"Herb Schildt tells his

programmers what they

want and need to know·
simply, clearly, concisely,
ana authoritatively.1I
JACAf Computing Reviews
,.
 yourself

c
Third Edition

- Herbert Schildt

DITION ..2003-2004

Osbolne MeG/alii-H Ili

Berkeley Nel'l York SI LoUIS San Francisco Auckland 80g01a Hamt)ufg Land!)ll .Ian" MexICo CI!y
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Iboii the ,-lutlwr
Herbert Schildi. is the \\orld's leading prograninhig author. 10 is an audw6h on
the C and C Languages. a master Windows progra III Incr. and an expert on
Ja\il. II i pro,--ramn-.Kg bOOLS ha'e Sold earl y IWO million coIlies orld ide aIId
hate been translated Ito Al major ft,rei.n lan2uaes. 1 0 the author Of
luoluclous best-seller including C: The Complete Rcireiice. C 'he
Complete keli'ence. C Irom the (irouiud It, FMC pr.oerummlflg hum ijic
(,i'ouiid It. W indoW s 95 Programni in iii I.' and C' Windows NI 4
Irogrtmming lotnu the Ground I.]p. and uall) UthCrs, lie is also a nicinber of
both tie ,\Nl C and C- ' standardization coinuiliLecs.
 Contents

/'Jl)/I(('. .V/

J ' l /uriljei ,S1If(l. .vr;l

I. C Fundamentals- - -
LIN[)[RSI ,N1) TI IL COMPO1'ENTS 01: AC PROGRAM. 2
.1.2 CREATE AD COMJPILE A PRCGRAM. 7
1.3 DECLARE VARIABLES AD ASSIGN VALUES, 10
1.4 INPUT NUM ERS FORM TIlE KEYBOARD, IS
.s PERFORM CALCULATIONS USING ARITHMETIC
EXPRESSIONS. 17
1.6 ADD C.)MMENTS TO A PROGRAM. 20
1.7 WRITE YJR OWN FUNCTIONS, 23
1.8 USE FUNCTION ARGUMENTS, 32
1.9 REMEMBER THE C KEYWORDS. 32
1.10 REMEMI3[R THE C KEY WORDS, 35

2. Introducing C's Program Control Statements - - - 39

2.I 13 ECOM LA MI I .LIA R WITH TI IL if 41
2.2 ADD IHE else. 44
2.3 CREATE PLOCKS OF CUbE. 46
14 USET I-IF tr LOOP. 49
2.5 SUBSTITUTE C'S INGREME'AND DECREMENT
OPERATIOR"
2.6 EXPAND prit' O' S CAPABILITIES. 58
2.7 PROGRAM WITH C'S RELATIONAL AND LOGICAL
OPERATORS. 61

3. More C Program Control Statements - - - 69

3.! INPUT CHARACTERS. 70
3.2 NEST if SIATEMENIS. 75
3.3 EXAMINE fir 1.001) VARIATIONS, 79
3.4 UNDERSTAND C'S whili , LOOP. 82
3.5 USE THE do LOOKKI. 84
3.6 CREATE NESTED LOOPS. 87


USE. breik 1(1) SXIi A LOOP. SO

1.7
KN( )W WI I [N 10 SU I. FIlL coni inu S All'. MI .N I. 02
I AMONG Al. FI-TRNA IvLS WU'!'II 1111 ich
3
I AU I.MLN I'. 94
tNI)LlSE,\NI) 1* 111 otto S '\FIMlN I 100

4 . (]osr look at Data i\ pes. \'a riahks.

and U,,\pressi 1IS - - - 105

-LI 1,si 's n. :I'A-I'YIl: MODII'U LRS. 107
42 [JARN \VIILR[ VARIAUI.LS ARE DLC'LARLI) 02
4.3 I AKI . A (_'LOSLR LOOK Al ( NS IANI ' S. 109
4.4 IN II'IAI.I/L \RIAI3I IS. I 23
4.5 I Nl)LRS LA!) 'FYITh UONV'I.RSIONS IN LXl'kl .SSR)NS. 126
I. 'NDI.RS lANI) 'UYI'L ('ONVLRSIONS IN ASSI(.NM[N IS. I
'RUG RA\4 VII El I'Y [I'l, L.\SIS. I

