Aa¨

KvR
†Kvb e¯yi Dci ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j hw` e‡ji cÖ‡qvM we›`yi miY N‡U, A_©vr e¯zi miY
N‡U Zvn‡j ejv nq †h, cÖhy³ ej Øviv KvR n‡q‡Q Ges cÖhy³ ej I e¯zi mi‡Yi ¸Ydj Øviv
KvR cwigvc Kiv nq|
e‡ji Øviv KvR
msÁv : ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j hw` (i) e‡ji cÖ‡qvM we›`y e‡ji w`‡K m‡i hvq ev (ii) e‡ji
w`‡K mi‡Yi Dcvsk _v‡K Zvn‡j †mB KvR‡K e‡ji Øviv KvR e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : GKwU Wv÷vi‡K †Uwej †_‡K †d‡j
w`‡j Zv AwfKl© ej Z_v Wv÷v‡ii IR‡bi (mg)
h
Rb¨ AwfKl© ej eivei h `i‡Z¡i gvwU‡Z co‡e|
G‡¶‡Î e‡ji Øviv K…Z KvR,
N = FS cos F = mg
= mgh cos 0 [ F=mg, S = h,  = 0]
= mgh

e‡ji wei€‡× KvR

msÁv : ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j hw`- (i) e‡ji cÖ‡qvM we›`y e‡ji wecixZ w`‡K m‡i hvq ev (ii)
e‡ji wecixZ w`‡K mi‡Yi Dcvsk _v‡K Zvn‡j †mB KvR‡K e‡ji wei€‡× KvR ev FYvÍK
KvR e‡j| cÖ‡qvM
K…Z
e¨vL¨v : †Kvb e¨w³ GKwU cv_iLÊ nv‡Z a‡i hLb ax‡i ax‡i DשgyL
wb‡Pi w`‡K bvgvq ZLb nvZ Øviv †m cv_iL‡Êi Dci GKwU x ej
EaŸ©gyLx ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i, wKšy cv_iL‡Êi miY nq Lvov
wb‡Pi w`‡K (=180)| G‡¶‡Î nvZ Øviv cÖ‡qvMK…Z e‡ji AwfKl© ej
mv‡c‡¶ e‡ji wei€‡× KvR n‡q‡Q Ges Gi cwigvY
W = FS cos
ev, W = mgh cos180° [ F = mg, S = h,  = 180]
= mgh (–1) [ cos180° = –1]
 W = – mgh
aª“e ej
e‡ji gvb I w`K hw` mg‡qi mv‡_ cwiewZ©Z bv nq Z‡e Zv‡K aª“e ej e‡j|
aª“e ej KZ…©K K…Z KvR
g‡b Kwi, †Kvb e¯zi Dci GKwU aª“e ej F, AB eivei Kvh©iZ nIqvq Dnv e‡ji wµqv †iLvi
mwnZ  †Kv‡Y AC eivei S `iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i C we›`y‡Z †cŠuQj|
C we›`y †_‡K AB Gi Dci CD j¤^ Uvwb| Zvn‡j AD, AB eivei mi‡Yi Dcvsk|

GLb, cos = C
 AD = Scos
S
Zvn‡j F ej Øviv K…Z KvR,
W = ej  e‡ji w`‡K e¯zi mi‡Yi Dcvsk 
F
= F  AD
A D B
= FS cos
W =
GwUB aªye ej KZ…©K Kv‡Ri ivwkgvjv|

cwieZ©bkxj ej
mg‡qi mv‡_ hw` †Kvb e‡ji gvb ev w`K A_ev DfqB cwiewZ©Z nq Z‡e Zv‡K
cwieZ©bkxj ej e‡j|
cwieZ©bkxj ej KZ…©K K…Z KvR
awi, F GKwU ej hvi ïay gv‡bi cwieZ©b nq wKšz w`‡Ki cwieZ©b nq bv| ej F, X A¶ eivei
wµqv K‡i Ges x Gi wewfbœ gv‡bi Rb¨ F Gi gvb wewfbœ
F
nq|
 F = F(x)
wP‡Î, x-Gi wewfbœ gv‡bi Rb¨ e‡ji wewfbœ gvb
F2 F3 F4
†`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| x1 n‡Z xn `iZ¡‡K n msL¨K ¶z`ª F 1

¶z`ª ˆ`N¨© x G wef³ Kwi| GLb x1 †_‡K x1 + x

`i‡Z¡ ej cÖvq aª“e _v‡K|
myZivs G‡¶‡Î K…Z KvR , W1 = F1x....... (i)
Abyiƒcfv‡e, W2 = F2x, W3 = F3x,............., Wn = Fnx
myZivs x1 †_‡K xn ch©š mi‡Yi Rb¨ †gvU Kv‡Ri cwigvY,
W = W1 + W2 + W3 + .................. + Wn xn–1 xn
x1 x2 x
= F1x + F2x + F3x + .................... + Fnx
x
=
GLb fvM msL¨v Amxg n‡j Ges cÖwZwU fv‡Mi ˆ`N¨© cÖvq kb¨ n‡j D³ Kv‡Ri cwigvY,
 W =

