@Chemical, water-base cleaners are often used for very dirty,

greasy parts. If used:

\B
|A. the surface must be subsequently cleaned with a solvent
cleaner.
|B. the surface must be thoroughly rinsed free of any residue.
|C. heat must be used to ensure the removal of any detergents
from surface openings.
|D. the surfaces must be subsequently cleaned with a volatile
solvent cleaner.
^A. Vapor degreasing is particularly effective in the removal of
oil and grease
^B. Correct, extreme care should be taken to assure a clean
surface.
^C. Heat is recommended to assure thorough removal of moisture
from the surface.
^D. Under normal testing conditions cleaners should not be used
if classified as volatile.

@Generally, vapor degreasing is considered to be one of the best

methods of preparing a part for liquid penetrant inspection
because:
\B
|A. it totally removes all surface contaminants.
|B. the solvent vapor removes all petroleum based materials.
|C. the method is easily adapted to virtually any size of the
part.
|D. the solvent vapor removes all inorganic soils.
^A. Vapor degreasing will not remove ALL surface contaminants.
^B. Yes, vapor degreasing is particularly effective in removing
oil-based contaminants.
^C. Size is not a factor for vapor degreasing.
^D. Vapor degreasing will not remove all inorganic soils.

@When penetrant is applied to parts by dipping, the parts should

be:
\C
|A. left in the tank during the entire dwell time.
|B. set aside until the dwell time is up.
|C. placed on a rack designed to return any excess drainage to
the dipping station.
|D. placed in the alkaline solvent rinse tank immediately.
^A. No, it is dipped for a certain time and then taken out to
remove excess penetrant.
^B. No, try again.
^C. Yes, an effective penetrant dipping setup would constitute
salvage of excess penetrant.
^D. Dipping does not necessarily constitute alkaline solvent
rinsing.

@Penetrant stations having reservoir tanks with recovery systems

incorporated:
\A
|A. do not need an agitation system because penetrants are
homogeneous.
|B. should have an agitation system to prevent the settling of
possible contaminants.
|C. do not need an agitation system as penetrants are
pasteurized.
|D. do not need an agitation system because organic contaminants
are not present.
^A. Correct, homogeneous penetrants do not require mechanical
mixing.
^B. Penetrant testing systems should avoid any contaminants.
^C. Pasteurization is a method to destroy microorganisms. They
have little to do with penetrant testing.
^D. No, try again.

@When removing penetrant from the surface by spray water wash,

penetrant in a crack would be harder to remove if it has
\B
|A. low viscosity
|B. high viscosity
|C. medium viscosity
|D. Viscosity is not important.
^A. Low viscosity would enhance penetrant removal by spray water
wash.
^B. Correct, high viscosity inhibits the removal of penetrant.
^C. For large cracks, a medium viscosity would allow easier
penetrant removal.
^D. Viscosity is generally an important parameter when considering
liquids.

@The most desirable objectives governing the cleaning operations

when removing surface penetrant are to:
\D
|A. remove little penetrant from defects and a minimum of
residual penetrant remaining on the surface.
|B. remove little penetrant from a defect and no residual
penetrant remaining on the surface.
|C. remove no penetrant from defects and leave a minimum of
residual on the part surface.
|D. remove no penetrant from defects and leave no penetrant on
the part surface.
^A. Liquid penetrants penetrate into critical defects; thorough
removal of excess surface penetrant is recommended.
^B. Some degree of excess penetrant removal is generally required.
^C. Some degree of excess penetrant removal is generally required.
^D. Correct, removing penetrant from defects would render them
undetectable; excess penetrant may appear as false
indications.
@The best method of removing the excess water-washable penetrant
is to:
\D
|A. immediately immerse the part in the water rinse tank.
|B. Use water running directly from a tap.
|C. boil in hot water or steam spray.
|D. use a hose and nozzle with forceful droplets.
^A. Immersion alone may not remove all excess penetrant.
^B. Water running directly from a tap may remove penetrant from
defects.
^C. Care should be taken when above normal temperatures are used
with penetrant testing.
^D. Correct, water-washable penetrant is generally removed with
 a stream of coarse water droplets.

@When removing excess post-emulsifiable penetrant in a production

situation involving small irregularly shaped parts, one may use
a:
\A
|A. strong forceful spray.
|B. strong water blast.
|C. commercial solvent.
|D. hot water immersion.
^A. Yes, strong forceful spray may be required with small
irregularly shaped parts.
^B. Water blasts may not effectively remove excess penetrant from
small parts.
^C. Commercial solvents generally are not a part of post-
emulsification penetrant testing
^D. High temperature changes are not generally recommended in
penetrant testing.

