Chapter 03 Correlation and Regression

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Chapter 03: Correlation and Regression
1. A scatter diagram is a
a. bivariate plot of individual data points.
b. univariate plot of individual data points.
c. form of the stem and leaf display.
d. method of calculating variance.
ANSWER: a
2. Each point on a scatter diagram shows
a. the variance of a set of scores.
b. the standard deviation of a set of scores.
c. where an individual scored compared to the mean.
d. where an individual scored on both X and Y.
ANSWER: d
3. Diagrams that use a single point to show a person’s scores on two measures are called ____ plots.
a. validity
b. regression
c. scatter
d. normality
ANSWER: c
4. What do scatter diagrams do?
a. Allow visualization of the relationship between two variables
b. Create an objective measure of reliability
c. Relate univariate observations to bivariate distributions
d. Demonstrate the statistical validity of measures
ANSWER: a
5. If the line that comes closest to all points in a scatter diagram is perfectly straight, the correlation between the two
variables is
a. linear.
b. curvilinear.
c. positive.
d. unknown.
ANSWER: a
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6. The observation that Y decreases as X increases suggests
a. a positive correlation.
b. no correlation.
c. a negative correlation.
d. a curvilinear correlation.
ANSWER: c
7. In a negative correlation,
a. individuals tend to maintain the same or a similar relative performance.
b. scores on one variable tell us nothing about scores on a second.
c. individuals who score low on one variable tend to score low on a second.
d. high scores on the X variable are associated with low scores on the Y variable.
ANSWER: d
8. The correlation equals +1 for which of the following four pairs of numbers?
a. (−2, −4), (0, 0), (2, 4), (4, 8)
b. (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9)
c. (−2, −9), (0, −5), (2, –1), (4, 3)
d. (−2, −2), (0, −5), (2, −1), (4, −9)
ANSWER: a
9. Correlation measures the magnitude and ____ of a relationship.
a. strength
b. consistency
c. direction
d. regression
ANSWER: c
10. Correlation coefficients describe the
a. degree of linearity of relation between X and Y.
b. mean of X and Y.
c. direction and magnitude of relationship between X and Y.
d. causality of relationships between X and Y.
ANSWER: c

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11. People who drink more caffeinated beverages tend to experience more alertness and psychomotor activity. This
demonstrates a(n)
a. positive correlation.
b. negative correlation.
c. zero correlation.
d. unknown.
ANSWER: a
12. Which of the following correlations represents the strongest relationship between two variables?
a. −.85
b. .01
c. .50
d. .80
ANSWER: a
13. Given the following ordered pairs, you can infer that the correlation is most likely
8 7
7 6
3 2
1 2
1 2
a. positive.
b. negative.
c. zero.
d. perfect.
ANSWER: a
14. If the scores on X give us no information about the scores on Y, the sets of scores likely have
a. a positive correlation.
b. a negative correlation.
c. no correlation.
d. curvilinear correlation.
ANSWER: c

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15. In correlation analysis, we ask whether two variables
a. can be measured.
b. experience regression.
c. have a causal relationship.
d. covary.
ANSWER: b
16. Which of the following is true of correlations?
a. They cannot be used to determine statistical significance.
b. They provide the basis for transforming observations to scales.
c. They are particularly useful with nominal scales.
d. They describe the direction and magnitude of relationships between two variables.
ANSWER: d
17. The best-fitting straight line through a set of points in a scatter diagram is known as the
a. regression line.
b. linear line.
c. correlation line.
d. perfect correlation.
ANSWER: a
18. What is the point of least squares for the set of scores [4, 6, 8, 10]?
a. Indeterminate
b. 4
c. 7
d. 10
ANSWER: c
19. What is the point of least squares for the set of scores [2, 7, 8, 11]?
a. Indeterminate
b. 4
c. 7
d. 10
ANSWER: c