=
Avevi F I dx (x) Gi w`K GKB w`K nIqvq Zv‡`i ga¨eZx© †KvY 0°
 W= 0°
=
GwUB cwieZ©bkxj ej KZ…©K m¤•vw`Z Kv‡Ri ivwkgvjv|

w¯’wZ¯’vcK ej KZ…©K K…Z KvR

g‡b Kwi, GKwU Av`k© w¯•ªs Gi GK cÖvš w¯’i fv‡e AvUKv‡bv Ges Aci cÖvš m f‡ii
e¯zi mv‡_ hy³| e¯zwU Nl©Ynxb Abyf‚wgK Z‡ji Dci hvZvqvZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
e¯zi Dci F gv‡bi ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j, w¯•ªs Gi g‡a¨ GKwU Af¨šixY ej m„wó n‡e| G‡K
cÖZ¨qbx ej e‡j|
û‡Ki mÎvbymv‡i G cÖZ¨qbx e‡ji gvb weK…wZi ev ˆ`N¨© e„w×i mgvbycvwZK A_©vr
cÖZ¨qbx ej, F©  x ev, F © = kx;
GLv‡b, k mgvbycvwZK aª“eK|
Avevi e¯z‡Z cÖ‡qvMK…Z ej I cÖZ¨qbx ej mgvb|
A_©vr, F = F´
 F = kx m
myZivs, w¯•ªswU‡K x1 Ae¯’vb †_‡K x2
Ae¯’v‡b cÖmvwiZ Ki‡Z F e‡ji m¤•vw`Z x1
KvR,
x2 x1 = x
W =

=
m F
=
x2

W = k (x22  x12)
GwUB w¯’wZ¯’vcK ej KZ…©K /w¯•ªs cÖmvi‡Y m¤•vw`Z Kv‡Ri cwigvY|
we: `ª: x1 = 0 I x2 = x ai‡j, W =

gnvKlx©q †¶‡Î m¤•vw`Z KvR

g‡b Kwi, O we›`y‡Z M f‡ii GKwU e¯z Av‡Q| O we›`y n‡Z r `i‡Z¡ P we›`y‡Z m f‡ii Aci
GKwU e¯z ¯’vcb Kiv nj| myZivs P n‡Z O we›`y eivei gnvKlx©q ej, F = G
P n‡Z ¶z`ª dr `i‡Z¡ Q Aci GKwU we›`y we‡ePbv Kwi| dr `iZ¡ Lye ¶z`ª e‡j Gi g‡a¨ e‡ji
gvb aª“e _v‡K| m f‡ii e¯zwU‡K P n‡Z Q we›`y‡Z miv‡Z n‡j GB gnvKlx©q e‡ji
wecix‡Z mgvb gv‡bi ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©vr, e¯zwU‡K P n‡Z Q we›`y‡Z ¯’vbvši
Ki‡Z ej KZ…©K K…Z KvR,
dW = Fdr cos180 = – Fdr O A F P dr Q B
myZivs e¯zwU‡K A we›`y n‡Z B we›`y‡Z ¯’vbvš‡i K…Z KvR,
W = r1

=– dr r

= – GMm r–2dr r +dr

r2
= – GMm

= GMm
GwUB gnvKlx©q †¶‡Î m¤•vw`Z Kv‡Ri ivwkgvjv|

msi¶Ykxj ej
†Kvb ej Øviv m„ó †¶‡Î Aew¯’Z GKwU e¯z‡K †h‡Kvb c‡_ Nywi‡q cybivq cÖv_wgK
Ae¯’v‡b Avb‡j H ej Øviv K…Z KvR hw` kb¨ nq, Zvn‡j Zv‡K msi¶Ykxj ej e‡j| †hgb
AwfKlx©q ej, ˆe`y¨wZK ej|

Amsi¶Ykxj ej
†Kvb ej Øviv m„ó †¶‡Î Aew¯’Z GKwU e¯z‡K †h †Kvb c‡_ Nywi‡q cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq
Avb‡j H ejØviv K…Z Kv‡Ri cwigvY hw` kb¨ bv nq, Z‡e Zv‡K Amsi¶Ykxj ej e‡j|
†hgb Nl©Y ej, mv›`ª ej BZ¨vw`|