@The sensitivity of wet developers can be seriously impaired:

\B
|A. when the developer temperature is greater than the ambient
temperature.
|B. when the thickness of the coating becomes too heavy.
|C. if the corrosion inhibitors are added to the developer.
|D. if the surface of the part is polished.
^A. Temperature is a consideration and affect the sensitivity of
wet developer but there is a better answer among the remaining
choices.
^B. Correct, a thin coating on the specimen gives the highest
sensitivity.
^C. A drying process is implemented with wet developers to
eliminate corrosion.
^D. The surface polish of the specimen is at most a secondary
consideration when applying developer.

@When is a non-aqueous wet developer generally preferred?

\B
|A. When the dryer oven temperature is above 250 degrees F.

|B. When it is essential to obtain as smooth and as even a

coating as possible.
|C. When using a fluorescent penetrant on a cast surface.
|D. When using a fluorescent penetrant on a wire brushed weld.
^A. 250 degrees Fahrenheit is an excessively high temperature and
may ever damage the part.

^B. Correct, the developer is applied so as to form a thin white

coating on the specimen without soaking the surface.
^C. Water-based wet developers are well suited for production line
testing.
^D. Dusting or blowing of dry high absorbent developer may be
better suited for welds.

@The best method of drying after the application of a wet

developer is normally:
\D
|A. blotting the surface gently with absorptive paper towel.
|B. allowing the part to dry slowly at or slightly above the
ambient temperature.
|C. rapid drying with a normal room temperature air blast.
|D. rapid drying with circulating hot air at 170-225 degrees F.

^A. A means of drying that may cause contamination is not

acceptable.
^B. Such a method may cause large specimens to require excessive
drying times.
^C. Ambient air may not be sufficient to accommodate adequate
drying.
^D. Yes, controlled drying at even regulated temperatures is
preferred.

@Removal of residual penetrant or developer materials by a

suitable post-cleaning technique is advantageous in which of the
following cases?
\A
|A. Where it could interfere with subsequent processes or with
service.
|B. Where it could provide a contrasting background.
|C. Where it could assist in the emulsification of the penetrant
bleed out.
|D. Where it could assist in the lattice structure breakdown.
^A. Yes, careful attention is required with each subsequent
process or what effects penetrant testing chemicals may have
in serviceability.
^B. A contrasting background can be beneficial in detection of
discontinuities.
^C. Developer is not a part of the emulsification process.
^D. Molecular structure considerations are generally not primary
concerns in penetrant testing.

@Post-cleaning is particularly important where residual penetrant

or developer materials may combine with other materials in
service to produce:
\A
|A. corrosive action.
|B. a contrasting background.
|C. false penetrant indications.
|D. proper surface tension.
^A. Correct, any residue which may induce corrosion must be
removed after testing.
^B. Post-cleaning, generally is a consideration which succeeds
contrasting background concerns.
^C. Measures are generally taken during pre-testing surface
preparation to minimize false indications.
^D. Surface tension is a property of liquids.

@Post-cleaning should be performed:

\A
|A. as soon as possible because the materials will be easier to
remove.
|B. after several hours because the drier the materials are, the
easier they will wipe off.
|C. with the part warm to enhance the solubility of penetrant
 material.
|D. with the part chilled to cause the materials to lose their
cohesion.
^A. Correct, parts should be cleaned immediately to assure
thorough post-cleaning.
^B. The contrary, drier materials are generally more difficult to
remove.
^C. Mild heating may help post-cleaning; but other measures are
more effective.
^D. Cooling a part may lower viscosity, thus, making post-cleaning
difficult.

@When using post-emulsifiable fluorescent penetrant on small

parts where sulphur or chlorine residual is deemed harmful:
\C
|A. low sulphur and low chlorine content penetrant materials
should be used and the part should be post-cleaned by solvent
wipe.
|B. fluorescent materials should be used and the part should be
detergent-washed.
|C. low sulphur and low chlorine penetrant materials should be
used and the part should be post-cleaned in an automatic
detergent wash.
|D. color contrast should be used so that any residue can be
readily seen and removed.
^A. Solvent wipe may not assure the best precautionary measure.
^B. Materials should first be selected for minimal concentrations
of sulphur and chlorine.
^C. Correct, penetrants with low concentrations of sulphur and
chlorine should be used and post cleaned in an automatic
detergent wash.
^D. Materials should first be checked for minimal concentrations
of chlorine and sulphur.