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20. Suppose that you have two variables, one with a mean of 15 and another with a mean of 19. If you know only that
one person’s score on the first variable is 14, the best prediction of that person’s score on the other is
a. 0.
b. 15.
c. 19.
d. indeterminate.
ANSWER: c
21. In general, a regression line is used to
a. make a prediction about a person’s score on one variable, based on the person’s score on a different
variable.
b. assess the magnitude of the relationship between two variables, based on sets of scores from the same
people.
c. assess the direction of the relationship between two variables, based on sets of scores from the same people.
d. determine whether results of a study are statistically significant, based on a sample from the population.
ANSWER: a
22. The principle of least squares minimizes the squared deviation
a. at the intercept.
b. of positive correlations but not negative correlations.
c. of the slope.
d. around the regression line.
ANSWER: d
23. A common use of correlation is to provide evidence for
a. criterion validity.
b. face validity.
c. a normative sample.
d. a scatter plot.
ANSWER: a
24. In the linear equation Y´ = a + bX, “a” is called
a. the regression coefficient.
b. the intercept.
c. the actual score.
d. the predicted score.
ANSWER: b

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25. When you know nothing about a person’s academic ability and have to make an estimate, the best strategy is to
make the prediction based on the
a. mean of a known sample.
b. Z scores of each person in the sample.
c. criterion scores.
d. correlation coefficient.
ANSWER: a
26. In the linear equation Y´ = a + bX, “b” is called the
a. slope.
b. intercept.
c. actual score.
d. predicted score.
ANSWER: a
27. In the formula Y´ = a + bX, Y´ is the
a. regression coefficient.
b. raw score of Y.
c. predicted value of Y.
d. intercept.
ANSWER: c
28. The point at which the regression line crosses the Y axis is the
a. slope.
b. regression coefficient.
c. predicted value of X.
d. intercept.
ANSWER: d
29. The intercept is the
a. value obtained using the equation to predict scores.
b. slope of the regression line.
c. value of Y when X is zero.
d. standard deviation of the set of scores.
ANSWER: c

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30. Suppose that we are given the regression equation, Y´ = 12 + .80X. If we observe an X score of 2, what score on Y
would we expect?
a. 8
b. 10.4
c. 13.6
d. 16.4
ANSWER: c
31. The difference between the observed and predicted score is
a. the residual.
b. the intercept.
c. the Z score.
d. correlation coefficient.
ANSWER: a
32. What describes how much change is expected in Y each time X increases by one unit?
a. Intercept
b. Slope
c. Correlation coefficient
d. Covariance
ANSWER: b
33. The correlation coefficient can take any value from
a. −1.0 to 1.0.
b. 0 to 1.0.
c. −1.0 to 0.
d. 1.0 to 10.0.
ANSWER: a
34. A correlation of .80 suggests that
a. the scores on X and Y are not related.
b. standardized scores on the Y axis are expected to be .8 times the corresponding scores on the X axis.
c. scores on Y will be 80% larger than corresponding scores on X.
d. the differences between X and Y are statistically nonsignificant.
ANSWER: b

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35. If the correlation between X and Y is 0 and we observe a score (in Z units) of 1.5 on X, what score would be
predicted for Y?
a. −1.5
b. −.75
c. 0
d. 1.5
ANSWER: c
36. If the correlation between X and Y is .60 and we observe a score of 1.0 (Z units) on X, what score would be
predicted for Y?
a. −1.2
b. 0
c. 0.6
d. 1.6
ANSWER: c
37. Correlation coefficients can be tested for significance using the
a. Z distribution.
b. t distribution.
c. principle of least squares.
d. regression distribution.
ANSWER: b
38. The Pearson product moment ____ is a ratio to determine the degree of variation in one variable that can be
estimated from knowledge about variation in the other variable.
a. residual
b. variable
c. coefficient
d. correlation
ANSWER: d