msi¶Ykxj I Amsi¶Ykxj e‡ji cv_©K¨

cv_©‡K¨i welq msi¶Ykxj ej Amsi¶Ykxj ej
1. cY© NY©‡b K… kb¨| kb¨ n‡e bv|
Z KvR
2. cybiƒ×vi m¤•Y©iƒ‡c m¤¢e m¤•Y©iƒ‡c m¤¢e bq|
3. wbf©ikxjZv K…Z KvR MwZc‡_i ïay MwZc‡_i cÖv_wgK I †kl
cÖv_wgK I †kl we›`yi Dci Ae¯’v‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv|
wbf©ikxj| MwZc‡_i DciI wbf©i K‡i|
4. hvwšK kw³i cvwjZ nq| cvwjZ nq bv|
wbZ¨Zv mÎ
MwZkw³
†Kvb e¯z MwZkxj _vKvi Rb¨ †h kw³i AwaKvix nq Zv‡K H e¯zi MwZkw³ e‡j|
MwZkw³i ivwkgvjv
†Kvb MwZkxj e¯z MwZ‡Z _vKvKvjxb, A_©vr w¯’wZ‡Z Avmvi ce© ch©š †h cwigvY
KvR m¤•bœ K‡i Zv Øviv MwZkw³ cwigvc Kiv nq|
g‡b Kwi, m fi wewkó GKwU e¯z v †e‡M AB †iLv eivei Pj‡Q| e¯zi MwZi wecixZ w`‡K
F gv‡bi ej cÖ‡qvM Kivq a g›`‡bi m„wó nj| e¯zwU †_‡g hvIqvi c‡e© S `iZ¡ AwZµg Ki‡j,
e‡ji wei“‡× m¤•vw`Z KvR = FS
awi, e¯zwUi Avw`‡eM = v
m
†kl‡eM = 0 F v v=0
g›`b = a a
 MwZmÎ n‡Z, 0 = v2  2aS

ev, a = A S B

GLb, e‡ji wei“‡× e¯zi m¤•vw`Z KvR,

FS = maS = m. S

=
A_©vr e¯zi MwZkw³,
Ek = ...............................(i)

ev, Ek = kv2
 Ek v2 (cÖgvwYZ)
Avevi (i) bs mgxKiY n‡Z cvB,

Ek = =

= [ e¯‘i fi‡eM, P = mv]

KvR-kw³ Dccv`¨
†Kvb e¯zi Dci wµqviZ jä ej KZ…©K K…Z KvR e¯zi MwZkw³i cwieZ©‡bi mgvb|
cÖgvY : g‡b Kwi, m f‡ii GKwU e¯z u Avw`‡e‡M MwZkxj| e¯zi MwZi w`‡K F gv‡bi
ej cÖ‡qvM Kivq t mgq ci S `iZ¡ AwZµ‡gi ci †kl‡eM v nj| wµqviZ Z¡i‡Yi gvb a n‡j,
ej Øviv K…Z KvR, W = FS .............. (i)
Ges v2 = u2 + 2aS
a
F u v
S
m
 ev, S =
S Gi gvb (i) mgxKi‡Y ewm‡q cvB,

K…Z KvR, W = F 

= ma  [ ej F = ma ]

= (v2  u2)

= mv2  mu2
= †kl MwZkw³  Avw` MwZkw³
= MwZkw³i cwieZ©b
Abyiƒ‡c e¯zi MwZi wecixZ w`‡K F gv‡bi ej wµqv Kivq hw` a g›`‡bi m„wó nq Z‡e,
v2 = u2  2aS

ev, S =
Kv‡RB, K…Z KvR, W = FS

= ma 

= mu2  mv2

= Avw` MwZkw³  †kl MwZkw³

= MwZkw³i cwieZ©b
myZivs, jä ej KZ…©K K…Z KvR e¯zi MwZkw³i cwieZ©‡bi mgvb|

w¯’wZkw³ ev wefe kw³ m

†Kvb e¯z w¯’wZRwbZ Kvi‡Y †h kw³ AR©b K‡i Zv‡K w¯’wZkw³ ev wef³ kw³ e‡j|
wefe kw³i ivwkgvjv
g‡b Kwi, m f‡ii GKwU e¯z‡K f‚wg n‡Z h D”PZvq DVv‡bv nj|
h
D³ ¯’v‡b AwfKlx©q Z¡iY g n‡j e¯zi Dci wµqviZ AwfKlx©q ej g
= mg
e¯zwU‡K h D”PZv n‡Z †Q‡o w`‡j cZ‡bi mgq mvgvb¨ `iZ¡ dh
AwZµg Kij|
 cZ‡bi d‡j K…ZKvR dW = mg.dh
myZivs, e¯zwU h D”PZv n‡Z f‚c„‡ô cZ‡bi Rb¨ e¨wqZ
w¯’wZkw³,
=
  W = mg [ m I g aª“e]