5. I. 1 Ioring Ai i : I's and Strings - - 137

5.I DI-:CIARL (I)Nt-IM[NSNAL ARRAYS. 130

5.2 US,STRINGS. 145
5.3 CRIA II'. .\'lUI FI I IMLNSR,NAI. ARR.YS. IS
5.4 INI"IAE.LtL ARRAYS. 154
5,5 0(111.1) ARRAYS 01' S . ..R INLIS. 1S9
/
6. Using Ioii ters - - - 165
6. I IJNDLRS'I'AND I t OINTLR E3AHC 5. 167
6.2 LEARN RES'I'RICl'IONS . ..0 I-UIN FER [XPRLSSIONS. 72
L'SI POINTI S WITH ARRAYS, 176
ElSE. l'OIN'FLRS 10 SIRING CONS'I ' AN ' I ' S. IN.',
0.4
URLAlI-. ARRAYS OF I'OIN'I FIRS, 180
HL('()ML ACQIJAIN I'LL) WI I'll MIJL'I'IPI.I. IN[ '.1 Cl ION I 55
(tO
67 I SI. poI'I'I:RS AS I'ARAM L'I'LRS. I 9 I

7. A (:loser Look at Functions - - - 195

7. I tiN D[RST AND FUNC lION PRO 10 FYI'LS 106
72 tr\I)FRS'I'AND RECURSION. 207
I AKL A uLosL:R LOOK A I I'ARAMIiN I'I':RS. 211
7 4 PASS ARGUMENTS FE) main , 1. 2 I 5
70 COMPARE OLD-STYLE TO MODERN FUNCIR)N PARAMIINI.R
DECLARATIONS, 202

S. Console I/O - - - 227

8. I LEA RN A' O]I IER PREPROCESSOR DIRNCTI VI.. 229
82 LXANHNF CHARACTER AND STRING INPut AND oil
233
83 EXAMINE C ARACTER AND S RING INPUT ANt) OF I PU I.
233
3.4 FAKE ACI.OSER LOOK Al AND AND puN 1). 246
8.5 MAST ER priniF( 1. 241
8.6 MASI FR scauO). 246

9. FILE I/O - - - 27
9. u:NDERSIANI) SIREAMS. 259
9.2 MASTER FILE-SYSTEM BASICS. 260
9.3 NDI RSIANI) FLOE (1 AND [ERROR (1. 269
9.4 LEARN 10 READ AND WRIII. BINARY DA IT- 27$
9.5 LEARN 10 RI.AD AND WRITE RINARY VA IA 278
9.6 UNDERSIANI) RNI)OM ACCESS. 285
9.7 LEA RN Ai)U] VARRHIS FILL-SYSTEM FUNCTIONS. 290
9.8 LEARN ABUt JET I IF SIAND/ RE) STREAME, 293

10. STRI-icnAl , AND Unions .- - 299

10.1 STRUCTURES AND UNIONS - - - 299
10.2 1)11(1 .i\RE POINTERS . ..0 S1RUCTURLS 3 14
13 WORK \¼'IFH NESTED S lRUCTIJRES. 3 18
1(1.4 1 NDHSIANI) RI F-IIH.DS. 324
((.5 CR EAFE I (N IONS. 329

II, Advanced data ty pes and Operators - - - 337

(1.1 USE H IL STORAGE CLASS SPECIFIERS, 339
11.2 USE Il IF ACCESS MODIFI ERS. 349
11.3 DEI: IN[ ENUMERATIONS. 352
11.4 UNDERSTAND Ly PEDLI. 356
11.5 USE ('S 131I'WISE OPERA IIORS .358
11.6 MASI ER 1 FIN SEll H ( )I'ERAIORS. 363
(.7 UN I )(.RSIA NI) TI II- . OPT ;RA OR. 365
11.3 DO MORE W'IH lifE ASSIGNMENT OPERAIOR. 367
II 3) t Nl)I RS ANI) TIlL CO MMA OPERA [OR. 370
II lo KN )\\ H ii: PRECEDENCE S MMARY .372

12. Ilic ( Preprocessore iiicI Sour auced Topics - - - 375

2.1 LL\R\ \110 AI3()L I •deIhe AND ncludc.377
2.21 NI)I.RS I A .) C NDII1D N AI . COMPI[.A HON. 381
2.3 I ) \RN A[3()(.:*]' enor. uiidcLfine,AND pini. 388
14 I.\AMINI CS BUILT-IN MACROS. 391
12.5 US H IL AND OPERA IORS. 393
12.0 I )IIRSTANI) FUNCTION POINTERS, 395
27 N1A ILk DYNAMIC AI.I.O[A HON. -102

