Afsm 07

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.
qxd 7/18/08 12:55 PM Page 1
CHAPTER 7
Trigonometric Identities and Equations
Getting Started, p. 386 3x 5 2 or 2x 5 25
3x 2 2x 5
1. a) Do the following to isolate and solve for x: 5 or 52
3 3 2 2
3x 2 7 5 5 2 9x 2 5
3x 2 7 1 9x 5 5 2 9x 1 9x x 5 or x 5 2
3 2
12x 2 7 5 5
e) Use the quadratic formula to solve for x as
12x 2 7 1 7 5 5 1 7
follows:
12x 5 12
x2 1 2x 2 1 5 0
2b 6 "b2 2 4ac
12x 12
5
12 12 x5
x51 2a
b) Do the following to isolate and solve for x: 22 6 "(2)2 2 4(1)(21)
x 1 x5
2(x 1 3) 2 5 2(1)
22 6 !4 1 4
4 2
x 1 x5
2x 1 6 2 5 2
22 6 !8
4 2
x 1 x5
2x 1 6 2 2 6 5 2 6 2
4 2
x 11 22 6 2 !2
2x 2 5 2 x5
4 2 2
7x
52
11 x 5 21 6 !2
4 2 f) Move all terms to the left side of the equation and
7x 4 11 4 use the quadratic formula to solve for x as follows:
3 52 3
4 7 2 7 3x2 5 3x 1 1
44 3x2 2 3x 2 1 5 3x 1 1 2 3x 2 1
x52 3x2 2 3x 2 1 5 0
14
22 2b 6 "b2 2 4ac
x52 x5
7 2a
c) Factor the left side of the equation and solve for 3 6 "(23)2 2 4(3)(21)
x as follows: x5
2(3)
x2 2 5x 2 24 5 0
(x 2 8)(x 1 3) 5 0 3 6 !9 1 12
x5
x 2 8 5 0 or x 1 3 5 0 6
x 2 8 1 8 5 0 1 8 or x 1 3 2 3 5 0 2 3 3 6 !21
x 5 8 or x 5 23 x5
6
d) Move all terms to the left side of the equation, 2. To show that AB 5 CD, the distance formula
factor, and solve for x as follows: should be used as follows:
6x2 1 11x 5 10 First for AB:
d 5 "(x2 2 x1 )2 1 (y2 2 y1 )2
2
6x 1 11x 2 10 5 10 2 10
6x2 1 11x 2 10 5 0
(2 2 1)2 1 a 2 0b
2
(3x 2 2)(2x 1 5) 5 0 1
Å
d5
3x 2 2 5 0 or 2x 1 5 5 0 2
3x 2 2 1 2 5 0 1 2 or 2x 1 5 2 5 5 0 2 5
Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 7-1

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:09 PM Page 2
c) From the figure:

(1)2 1 a b
1 2
Å
d5 15
2 sin B 5
17
1
sin21 (sin B) 5 sin21 a b
15
Ä
d5 11
4 17
m/B 5 sin21 a b
5 15
Ä4
d5
17
!5 m/B 5 61.9 °
d5 4. a) y
2
4
Now for CD:
2 u
d 5 "(x2 2 x1 )2 1 (y2 2 y1 )2 P(–2, 2) x
–4 –2 0 2 4
a0 2 a2 bb 1 (6 2 5)2
1 2 –2
Å
d5
2 –4
a b 1 (1)2
1 2
Å 2
d5
b) Drawing a segment from (22, 2) down to the
negative x-axis forms a right triangle with two legs
1
of length 2. The tangent of the related acute angle is
Ä4
d5 11
2
2 or 1.
5
Ä4
d5 The measure in radians of the acute angle that has a
p
tangent equal to 1 is , so the value of the related
!5 p
4
d5 acute angle is radians.
2 4
So, AB 5 CD. c) Since the point at (22, 2) is in the second
opposite side 8 quadrant, the terminal arm of the angle u must also
3. a) sin A 5 5 ; be in the second quadrant. Since the angle with a
hypotenuse 17
adjacent side 15 terminal arm in the second quadrant and a tangent
cos A 5 5 ; 3p 3p
hypotenuse 17 of 21 measures radians, u 5 radians.
4 4
opposite side 8 p
tan A 5 5 ; 5. a) The x-coordinate of point A is cos , while the
adjacent side 15 4
p
hypotenuse 17 y-coordinate is sin . Therefore, the coordinates of
csc A 5 5 ; 4
opposite side 8 point A are Q !2 !2
R
2 , 2 . The x-coordinate of point B
hypotenuse 17 p p
sec A 5 5 ; is cos , while the y-coordinate is sin . Therefore,
adjacent side 15 3 3
!3
adjacent side 15 the coordinates of point B are Q 12, 2 .
R The
cot A 5 5 2p
opposite side 8 x-coordinate of point C is cos , while the
b) To determine the measure of /A in radians, any 3
2p
of the ratios found in part (a) can be used. In this y-coordinate is sin . Therefore, the coordinates of
3
!3
case, sin A will be used: point C are Q 2 12, 2 .
R The x-coordinate of point D the
8 5p 5p
sin A 5 is cos , while the y-coordinate is sin . Therefore,
17 6 6
8 coordinates of point D are Q 2 !3 1
R
2 , 2 . The x-coordinate
sin21 (sin A) 5 sin21 7p 7p
17 of point E is cos , while the y-coordinate is sin .
8 6 6
m/A 5 sin21 Therefore, the coordinates of point E are Q 2 !3 1
R
2 , 22 .
17
5p
m/A 5 0.5 radians The x-coordinate of point F is cos , while the
4
7-2 Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 7:22 PM Page 3
5p adjacent leg 4
y-coordinate is sin . Therefore, the coordinates of cot x 5 52
4 opposite leg 3
point F are Q 2 !2 !2
R
2 , 2 2 . The x-coordinate of point If the angle x is in the fourth quadrant, the other
4p 4p five trigonometric ratios are as follows:
G is cos , while the y-coordinate is sin .
3 3 opposite leg 3
Therefore, the coordinates of point G are Q 2 12, 2 !3
2 .
R sin x 5
hypotenuse
52 ;
5
5p
The x-coordinate of point H is cos , while the adjacent leg 4
3 cos x 5 5 ;
5p hypotenuse 5
y-coordinate is sin . Therefore, the coordinates of
3 hypotenuse 5
point H are Q 12, 2 !3 R
2 . The x-coordinate of point I is
csc x 5
opposite leg
52 ;
3
7p 7p
cos , while the y-coordinate is sin . Therefore, hypotenuse 5
4 4 sec x 5 5 ;
the coordinates of point I are Q !2 !2
R
2 , 2 2 . The
adjacent leg 4
11p adjacent leg 4
x-coordinate of point J is cos , while the cot x 5 52
6 opposite leg 3
11p
y-coordinate is sin . Therefore, the coordinates b) To determine the value of the angle x, any of the
6
Q !3
ratios found in part (a) can be used. If x is in the
of point J are 2 , 2 12 R .
second quadrant, sin x 5 35, so x can be solved for as
3p
b) i) cos is equal to the x-coordinate of the point follows:
4
3
at Q 2 !2 !2
R 5 2 !2
3p
2 , 2 , so cos 2 .
sin x 5
4 5
11p
sin21 (sin x) 5 sin21 a b
ii) sin is equal to the y-coordinate of point J, 3
6
11p 5
so sin 5 2 12.
x 5 sin21 a b
6 3
iii) cos p is equal to the x-coordinate of the point at 5
(21, 0), so cos p 5 21. x 5 2.5
p
iv) csc is equal to the reciprocal of the y-coordinate If x is in the fourth quadrant, sin x 5 2 35, so x can
6
be solved for as follows:
of the point at Q !3
p 1
1
R
2 , 2 , so csc 5 1 5 2.
6 3
2 sin x 5 2
6. a) Since tan x 5 2 34,
the leg opposite angle x in a 5
sin21 (sin x) 5 sin21 a2 b
right triangle has a length of 3, while the leg adjacent 3
to angle x has a length of 4. For this reason, the length 5
x 5 sin21 a2 b
of the hypotenuse can be calculated as follows: 3
32 1 42 5 z 2 5
9 1 16 5 z 2 x 5 5.6
25 5 z 2 sin u
z55 7. a) tan u 5 , cos u 2 0 is true.
cos u
Therefore, if the angle x is in the second quadrant, b) sin2 u 1 cos2 u 5 1 is true.
the other five trigonometric ratios are as follows: 1
c) sec u 5 , sin u 2 0 is false, since sec u is the
opposite leg 3 sin u
sin x 5 5 ; reciprocal of cos u, not sin u.
hypotenuse 5
d) cos2 u 5 sin2 u 2 1 is false. This can be shown
adjacent leg 4 by performing the following operations:
cos x 5 52 ;
hypotenuse 5 cos2 u 5 sin2 u 2 1
hypotenuse 5 cos u 1 1 5 sin2 u 2 1 1 1
2
csc x 5 5 ;
opposite leg 3 cos2 u 1 1 5 sin2 u
hypotenuse 5 cos2 u 1 1 2 cos2 u 5 sin2 u 2 cos2 u
sec x 5 52 ; sin2 u 2 cos2 u 5 1
adjacent leg 4