= mg

= mgh
A_©vr e¯zi w¯’wZkw³, EP = mgh (cÖgvwYZ)

w¯’wZkw³
†Kvb e¯z Zvi Ae¯’vi Rb¨ (w¯’Zve¯’v) †h kw³ AR©b K‡i Zv‡K Zvi w¯’wZkw³ e‡j|
A_©vr, w¯’wZkw³ e¯zi w¯’wZRwbZ kw³|
w¯•ªs Gi w¯’wZkw³i ivwkgvjv
†Kvb e¯z GK ¯’vb †_‡K Aci ¯’v‡b ¯’vbvši n‡Z †h KvR m¤•v`b K‡i, Zv Øviv
w¯’wZkw³ cwigvc Kiv nq|
[AZtci 4bs cÖ‡kœvËi `ªóe¨]

ev W = kx2
A_©vr, w¯•ªs Gi ˆ`N¨© x cwigvY cÖmvwiZ Ki‡j w¯•ªs-G mwÂZ w¯’wZkw³i cwigvY,
P.E = kx2|

GwUB w¯•ªs-Gi w¯’wZkw³i ivwkgvjv|

kw³i wbZ¨Zv mÎ
kw³ Awebk¦i, G‡K aŸsm ev m„wó Kiv hvq bv †Kej GKiƒc †_‡K Ab¨iƒ‡c iƒcvšwiZ Kiv
hvq| GB iƒcvš‡ii mgq e¯zi †gvU kw³i cwigvY aª“e _v‡K|

hvwšK kw³i wbZ¨Zv /Aev‡a coš e¯zi †¶‡Î hvwšK kw³i wbZ¨Zvi mZ¨Zv cÖgvY
g‡b Kwi, m f‡ii GKwU e¯z‡K f‚wg n‡Z h D”PZvq A we›`y‡Z DVv‡bv nj| A we›`y‡Z
e¯zwUi †eM kb¨| Kv‡RB H we›`y‡Z mg¯ kw³B w¯’wZkw³|
 A we›`y‡Z e¯zi w¯’wZkw³ = mgh
Ges A we›`y‡Z e¯zi MwZkw³ = 0
 A we›`y‡Z e¯zi †gvU kw³ =mgh + 0 = mgh
GLb A we›`y †_‡K e¯zwU‡K gy³fv‡e †Q‡o †`qv n‡j †Kvb GK mgq x `iZ¡ AwZµg †k‡l
B we›`y‡Z †cŠuQ‡e| B we›`y‡Z e¯zwU MwZkxj _vKvq e¯zi w¯’wZkw³ I MwZkw³
DfqB _vK‡e| A
 B we›`y‡Z e¯zi w¯’wZkw³ = mg (h – x)

Ges B we›`y‡Z e¯zi MwZkw³ = mv2 [awi B we›`y‡Z †eM v] x

= m. 2gx [ v2 = u2 + 2gx = 0 + 2gx]

h B

h–x

C
 = mgx
 B we›`y‡Z e¯zi †gvU kw³ = mg (h – x) + mgx
= mgh  mgx + mgx
= mgh
Avevi awi, f‚c„ô‡K ¯•k© Kivi ce© gyn‡Z© C we›`y‡Z e¯zwUi †eM v©|
 v© 2 = 02 + 2gh = 2gh

C we›`y‡Z e¯zi MwZkw³ = mv©2 = m  2gh

= mgh
Ges C we›`y‡Z e¯zi w¯’wZkw³ = mg  0 = 0
 C we›`y‡Z e¯zi †gvU kw³ = 0 + mgh = mgh
A_©vr, AwfKlx©q e‡ji cÖfv‡e gy³fv‡e coš †Kvb e¯zi †gvU hvwšK kw³i †Kvb
cwieZ©b nq bv|

AwfKl©xq ej GKwU msi¶Ykxj ej

aiv hvK, m f‡ii GKwU e¯‘‡K A we›`y †_‡K Dc‡i B B
we›`y‡Z DVv‡bv n‡jv Ges d‡j e¯‘wUi Dj¤^ miY n‡jv
h| G ¯’vbvši 1 bs, 2 bs ev 3 bs †h †Kvb c‡_ msNwUZ
†nvK bv †Kb cÖ‡Z¨K c‡_ AwfKl©xq ej mg Lvov
wb‡Pi w`‡K wµqv K‡i Ges Dj¤^ miY = h| 1
2 h
3
aiv hvK, AwfKl©xq ej KvRwU Ki‡Q|
 cÖwZwU c‡_B K…Z KvR, W = mgh.
Avevi †h †Kvb c‡_, A we›`y †_‡K B we›`y‡Z K…Z
KvR, W1 = – mgh Ges B we›`y †_‡K A we›`y‡Z bvg‡j
K…Z KvR, W2 = mgh. A
myZivs c‡_ †gvU K…Z KvR, W1 + W2 = – (mgh) + (mgh) = 0
 ejv hvq AwfKl©xq ej GKwU msi¶Ykxj ej|