A Some Common C Libran Functions - - - 411

A. I s IRINU AND CIIARACI LR I:1)NCIIONS 42
A.2 II IF VIA lIIEMA1ICS FIJNCIIONS, 424
3 1 IMI. MAIl I[MAIICS FUNCTIONS, 424
A-I DYNAMIC A1.LOCAI1(L 440
A.5 \1tSC!:I.I.. NIOLS I : ftlIONS. 444
I

B C Ks ord S in ma - - - 457

( B u RI i rig a s s Skelet it) n - - - 469

WI H0 1 VERSION OF WINDOWS?
WINDOWS IT06RAMMING PERSPECTIVE. 470
110W \¼ INDOW AND YOUR PROGRAM
INII,RAC U 473
WINDOWS IS MUI. II IASKING. 474
II II. WIN32 API. 474
-1- 1 11 COMPONENTS OF A WINDOW, 475
SOME WINDOW FUNCTION. 489
A SI [ORI WORD ABOUT DEFINITION FILES, 490
NAMING CONVENTIONS, 490
NAM NO (ONVENHONS. 490
I 0 I.LAR MORE. 490

I) Aiissers - - - 493

Iiide - - - 633


Preface
I iu hook teaches von ho\\ to pi'oeiaiil ill \ hat is usuali ie;i I'd ed a'. I he
orld.s Illost illt pi, rliiIlt professional proeranttitilie ltnuaee: C.
()iie reaSoll for Cs succeSS md s vIl1i powe' s hat proerim III inel",
it C euinhiites suihtict\ and i itce o ill tt\V po\ser and Ii:\ibiiit\ it is a
strmictumied juiCe 111,11 does ItoL it tie. ii IS a hicli- rtdriii,inee ai iiae thai
does not constrain, C Is also a iLtteulimee that puts \ott. the prlir;lllullei braik
Lilatee. ua eietted 1\ a proeranincer for piOCtaili Ii is not the
LOUtI IeLI )l'OJlict of CUttltt1iitec.. but riutlier (lie OUtCL .... ot pFo2rimiimrtIei'
better prurc muti ti lanuae,
is iiiipottaiit or another reason. It is the iate\va to the s orid s too
other ptolcs.. anal prOrattiiiiitiu lattguaues; C' and jaw. C is built upon C'.
mnd Jaa is built tipon (' I Itus. C 5 in the Iöunditioit ui all ittodcrit
)rocrau1tllmlmt. and kitoo ede Ut (_' is tumidameittal to the successluti creation 01
hiaii-pertornttmice, liiel1-qittltt\ sottssaie. Sinlpl\ pul. to he a prolessiiuiil
t0dt\ ilieafls that \ ou ate. competent in C.

.± !iiL!L
C oas itsetited and flrst inipletttenied b\ I)cntils t'itehte will a I)EC 1>1)1>-I
usiiie tile UNIX operimtitte s\slell). C is the result of 'a developittetit process that
started o thu an older laticuimee called UC'IL, descioped b \ lartiti Richards.
iitll tic ttced a I ' i ll i.umimee called 13 that sas in'erned h\ ken 'Ihoimipsoti and
that lcd to tltc deselopiuettt of C' ill tite I
[or tttt cai.s. the de facto stodard for C oas a. ne described in
1 itL' C taillttIlt .atn.uae b Urtati Kerniehimtt .. I)eittt is l' itcitte
I'reimt ce-I lull. ) 971%. lIoweer. 'IS C reo itt pupularit . a eutlitititlec ous
oi'altl/d in I')3 to create an ANSI (American National Staitdai-ds Itmstituite)
st,itidard or ( he standat'dm,attiiti ptoccss took sl\ ears I ittucit Ioneer tit;nt
.iil\ one lea'.oitubl\ e.\pecied).
flit: ANSI C standard oa nl.mli\ adopted ale in
I ')l and
\ lE•\(H \1RSil I
V

TEACH YOURSELF

I he iirst copies become cetieralis jsailable in l)b. I he si. id 'tas antetlileil

slthi k i ll I I My sirtnall\ all C eumpi lets eoilipi> ui AN SI siaiid;irii
ad 1 1 1,11 is the ersiuii of C' o
1 SVIII learn in this honk hat
Mat iv this book teaclie-.
,,-\N'sI standard C.)
C is olteli referred to as a niddle-knietiatie. Uelorc ( there ere
basicall\ t\\ 0 QPOS 01 lantina g es used to pruiiliiit computers. We is called
:issetiihl' lantinane, slucIi is tIme s\ imbolic represetitation ot the ietti.iI iliaclillie
instrlletions eeetiteJ b the coitiputer. Asseiiibl\ linotiie is J Ili\l li ci
Lntiitiice because the proniailliltei is sorkiti s itli (it i , . n>iihic loi • iii) Ilie