@"Eyeball fluorescence" should be considered when arranging black

lights for testing, because direct or reflected black light
shining into the inspector's eyes:
\C
|A. could cause tissue damage.
|B. is harmless and of no consequence.

|C. even though harmless, can become extremely annoying and will
impair inspector effectiveness.
|D. even though annoying, it will not impair inspector
effectiveness.
^A. Black light is not harmful to skin tissue.
^B. It is harmless, but can affect the inspector.
^C. Correct, direct shining into human eyes with any type of light
is discouraged.
^D. Would annoyance be considered a significant distraction or
affects inspector performance?

@Residual acids and chromates are more detrimental to the

fluorescent water-wash process than other processes because:
\B
|A. the fluorescent dyes in all processes are equally affected.
|B. acids and oxidizing agents react with the fluorescent dyes
 only in the presence of water.
|C. acids and oxidizing agents react with the fluorescent dyes
only in the presence of emulsifiers which are contained in
water- wash penetrants.
|D. emulsifiers neutralize the effects of the acids and
chromates.
^A. No, try again.
^B. Exactly, any type of favorable oxidizing conditions are
discouraged.
^C. No, try again.
^D. Emulsifiers are agents which combine with an oily penetrant
to make the penetrant water washable.

@Due to the nature of penetrant material, most methods have which

of the following adverse effects on operator health?
\B
|A. Penetrants are a hazard due to their inorganic base.
|B. Penetrant methods include materials which can cause
dermatitis if proper precautions are not observed.
|C. Penetrant materials contain hallucinogens which can cause a
sense of drunkenness.
|D. Modern penetrants have been improved to be virtually hazard
free.
^A. Not all inorganic base substances are hazardous.
^B. Yes, consistent direct contact with penetrant material can
lead to skin disorders.
^C. Penetrants are manufactured with initial concerns directed at
minimal harm to the human body.
^D. Under improper testing conditions and contact even modern
penetrants can be harmful.

@Which of the following is an advantage of post-emulsifiable

methods over water-washable methods?
\D
|A. The excess penetrant removal is accomplished by water spray.
|B. Their sensitivity is easy to control.
|C. The overall test time is shortened.
|D. They usually exhibit high sensitivity to tight cracks.
^A. Excessive penetrant removal is more readily accomplished with
water-washable methods.
^B. Sensitivity is a combination of many parameters.
^C. Test time may actually be lengthier; but, will likely vary.
^D. Correct, very tight cracks will generally require highly
sensitive methods such as post-emulsifiable methods.

@When compared to other methods, which of the items below are

disadvantages of water-emulsifiable visible dye methods?
\C
|A. Degree of sensitivity to acidity and alkalinity.
|B. Portability
|C. Test time
|D. Requirements of ordinary light
^A. Water-emulsifiable visible dye methods are not adversely
affected by acidity and alkalinity.
^B. Portability is a general characteristic of most penetrant
tests.
^C. Correct, longer test times are required for this type of
 testing.
^D. This is not a disadvantage.

@The type of penetrant to be used on an investment casting should

be:
\C.
|A. water-washable fluorescent for adequate sensitivity and
water washability.
|B. solvent removable because of size and shape.
|C. Post-emulsifiable fluorescent for maximum sensitivity and
water washability.
|D. solvent removable for greater visibility.
^A. High sensitivity and water washability are desirable.
^B. In investment size and shape are generally not a determinant
in penetrant selection.
^C. Correct, maximum sensitivity and water-washability are
desirable for castings.
^D. Non-aqueous based solvents may not provide the most effective
testing method.

@Which of the following techniques has been found to be effective

for aiding penetration in certain instances in commercial
application?
\B
|A. Heating the penetrant
|B. Vibration.
|C. Vacuum and pressure.
|D. Ultrasonic pumping.
^A. Heating may in some cases, reduce effectiveness of penetrant.
^B. Yes, mechanical agitation can be effective for thorough
penetration.
^C. Facilities to provide a pressurized environment or vacuum will
not enhance penetrant testing.
^D. Ultrasonic pumping? Any idea what that might be?