cÖ‡kœvËi i
cÖkœ-1| KvR, kw³ I ¶gZvi msÁv `vI| G‡`i GKK I gvÎv D‡jL Ki|
DËi : KvR
†Kvb e¯yi Dci ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j hw` e‡ji cÖ‡qvM we›`yi miY N‡U, A_©vr e¯zi miY
N‡U Zvn‡j ejv nq †h, cÖhy³ ej Øviv KvR n‡q‡Q Ges cÖhy³ ej I e¯zi mi‡Yi ¸Ydj Øviv
KvR cwigvc Kiv nq|
GKK : AvšR©vwZK c×wZ‡Z Kv‡Ri GKK Ryj| A_©vr, 1 Ryj = 1 N  1m|
gvÎv : KvR = ej  miY
= fi  Z¡iY  miY = fi   miY

= fi   miY = fi   miY
Kv‡Ri gvÎv = M 
= ML2T2
¶gZv
msÁv : †Kvb e¯z ev h‡ši KvR Kivi nvi‡K ¶gZv e‡j|
GKK : AvšR©vwZK c×wZ‡Z ¶gZvi GKK Joule/sec (Js1) ev Watt.
gvÎv : ¶gZv =

 ¶gZvi gvÎv = = = ML2T3

kw³
msÁv : †Kvb e¯z ev Dr‡mi KvR Kivi mvg_©¨‡K kw³ e‡j| †Kvb e¯z †Kvb wbw`©ó
Ae¯’vq me©‡gvU †h cwigvY KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi cwigvY‡K H e¯zi kw³ e‡j|
GKK : kw³ I Kv‡Ri GKK Awfbœ| A_©vr, AvšRv©wZK c×wZ‡Z kw³i GKK Ryj (Joule)|
gvÎv : kw³ I Kv‡Ri gvÎvI GKB, A_©vr ML2T–2
cªkœ-2| IqvU I Ak¦¶gZvi msÁv `vI Ges G‡`i g‡a¨ m¤•K© ¯’vcb Ki|
DËi : IqvU
AvšR©vwZK c×wZ‡Z ¶gZvi GKK IqvU| cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û GK Ryj KvR Kivi ¶gZv‡K
GK IqvU e‡j|

 1 Watt = = 1 Js1
Ak¦ ¶gZv
Gd.wc.Gm. c×wZ‡Z ¶gZvi GKK Ak¦ ¶gZv (Horse Power)| cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 550 ft-pound
KvR Kivi ¶gZv‡K GK Ak¦ ¶gZv e‡j|
A_©vr, 1 Hp = 550 ft lb / sec
IqvU I Ak¦¶gZvi m¤•K© :
1 Hp = 550 ftlb /sec
= 550  32.2 ft-poundal /sec
= 550  32.2  0.04214 J/s [ 1 ft-poundals = 0.04214 J/s]
= 746 J/s
= 746 Watt.

cªkœ-3| GK IqvU ¶gZv I wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv ej‡Z wK eyS ?

DËi : GK IqvU ¶gZv
¶gZvi AvšR©vwZK GKK n‡”Q IqvU| GK IqvU ¶gZv ej‡Z, GK †m‡K‡Û GK Ryj KvR
Kivi ¶gZv‡K eySvq|
 GK IqvU =
wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv
GK wK‡jvIqvU ¶gZv m¤•bœ †Kvb Drm GK NÈvq †h cwigvY KvR K‡i Zv‡K GK
wK‡jvIqvU NÈv (k Wh) e‡j|
 1 wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv = 1 kW  1 h
= 1000 W  1 h
 = 1000 Wh
cÖkœ-4| M¨v‡mi AvqZb e„w× †c‡j K…Z Kv‡Ri cwigvY wbY©q Ki|
DËi : M¨v‡mi AvqZb cwieZ©bKvix e‡ji K…Z KvR
g‡b Kwi, R wc÷b wewkó GKwU wmwjÛv‡i wKQy M¨vm Av‡Q| wc÷bwUi cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i
†¶Îdj a| M¨v‡mi AvqZb e„w× cvIqvq wc÷bwU A Ae¯’vb †_‡K B Ae¯’v‡b Av‡m|
wc÷‡bi miY S n‡j, A B
M¨v‡mi AvqZb e„w×, V = aS
wc÷‡bi Dci wecixZ w`‡K F gv‡bi ej wµqv Ki‡j M¨vm
KZ…©K wc÷‡bi Dci K…Z KvR, W= FS R