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39. Assume that X and Y correlate .6, are in Z score form, and that a particular value of X is 1. What is the predicted
value of Y?
a. 0
b. .4
c. .6
d. 1
ANSWER: c
40. Assume that X and Y correlate .4, are in Z score form, and that a particular value of X is 1. What is the predicted
value of Y?
a. 0
b. .4
c. .6
d. 1
ANSWER: b
41. If the regression between X and Y is less than perfect,
a. predicted values of Y are relatively further from the mean of Y than observed values of X are to the mean of
X.
b. predicted values of Y are relatively closer to the mean of Y than observed values of X are to the mean of X.
c. values of Y cannot be predicted from observations of X.
d. observed values of X are relatively closer to the mean of X than predicted values of Y are to the mean of Y.
ANSWER: b
42. Regression plots are pictures showing
a. the relationship between variables.
b. cause and effect.
c. the null hypothesis.
d. residuals.
ANSWER: a
43. What is regression typically used for?
a. The researcher uses it to find the statistical significance of correlations.
b. The researcher uses it to convert raw scores to t scores.
c. The researcher uses it to make predictions about scores based on other scores.
d. The researcher uses it to create linear relationships for transforms.
ANSWER: c

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44. Which of the following is also the slope of the regression line?
a. The regression coefficient
b. The intercept
c. The relative covariance
d. The best fit
ANSWER: a
45. Which of the following is true of the best-fitting line?
a. It establishes statistical significance.
b. It increases as the correlation decreases.
c. It is rarely useful for prediction.
d. It minimizes residuals.
ANSWER: d
46. Which of the following is used to test the statistical significance of correlations?
a. The regression line
b. The t distribution
c. The coefficient of relatedness
d. The slope and the intercept
ANSWER: b
47. John is asked to predict Janae’s IQ score, but he knows nothing about her. John should predict Janae’s IQ is 100
(which is the average IQ score), because he is relying on what kind of data?
a. Normative
b. Regressive
c. Correlational
d. Transformative
ANSWER: a
48. Which of the following is a dichotomous variable?
a. Football players’ numbers
b. Weight
c. Time
d. Whether you are currently married
ANSWER: d

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49. An appropriate correlation coefficient to show the relationship between two artificially dichotomous variables is the
a. biserial correlation.
b. phi coefficient.
c. tetrachoric correlation.
d. point biserial correlation.
ANSWER: c
50. To assess the relationship between intelligence and passing or failing this exam, you should compute the
a. point biserial correlation.
b. Pearson r.
c. biserial correlation.
d. tetrachoric correlation.
ANSWER: c
51. Which of the following is an artificially dichotomous variable?
a. Favorite ice cream flavor
b. Weight
c. Success (pass/fail) on a final exam
d. GPA
ANSWER: c
52. To see the correlation between two true dichotomous variables, you should compute
a. Spearman’s rho.
b. the point biserial correlation.
c. the phi coefficient.
d. the biserial correlation.
ANSWER: c
53. One formula for the correlation between a continuous variable and an artificially dichotomized variable is
a. Spearman’s rank order formula.
d. the biserial correlation.
ANSWER: d

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54. The type of correlation coefficient used to find the association between two sets of ranks is called
d. factor loading.
ANSWER: a
55. In order to determine the relationship between a true dichotomous variable and a continuous variable, one would
compute
a. the phi coefficient.
c. Spearman’s rho.
d. the Pearson r.
ANSWER: b
56. Which of the following is used to show the relationship between a true dichotomous variable and a continuous
variable?
a. Spearman’s rho
b. The point biserial correlation
c. The Pearson product-moment correlation
d. The phi coefficient
ANSWER: b
57. Which of the following is used to show the relationship between two dichotomous variables, at least one of which is
a true dichotomy?
a. Tetrachoric correlation
b. Phi coefficient
c. Point biserial correlation
d. Spearman’s rho
ANSWER: b
58. Which of the following is computed to show the relationship between two artificially dichotomous variables?
a. Tetrachoric correlation
b. Factor analysis
c. Discriminant analysis
d. Multiple regression
ANSWER: a