@Dentists have used liquid penetrant inspection to:

\B
|A. locate fine cracks in teeth prior to the availability of x-
rays.
|B. locate defects in artificial teeth prior to mounting them.
|C. verify questionable information gathered from x-rays.
|D. identify the filling material.
^A. Direct application of penetrant method in the mouth is not
possible.
^B. You are correct.
^C. You are correct.
^D. PT can not be used to identify filling material.

@There is a variety of equipment available for precleaning parts

prior to penetrant application. Of the following, the
recommended method, if practical, is:
\C
|A. sand or grit blasters.
|B. solvent or chemical tanks.
|C. vapor degreasers.
|D. water-detergent washing machines
^A. Methods which directly can alter surface conditions are
 discouraged.
^B. Solvents alone do not constitute recommended practice for
precleaning parts.
^C. Yes, vapor degreasers are an effective method for removing
oil and grease.
^D. Water detergent baths are used, but not for precleaning.

@If a modular equipment has been obtained for a penetrant

inspection system using fluorescent post-emulsifiable penetrant
and wet developer, the dryer should be placed:
\B
|A. before the emulsifier tank.
|B. After the developer tank.
|C. before the developer tank.
|D. after the wash unit
^A. Emulsifiers are applied after adequate dwell time of the
penetrant.
^B. Correct, thorough drying will be required after applying
developer.
^C. Developer is applied after excessive removal of penetrant.
^D. Drying is needed so that developer does not soak the specimen.

@In a modular equipment system using a water-washable fluorescent

penetrant and dry developer, black light should be available:
\B
|A. at the penetrant station.
|B. at the wash station.
|C. at the developer station.
|D. after the oven cycle.
^A. During the application of penetrant, black light is not
needed.
^B. Correct, proper rinsing can be observed at the workstation.
^C. Developer does not require the presence of black light.
^D. In a drying cycle, black light is not required.

@When a large number of parts are inspected using dry developer

which is applied by dipping, the tank should be equipped with:
\A
|A. an exhaust system.
|B. an agitator.
|C. an electro-static charger.
|D. a developer replenisher.
^A. Yes, light fluffy dust can become air-suspended and could be
harmful.
^B. Agitators are not required for the effective application of
dry developer
^C. Electro-static charger is used to apply dry developer by
spraying.
^D. Developer replenishers are not a necessity for dipping tanks.

@Filters for black lights effectively remove:

\C
|A. natural white light.
|B. radiation of a wavelength above 3000 angstrom units.
|C. visible light from the energy given off by the mercury arc.
|D. fluorescence from the penetrant.
^A. Natural white light consists of components of various
 wavelengths.
^B. The filter is designed to pass only those wavelengths of light
that will activate fluorescent material.
^C. Correct, it is desirable to filter out as much visible light
as possible.
^D. Black lights do not remove fluorescence from penetrant, but
rather indirectly causes the emission of photons of energy.

@Super-bright fluorescent penetrants may be:

\A
|A. more sensitive in dim daylight than color contrast penetrant
materials.
|B. as sensitive in dim daylight as it is in darkness.
|C. more sensitive than normal fluorescent penetrants but they
cannot be used in daylight.
|D. less sensitive in dim daylight than color contrast penetrant
materials.
^A. Correct, dim daylight would allow black lights to induce
maximum fluorescent excitation.
^B. Fluorescent penetrants are sensitive to varying lighting
conditions.
^C. Fluorescent penetrants may be used in daylight; however, they
will be less sensitive.
^D. Dim daylights may actually improve sensitivity.

@The use of high power spot bulbs for color contrast penetrants:
\A
|A. should be avoided as too much glare may occur.
|B. will reduce eye fatigue.
|C. is acceptable provided the light is shielded.
|D. is acceptable provided the light is not shielded.
^A. Exactly, lighting conditions should minimize unwanted
reflections.
^B. High power bulbs used improperly could actually cause more
fatigue to the human eye.
^C. High power spot bulbs are not recommended for color contrast
penetrants.
^D. High power spot bulbs are not recommended for color contrast
penetrants.

@A good penetrant must be:

\A
|A. inert with respect to the materials being tested.
|B. highly viscous.
|C. highly volatile.
|D. an inorganic base liquid.
^A. Correct, penetrants should not have adverse reactions with
materials tested.
^B. The viscosity is generally considered in penetrating ability
of a penetrant.
^C. Penetrants should be non-volatile under normal testing
conditions.
^D. Organic based penetrants have relatively effective
sensitivities.