=PV s
= PV
cÖkœ-5| Ry‡ji msÁv `vI| 300 J KvR ej‡Z wK eyS ?
DËi : Ryj
Kv‡Ri e¨envwiK GKK n‡”Q Ryj| †Kvb e¯zi Dci GK wbDUb ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j hw` e¯zi
miY GK wgUvi nq Z‡e m¤•bœ KvR‡K GK Ryj e‡j|
AZGe, 1 Joule = 1 N  1 m
300 Ryj Kv‡Ri A_©
300 Ryj KvR ej‡Z 1 wbDUb ej cÖ‡qv‡M, cÖhy³ e‡ji Awfgy‡L e¯zwUi 300 wgUvi mi‡Yi
Rb¨ m¤•vw`Z KvR‡K eySvq| A_ev 300 wbDUb ej cÖ‡qv‡M, cÖhy³ e‡ji Awfgy‡L
e¯‘wUi 1 wgUvi mi‡Yi Rb¨ m¤•vw`Z KvR eySvq|
cÖkœ-6| hvwšK kw³ KZ cÖKvi I wK wK ? cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKv‡ii D`vniY `vI|
DËi : hvwšK kw³i cÖKvi‡f`
hvwšK kw³ cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi| h_v (1) MwZkw³ I (2) w¯’wZkw³
MwZkw³ : MwZkxj _vKvi d‡j †Kvb e¯z KvR Kivi Rb¨ †h mvg_©¨ AR©b K‡i Zv‡K H
e¯zi MwZkw³ e‡j| †`vjvqgvb †`vjK, wbw¶ß Zxi, Pjš dzUej BZ¨vw` mK‡ji kw³B
MwZkw³|
w¯’wZkw³ : †Kvb e¯z wbw`©ó Ae¯’vq w¯’wZkxj _vKvi `i“b †h kw³ cÖvß nq Zv‡K
w¯’wZkw³ e‡j| Qv‡`i Dci iw¶Z BU, cvwbi U¨vs‡K iw¶Z cvwb BZ¨vw` †h kw³ cÖvß nq
ZvB w¯’wZkw³|
cÖkœ-7| wefe kw³ Kv‡K e‡j ? MwZkw³ I wefekw³i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ D‡jL Ki|