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Since sin2 u 1 cos2 u 5 1 is true, b) The trigonometric functions y 5 cos u and

y 5 sin Q u 1 R are equivalent. Since the period
p
sin2 u 2 cos2 u 5 1 must be false.
2
e) 1 1 tan2 u 5 sec2 u is true
of y 5 sin Q u 1 R is 2p radians, the graph repeats
p
cos u 2
f) cot u 5 , sin u 2 0 is true.
sin u itself every 2p radians. Therefore, three possible
8. The sinusoidal function y 5 sin x is transformed equivalent expressions for the graph using the sine
function are y 5 sin Q u 1 R , y 5 sin Q u 2 R ,
p 3p
into the function y 5 a sin k(x 2 d) 1 c by
2 2
vertically stretching or compressing the function
y 5 sin Q u 1 R .
5p
y 5 sin x by a factor of a, horizontally stretching or and
1 2
compressing it by a factor of , reflecting it in the 2. a) The graph of the trigonometric function
k
x-axis if a , 0, reflecting it in the y-axis is k , 0, y 5 csc u is symmetric with respect to the origin,
vertically translating it c units up or down, and so y 5 csc u is an odd function. Therefore,
horizontally translating it d units to the right or the csc (2u) 5 2csc u. The graph of the trigonometric
left. Therefore, an appropriate flow chart would be function y 5 sec u is symmetric with respect to the
as follows: y-axis, so y 5 sec u is an even function. Therefore,
sec (2u) 5 sec u. The graph of the trigonometric
Perform a vertical stretch> compression by a function y 5 cot u is symmetric with respect to the
factor of 0 a 0 . origin, so y 5 cot u is an odd function. Therefore,
cot (2u) 5 2cot u.
b) If the graph of the trigonometric function
y 5 csc u is reflected in the y-axis, the equation of
Use ` ` to determine the horizontal
1
k the resulting graph is y 5 csc (2u). Also, if the
stretch> compression. graph of y 5 csc u is reflected in the x-axis, the
equation of the resulting graph is y 5 2csc u. Since
the graph of y 5 csc u is symmetric with respect to
Use a and k to determine whether the function is the origin, a reflection in the y-axis is the same as a
reflected in the y-axis or the x-axis. reflection in the x-axis. Therefore, the equation
csc (2u) 5 2csc u must be true. If the graph of the
trigonometric function y 5 sec u is reflected in the
Perform a vertical translation of y-axis, the equation of the resulting graph is
c units up or down. y 5 sec (2u). Since the graph of y 5 sec u is
symmetric with respect to the y-axis, a reflection of
the function in the y-axis results in the function itself.
Perform a horizontal translation of d units to Therefore, the equation sec (2u) 5 sec u must be
the right or the left. true. If the graph of the trigonometric function
y 5 cot u is reflected in the y-axis, the equation of
the resulting graph is y 5 cot (2u). Also, if the
graph of y 5 cot u is reflected in the x-axis, the
7.1 Exploring Equivalent equation of the resulting graph is y 5 2cot u. Since
Trigonometric Functions, pp. 392–393 the graph of y 5 cot u is symmetric with respect to
the origin, a reflection in the y-axis is the same as a
1. a) Answers may vary. For example: The graph is
reflection in the x-axis. Therefore, the equation
that of the trigonometric function y 5 cos u. Since
cot (2u) 5 2cot u must be true.
the period of y 5 cos u is 2p radians, the graph
3. a) Since sin u 5 cos a 2 ub,
p
repeats itself every 2p radians. Therefore, three
possible equivalent expressions for the graph are 2
sin 5 cos a 2 b 5 cos a 2 b

y 5 cos (u 1 2p), y 5 cos (u 1 4p), and p p p 3p p
y 5 cos (u 2 2p). 6 2 6 6 6
2p p
5 cos 5 cos
6 3

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:09 PM Page 5
Since tan u 5 cot Q 2 2 u R ,

p
b) Since cos u 5 sin a
p 1 1
.
2 ub, 5
cot Q 2 2 u R
2 tan u p
5 sin a 2 b
5p p 5p
Therefore, cot u 5 tan Q 2 2 u R .
cos p
12 2 12
5 sin a b 5 sin
p
b) The trigonometric function y 5 sec Q 2 u R
6p 5p p
2
12 12 12 2
can also be written as y 5 sec Q2 Q u 2 RR If the
p .
c) Since tan u 5 cot a 2 ub,
p
2
2 graph of the trigonometric function
5 cot a 2 b
p
y 5 sec Q2 Q u 2 RR is reflected in the y-axis, the
3p 3p p
tan
8 2 8 2
equation of the resulting graph is y 5 sec Q u 2 R .
p
5 cot a b 5 cot
4p 3p p 2
2
y 5 sec Q2 Q u 2 RR
8 8 8 p
Since the graph of is symmetric
2
d) Since cos u 5 sin a 2 ub,
p with respect to the y-axis, a reflection of the function
2 in the y-axis results in the function itself. For this
reason, sec Q 2 u R 5 sec Q u 2 R , so
p p
5 sin a 2 b
5p p 5p
cos 2 2
16 2 16
csc u 5 sec Q u 2 R . Therefore,
p 1 1
5 p ,
5 sin a b 5 sin sec Q u 2 2 R
8p 5p 3p 2 csc u
2
16 16 16
or sin u 5 cos Q u 2 R . This is a known identity, so
p
e) Since sin u 5 cos a 2 ub,
p
2
2
the cofunction identity csc u 5 sec Q 2 u R must be
p
sin 5 cos a 2 b
p p p 2
true. The trigonometric function y 5 csc Q 2 u R can
p
8 2 8
2
also be written as y 5 csc Q2 Q u 2 RR . If the graph
p
5 cos a 2 b
4p p
2
8 8
of the trigonometric function y 5 csc Q2 Q u 2 RR
p
3p 2
5 cos is reflected in the y-axis, the equation of the resulting
8
resulting graph is y 5 csc Q u 2 R . Since the graph
p
f) Since tan u 5 cot a 2 ub,
p 2
of y 5 csc Q2 Q u 2 RR is symmetric with respect to
2 p
2
tan 5 cot a 2 b 5 cot a 2 b
p p p 3p p the origin, a reflection in the y-axis is the same
6 2 6 6 6 as a reflection in the x-axis. For this reason,
2p p
2csc a 2 ub 5 csc au 2 b, or
p p
5 cot 5 cot
6 3 2 2
4. a) Since sin u 5 cos a 2 ub,
p
csc a 2 ub 5 csc au 2 1 pb
p p
2 2 2
1 1
5 csc au 1 b, so
5 p
cos Q 2 u R
sin u p
2
2
sec u 5 csc au 1 b
p
Therefore, csc u 5 sec a
p
2 ub. 2
2
1 1
Since cos u 5 sin a 2 ub,
p 1 1 Therefore, 5 p or
5 . ,
2 cos u sin Q 2 u R
p sec u csc Q u 1 R
2
2
Therefore, sec u 5 csc a