@Wetting ability is measured by the

\C
|A. specific gravity.
|B. density.
|C. contact angle.
|D. surface tension.
^A. Specific gravity is a comparison of the density of a penetrant
with that of water.
^B. Density may only mildly affect wetting ability.
^C. Correct, wetting ability penetrants is an important physical
property of penetrants that affects their penetrability and
bleed-back characteristics.
^D. Surface tension is secondary factor that controls wetting
ability.

@Which of the following functions does a developer perform?

\A
|A. "Blots" the penetrant by drawing it out of discontinuities.
|B. Masks out irrelevant indications.
|C. Drys out the surface of the part.
|D. Provides a non-contrasting background.
^A. Correct, bleed-out of penetrant is a primary function of the
developer.
^B. Developer accentuates the presence of discontinuities,
relevant or non-relevant.
^C. Drying is not an attribute of developer.
^D. To the contrary, developers provide a contrasting background
for penetrants.

@What is the method which uses a color contrast penetrant in

conjunction with a developer containing a low intensity
fluoragent called?
\B
|A. Fluorescent developer method.
|B. Reversed fluorescent method.
|C. Contrast fluorescent method.
|D. Reversed contrast method.
^A. No, try again.
^B. Correct, generally the penetrant is fluorescent and the
developer provides color contrast.
^C. Contrast fluorescent method is the most common type of
fluorescent method.
^D. Reversed contrast method does not use fluorescent material.

@When inspecting using fluorescent penetrant methods, indications

will appear as a:
\C
|A. soft white glow against a gray background.
|B. brilliant yellow-green glow against a white background.
|C. brilliant yellow-green glow against a deep violet-blue
background.
|D. Bright yellow-green glow against a black background.
^A. Dark contrasting backgrounds are generally recommended in
fluorescent methods.
^B. The background will not be white.
^C. Correct, energy converted as photons are generally emitted in
the visible spectrum in green and yellow range.
^D. The background will not appear black.
@A visible dye indication will usually appear as:
\C
|A. a bright red glow against a white background.
|B. a red color against a gray background.
|C. a red color against a white background.
|D. a red color against a glowing white background.
^A. Visible dyes will not generally cause glowing.
^B. Contrasting color combinations are generally better suited for
visible dye penetrants.
^C. Yes, red indications against a white background are common.
^D. Glowing phenomenon are generally not characteristic of visible
dye penetrants.

@When the reversed fluorescent method is used and inspection is

performed under black light, indications will show up as:
\C
|A. dark spots or lines against a deep violet-blue background.
|B. yellow-green lines or spots against a glowing background.
|C. dark spots or lines against a light glowing background.
|D. There is no such method.
^A. A contrasting color combination is generally desired.
^B. A contrasting color combination is generally desired.

^C. Correct, the developer has a fluoragent.

^D. The background may contain a fluoragent material.

@If an indication reappears after the original developer has been

removed and another coat is applied:
\A
|A. the discontinuity contains a reservoir of penetrant.
|B. the discontinuity is probably shrinkage.
|C. the discontinuity is most likely porosity.
|D. the discontinuity is most likely a crack.
^A. Correct, insufficient developer time may leave excess
penetrant in a defect.
^B. Accurate assessment of defect type would be premature.
^C. Accurate assessment of defect type would be premature.
^D. Accurate assessment of defect type would be premature.

@If, upon reprocessing, a faint indication does not reappear:

\A
|A. it was probably a false indication.
|B. the area has been over cleaned.
|C. the indication is probably due to a small flaw.
|D. reprocessing has resealed the opening.
^A. True, reprocessing can be used to assess indications as false
or true.
^B. Reprocessing is a common practice if indications are faint or
ambiguous.
^C. Most flaws would reappear, if careful reprocessing was
conducted.
^D. Reprocessing would likely not cause sealing of indications.

@A network of interconnecting jagged lines appearing in hard

fired, unglazed ceramic products would be an indication of:
\A
|A. thermal shock.
|B. fatigue cracks.
|C. shrinkage cracks.
|D. grinding cracks.
^A. Correct, ceramic products require temperature excursions which
can lead to thermal shock.
^B. Fatigue cracks are generally characterized as tight and occur
singularly.
^C. Shrinkage cracks range in size from very small, tight, and
shallow to open and deep.
^D. Grinding cracks generally appear as very shallow and sharp at
the root.

