EE-383 Instrumentation and Measurements

Course Information
Course Number and Title: EE-383 Instrumentation and Measurements
Credits: 4 (3+1)
Instructor(s)-in-charge: Dr Mazhar Abbas (Asst Prof)
Course type: Lecture + Lab
Required or Elective: Required
Course pre-requisites EE-215 Electronic Devices and Circuits
Degree and Semester DE-42 Department of Electrical Engineering, Semester 5
Month and Year Fall 2022

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Contents
 Chapter 5: DC Ammeter
 Introduction
 Working Principle
 Types
 Loading effect

Describe and Explain working of Analog and Digital

CLO 2 Electrical-Measuring Instruments, Transducers, Transducer PLO 2 C2
interfacing, and Instrument Communication Protocols

C2 : Focus on the understanding of construction and working principles

Course book and Related Course Material
Textbook: 1. Principles of Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement by Berlin & Getz
1. Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement by David A Bell, 1994
Reference Books: 2. Electrical and Electronic Measurement & Testing by W Bolton, 1992
3. Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8th Ed. by Curtis D. Johnson

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 Chapter 5: DC indicating meters

 DC Ammeter
 The PMMC instrument could be used as
an ammeter to measure DC current (from
few microamperes to mill amperes).
 However, the PMMC wire could be quickly
destroyed by large currents.
 For large currents (several hundreds of am
peres), a PMMC could be modified by
adding a parallel (shunt) resistance Rs.
 Most of the measured current will pass
through Rs and a small portion of it will
pass through the moving coil.

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 Chapter 5: DC indicating meters

 DC Ammeter
 𝑽𝑺𝒉𝒖𝒏𝒕 = 𝑽𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝑰 𝑴 𝑹𝑴
 𝑰𝑺 𝑹𝑺 = 𝑰𝑴 𝑹𝑴  𝑹𝑺 =
𝑰𝑺
 𝑰𝑺 = 𝑰𝑻 − 𝑰𝑴
𝑰𝑭𝑺𝑫 𝑹𝑴
 𝑹𝑺 =
𝑰𝑻 −𝑰𝑭𝑺𝑫
𝑰𝑻
𝑵=
𝑰𝑭𝑺𝑫
𝑹𝑴
 𝑹𝑺 =
𝑵−𝟏
• 𝑹𝑴 : Meter movement coil resistance
• 𝑹𝑺 : Shunt resistance
• 𝑰𝑺 : Current through shunt resistance
• 𝑰𝑻 : Full scale current through ammeter
• 𝑰𝑭𝑺𝑫 : Full scale current through meter movement coil

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Chapter 5: Example 5-1

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 Chapter 5: DC indicating meters

 Multiple Range DC Ammeters

 Make-before-break  Ayrton shunt-type

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 Chapter 5: DC indicating meters

 DC Ammeter loading effect

 Without Ammeter
 Sensitivity of Ammeter
 Ammeter in the circuit 𝜽 𝑵𝑩𝑨𝒄
k= 𝑰𝒎
=
𝑪
• N : Number of turns in coil
• B : Magnetic field strength
• Ac : Area of coil
• C : Spring torque constant

 Resistance of conductor

• A : Cross sectional area of

conductor

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Chapter 5: Example 5-2

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 Chapter 5: DC indicating meters

 DC Voltmeter
 Used for measuring steady voltages from one point to another.
 A PMMC movement DC ammeter connected with a series resistor.
 Capable of measuring voltages from micro-volts to kilo-volts.
 A basic circuit consists of a series resistor, Rs , called multiplier resistor.
 With full-scale voltage ,VFSD, applied to the meter circuit, the total
resistance of the circuit must limit the current through the meter to
exactly the value needed for full-scale deflection, IFSD.

𝑹𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑹𝒔 + 𝑹𝑴
𝑽𝑭𝒔𝑫
=
𝑰𝑭𝒔𝑫
𝑽𝑭𝒔𝑫
𝑹𝒔 = − 𝑹𝑴
𝑰𝑭𝒔𝑫

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 Example

A PMMC instrument with FSD of 100 uA and a coil resistance of 1 k is to

be converted into a voltmeter. Determine the required multiplier resistance if
the voltmeter is to measure 50 V at full scale. Also, calculate the applied
voltage when the instrument indicates 0.2 of FSD.

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 Chapter 5: DC indicating meters

 Multiple Range DC Voltmeters

 The range of this voltmeter is  Configuration 2
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑚 (𝑅𝑚 + 𝑅) 𝑹 = 𝑅1 or 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 or 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3

 Configuration 1
𝑹 = 𝑅1 or 𝑅2 or 𝑅3

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 Chapter 5: DC indicating meters

 Sensitivity factor (S) of DC voltmeter

 Sensitivity (ohm-per-volt) of a voltmeter is equal to the resistance per volt.
𝑹 +𝑹 𝟏
𝑺𝒗 = 𝑴 𝒔 = =𝜴/𝑽
𝑽𝑭𝑺𝑫 𝑰𝑭𝑺𝑫
 The voltmeter sensitivity is always specified by the manufacturer.
 If the sensitivity is known, the total voltmeter resistance is easily calculated
as (Resistance=sensitivity x range).
 For example, a voltmeter with a rating of 20 kΩ /V on its 100-V range
would offer a resistance of
 Resistance = (20 kΩ /V) x (100 V) = 2 MΩ
 The ohms-per-volt rating of a voltmeter is also useful in calculating the size
of multiplier resistor used with a given meter movement, so that
𝑹𝒔 = multiplier resistor
𝑹𝒔 = 𝑺 × 𝑽𝑭𝒔𝑫 − 𝑹𝑴
S = ohms-per-volt rating of the meter
𝑽𝑭𝒔𝑫 = full-scale voltage
𝑹𝑴 = meter movement resistance

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 Chapter 5: DC indicating meters

 Voltmeter loading effect

 An analog voltmeter will draw some amount of deflection current from the
circuit under test.
 Thus, the meter acts as an electrical load on the portion of the circuit to
which it is connected.
 In addition, this has the same effect as connecting a resistor equal to the
resistance of the voltmeter across that portion of the circuit.

𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅
%𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑽𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍
 Ideally, a voltmeter should have an extremely high resistance (the higher
the ohms-per-volt rating, the better).
 Always be aware of the effects of meter loading and select the proper
meter and range for the application.

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 Quiz (Syndicate C)

Q.1(5 marks)
Multiply 10.1 ± 0.1 by 5.3 ± 0.2.
Q.2 ( 5 marks)
A 4-digit (digital) voltmeter is
specified as having an accuracy of
±2% of the reading, plus two counts.
Determine the maximum error and
the percentage error when the meter
reads 100.0V.
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 Thank you
Questions/Comments??

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