p
cos u 5 sin au 1 b
p
2 ub.
2 2

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This is a known identity, so the cofunction identity e) Since sin u 5 2sin (2p 2 u),
sec u 5 csc Q 2 u R
p
5 2sin a2p 2 b
must be true. 13p 13p
2 sin
8 8
The trigonometric function y 5 tan Q 2 u R can also
p
5 2sin a b 5 2sin
2 16p 13p 3p
2
be written as y 5 tan Q2 Q u 2 RR . If the graph of
p
8 8 8
2
the trigonometric function y 5 tan Q2 Qu 2 RR is
p f) Since tan u 5 2tan (2p 2 u),
5 2tan a2p 2 b
2 5p 5p
reflected in the y-axis, the equation of the resulting tan
3 3
graph is y 5 tan Q2 Q u 2 RR .
p
5 2tan a b 5 2tan
2 6p 5p p
2
Since the graph of y 5 tan Q2 Q u 2 RR is symmetric
p
3 3 3
2
with respect to the origin, a reflection in the 6. a) Assume the circle is a unit circle. Let the
y-axis is the same as a reflection in the x-axis. For coordinates of Q be (x, y). Since P and Q are
reflections of each other in the line y 5 x, the
this reason, 2tan Q 2 u R 5 tan Q u 2 R , or
p p
2 2 coordinates of P are (y, x). Draw a line from P to
tan Q 2 u R 5 tan Q u 2 1 p R 5 tan Q u 1 R ,
p p p
the positive x-axis. The hypotenuse of the new right
2 2 2
triangle makes an angle of Q 2 u R with the
p
so cot u 5 tan Q u 1 R . Therefore,
p
2
2
positive x-axis. Since the x-coordinate of P is y,
or tan u 5 cot Q u 1 R . This
1 1 p
cos Q 2 u R 5 y. Also, since the y-coordinate of
5 , p
cot u tan Q u 1 p R 2
2
2
Q is y, sin u 5 y. Therefore, cos Q 2 u R 5 sin u.
p
is a known identity, so the cofunction identity
cot u 5 tan Q 2 u R must be true.
p 2
2
b) Assume the circle is a unit circle. Let the
coordinates of the vertex on the circle of the right
5. a) Since sin u 5 sin (p 2 u), triangle in the first quadrant be (x, y). Then
5 sin ap 2 b 5 sin
7p 7p p sin u 5 y, so 2sin u 5 2y. The point on the circle
sin
8 8 8 p
that results from rotating the vertex by
b) Since cos u 5 2cos (p 1 u), 2
counterclockwise about the origin has coordinates
(2y, x), so cos Q 1 u R 5 2y. Therefore,
p
5 2cos ap 1 b
13p 13p
cos 2
12 12
cos Q 1 u R 5 2sin u.
p
5 2cos a b 5 2cos
12p 13p 25p 2
1
12 12 12 7. a) true; the period of cosine is 2p
p
b) false; Answers may vary. For example: Let u 5 .
5 2cos a
25p 2
2 2pb p
12 Then the left side is sin , or 1. The right side is
2
5 2cos a b 5 2cos
25p 24p p p
2 2sin or 21.
12 12 12 2
c) false; Answers may vary. For example: Let u 5 p.
c) Since tan u 5 tan (p 1 u),
Then the left side is cos p, or 21. The right side is
5 tan a b 5 tan
5p 4p 5p 9p
tan 1 2cos 5p, or 1.
4 4 4 4 p
d) false; Answers may vary. For example: Let u 5 .
4
5 tan a
9p
2 !2
2 2pb 3p
4 Then the left side is tan , or 2 . The right side
4
is tan , or !2
p
5 tan a b 5 tan
9p 8p p 2 .
2 4
4 4 4 e) false; Answers may vary. For example: Let u 5 p.
d) Since cos u 5 cos (2p 2 u), 3p
Then the left side is cot , or –1. The right side is
5 cos a2p 2 b
11p 11p p
4
cos tan , or 1.
6 6 4
5 cos a b 5 cos
12p 11p p
2
6 6 6

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:09 PM Page 7
f) false; Answers may vary. For example: Let b) Since cos (a 2 b) 5 cos a cos b 1 sin a sin b,
p 5p cos 15° 5 cos (45° 2 30°)
u 5 . Then the left side is sin , or 1. The right
2 2 5 cos 45° cos 30° 1 sin 45° sin 30°
sin a2 b,
p
side is or –1. !2 !3 !2 1
2 5a ba b1a ba b
2 2 2 2
!6 !2
7.2 Compound Angle Formulas, 5 1
4 4
pp. 400–401 !2 1 !6
5
1. a) Since sin (a 1 b) 5 sin a cos b 1 cos a sin b, 4
sin a cos 2a 1 cos a sin 2a 5 sin (a 1 2a) 5 sin 3a. tan a 1 tan b
c) Since tan (a 1 b) 5 ,
b) Since cos (a 1 b) 5 cos a cos b 2 sin a sin b, 1 2 tan a tan b
cos 4x cos 3x 2 sin 4x sin 3x 5 cos (4x 1 3x)
5 tan a b 5 tan a 1 b
5p 2p 3p p p
5 cos 7x tan 1
12 12 12 6 4
tan a 2 tan b p p
2. a) Since tan (a 2 b) 5 , tan 1 tan !3
1 1 tan a tan b 6 4 3 1 1
5 p p 5
1 2 Q !3 R
tan 170° 2 tan 110° 1 2 tan tan
5 tan (170° 2 110°) 6 4 3 (1)
1 1 tan 170° tan 110°
!3 !3 1 3
5 tan 60° 5 !3
3
3 1 3 3
5 3 !3 5 3 2 !3
b) Since cos (a 2 b) 5 cos a cos b 1 sin a sin b, 3 2 3 3
cos
5p
cos
p
1 sin
5p
sin
p
5 cos a
5p
2 b
p !3 1 3 3 !3 1 3
3 2 !3 3 2 !3
12 12 12 12 12 12 5 3 5
3
5 cos
4p
5 cos
p
5
1
( !3 1 3)( 3 1 !3)
12 3 2 5
3. a) Two angles from the special triangles are 30° ( 3 2 !3)( 3 1 !3)
and 45°, so 75° 5 30° 1 45°. 3 !3 1 9 1 3 1 3!3
9 2 3 !3 1 3 !3 2 3
b) Two angles from the special triangles are 30° and 5
45°, so 215° 5 30° 2 45°.
p
5 2 1 !3
c) Two angles from the special triangles are and 12 1 6!3
6 5
p p p 2p p p 6
, so 2 5 2 5 2 .
3 6 6 6 6 3 p p d) Since sin (a 2 b) 5 sin a cos b 2 cos a sin b,
d) Two angles from the special triangles are and ,
sin a2 b 5 sin a b 5 sin a 2 b
p 3p 2p p p 6 4 p 3p 4p p p
so 5 2 5 2 . 2
12 12 12 4 6 12 12 12 4 3
e) Two angles from the special triangles are 45° and p p p p
60°, so 105° 5 45° 1 60°. 5 sin cos 2 cos sin
p p 4 3 4 3
!2 1 !2 !3
f) Two angles from the special triangles are and ,
5a ba b 2 a ba b
5p 2p 3p p p 3 2
so 5 1 5 1 . 2 2 2 2
6 6 6 3 2
4. a) Since sin (a 1 b) 5 sin a cos b 1 cos a sin b, !2 !6
sin 75° 5 sin (30° 1 45°) 5 2
4 4
5 sin 30° cos 45° 1 cos 30° sin 45°
!2 2 !6
1 !2 !3 !2
5 a ba b1a ba b
5
4
2 2 2 2
e) Since cos (a 1 b) 5 cos a cos b 2 sin a sin b,
!2 !6 cos 105° 5 cos (45° 1 60°)
5 1
4 4 5 cos 45° cos 60° 2 sin 45° sin 60°
!2 1 !6 !2 1 !2 !3
5 5a ba b 2 a ba b
4 2 2 2 2

