness,

Thermal properties

Some of the thermal properties of polyethylene include:

Melting point: polyethylene has a low melting point, typically around 120-140°C.

Thermal stability: polyethylene is thermally stable and does not degrade at high temperatures.

Thermal conductivity: polyethylene has low thermal conductivity, making it a good insulator.

Heat resistance: polyethylene can withstand high temperatures without melting or deforming,
making it suitable for applications where heat resistance is required.

Crystallinity: polyethylene can exist in either a crystalline or amorphous state, which affects its
properties such as strength and stiffness.

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It's worth noting that the exact thermal properties of polyethylene can vary based on the specific
type of polyethylene and its processing conditions.

PREDOMINANT BONDING

Polymers are made up of repeating units of monomers that are chemically bonded together. The
bonding in polymers is typically covalent, although some polymers also have hydrogen bonding.

In covalent bonding, atoms share electrons, resulting in the formation of a strong bond. The
repeating units in a polymer are held together by covalent bonds, forming a long chain of atoms.
This gives polymers their characteristic flexibility and high molecular weight.

Hydrogen bonding, on the other hand, is a weaker type of bonding that occurs between
molecules. It occurs when hydrogen atoms are attracted to highly electronegative atoms, such as
oxygen and nitrogen. This type of bonding can also play a role in determining the physical
properties of polymers, such as their solubility and melting point.

In summary, polymers are typically held together by covalent bonds, with some polymers also
having hydrogen bonding. These bonds give polymers their unique properties, such as flexibility
and high molecular weight, making them useful for a wide range of applications, including
packaging, textiles, and plastics.

TABLA1.1 COMPARATIVA ENTRE LA CF Y EL PLOMO

Propiedad Fibra de carbono Plomo

Dureza Alta Baja

Peso Liviano Pesado

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TABLA1.1 COMPARATIVA ENTRE LA CF Y EL PLOMO

Propiedad Fibra de carbono Plomo

Resistencia a la tracción Alta Baja

TABLA 1.2 CONDUCTIVADAD DEL POLIETILENO CONTRA LA DEL PLOMO

Propiedad Polietileno Plomo

Conductividad eléctrica Baja Alta

Peso Liviano Pesado

Resistencia a la rotura Alta Baja

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CONCLUSION

Every material has its own unique properties that make it suitable for different applications.
Hardness, electrical conductivity, weight, and break resistance are some of the most important
properties that should be considered when choosing a material.

For example, if a strong and durable material is required, carbon fiber is a good option. If an
electrically conductive material is required, lead is a good option. If a lightweight and resistant
material is required, polyethylene is a good option.

In conclusion, the choice of a material will depend on the specific needs of each application and
the properties desired in that material. It is important to consider all relevant properties when
choosing the right material.

REFERENCES

Silicon is a semiconductor because its conductive properties lie between insulators and
conductors. State True/ False. (2022, julio 4). Byjus.com; BYJU’S. https://byjus.com/question-
answer/silicon-is-a-semiconductor-because-its-conductive-properties-lie-between-insulators-and-
conductors-state-true/

Silica - fused silica (silicon dioxide). (s/f). Azom.com. Recuperado el 7 de febrero de 2023, de
https://www.azom.com/properties.aspx?ArticleID=1387

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