DËi : wefekw³
†Kvb e¯z w¯’wZkxj _vKvi `i“b Zv‡Z †h kw³ mwÂZ _v‡K Zv‡K wefekw³ ev w¯’wZkw³
e‡j|
MwZkw³ I wefekw³i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
cv_©‡K¨i welq MwZkw³ wefekw³
1. kw³ AR©b e¯zi †e‡Mi Rb¨ MwZkw³ AwR©Z e¯zi Ae¯’vb ev Ae¯’v cwieZ©‡bi
 nq| Rb¨ wefe kw³ AwR©Z nq|
2. kw³i cwigvc w¯’wZ‡Z Avmvi ce© ch©š K…Z Ae¯’vb cwieZ©‡b K…Z KvR|
KvR|
3. kw³ e„w× †eM e„w×i mv‡_ e„w× cvq| gvwU n‡Z D”PZv e„w×i mv‡_
e„w× cvq|
4. kw³ n«vm †eM n«v‡m n«vm cvq| D”PZv n«v‡m n«vm cvq|
5. Dcw¯’wZ w¯’i e¯z‡Z _v‡K bv| w¯’i e¯z‡Z _v‡K|
6. ivwkgvjv P.E. = mgh ; GLv‡b m = fi, h =
K.E. = mv2 ; GLv‡b m = fi Ges v = D”PZv Ges g = AwfKlx©q Z¡iY|
†eM
cÖkœ-8| KvR I ¶gZvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ D‡jL Ki|
DËi : KvR I ¶gZvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
cv_©‡K¨i welq KvR ¶gZv
1. msÁv ej I e‡ji Awfgy‡L mi‡Yi cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û K…Z
¸Ydj‡K KvR e‡j| KvR‡K ¶gZv e‡j|
¶gZv = ev P =
2. ivwkgvjv KvR = ej  miY ev W = FS|
|
3. gvÎv ML2T2| ML2T–3|
4. GKK Ryj (Joule)| IqvU (Watt)|
5. cwigvc G mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| cÖ‡qvRb nq|
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
cÖkœ-9| ¶gZvi msÁv `vI| kw³ I ¶gZvi cv_©K¨ D‡jL Ki|
DËi : ¶gZv
†Kvb Drm GKK mg‡q †h KvR K‡i Zv‡K H Dr‡mi ¶gZv e‡j|
tmg‡q †Kvb Drm W cwigvY KvR Ki‡j ¶gZv, P =
kw³ I ¶gZvi cv_©K¨
cv_©‡K¨i welq kw³ ¶gZv
msÁv KvR Kivi mvg_©¨‡K kw³ e‡j| KvR Kivi nvi‡K ¶gZv e‡j|
cwigvc †gvU K…Z KvR| GKK mg‡q K…Z KvR|
ivwkgvjv kw³ = KvR = ej  miY| ¶gZv = |
gvÎv ML T |
2 2
ML2T3
mg‡qi mv‡_ cwigv‡c mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| cwigv‡c mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb
m¤•K© nq|
cÖkœ-10| kw³i iƒcvši ej‡Z wK eyS ? kw³i iƒcvš‡ii K‡qKwU D`vniY `vI|
DËi : kw³i iƒcvši
gnvwe‡k¦ kw³ wewfbœiƒ‡c weivR Ki‡Q| gvbyl Zvi cÖ‡qvR‡b kw³‡K GKiƒc †_‡K
Ab¨iƒ‡c iƒcvši Ki‡Q| kw³i GKiƒc n‡Z Ab¨iƒ‡c iƒcvšwiZ nIqv‡K kw³i iƒcvši e‡j|
kw³i iƒcvš‡ii K‡qKwU D`vniY
1| hvwšK kw³i iƒcvši : `yB nvZ Nl‡j Zvc Drcbœ nq| GLv‡b hvwšK kw³
Zvckw³‡Z icvšwiZ nq|
2| Zvckw³i iƒcvši : ev®• Bwćb Zvckw³ hvwšK kw³‡Z iƒcvšwiZ nq|
3| †PŠ¤^K kw³i iƒcvši : we`y¨r Pz¤^‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ fvix e¯z‡K ¯’vbvši Kv‡j
†PŠ¤^K kw³ hvwšK kw³‡Z iƒcvšwiZ nq|
4| Av‡jvK kw³i iƒcvši : n¨vwi‡K‡bi wPgwb Mig nq| G‡¶‡Î Av‡jvK kw³ Zvc kw³‡Z
iƒcvšwiZ nq|
5| we`y¨r kw³i iƒcvši : ˆe`y¨wZK wnUv‡i we`y¨r kw³ Zvc kw³‡Z iƒcvšwiZ nq|
6| ivmvqwbK kw³i iƒcvši : ˆe`y¨wZK †Kv‡l ivmvqwbK kw³ we`y¨r kw³‡Z
iƒcvšwiZ nq|
cÖkœ-11| kw³i AcPq ej‡Z wK eyS ? D`vniY `vI| [
DËi : kw³i AcPq
msÁv : kw³ GKiƒc †_‡K Ab¨iƒ‡c icvšwiZ nIqvi mgq Zvi wKQy Ask Ggb iƒ‡c iƒcvšwiZ
nq hv Avgv‡`i Kv‡R jv‡M bv| kw³i G AKvh©Ki iƒcvši‡K kw³i AcPq e‡j|
D`vniY : hLb ˆe`y¨wZK evwZ R¡‡j ZLb we`y¨r kw³ Av‡jvK kw³‡Z iƒcvšwiZ nq hv
Avgv‡`i Kv‡R jv‡M| cvkvcvwk ‰e`y¨wZK kw³i wKQy Ask Zvckw³‡Z iƒcvšwiZ nq hv
ˆe`y¨wZK evwZwU‡K Mig K‡i| wKšz Zv Avgv‡`i †Kvb Kv‡R Av‡m bv| GwUB kw³i
AcPq|
cÖkœ-12| Ak¦-¶gZvi msÁv `vI| †Kvb cv‡¤•i ¶gZv 0.5 HP ej‡Z wK eyS ?
DËi : Ak¦ ¶gZv
cÖwZ †m‡KÛ 550 ft-Pound KvR Kivi ¶gZv‡K Ak¦ ¶gZv e‡j|
 1 HP =550 ft Pound/sec = 550  32.2  0.04214 J/s = 746 Watt
†Kvb cv‡¤•i ¶gZv 0.5 HP ej‡Z eySvq cv¤•wU cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û ( 550  . 5) ev 275 ft-Pound
KvR K‡i|

cÖkœ-13| †Kvb h‡ši Kg© `¶Zv ej‡Z wK eyS ? †Kvb h‡ši /cv‡¤•i `¶Zv 70% ej‡Z wK
eyS ?
DËi : Kg©`¶Zv
†Kvb hš Øviv Kv‡h© iƒcvšwiZ kw³ I H hš Øviv †gvU M„nxZ kw³i AbycvZ‡K H h‡ši
Kg©`¶Zv e‡j|
A_©vr, Kg©`¶Zv,  =
Kg©`¶Zv‡K mvaviYZ kZKiv wnmv‡e cÖKvk Kiv nq|
 Kg©`¶Zv,  =  100%
†Kvb h‡ši Kg©`¶Zv 70% ej‡Z eywS †h, H h‡š 100 GKK kw³ mieivn Kiv n‡j 70 GKK kw³
Kv‡R iƒcvšwiZ n‡e|

cÖkœ-14| KvRnxb ej ev AKvh©Ki ej wK ? D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Ki|