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:09 PM Page 8
!2 !6 110
5 2 5
4 4 1 2 (1)(0)
!2 2 !6 5
110
5 120
4
tan a 1 tan b 1
f) Since tan (a 1 b) 5 , 5 51
1 2 tan a tan b 1
d) Since sin (a 1 b) 5 sin a cos b 1 cos a sin b,
5 tan a b 5 tan a b
23p 9p 14p 3p 7p
1 1
sin a2 1 b 5 sin a2 b cos
tan p p p p
12 12 12 4 6
2 3 2 3
3p 7p
1 tan
tan 21 1 !3
1 cos a2 b sin
4 6 3
p p
5 5
1 2 (21) Q !3 R
3p 7p 2 3
1 2 tan tan
4 6 3
!3
5 (21)a b 1 (0)a b
1
!3 !3 2 3
2 33 1 3 3 2 2
5 5 3 1 !3
2 Q 2 !3 R
3 3 1
3 3 52 10
2
!3 2 3 3 !3 2 3 1
3 1 !3 3 1 !3
5 3 5 52
3 2
( !3 2 3)( 3 2 !3) e) Since tan (a 2 b) 5
tan a 2 tan b
,
5
( 3 1 !3)( 3 2 !3) p
1 1 tan a tan b
p
tan 2 tan
tan a 2 b 5
p p
3 !3 2 9 2 3 1 3 !3
3 6
p p
5 3 6 1 1 tan tan
9 1 3!3 2 3!3 2 3 3 6
!3 2 !3
212 1 6!3 5 3
5
6 1 1 ( !3)( !3
3 )
5 22 1 !3 3 !3
3 2 !3 3
5. a) Since sin (a 1 b) 5 sin a cos b 1 cos a sin b, 5
1 1 33
3 !3 2 !3
sin ap 1 b 5 sin p cos 1 cos p sin
p p p
3
6 6 6 5
111
!3 2 !3
b 1 (21)a b
1
5 (0)a 5 3
2 2 2
5 0 1 a2 b 5 2
1 1 2!3 1
2 2 5 3
3 2
b) Since cos (a 2 b) 5 cos a cos b 1 sin a sin b, 2 !3
5
cos ap 2 b 5 cos p cos 1 sin p sin
p p p 6
4 4 4 !3
!2 !2
5
b 1 (0)a b
3
5 (21)a
2 2 f) Since cos (a 1 b) 5 cos a cos b 2 sin a sin b,
!2
cos a 1 b 5 cos cos 2 sin sin
p p p p p p
52 10
2 2 3 2 3 2 3
!2 !3
5 (0)a b 2 (1)a b
1
52
2 2 2
tan a 1 tan b
1 2 tan a tan b
p
tan 1 tan p
tan a 1 pb 5
p 4
p
4 1 2 tan tan p
4

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:09 PM Page 9
!3 7. a) Since sin (p 1 x) 5 sin (x 1 p), sin (p 1 x)

502 is equivalent to sin x translated p units to the left,
2
!3 which is equivalent to 2sin x.
52
b) cos Qx 1 R
3p
2 is equivalent to cos x translated
2
6. a) Since sin (a 1 b) 5 sin a cos b 1 cos a sin b, 3p
sin (p 1 x) 5 sin p cos x 1 cos p sin x units to the left, which is equivalent to sin x.
2
c) cos Q x 1 R is equivalent to cos x translated
5 (0)(cos x) 1 (21)(sin x) p
5 0 1 (2sin x) 2
p
5 0 2 sin x units to the left, which is equivalent to 2sin x.
2
5 2sin x d) tan (x 1 p) is equivalent to tan x translated
b) Since cos (a 1 b) 5 cos a cos b 2 sin a sin b, p units to the left, which is equivalent to tan x.
e) sin (x 2 p) is equivalent to sin x translated
cos ax 1 b 5 cos x cos
3p 3p 3p
2 sin x sin p units to the right, which is equivalent to 2sin x.
2 2 2
5 (cos x)(0) 2 (sin x)(21) f) Since tan (2p 2 x) 5 tan (2x 1 2p), and
5 0 2 (2sin x) 5 sin x since the period of the tangent function is 2p,
c) Since cos (a 1 b) 5 cos a cos b 2 sin a sin b, tan (2p 2 x) is equivalent to tan (2x), which is
equivalent to tan x reflected in the y-axis, which is
cos ax 1 b 5 cos x cos 2 sin x sin
p p p
equivalent to 2tan x.
2 2 2
8. a) Since cos (a 1 b) 5 cos a cos b 2 sin a sin b,
5 (cos x)(0) 2 (sin x)(1)
cos 75° 5 cos (30° 1 45°)
5 0 2 sin x
5 cos 30° cos 45° 2 sin 30° sin 45°
5 2sin x
!3 !2 1 !2
d) Since tan (a 1 b) 5
tan a 1 tan b
, 5a ba b 2 a ba b
1 2 tan a tan b 2 2 2 2
tan x 1 tan p !6 !2
tan (x 1 p) 5 5 2
1 2 tan x tan p 4 4
5
tan x 1 0 !6 2 !2
1 2 (tan x)(0) 5
4
tan x 1 0 tan a 2 tan b
5 b) Since tan (a 2 b) 5 ,
120 1 1 tan a tan b
tan x tan (215°) 5 tan (30° 2 45°)
5 tan 30° 2 tan 45°
1 5
5 tan x 1 1 tan 30° tan 45°
e) Since sin (a 2 b) 5 sin a cos b 2 cos a sin b, !3 !3 3
3 2 1 3 2 3
5 5 !3
sin (x 2 p) 5 sin x cos p 2 cos x sin p 1 1 ( !3
3
3 ) (1) 3 1 3
5 (sin x)(21) 2 (cos x)(0)
5 2sin x 2 0
!3 2 3
3 !3 2 3 3
3 1 !3
5 3 1 !3 5 3
5 2sin x 3 3
f) Since tan (a 2 b) 5
tan a 2 tan b , !3 2 3 ( !3 2 3)( 3 2 !3)
3 1 !3
5 5
1 1 tan a tan b
tan 2p 2 tan x ( 3 1 !3)( 3 2 !3)
3 !3 2 9 2 3 1 3!3
tan (2p 2 x) 5
1 1 tan 2p tan x
9 1 3 !3 2 3 !3 2 3
5
0 2 tan x
5
1 1 (0)(tan x) 212 1 6 !3
2tan x 5
5 6
5 22 1 !3
110
2tan x
5
1
5 2tan x

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:09 PM Page 10
c) Since cos (a 1 b) 5 cos a cos b 2 sin a sin b, 1 1 !3 1 !3 1 3

