Theory

Several dyes show different colours at different pH. These act as acid-base indicators. Solution of a
mixture of dyes can be used to obtain approximate pH value of a solution. A solution of a mixture
of dyes can be obtained to measure pH values from zero to 14. It is called universal indicator. Some
universal indicators can measure the pH change of even 0.5. In fact, dyes themselves are weak acids
or bases. Colour change occurs as a result of change in the structure of dye due to acceptance or
release of protons. Different forms of a dye have different colours and hence, colour change is
observed when pH of the solution changes. A standard chart for the colour change of the universal
indicator with pH is supplied with the indicator paper or solution and the comparison of observed
colour change with the chart provides a good estimate of the pH of the solution.
Precautions
(a) Add equal number of drops of universal indicator to equal volumes of solutions
in each of the test tubes.
(b) Match the colour of the solution with pH chart carefully.
(c) Use only fresh juice for the experiment.

Result
Increasing order of pH value of juices is ____________.
Precautions
(a) Use very dilute solutions of ferric chloride and potassium thiocyanate.
(b) Compare the colour of the solutions by keeping the boiling tube and the reference
test tube side by side.
(c) To judge the change in colour of the solution in an effective manner, note the
colour changes in diffused sunlight.
(d) Use boiling tubes of the same size.