@Porosity indications in ceramics would appear:

\B
|A. more intense than porosity indications in metals.
|B. essentially the same as porosity indications in metals.
|C. less intense than porosity indications in metals.
|D. as minute cracks.
^A. Porosity is generally process dependant rather than material
dependant.
^B. Correct, porosity are void spaces in most types of materials.
^C. Porosity is not dependant on materials.
^D. Porosity indications in ceramics will be quite apparent.

@When inspecting glass, looking for very fine cracks, the

preferred method is:
\D
|A. post-emulsifiable fluorescent.
|B. water-washable fluorescent.
|C. post-emulsifiable color contrast.
|D. electrified particle.
^A. Sensitivity may be too low to detect very fine cracks.
^B. Sensitivity may be too low to detect very fine cracks.
^C. The shallowness of very fine cracks may render this method
ineffective.
^D. Correct, very thin coats of penetrant may be applied in
localized areas.

@When inspecting a hard fired ceramic which is very porous, it

may be that:
\A
|A. the filtered particle method would be better.
|B. the electrified particle method would be better.
|C. the brittle enamel method would be better.
|D. the emulsifiable color contrast method would be better.
^A. Correct, the porous nature of the ceramic will require the
filter particle.
^B. Electrified particle method is effective for very fine cracks
in material like glass.
^C. This type of method is not suited for fired ceramics.
^D. Emulsifiable color contrast may be better suited for crack
type defects.

@A partially welded forging lap would probably:

\D
|A. give no indication.
|B. appear as a very thin, continuous line.
|C. appear as a broad, continuous line.
|D. appear as an intermittent line.
^A. A forging lap will likely give an indication.
^B. A welded lap would likely not be continuous.
^C. Forging laps are generally very tight and not continuous.
^D. You are correct.

@A ragged line of variable width and numerous branches on

castings, caused by a difference in cooling rates between thick
and thinner sections would most likely be an indication of:
\C
|A. shrinkage.
|B. cold shut.
|C. hot tear.
|D. Lap.
^A. Shrinkage cracks range from tight and shallow, to open and
deep.
^B. Cold shuts appear as smooth indentations on cast surfaces.
^C. Exactly, hot cracks are caused by nonuniform cooling resulting
in stresses which cause failure.
^D. Laps are generally wavy lines and very tight.

@A deep crater crack will frequently appear as a:

\B
|A. small tight crack.
|B. rounded indication.
|C. fine linear indication.
|D. faint intermittent line.
^A. Tight crack will not be characterized as deep crater cracks.
^B. Correct, most crater-type cracks appear as rounded
indications.
^C. Fine linear indication is not an indication of deep crater
crack.
^D. Faint intermittent lines are more characteristic of machining/
welding type defects.

@The forces generated by capillary attraction cause a liquid to

rise spontaneously in a capillary tube. These forces are also
involved in the:
\A
|A. entry of a liquid into a crack.
|B. solubility of a liquid.
|C. flash point of a liquid.
|D. chemical inertness of a liquid.
^A. Yes, penetrants with high capillary action will be most
effective.
^B. Solubility is independent of capillary action.
^C. Flash point is a temperature related parameter.
^D. Chemical activeness of a liquid is independent of its
capillary attraction property.

@Viscosity has a considerable effect on some of the practical

aspects of the use of a penetrant. It is an important factor in
the:
\D
|A. solubility of contaminants.
|B. washability of a penetrant.
|C. degree of fluorescence emitted.
|D. speed with which a penetrant will enter a defect.
^A. Solubility of contaminants is not a factor in penetrants.
^B. Washability of penetrants is a secondary viscosity
consideration.
^C. Viscosity does not affect the degree of fluorescence emitted.
^D. Correct, viscosity is directly related to penetrability.

@One of the two most important properties of a good penetrant is

wetting ability. Wetting ability is:
\A
|A. controlled by the contact angle and surface tension of the
penetrant.
|B. a function of viscosity and increases as surface tension
decreases.
|C. measured by contact angle and decreases as surface tension
increases.
|D. measured by surface tension and increases as contact angle
decreases.
^A. Yes, both are directly related to wetting ability.
^B. It is not directly related to viscosity.
^C. Both parameters are used to measure wetting ability but does
not decrease with surface tension.
^D. Both parameters are used to measure wetting ability but does
not increase as contact angle decreases.