1 2 !3 1 !3 2 3
5
5 cos a b
11p 2p 9p
cos 1
12 12 12 4 1 2 !3
5 5 22 2 !3
5 cos a 1 b
p 3p 22
6 4 tan a 2 tan b
p 3p p 3p f) Since tan (a 2 b) 5 ,
5 cos cos 2 sin sin 1 1 tan a tan b
6 4 6 4
tan a2 b 5 tan a b 5 tan a 2 b
5p 4p 9p p 3p
!3 !2 1 !2
2
5a b a2 b 2 a ba b
12 12 12 3 4
2 2 2 2 p 3p
2 tan
!6 !2
tan
3 4
52 2 5 p 3p
4 4 1 1 tan tan
2 !6 2 !2
3 4
5 !3 2 (21)
4 5
d) Since sin (a 1 b) 5 sin a cos b 1 cos a sin b, 1 1 ( !3) (21)
!3 1 1
5 sin a b
13p 3p 10p
1 2 !3
sin 1 5
12 12 12
1 1 !3
5 sin a 1 b
p 5p
1 2 !3
5
4 6
p
5 sin cos
5p p
1 cos sin
5p ( 1 1 !3)( 1 1 !3)
5
4 6 4 6
( 1 2 !3)( 1 1 !3)
!2 !3 !2 1 1 1 !3 1 !3 1 3
5a b a2 b1a ba b
1 2 !3 1 !3 2 3
2 2 2 2 5
!6 !2
52 1 4 1 2 !3
4 4 5 5 22 2 !3
!2 2 !6
22
5 9. a) Since sin x 5 45, the leg opposite the angle x in a
4 right triangle has a length of 4, while the hypotenuse
tan a 1 tan b of the right triangle has a length of 5. For this reason,
e) Since tan (a 1 b) 5 ,
1 2 tan a tan b the other leg of the right triangle can be calculated as
follows:
5 tan a b
7p 3p 4p
tan 1 x 2 1 42 5 52
12 12 12
x 2 1 16 5 25
5 tan a 1 b
p p 2
x 1 16 2 16 5 25 2 16
4 3
x2 5 9
p p
tan 1 tan x 5 3, in quadrant I
4 3
5 p p adjacent leg
1 2 tan tan Since cos x 5 , cos x 5 35. In addition,
4 3 hypotenuse
1 1 !3 since sin y 5 2 1213 , the leg opposite the angle y in a
5
1 2 (1)( !3) right triangle has a length of 12, while the hypotenuse
1 1 !3
of the right triangle has a length of 13. For this
1 2 !3
5 reason, the other leg of the right triangle can be
calculated as follows:
( 1 1 !3)( 1 1 !3) x 2 1 122 5 132
5
( 1 2 !3)( 1 1 !3) x 2 1 144 5 169
x 2 1 144 2 144 5 169 2 144

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:09 PM Page 11
x 2 5 25 c) Since sin x 5 45, the leg opposite the angle x in a

x 5 5, in quadrant IV right triangle has a length of 4, while the hypotenuse
adjacent leg 5 of the right triangle has a length of 5. For this
Since cos y 5 , cos y 5 13 . Therefore,
hypotenuse reason, the other leg of the right triangle can be
since cos (a 1 b) 5 cos a cos b 2 sin a sin b, calculated as follows:
cos (x 1 y) 5 cos x cos y 2 sin x sin y x 2 1 42 5 52
x 2 1 16 5 25
5 a b a b 2 a b a2 b
3 5 4 12 2
x 1 16 2 16 5 25 2 16
5 13 5 13
x2 5 9
2 a2 b
15 48 x 5 3, in quadrant I
5
65 65 adjacent leg
15 48 Since cos x 5 , cos x 5 35. In addition,
5 1 hypotenuse
65 65
since sin y 5 2 12 13 , the leg opposite the angle y
63
5 in a right triangle has a length of 12, while the
65 hypotenuse of the right triangle has a length of 13.
b) Since sin x 5 45, the leg opposite the angle x in a For this reason, the other leg of the right triangle
right triangle has a length of 4, while the hypotenuse can be calculated as follows:
of the right triangle has a length of 5. For this reason, x 2 1 122 5 132
the other leg of the right triangle can be calculated x 2 1 144 5 169
as follows: 2
x 1 144 2 144 5 169 2 144
x 2 1 42 5 52 x 2 5 25
x 2 1 16 5 25 x 5 5, in quadrant IV
2
x 1 16 2 16 5 25 2 16 adjacent leg
x2 5 9 Since cos y 5 , cos y 5 135 . Therefore,
hypotenuse
x 5 3, in quadrant I since cos (a 2 b) 5 cos a cos b 1 sin a sin b,
adjacent leg cos (x 2 y) 5 cos x cos y 1 sin x sin y
Since cos x 5 , cos x 5 35. In addition,
hypotenuse
5 a b a b 1 a b a2 b 5 1 a2 b
3 5 4 12 15 48
since sin y 5 2 12 13 , the leg opposite the angle y in a
5 13 5 13 65 65
right triangle has a length of 12, while the hypotenuse
of the right triangle has a length of 13. For this reason, 15 48 33
5 2 52
the other leg of the right triangle can be calculated as 65 65 65
follows: d) Since sin x 5 45, the leg opposite the angle x in a
x 2 1 122 5 132 right triangle has a length of 4, while the hypotenuse
x 2 1 144 5 169 of the right triangle has a length of 5. For this reason,
2
x 1 144 2 144 5 169 2 144 the other leg of the right triangle can be calculated as
x 2 5 25 follows:
x 5 5, in quadrant IV x 2 1 42 5 52
adjacent leg 5 x 2 1 16 5 25
hypotenuse x 2 1 16 2 16 5 25 2 16
since sin (a 1 b) 5 sin a cos b 1 cos a sin b, x2 5 9
sin (x 1 y) 5 sin x cos y 1 cos x sin y x 5 3, in quadrant I
5 a b a b 1 a b a2 b
4 5 3 12 adjacent leg
Since cos x 5 , cos x 5 35. In addition,
5 13 5 13 hypotenuse
since sin y 5 2 1213 , the leg opposite the angle y
1 a2 b
20 36
5 in a right triangle has a length of 12, while the
65 65
hypotenuse of the right triangle has a length of 13.
20 36
5 2 For this reason, the other leg of the right triangle
65 65
can be calculated as follows:
16
52 x 2 1 122 5 132
65 x 2 1 144 5 169

