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Function of A Real Variable: Zahmoul Khalil
Function of A Real Variable: Zahmoul Khalil
Function of A Real Variable: Zahmoul Khalil
2022-2023
Correction 2.
x − ln(1 + x) ln(1 + x)
a) lim = lim 1 − = 0.
x→0 x x→0 xq
√
2x − x2 + 1 2 − 1 + x1 1
b) lim = lim 1 = .
x→+∞ 3x + 1 x→+∞ 3+ 3
r x
p 3
c) lim x2 − 3x − 2x = lim x( 1 − − 2) = −∞.
x→+∞ x→+∞ x
e3x + 4x + 1 1 + 43 e3x 1
3x + e3x 1
d) lim = lim 1 1 = .
x→+∞ 4e3x + e−x + ex x→+∞ 4 + 4x + 4
e e2x
2 2
−2x + 2 −2 + x2 −2
e) lim 2
= lim 2 1 = .
x→+∞ 3x + 2x + 1 x→+∞ 3 + 3
x + x2
Exercise 4. We consider the function f : x 7→ 1
x 2 − sin 1
x defined on R∗ .
(1) Show that f (x) > x1 , ∀x > 0. Deduce that lim0+ f (x).
(2) Show that f (x) 6 x1 , ∀x < 0. Deduce that lim0− f (x).
1
Correction 4. Since −1 6 sin x 6 1, ∀x 6= 0, then :
1 −1 1
(1) For x > 0, we have x 6 f (x) 6 x . Thus, +∞ = lim0+ x 6 lim0+ f (x). Then,
lim f (x) = +∞.
0+
−1
(2) For x < 0, we have x 6 f (x) 6 x1 . Thus, −∞ = lim0− 1
x > lim0− f (x). Then,
lim f (x) = −∞.
0−
Correction 5.
a) The functions ex − x, cos2 (πx) and 1 + lnxx are continuous respectively over the intervals
] − ∞, 0[, [0, 1] and ]1, +∞[. Moreover, lim0− f (x) = lim0− ex − x = 1 and lim0+ f (x) =
lim0+ cos2 (πx) = 1, then f is continuous at 0. Moreover, lim1− f (x) = lim1− cos2 (πx) = 1
and lim1+ f (x) = lim1+ 1 + lnxx = 1, then f is continuous at 1. Hence, f is continuous on R.
3
b) The functions −2x+1, ex and ex2 are continuous respectively over the intervals ]−∞, 0[, [0, 1]
and ]1, +∞[. Moreover, lim0− f (x) = lim0− −2x + 1 = 1 and lim0+ f (x) = lim0+ ex = 1, then
f is continuous at 0. Moreover, lim1− f (x) = lim1− ex = e and lim1+ f (x) = lim1+ ex2 = e,
then f is continuous at 1. Hence, f is continuous on R.
Exercise 7.
(1) Let f be a continuous function over an interval [a, b]. Show that there exists c ∈ [a, b]
such that
2f (a) + 3f (b) = 5f (c).
(2) Show that the equation x4 + 4x2 + x − 1 = 0 admits a solution in ]0, 1[.
Correction 7.
(1) Let g(x) = 2f (a) + 3f (b) − 5f (x). The function g is continuous over [a, b] and g(a)g(b) =
6(g(a) − g(b))(g(b) − g(a)) 6 0. Then, according to the intermediate value theorem, there
exists c ∈ [a, b] such that g(c) = 0. Hence, 2f (a) + 3f (b) = 5f (c).
(2) Let g(x) = x4 +4x2 +x−1. The function g is continuous over [0, 1] and g(0)g(1) = −5 < 0.
Then, according to the intermediate value theorem, there exists c ∈]0, 1[ such that g(c) = 0.
Exercise 9.
(1) Determine the reals α and β such that the function f defined below is of class C 1 on R.
ex
if x60
f (x) =
αx + β if x>0
(2) Determine the reals α,β and γ such that the function f defined below is of class C 2 on R.
ex
si x 6 0
f (x) = 2
αx + βx + γ si x > 0
Correction 9.
(1) Since f is continuous in 0, then lim0− f (x) = lim0+ f (x). Thus, β = 1. Moreover, f 0 is
continuous in 0, then lim0− f 0 (x) = lim0+ f 0 (x). Thus, α = 1.
(2) Since f is continuous in 0, then lim0− f (x) = lim0+ f (x). Thus, γ = 1. Moreover, f 0 is
continuous in 0, then lim0− f 0 (x) = lim0+ f 0 (x). Thus, β = 1. Moreover, f 00 is continuous
in 0, then lim0− f 00 (x) = lim0+ f 00 (x). Thus, α = 21 .
5
Exercise 11.
(1) Show that if x ∈ R such that sin(x) − x cos(x) = 0, then cos(x) 6= 0.
(2) Study the hypotheses of Rolle’s theorem for the function f defined on [0, 1] by
π
x sin x si 0 < x 6 1
f (x) =
0 si x = 0
(3) Deduce that the equation tan(x) = x, admits a solution in ]π, +∞[.
Correction 11.
(1) Since cos(x) = 0 iff x = π2 + kπ, k ∈ Z, and since sin(x) − x cos(x) = ±1 6= 0. Hence, if
sin(x) − x cos(x) = 0, we have cos(x) 6= 0.
(2) Since :
. The function x sin πx is continuous over ]0.1]. Moreover, lim0 x sin πx = 0 = f (0),
(3) Since there exists c∈ [0, 1], such that f 0 (c) = sin π π π
c − x cos c = 0. So, according to
question 1), tan πc = πc .
(2) Let x > 0 and f (y) = ex , ∀y ∈]0, x[. The function f is continuous over [0, x] and
differentiable over ]0, x[, so according to the finite increments theorem, there exists
c ∈]0, x[ such that (ex − e0 ) = ec (x − 0). Since ex − 1 = xec ∈]x, xex [ (because x > 0 and
the function f is increasing), then ex ∈]x + 1, xex + 1[.