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59. The type of correlation coefficient computed when the data are from a true dichotomous variable and a continuous
variable is
d. multivariate analysis.
ANSWER: b
60. The difference between the predicted value of Y and the observed value is called the
a. standard deviation.
b. standard error of the mean.
c. residual.
d. factor score.
ANSWER: c
61. The formula Y − Y´ represents
a. the true score.
b. the residual.
c. the standard error of estimate.
d. shrinkage.
ANSWER: b
62. X and Y correlate .5. What is the coefficient of determination of this relation?
a. 0
b. .25
c. .50
d. .75
ANSWER: b
63. X and Y correlate .2. What is the coefficient of determination of this relation?
a. 0
b. .04
c. .45
d. .75
ANSWER: b

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64. The coefficient of determination is the
a. number of degrees of freedom.
b. difference between predicted and observed values of Y.
c. mean.
d. squared correlation coefficient.
ANSWER: d
65. If r = .6, what is the coefficient of alienation?
a. .64
b. .36
c. .40
d. .80
ANSWER: d
66. The coefficient of alienation measures what?
a. Shrinkage
b. The coefficient of determination
c. Nonassociation between two variables
d. The standard deviation of residuals
ANSWER: c
67. The standard deviation of the residuals is called the
a. coefficient of alienation.
b. shrinkage.
c. coefficient of determination.
d. standard error of estimate.
ANSWER: d
68. The amount of decrease observed when a regression equation is created for one population and applied to another is
called
a. the true score.
b. the standard deviation.
c. a residual.
d. shrinkage.
ANSWER: d

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69. The observation that the preference for watching TV shows depicting violence is correlated −.86 with altruism
suggests
a. TV violence causes altruistic behavior.
b. altruistic behavior causes a preference for TV violence.
c. increases in altruism are associated with decreases in preference for violent programs.
d. there is no relationship between TV preference and altruism.
ANSWER: c
70. The coefficient of alienation is the
a. squared correlation coefficient.
b. index of variation in Y not explained by its relationship to X.
c. standard deviation of the residuals.
d. square root of the standard deviation.
ANSWER: b
71. Owning a dog may make people happier. Then again, happier people may be more likely to want a dog. Not
knowing whether happiness leads to dog ownership or vice versa, we have
a. restricted range.
b. the correlation-causation problem.
c. cross-validation.
d. shrinkage.
ANSWER: b
72. What is the sum of the predicted value of Y and its residual?
a. The coefficient of determination
b. The obtained Y
c. The alienation coefficient
d. The sum of squares
ANSWER: b

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73. A regression equation was derived from a small sample in which X and Y are correlated .6. The equation is Y´ = .6X
+ 15. Suppose this equation were applied to a second sample. It is likely that the correlation between the scores
predicted from this equation and the observed scores will be
a. 0
b. less than 0.6.
c. approximately 0.6.
d. greater than 0.6.
ANSWER: b
74. It is difficult to observe significant correlation between the GRE score and graduate school GPA among elite
graduate students because of
a. the restricted range.
b. the elite syndrome.
c. unreliability in the GRE.
d. shrinkage.
ANSWER: a
75. The relationship between TV viewing and aggressive behavior might be influenced by poor social adjustment. Social
adjustment here is regarded as a(n) ____ problem.
a. restricted range
b. shrinkage
c. third variable
d. lack of linearity
ANSWER: c
76. A study demonstrates that the number of cigarettes smoked per day is significantly correlated with the number of
respiratory infections experienced by young adults. We can conclude that
a. cigarette smoking causes respiratory infections.
b. cigarette smoking does not cause respiratory infections.
c. cigarette smoking causes some respiratory infections but not others.
d. the data do not allow inferences about causation.
ANSWER: d

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77. A correlation of .6 was obtained from a particular sample. The two measures are then administered to a sample
from a more homogeneous population. The expected correlation in this new sample will probably be
a. 0
b. less than .6.
c. approximately .6.
d. greater than .6.
ANSWER: b
78. If the coefficient of determination is 0.49, what is the correlation coefficient?
a. 0.24
b. 0.51
c. 0.70
d. 0.89
ANSWER: c
79. An appropriate statistical technique that one might use to see how Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores and high
school grades jointly relate to college freshman grades is
a. linear regression.
b. multiple regression.
c. discriminant analysis.
d. factor analysis.
ANSWER: b
80. To determine which combination of variables determines whether people are likely to get married or stay single, the
appropriate method is
a. linear regression.
b. a two-tailed test.
d. factor analysis.
ANSWER: c