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:09 PM Page 12
x 2 1 144 2 144 5 169 2 144 f) Since sin x 5 45, the leg opposite the angle x in
x 2 5 25 a right triangle has a length of 4, while the hypotenuse
x 5 5, in quadrant IV of the right triangle has a length of 5. For this reason,
adjacent leg 5 the other leg of the right triangle can be calculated as
hypotenuse follows:
since sin (a 2 b) 5 sin a cos b 2 cos a sin b, x2 1 42 5 52
sin (x 2 y) 5 sin x cos y 2 cos x sin y x2 1 16 5 25
2
x 1 16 2 16 5 25 2 16
5 a b a b 2 a b a2 b 5 2 a2 b
3 5 3 12 20 36
5 13 5 13 65 65 x2 5 9
20 36 56 x 5 3, in quadrant I
5 1 5 opposite leg
65 65 65 Since tan x 5 , tan x 5 43. In addition,
adjacent leg
e) Since sin x 5 45, the leg opposite the angle x in a
since sin y 5 2 12
the leg opposite the angle y in a
13 ,
of the right triangle has a length of 5. For this reason,
of the right triangle has a length of 13. For this reason,
the other leg of the right triangle can be calculated as
the other leg of the right triangle can be calculated as
follows:
follows:
x 2 1 42 5 52
x2 1 122 5 132
x 2 1 16 5 25
x2 1 144 5 169
x 2 1 16 2 16 5 25 2 16 2
x 1 144 2 144 5 169 2 144
x2 5 9
x 5 3, in quadrant I x 2 5 25
opposite leg
x 5 5, in quadrant IV
Since tan x 5 , tan x 5 43. In addition, opposite leg
adjacent leg Since tan y 5 , tan y 5 2 125. (The
adjacent leg
since sin y 5 2 12
13 ,the leg opposite the angle y in a reason the sign is negative is because angle y is in
right triangle has a length of 12, while the hypotenuse the fourth quadrant.) Therefore, since
of the right triangle has a length of 13. For this reason, tan a 2 tan b
the other leg of the right triangle can be calculated as tan (a 2 b) 5 ,
1 1 tan a tan b
follows:
tan x 2 tan y
x2 1 122 5 132 tan (x 2 y) 5
1 1 tan x tan y
x2 1 144 5 169
x2 1 144 2 144 5 169 2 144
4
3 2 ( 2 125) 20
15 1 36
15
56
15
5 5 5
x2 5 25 1 1 ( 43)( 2 125) 1 1 ( 2 48
15 )
2 33
15
x 5 5, in quadrant IV
3 a2 b 5 2
56 15 56
opposite leg 5
Since tan y 5 , tan y 5 2 125. (The 15 33 33
adjacent leg
7
reason the sign is negative is because angle y is in 10. Since sin a 5 25, the leg opposite the angle a in
the fourth quadrant.) Therefore, since a right triangle has a length of 7, while the hypotenuse
tan a 1 tan b of the right triangle has a length of 25. For this reason,
tan (a 1 b) 5 ,
1 2 tan a tan b the other leg of the right triangle can be calculated as
tan x 1 tan y follows:
tan (x 1 y) 5 x 2 1 72 5 252
1 2 tan x tan y
( ) x 2 1 49 5 625
15 1 ( 2 15 )
4 12 20 36
3 1 2 5
5 5 2
x 1 49 2 49 5 625 2 49
1 2 ( 43)( 2 125) 1 2 ( 2 4815 ) x 2 5 576
20
2 36
1515 2 16
15 x 5 24, in quadrant I
5 48 5 63
1 1 15 adjacent leg
15 Since cos a 5 , cos a 5 2425 . Also, since
16 15 16 hypotenuse
52 3 52 opposite leg
15 63 63 tan a 5 , tan a 5 247 . In addition, since
adjacent leg

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:09 PM Page 13
cos b 5 135 , the leg adjacent to the angle b in a right 5 sin p cos x 1 cos p sin x 1 sin p cos x
triangle has a length of 5, while the hypotenuse of 2 cos p sin x
the right triangle has a length of 13. For this reason, 5 2 sin p cos x 5 (2)(0)(sin x) 5 0
the other leg of the right triangle can be calculated b) Since cos (a 1 b) 5 cos a cos b 2 sin a sin b,
as follows: and since sin (a 1 b) 5 sin a cos b 1 cos a sin b,
the expression cos Q x 1 R 2 sin Q x 1 R can be
p p
52 1 y 2 5 132
25 1 y 2 5 169 3 6
25 1 y 2 2 25 5 169 2 25 simplified as follows:
y 2 5 144 p p
cos x cos 2 sin x sin
x 5 12, in quadrant I 3 3
2 asin x cos 1 cos x sin b

opposite leg p p
Since sin b 5 , sin b 5 12
13 . Also,
hypotenuse 6 6
opposite leg p p p
since tan b 5 , tan b 5 125. Therefore, 5 cos x cos 2 sin x sin 2 sin x cos
adjacent leg
3 3 6
since sin (a 1 b) 5 sin a cos b 1 cos a sin b,
p
sin(a 1 b) 5 sin a cos b 1 cos a sin b 2 cos x sin
6
5 a ba b 1 a ba b
7 5 24 12 !3
5 a b (cos x) 2 a b (sin x)
1
25 13 25 13 2 2
35 288 323 !3
2a b (sin x) 2 a b (cos x)
5 1 5 1
325 325 325 2 2
Also, since tan (a 1 b) 5
tan a 1 tan b
, 5 2 !3 sin x
1 2 tan a tan b
13. Since sin (a 1 b) 5 sin a cos b 1 cos a sin b,
tan a 1 tan b since sin (a 2 b) 5 sin a cos b 2 cos a sin b, since
tan (a 1 b) 5
1 2 tan a tan b cos (a 1 b) 5 cos a cos b 2 sin a sin b, and since
7
1 12 cos (a 2 b) 5 cos a cos b 1 sin a sin b, the
5 24 7 5 12 sin (f 1 g) 1 sin (f 2 g)
1 2 ( 24)( 5 ) expression can be
cos (f 1 g) 1 cos (f 2 g)
35
1 288
120 120
323
120 simplified as follows:
5 84 5
1 2 120 36
120
sin (f 1 g) 1 sin (f 2 g)
323 120 323 cos (f 1 g) 1 cos (f 2 g)
5 3 5 sin f cos g 1 cos f sin g 1 sin f cos g 2 cos f sin g
120 36 36 5
cos f cos g 2 sin f sin g 1 cos f cos g 1 sin f sin g
11. a) Since cos (a 2 b) 5 cos a cos b 1 sin a sin b, 2 sin f cos g sin f
5 5
2 cos f cos g cos f
cos a 2 xb 5 cos cos x 1 sin sin x
p p p
2 2 2 5 tan f, cos f 2 0, cos g 2 0
5 (0)(cos x) 1 (1)(sin x) y
14. If sin a and sin b are written as r , where y is
5 0 1 sin x 5 sin x
the side opposite angles a and b in a right triangle,
b) Since sin (a 2 b) 5 sin a cos b 2 cos a sin b,
and r is the radius of the right triangle, the side x
sin a 2 xb 5 sin cos x 2 cos sin x
p p p adjacent to angles a and b can be found with the
2 2 2 formula x 2 1 y 2 5 r 2. Once x is determined, cos a
5 (1)(cos x) 2 (0)(sin x)
and cos b can be written as rx, and since the
5 cos x 2 0 5 cos x
12. a) Since sin (a 1 b) 5 sin a cos b 1 cos a sin b, terminal arms of angles a and b lie in the first
and since sin (a 2 b) 5 sin a cos b 2 cos a sin b, quadrant, cos a and cos b are positive. With
the expression sin (p 1 x) 1 sin (p 2 x) can be sin a, sin b, cos a, and cos b known, cos (a 1 b)
simplified as follows: can be found with the formula
cos (a 1 b) 5 cos a cos b 2 sin a sin b.
sin (p 1 x) 1 sin (p 2 x)

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:09 PM Page 14
Therefore, an appropriate flow chart would be as equations will help you remember the formulas. The
follows: two tangent formulas are the same, except for the
operators in the numerator and the denominator on the
y
Write sin a in terms of r . right side. The operators for tan (x 1 y) are 1 in the
numerator and – in the denominator, while the
operators for tan (x 2 y) are 2 in the numerator
Solve for x using the Pythagorean and 1 in the denominator. Remembering that the
theorem, x 2 1 y 2 5 r 2. operators in the numerator and the denominator are
opposite in both equations, and that the operator in the
p numerator is the same as the operator on the left side,
Since aP S 0, T , choose the positive will help you remember the formulas.
2
value of x and determine cos a. 16. Since sin (a 1 b) 5 sin a cos b 1 cos a sin b,
and since cos (a 2 b) 5 cos a cos b 1 sin a sin b,
the formula
sin C 1 sin D 5 2 sin Q R cos Q R
y C1D C2D
Write sin b in terms of r . can
2 2
be developed as follows:
2 sin a b cos a b
Solve for x using the Pythagorean C1D C2D
theorem, x 2 1 y 2 5 r 2. 2 2
5 (2)aasin b acos b 1 acos b asin bb

C D C D
p 2 2 2 2
Since bP S 0, T , choose the positive
3 aacos b acos b 1 asin b asin bb
2 C D C D
value of x and determine cos b.
2 2 2 2
5 (2) aasin b acos b acos2 b 1 asin b