@In order to make water a relatively good penetrant:

\D
|A. a wetting agent must be added to reduce surface tension.
|B. a wetting agent must be added to reduce wetting ability.
|C. a wetting agent must be added to increase surface tension.
|D. Water is a good penetrant with no additives.
^A. Surface tension is acceptable.
^B. Wetting ability is acceptable.
^C. Surface tension is acceptable.
^D. Correct, water is an excellent "penetrant".

@A penetrant that will spread over the surface of the test area
in a smooth, even film despite a small amount of surface
contamination is said to have:
\C
|A. low viscosity.
|B. high viscosity.
|C. wetting ability.
|D. low evaporation.
^A. Low viscous penetrants does not assure uniform spread over a
surface.
^B. High viscosity could cause erratic spread of penetrant over
a surface.
^C. Exactly, uniform spreading over a surface is considered the
wetting ability.
^D. Evaporation means that penetrant will evaporate which is not
good for liquid penetrant testing.

@The sensitivity of two penetrants for crack detection is best

compared by:
\B
|A. using a hydrometer to measure specific gravity.
|B. using cracked aluminum blocks.
|C. measuring the contact angles in a wetting test.
|D. the Meniscus test.
^A. Specific gravity is not considered an important parameter in
penetrant testing.
^B. Exactly, standard test blocks can be used to compare penetrant
sensitivity.
^C. Wetting tests would not yield significant sensitivity
comparisons.
^D. The Meniscus test measures capillary action of a penetrant.

@For post-emulsifiable penetrants, a good method for establishing

emulsifying time is by:
\A
|A. experimentation
|B. the water drip-through test.
|C. the water-tolerance test.
|D. using published book values.
^A. Exactly, experimentation or experience is more valid in
penetrant testing.
^B. What is water drip-through test? Emulsifying time means
period of time an emulsifier is permitted to combine with the
penetrant prior to removal.
^C. What is water tolerance test? Emulsifying time means period
of time an emulsifier is permitted to combine with the
penetrant prior to removal.
^D. Book values may not be current.

@A newly mixed batch of wet developer:

\D
|A. should be checked by a hydrometer.
|B. should be agitated for 30 to 40 minutes.
|C. should have 1 to 1.5 ounces per gallon of ammonia added to
stabilize the mixture.
|D. should stand for 4 to 5 hours prior to use
^A. Hydrometers are used to measure specific gravity.
^B. Period of agitation, if any, should be specified by the
manufacturer.
^C. Mixture specifications are specified by the manufacturers.
^D. Yes, recommended times are between 4 to 5 hours.

@When performing an evaluation of the fluorescent ability of a

penetrant, the value that is normally sought is:
\C
|A. the amount of actual light emitted by indications.
|B. the amount of black light necessary to cause the material to
fluoresce.
|C. the relative amount of light emitted by the fluorescent
material compared to other penetrants.
|D. the relative amount of light emitted by the fluorescent
material compared to the light emitted by the background.
^A. A consistent reference measure is generally recommended for
comparative evaluations.
^B. Of greater importance is the photon converted energy of the
fluorescent material.
^C. Correct, fluorescent penetrants can best be evaluated by
 comparison with other penetrants.
^D. Penetrants should be compared under controlled and similar
conditions.

@The most accurate method for evaluating quantitative values for

the emitted light of fluorescent materials is the use of a:
\A

|A. spectrophotometer.
|B. filter-photometer.
|C. nefluoro-photometer.
|D. photofluorometer.
^A. You are correct.
^B. A photometer measures intensity of light.
^C. Please try again.
^D. Please try again.

@The ability of an indication to be seen can be assigned a value

called the contrast ratio. This ratio is based on the amount of:
\D
|A. white light present opposed to the amount of light absorbed
by the dye.
|B. light reflected by the background as opposed to the amount
of light absorbed by the dye.
|C. light absorbed by the background as opposed to the amount of
light reflected by the dye.
|D. light reflected by the background as opposed to the amount
of light reflected by the dye.
^A. No, what makes indication visible, absorption or reflection?
^B. In ratios, generally two quantities are of the same type of
measurements.
^C. In ratios, generally two quantities are of the same type of
measurements.
^D. Correct, the contrast ratio is a ratio of reflected values.

@The contrast ratio of a red dye penetrant to a white developer

is normally about
\B
|A. 33 to 1
|B. 6 to 1
|C. 9 to 1
|D. 9 to 2
^A. No, that's too high.
^B. Exactly, 6 to 1 is generally the ratio.
^C. That's high.
^D. No, that's low.