actual nistnictions that time computer \\lh execute. .Asscnibt\ lammuuaee can be
used to create sers Ticietit prl.raills. but it pins ides ito built-Ill eccitirict
.Lructtiics Or I 0 tummet.ns. All such IlCllls must be ntaimu:ilt\ cciii-.triiCicd b the
pr1m11ler Us contrast. a hidi-lesei lumicuatie hullers the prclor.immmnmei hulm
the coiliputer. A hieit-lesel Iamuae tpmctmlI supplies S anon-. ccctiircil
structures. Input and 01.11111.11 coimmnmnids. and OIL: like. svliieh make prccnimmtmimllml
easier and kisier I louescr_ [Ile elements Of a lmmeh-lesH imainImee IliIi\ not
ixlats- dmrectl to the wa that the computer uItiniatel car ..cmt lie plclr.iiim.
I his separation often causes proirlins ssrmttetl mmsiimg a hioli-icicl Iaimuapc 10 tie
less eIlieient than those ss nittemi in assembl y Itimiouitoe Uec.iiise inan people
md asscnihI lancuimmie to be a tedtoum dt licuili task. there sca, it
iced Ir it Iaituuaoe that balanced ease-oluse o oh cllieieimc \hiiii\
proirinimmiiers feel that C pros ides this halance. It siice-.limll commmhiuel lie
structure of ii himciIi-leel Iaticnimee ccitli the poscer and ci hcienc\ ot a-.scmmmbh\
Ianonaoe. Since it paims the up betsseen assembl' and I meli-lesci
Iiimmuaoes. it is called a middle-les el lammiivaie.
Initiall. C ssas used prnnaniI to ereimttn s\ stemims sott\\mre. S\ skill-.
,W "MW consists of tI se progflhiils that help run the coinp.i'cr. I liese include
prrtttis such as opertmtn1 s"wins. enitipilers. and editor-.. I losses er. tls
uolleuI in pccpumlImrit\ - it besmn to be used or eenertml phi-pose pioiramminnmie
I oda . t. is used h\ prnuuwmm m le rs for irtmialln ami promiinnnno task. It I .1
l,nieuiauc that has survived the Li cli time and p'omm itsell to he m-. set -.imtue 1'
ii I .. pcs\ enitil
 'RH \! •\
V

(ic. C++

Newcomers are sometimes conlised about the differences between C and C -

and how the relate to each other. In short. C- F is an extended version of C that
is designed to support object-oriented programming (jOOP). C^ i contains und
supports the entire C language in addition to a set of object-oriented extension-,
(That i. C- is a superset of C.) Because C 4-i is built. upo the foundatio of C.
ou cannot learn Ci - without learnin g the basics of C. Iherctore, if you think
that YOU Will someday move o to C- your knowledge of C will not onl y be
useful, it will be necessary

.1 bout this book

[his book is unique because it teaches you the C language b y aplying master
learning. It does so by presenting one idea at a time, followed by numerous
examples and exerci,,, to help you thorughly understant each topic. 1 his
approach ensures that on master each topic before moving on.
The material is presented sequentially. Therefore. you should sork
care full y through each chapter because each chapter assumes that you know the
niatera I presented in all preceding chapters.
This book teaches ANSI standard C. This ensures that your knowledge
will be applicable to the wieest range of C environents. This book also uses
contemporary syntax and structure, which means that you will be learnin g the
right wav to \rite C programs form the very beginning.

;\oii' This Book is Orj'u,,izd

This t,.'ok is composed of 12 chapters ad 4 appendices. Each chapter (except
Chapter I ) begins with a Review Skills Check, which consists of questions and
exericises coveing the provious chapter's material. The chapters are divided
into sections. Each sectin covers one tpic. At the and of each section are
examples followed b y 'xercises tinit test your understanding of the topic. At the
end of' each chapter. \ uu will find a Mastery Skills check, which checks our
knos ledge of the material in the chapter. Finally, a Cumulative Skills Check is
\ll IF \( H \i ;
V

11 1(11 )O1 RSLIT

liLCfllCLl that ici i\\ ell \O1i ale ititeeratlile ile\\ Ill I LII ith tihu
ill eat I icl chi1iter.