C C D D
Use the formula 2 2 2 2
cos (a 1 b) 5 cos a cos b 2 sin a sin b
3 acos b acos2 b 1 asin b acos b
D C D D
to evaluate cos (a 1 b). 2 2 2 2
3 asin2 b 1 asin b acos b asin2 bb

C C C D
15. The compound angle formulas used in this
2 2 2 2
lesson are as follows:
5 2asin b acos b acos2 1 sin2 b
sin (x 1 y) 5 sin x cos y 1 cos x sin y C C D D
sin (x 2 y) 5 sin x cos y 2 cos x sin y 2 2 2 2
cos (x 1 y) 5 cos x cos y 2 sin x sin y
1 2asin b acos b acos2 1 sin2 b
D D C C
cos (x 2 y) 5 cos x cos y 1 sin x sin y 2 2 2 2
tan x 1 tan y
5 2asin b acos b 1 2asin b acos b
tan (x 1 y) 5 C C D D
1 2 tan x tan y 2 2 2 2
tan x 2 tan y
5 sin a2a bb 1 sin a2a bb
tan (x 2 y) 5 C D
1 1 tan x tan y
2 2
The two sine formulas are the same, except for the
5 sin C 1 sin D
operators. The operator for sin (x 1 y) is 1, while the tan a 1 tan b
operator for sin (x 2 y) is 2. Remembering that the 17. Since tan (a 1 b) 5 ,
1 2 tan a tan b
same operator is used on both the left and right sides in
cot (x 1 y) in terms of cot x and cot y can be
both equations will help you remember the formulas.
determined as follows:
Similarly, the two cosine formulas are the same, except
cot (x 1 y)
for the operators. The operator for cos (x 1 y) is 2,
1 1 1 2 tan x tan y
while the operator for cos (x 2 y) is 1. 5 5 tan x 1 tan y 5
Remembering that the operator on the left side is the tan (x 1 y) tan x 1 tan y
1 2 tan x tan y
opposite of the operator on the right side in both

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:09 PM Page 15
1 cot x cot y 1 2. a) Since sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u,

1 2 cot x cot ycot x cot y 2 cot x cot y 2 sin 45° cos 45° 5 sin 2(45°) 5 sin 90° 5 1
5 1 1 5 cot y cot x
cot x cot y 1 cot x cot y
b) Since cos 2u 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u,
cot x 1 cot y
1
cot x cot y 2 1 cos2 30° 2 sin2 30° 5 cos 2(30°) 5 cos 60° 5
cot x cot y cot x cot y 2 1 cot x cot y 2
5 cot x 1 cot y 5 3 c) Since sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u,
cot x cot y cot x 1 cot y
5 sin 2a b 5 sin 5
cot x cot y p p p p 1
2 sin cos
cot x cot y 2 1 12 12 12 6 2
5
cot x 1 cot y d) Since cos 2u 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u,
18. Let C 5 x 1 y and let D 5 x 2 y. !3
5 cos 2a b 5 cos 5
p p p p
cos C 1 cos D 5 cos (x 1 y) 1 cos (x 2 y) cos2 2 sin2
12 12 12 6 2
5 cos x cos y 2 sin x sin y 2
1 cos x cos y 1 sin x sin y 5 2 cos x cos y e) Since cos 2u 5 1 2 2 sin u,
5 cos 2a b 5 cos
C1D x1y1x2y 3p 3p 6p
5 5x 1 2 2 sin2
2 2 8 8 8
C2D x1y2x1y 3p !2
5 5y 5 cos 52
2 2 4 2
So, cos C 1 cos D 5 2 cos a bcos a b.
C1D C2D f) Since sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u,
2 2
b (cos2 60°)
sin 60°
19. Let C 5 x 1 y and let D 5 x 2 y. 2 tan 60° cos2 60° 5 (2)a
cos 60°
cos C 2 cos D 5 cos (x 1 y) 2 cos (x 2 y)
5 2 sin 60° cos 60° 5 sin 2(60°)
5 cos x cos y 2 sin x sin y
2 (cos x cos y 2 sin x sin y) 5 22 sin x sin y !3
5 sin 120° 5
C1D x1y1x2y 2
5 5x 3. a) Since sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u,
2 2
C2D x1y2x1y sin 4u 5 2 sin 2u cos 2u
5 5y b) Since cos 2u 5 2 cos2 u 2 1,
2 2
cos 3x 5 2 cos2 (1.5x) 2 1
So, cos C 2 cos D 5 22 sin a bsin a b.
C1D C2D
2 2 2 tan u
c) Since tan 2u 5 ,
1 2 tan2 u
2 tan (0.5x)
7.3 Double Angle Formulas, tan x 5
1 2 tan2 (0.5x)
pp. 407–408
d) Since cos 2u 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u,
1. a) Since sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u, cos 6u 5 cos2 3u 2 sin2 3u
2 sin 5x cos 5x 5 sin 2(5x) 5 sin 10x. e) Since sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u,
b) Since cos 2u 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u, sin x 5 2 sin (0.5x) cos (0.5x)
cos2 u 2 sin2 u 5 cos 2u. 2 tan u
c) Since cos 2u 5 1 2 2 sin2 u, f) Since tan 2u 5 ,
1 2 tan2 u
1 2 2 sin2 3x 5 cos 2(3x) 5 cos 6x. 2 tan (2.5u)
2 tan u tan 5u 5
d) Since tan 2u 5 , 1 2 tan2 (2.5u)
1 2 tan2 u
2 tan 4x 4. Since cos u 5 35, the leg adjacent to the angle u
5 tan 2(4x) 5 tan 8x. in a right triangle has a length of 3, while the
1 2 tan2 4x
e) Since sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u,
For this reason, the other leg of the right triangle
4 sin u cos u 5 (2)(2 sin u cos u) 5 2 sin 2u.
f) Since cos 2u 5 2 cos2 u 2 1, 32 1 y 2 5 52
9 1 y 2 5 25
2 cos2 2 1 5 cos 2a b 5 cos u.
u u
2 2 9 1 y 2 2 9 5 25 2 9