DËi : KvRnxb ej
msÁv : †h ej Øviv †Kvb KvR Kiv nq bv Zv‡K KvRnxb ej ev AKvh©Ki ej e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : Avgiv Rvwb, KvR = ej  e‡ji w`‡K e¯zi miY
 ev, W = FS cos
hw` miY e‡ji j¤^ w`‡K nq Z‡e,  = 90° Ges KvR, W = FS cos90° = 0
A_©vr ej Øviv K…Z Kv‡Ri cwigvY kb¨| Giƒc ej‡K KvRnxb ej ev AKvh©Ki ej e‡j|
D`vniY : hLb †Kvb e¯z‡K Abyf‚wgK Z‡j †U‡b †bIqv nq ZLb AwfKl© ej ev e¯zi IR‡bi
wei“‡× †Kvb KvR Kiv nq bv, †Kbbv AwfKl© e‡ji w`K Ges e¯zi mi‡Yi w`K ci¯•i j¤^|
myZivs, G‡¶‡Î AwfKl© ej AKvh©Ki ej|
cÖkœ-15| Av‡›`vwjZ mij †`vj‡Ki †¶‡Î hvwšK kw³i wbZ¨Zv cÖgvY Ki|

DËi : hvwšK kw³i wbZ¨Zv Gi cÖgvY

g‡b Kwi, OA GKwU mij †`vjK| eewU m‡e©v”P we¯v‡i B we›`y‡Z ¶wY‡Ki Rb¨ w¯’i
nq| d‡j B we›`y‡Z Zvi mg¯ kw³B w¯’wZkw³|
AZGe B we›`y‡Z †cuŠQ‡Z eewU AN Dj¤^ `iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i|
O
B we›`y‡Z †gvU w¯’wZkw³ = mg  AN
 B we›`y‡Z †gvU kw³ = w¯’wZkw³ + MwZkw³

= mg  AN + 0 L
= mg  AN
†`vjKwU †divi c‡_ C we›`y‡Z †cŠuQ‡j C we›`y‡Z e‡ei
MwZkw³ I w¯’wZkw³ DfqB _vK‡e|
N
C we›`y‡Z e‡ei w¯’wZkw³ = mg  AM Ges
B
C we›`y‡Z e‡ei MwZkw³ = mv 2 M C
A mg
mg
= m  2gMN [ v2 = O2 + 2gh = 2 g  MN] mg
= mg MN
= mg (AN AM)
 C we›`y‡Z †gvU kw³ = mg  AM + mg (AN  AM)
= mg  AN
= B we›`y‡Z †gvU kw³
 A_©vr, Av‡›`vwjZ mij †`vj‡Ki †¶‡Î †h †Kvb gyn‡Z© Zvi †gvU kw³ aª“e _v‡K|
cÖkœ-16| †`LvI †h, Av‡›`vwjZ mij †`vj‡Ki †¶‡Î †h †Kvb gyn‡Z© †gvU kw³i cwigvY
mgL (1-cos)
DËi : 15 bs cÖ‡kœvËi cy‡ivUv †jLvi ci evKx wb‡æi Ask|
myZivs, †`vj‡Ki †gvU kw³ = mg  AN
= mg (AO  NO)
= mg (L  L cos) [†`vj‡Ki Kvh©Ki ˆ`N¨©, L = AO]
= mgL (1  cos)

cÖkœ-17| gm„Y AvbZ Z‡ji †¶‡Î kw³i wbZ¨Zv mÎ cÖgvY Ki|

DËi : gm„Y AvbZ Z‡ji †¶‡Î kw³i wbZ¨Zv m‡Îi cÖgvY
g‡b Kwi, m f‡ii GKwU e¯z Avbyf‚wg‡Ki mv‡_  †Kv‡Y AvbZ Z‡ji A we›`y‡Z w¯’i
Av‡Q| Avbyf‚wgK †iLv n‡Z Gi D”PZv h| A
A we›`y‡Z e¯zi w¯’wZkw³ = mgh
A we›`y‡Z e¯zi MwZkw³ = 0
AZGe, A we›`y‡Z e¯zi †gvUkw³ = mgh + 0 = mgh g
S (h-x)
 h
B

(x)

awi, e¯zwU AB eivei S `iZ¡ †b‡g B
we›`y‡Z †cuŠQvj Ges v †eM cÖvß nj|
AB Gi w`‡K AwfKlx©q Z¡iY, g Gi Dcvsk = g cos (90° ) = g sin
Avevi, v2 = u2 + 2aS = 02 + 2g sin.S = 2 g sin .S
 B we›`y‡Z e¯zi MwZkw³ = = m.2g sin. S = mg sin .S
B we›`y‡Z w¯’wZkw³ = mgx
B we›`y‡Z †gvU kw³ = mgx + mg sin.S

= mgx + mg .
= mgx + mg (h x)
= mgx + mgh  mgx
= mgh
= A we›`y‡Z †gvU
kw³i mgvb
AZGe, gm„Y AvbZ Z‡j MwZkxj e¯zi kw³ me©`v mgvb _v‡K|