@Cracked plated strips are sometimes used to compare sensitivity.

These plates usually have a brittle iron plating and are bent on:
\D
|A. cantilever bending dies only.
|B. radial bending dies only.
|C. circumferential bending dies only.
|D. cantilever and radial bend dies.
^A. Cantilever bending dies are not the only type used.
^B. Radial bending dies are not the only types used.
^C. Circumferential dies are not necessary for bending strips.
^D. Yes, plated strips are bent using these types of dies.

@If a cantilever bending die is used to bend a plated strip, the

cracks produced will:
\C
|A. be equally spaced and of uniform width.
|B. be equally spaced and of graduated depth.
|C. closer together and tighter near the clamped end.
|D. Cantilever bending dies are not used.
^A. It may be difficult to control spacing and uniformity of
cracks.
^B. It may be difficult to control spacing and uniformity of
cracks.
^C. You are correct.
^D. Cantilever bending dies can also be used to produce cracks by
bending.

@The test object and standard penetrant materials should be

within a particular temperature range. One of the reasons an
excessively cold penetrant is undesirable is that as the
temperature becomes lower:
\B
|A. the viscosity decreases.
|B. the viscosity increases.
|C. fewer volatile materials will be lost.
|D. the dyes degrade.
^A. Viscosity is the measure of fluid flow.
^B. Exactly, at lower temperatures viscosity increases and thus
fluid flow is inhibited.
^C. No, at lower temperatures, there are more important
considerations.
^D. Dye degradation will generally not occur.

@If the surface temperature of the test part is excessively hot:

\B
|A. the viscosity of the penetrant may be too high.
|B. the penetrant may lose some of its more volatile materials.
|C. the surface tension of the penetrant increases.
|D. the contact angle increases.
^A. At higher temperatures viscosity decreases.
^B. Yes, harmful vapors may be emitted at high temperatures.
^C. Surface tension, at high temperatures, should decrease.
^D. Wetting ability is reduced as temperature increases.

@Which of the following is a criterion for a good dryer?

\B
|A. Have ability to dry the surface slowly.
|B. Have ability to heat the part to an optimum temperature in a
minimum of time so that the part is both dry and warm as
promptly as possible.
|C. Have electrical heating elements so that there is a
guarantee that no contaminants can be introduced into the
inspection process.
|D. Be a warm air blast system.
^A. An efficient drying process is essential to quality and cost
effective inspection.
^B. Exactly, efficient processing is integral to good testing
 procedures.

^C. Efficient and contamination free drying is essential. It may

be accomplished in many different ways.
^D. There are other types of dryers which will be more effective.

@What are the two most important properties which determine

whether a liquid will have high penetrating ability?
\D
|A. Surface tension and viscosity.
|B. Viscosity and cosine of contact angle.
|C. Cosine of the contact angle and density.
|D. Surface tension and cosine of the contact angle.
^A. Both are significant, however, there is a better answer.
^B. Both are significant, however, there is a better answer.
^C. Density is a secondary parameter in contributing to high
penetrating ability.
^D. Correct, wetability and surface tension are two important
determinants of penetrability.

@Where precleaning is necessary and a residue-free solvent is

used, which of the following is observed?
\D.
|A. The solvents are not suitable for removing grease.
|B. The solvents are not suitable for removing oil.
|C. The solvents should never be used for grease and oils.
|D. The solvents are suitable for removing grease and oils, but
are generally not adequate if solid soils are imbedded in void
areas.
^A. Solvents can remove grease.
^B. Solvents can remove oils.
^C. Solvents can remove oils and grease.
^D. Yes, solvents may not be able to dissolve solid soils embedded
in void areas.

@When utilizing the fluorescent post-emulsifiable penetrant

method and performing the rinse cycle, which of the following
will prevent over-rinsing?
\C
|A. Rinse before the penetrant is completely emulsified.
|B. Rinse after the penetrant is completely emulsified.
|C. Discontinue the rinse as soon as the surface penetrant is
removed from the part.
|D. Rinse only with water hotter than 110 degrees F.
^A. Proper emulsification times should be observed.
^B. This is over-rinsing. It will lower test sensitivity.
^C. Yes, removal of surface penetrant will provide adequate
conditions to apply developer.
^D. In general, rinsing at high temperatures is not recommended.
_