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81. Suppose you had a series of eight measures of anxiety that you administered to a sample. You would use the
statistical technique referred to as ____ in order to test the hypothesis that they are all measuring the same thing
(anxiety).
a. linear regression
b. multiple regression
c. discriminant analysis
d. factor analysis
ANSWER: d
82. Suppose we wanted to predict GPA in graduate school on the basis of undergraduate GPA, IQ, and professor
ratings. The statistical method that would be most useful is
a. bivariate correlation.
b. Spearman’s rho.
c. multiple regression.
d. factor analysis.
ANSWER: c
83. How is discriminant analysis different from multiple regression?
a. In discriminant analysis, the criterion variable is a set of categories rather than a continuous variable.
b. The criterion variable is continuous in discriminant analysis but not in multiple regression.
c. Discriminant analysis is a form of factor analysis, while multiple regression is not.
d. Discriminant analysis and multiple regression involve exactly the same process.
ANSWER: a
84. Principal components are found in
a. multiple regression.
b. factor analysis.
d. Spearman’s rho.
ANSWER: b
85. Factor loading refers to
a. the residual from a regression equation.
b. the correlation between two principal components.
c. the correlation between an item and a factor.
d. the square root of a factor.
ANSWER: c

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86. The primary purpose of factor analysis is to
a. determine the relationship between variables.
b. reduce a larger set of variables to a smaller composite set.
c. insure that proper inferences are being made.
d. determine the degree of nonassociation between variables.
ANSWER: b
87. In order to examine the relationship between gender, hair color, and intelligence, you would use
a. the Pearson r.
b. multivariate analysis.
d. the tetrachoric correlation.
ANSWER: b
88. In a bivariate distribution, the relationship between X and Y
a. is best described by a straight line.
b. can sometimes be nonlinear.
c. is always systematic.
d. cannot be plotted in a scatter diagram.
ANSWER: b
89. Which of the following is a mathematical index that describes the direction and magnitude of a relationship?
a. Intercept
b. Positive correlation
c. Correlation coefficient
d. Residual
ANSWER: c
90. A correlation coefficient of −.67 tells us
a. the magnitude of the correlation only.
b. the direction of the correlation only.
c. the magnitude and direction of the correlation.
d. neither the magnitude nor the direction of the correlation.
ANSWER: c

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91. How many variables are required to calculate a correlation coefficient?
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3
ANSWER: c
92. A regression line
a. is always a straight line.
b. can sometimes be nonlinear.
c. cannot be used to make predictions.
d. cannot be plotted in a scatter diagram.
ANSWER: a
93. The sum of the squared deviations around the mean will be ______ it is around any value other than the mean.
a. more than
b. less than
c. the same as
d. more or less, but never the same as
ANSWER: b
94. An advantage to the use of Z scores in correlation is that it
a. makes it easier to find the best fitting line.
b. reduces the number of scores that must be plotted to find the regression line.
c. is the only format in which one can determine the magnitude of a relationship.
d. eliminates the need to find the intercept.
ANSWER: d
95. Which of the following is a measure of the accuracy of prediction?
a. Regression coefficient
b. Coefficient of determination
c. Standard error of estimate
d. Cross-validation
ANSWER: c
96. Identify and discuss the use of two measures of correlation other than the Pearson r.
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
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97. Explain the correlation-causation problem and give an example.
98. It is frequently argued that the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) should not be used to select students because the
correlation between their SAT scores and their freshman grades may be low, indicating that the SAT is not a valid
measure. How does the concept of range restriction apply here? What other factors might operate to reduce this
correlation?
99. Compare and contrast shrinkage and restriction of range.
100. Describe the difference between correlation and regression. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each
method of assessing bivariate relationships?
101. Explain how a third variable can influence an observed relationship between two variables.

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