fl/juts New in (lie ill' I 1'.jliiiu,i

or the ilIoL part, the bartim and tm'uctute ol tIit hook ale .iiJiiieed liotil Ilk'
Itfli IO\\ Vt j iiitiii -omicc i a stable. IandauLII/ed Lii' cc. tlk're
ieuoi to niake tl1aiil' re\ sioits. he i\\ t) smoutlicant chute ale the 111L lii\llIH I
lull Function protOt\ pes in all pm'oranl_ heenimmu s ilh Chapter 'uie ci
ctitttpiler imo' 'oipport-nideed. IiearI\ deniuid-iunctiou IrotoI\piIlH. initial
:\ilililiCi cl iI
Cil\dliiCC ill tlu i'Lle \iS Ii1t1\ed It> the hemnitiiie of time bOok.
ol 32- hit CIR uo!liilCiIt
CliiiL" \'O primitipied h\ the eitiermmie ittiiiinaiice
I lmm cmtued a number it! e\ample to he r\\rtttelm 1,o that Ilte\ s&nild \iOI k tom

built lt> and 32-hit j,rurmmtm. III t)iiie I)litCe. ildLhiIit)tiiI .Iliif)lLe \piIideLI
dt)\ c .1CC. 01 inure eercies can be luunLt. [utah'. I lei',. iioe %% Cl C 11), 1 Lie
imimpI it) reflect Illodern cud nit st\ Ic.

( 'on tention i C 'ed in 111A BooA

\\ iiene er a part it1 ier.mnt tsuh a a \mrtahIe nante) relerenced mm tcm.

di be littii ummt botdIace Wtmene\ev a ceneric 11,1111C i melereitced ill Ic\L ii
o ill he Niltm ii ill Italic".

I ill a ( ++ ( onsplk'r It orh it iii, i' I'roru,,;.

ni(ot eomtipilers can ertitipite bi g ht C amid t pruCratn ii act u

coilillioli to weuCompiler ad\erthed ZI.N il "( C .. coitipilem. om i>imtdliliie mt

a ( Li)iiiIldI'. lOoe\Cr. ait\ aid all conipilers that c;mmi Loliltie
pr>morant cami .mki) comimptie C prum'aImb I Iìerelore. 1 \our comitpmler Ljlk it.ehI
C etmmmmpiler. dotm it is also a lull. ,\Ni-siammdmrd . .oiitpilci
 PR! I \( F

II I ic I• i#i. ' it , it .Lii!

I! iii [I St. , \\ iiidtits and ii
Wii1&k\vs-llaseil lnui;i1is iheii
\tilil t)i is it' \\rjie
\)tI lIa\e Clt&)sii the ILhi Iiii. C
is the l;iiiauate or \hiilt
'lit lii
'N US U cieled. niiI the Iaiietiiee Ru ohich \\iiiiht ,o
l)itei.iiii}])ii)n t\as de L9ied. an I (lie lailcuace in o lti I naii\ \\iiid ,o
prei'ains are On ten Iloss %CI. you o6 !1 not be ablc 1, m - ite \\indots
J)ntlenaliis iIiiitieLhRiel here is Ohi\.
\\ iiiLlti\t P 'ULOtl11S itt. iiiueh inline euttiplex RI CieJt_' thiin nit-
\\ iiidtts proira us l\en a itillililill. i-ntithiine Window, proraiti nuiLs lisc '_

oF se\eral stpin. icii ed C t .chi'iques. such as xtrueturex, pointers, and idnccd

ltint.)iti:i p;ilaii CeRn I\p ' or this re oil. it is nol. possible to leach (.
)\ \111W ., \' iiidos proeranix I)ecausc a \iiiiJot .s piocratit
ilssLnhtes that u FL.. cxi erieneed C proei'annuel!
I) r. usi Wiitdoos tratlier tItan 1)0.5. \i.\. ete.i on \tlLIr
CoillpulL^I. .\ ' ti Ciii st'! learn C'. I Ioite\er. \otl teill iiiI to run \ our Iii'tteriiins
rout ilic I)Us n itipi becue tlic oIl not be Windtiox based prtieii?ius. All
iiodern ( ' conipilers oill antonititicilI create the correct eIlViFL'ililteiit to
e\ecutc I.e Ft raitis shittOut iii this KotiL. sti i 0111 stiiiielliiie that \ tin St ill
i\ pical !\ IICCLI to t' oi'i\ about. it \ OU .o ill be ti ritnie idoit s proerains. \ Ott
oil! Still ill reat.l \ppciit.hi\ C alter \01.1 eotiiplcte tIns htuik. It ctiiltttIus it
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