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:09 PM Page 16
y 2 5 16 2 127 2 127
y 5 4, in quadrant I 5 576 49 5 527
576 2 576 576
opposite leg 7 576 336
Since sin u 5 , sin u 5 45. 52 3 52
hypotenuse 12 527 527
Therefore, since sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u, 6. Since sin u 5 2 12 13 , the leg opposite the angle u
sin 2u 5 (2)a b a b 5 .
4 3 24 in a right triangle has a length of 12, while the
5 5 25 hypotenuse of the right triangle has a length of 13.
Also, since cos 2u 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u, For this reason, the other leg of the right triangle
cos 2u 5 a b 2 a b
3 2 4 2
x 2 1 122 5 132
5 5 x 2 1 144 5 169
9 16 7 2
x 1 144 2 144 5 169 2 144
5 2 52 .
25 25 25 x 2 5 25
opposite leg x 5 5, in quadrant IV
Finally, since tan u 5 , tan u 5 43.
adjacent leg adjacent leg 5
2 tan u Since cos u 5 , cos u 5 13 . Therefore,
Since tan 2u 5 , hypotenuse
1 2 tan2 u since sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u,
(2)( 43 )
tan 2u 5 sin 2u 5 (2)( 2 12
13 )( 13 ) 5 2 169 . Also, since
5 120
1 2 ( 43 )2 2 2
8 8 8
cos 2u 5 cos u 2 sin u,
3 3 3
5 5 5 cos 2u 5 ( 135 )2 2 ( 2 12 2
13 ) 5 169 2 169 5 2 169 . Finally,
25 144 119
16 9 16
12 9 2 9 2 79 9
opposite leg
8 9 24 since tan u 5 , tan u 5 2 125. (The reason
5 3 2 52 adjacent leg
3 7 7
7 the sign is negative is because angle u is in the fourth
5. Since tan u 5 2 24, the leg opposite the angle u quadrant.) Since
in a right triangle has a length of 7, while the leg 2 tan u
adjacent to the angle u has a length of 24. For this tan 2u 5 ,
1 2 tan2 u
reason, the hypotenuse of the right triangle can be
calculated as follows: (2)(2 125 ) 2 245 2 245 2 245
tan 2u 5 5 5 5
72 1 242 5 c 2 1 2 (2 125 )2 1 2 14425
25
25 2 25
144
2 119
25
49 1 576 5 c 2 2 245 24 25 120
625 5 c 2 5 5 2 32 5
2 119
25 5 119 119
c 5 25, in quadrant II
opposite leg
7. Since cos u 5 2 45, the leg adjacent to the angle u
Since sin u 5 , sin u 5 257 , and since in a right triangle has a length of 4, while the
hypotenuse
adjacent leg hypotenuse of the right triangle has a length of 5.
cos u 5 , cos u 5 2 2425 . (The reason the For this reason, the other leg of the right triangle
hypotenuse
sign is negative is because angle u is in the second can be calculated as follows:
quadrant.) Therefore, since sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u, 42 1 y 2 5 52
sin 2u 5 (2)( 257 ) (2 24
25 ) 5 2 625 . Also, since
336
16 1 y 2 5 25
16 1 y 2 2 16 5 25 2 16
cos 2u 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u,
y2 5 9
cos 2u 5 a2 b 2a b
24 2 7 2 y 5 3, in quadrant II
25 25 opposite leg
Since sin u 5 , sin u 5 35.
576 49 527 hypotenuse
5 2 5
625 625 625 Therefore, since sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u,
2 tan u
Finally, since tan 2u 5 , sin 2u 5 (2)( 35)( 2 45) 5 2 24
25 .
1 2 tan2 u
(2)(2 247 ) 2 127 Also, since cos 2u 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u,
tan 2u 5 7 2 5 49
1 2 (2 24 ) 1 2 576

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:09 PM Page 17
1 2 cos 2x
cos 2u 5 a2 b 2 a b
4 2 3 2
sin2 x 5
5 5 2
16 9 7 1 2 cos 2x
Å
5 2 5 sin x 5 6
25 25 25 2
opposite leg p !2
Finally, since tan u 5 , tan u 5 2 34. The cosine of is 2 , so
adjacent leg 4
(The reason the sign is negative is because angle u is p 1 2 cos ((2)( p8 ))
2 tan u
Å
in the second quadrant.) Since tan 2u 5 , sin 56
1 2 tan2 u 8 2
(2)(2 34 ) 2 32 2 32 1 2 cos p4 1 2 "2
tan 2u 5 5 5
Å Å 2
56 5 6 2
1 2 (2 34 )2 1 2 169 16
16 2 16
9
2
23 2 "2 2 2 "2
3 16 24 2
5 72 5 2 3 52
Å 2 Å 2
56 2 2
5 6 2
16 2 7 7
8. To determine the value of a, first rearrange the 2 2 !2 1
Å
equation as follows: 56 3
2 2
2 2 !2 "2 2 !2
2 tan x 2 tan 2x 1 2a 5 1 2 tan 2x tan2 x
2 tan x 2 tan 2x 1 2a 1 tan 2x
Å
56 56
5 1 2 tan 2x tan2 x 1 tan 2x 4 2
p p
2 tan x 1 2a 5 1 2 tan 2x tan2 x 1 tan 2x Since is in the first quadrant, the sign of sin is
8 8
2 tan x 1 2a 2 1 5 1 2 tan 2x tan2 x 1 tan 2x 2 1 p "2 2 !2
positive. Therefore, sin 5 2
.
8
2 tan x 1 2a 2 1 5 tan 2x 2 tan 2x tan2 x p
2 tan x 1 2a 2 1 5 (tan 2x)(1 2 tan2 x) 10. Marion can find the cosine of by using the
12
2 tan x 1 2a 2 1 (tan 2x)(1 2 tan2 x) 2
formula cos 2x 5 2 cos x 2 1 and isolating cos x
5
1 2 tan2 x 1 2 tan2 x on one side of the equation as follows:
2 tan x 1 2a 2 1 cos 2x 5 2 cos2 x 2 1
tan 2x 5
1 2 tan2 x cos 2x 1 1 5 2 cos2 x 2 1 1 1
2 tan u cos 2x 1 1 5 2 cos2 x
Since tan 2u 5 , the value of 2a 2 1 must
1 2 tan2 u cos 2x 1 1 2 cos2 x
equal 0. Therefore, a can be solved for as follows: 5
2 2
2a 2 1 5 0
1 1 cos 2x
2a 2 1 1 1 5 0 1 1 cos2 x 5
2
2a 5 1
2a 1 1 1 cos 2x
Å
5 cos x 5 6
2 2 2
1 p !3
a5 The cosine of is , so
2 6 2
p p
9. Jim can find the sine of by using the formula p 1 1 cos ((2)( 12 ))
Å
8 cos 56
cos 2x 5 1 2 2 sin2 x and isolating sin x on one side 12 2
of the equation as follows: 1 1 cos p6 !3
11
Å Å 2
cos 2x 5 1 2 2 sin2 x 56 56 2
2
cos 2x 1 2 sin2 x 5 1 2 2 sin2 x 1 2 sin2 x
cos 2x 1 2 sin2 x 5 1 1 !3 2 1 !3
2
Å 2 Å 2
cos 2x 1 2 sin2 x 2 cos 2x 5 1 2 cos 2x 56 2 2
5 6 2
2 sin2 x 5 1 2 cos 2x
2 sin2 x 1 2 cos 2x 2 1 !3 1
Å
5 56 3
2 2 2 2
2 1 !3 "2 1 !3
Å
56 56
4 2

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/18/08 12:55 PM Page 18
2 !3
p p
Since is in the first quadrant, the sign of cos 8p
12 12 sin 5
"2 1 !3
3 4
!3
p
is positive. Therefore, cos 5 . 8p
12 2 sin 5
3 2
11. a) Since sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u,
sin 4x 5 2 sin 2x cos 2x 12. a) Since sin (a 1 b) 5 sin a cos b 1 cos a sin b,
5 (2)(2 sin x cos x)(cos 2x). At this point, sin 3u 5 sin (2u 1 u) 5 sin 2u cos u 1 cos 2u sin u.
either the formula cos 2u 5 2 cos2 u 2 1, Since sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u,
cos 2u 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u, or cos 2u 5 1 2 2 sin2 u sin 3u 5 (2 sin u cos u) (cos u) 1 cos 2u sin u
can be used to simplify for cos 2x. If the formula 5 2 cos2 u sin u 1 cos 2u sin u. At this point, either
cos 2u 5 2 cos2 u 2 1 is used, the formula for sin 4x the formula cos 2u 5 2 cos2 u 2 1,
can be developed as follows: cos 2u 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u, or cos 2u 5 1 2 2 sin2 u
sin 4x 5 (2)(2 sin x cos x)(cos 2x) can be used to simplify for cos 2u. If the formula
5 (2)(2 sin x cos x)(2 cos2 x 2 1) cos 2u 5 2 cos2 u 2 1 is used, the formula for
5 (4 sin x cos x)(2 cos2 x 2 1) sin 3u can be developed as follows:
5 8 cos3 x sin x 2 4 sin x cos x sin 3u 5 2 cos2 u sin u 1 cos 2u sin u
If the formula cos 2u 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u is used, the sin 3u 5 2 cos2 u sin u 1 (2 cos2 u 2 1)(sin u)
formula for sin 4x can be developed as follows: sin 3u 5 2 cos2 u sin u 1 2 cos2 u sin u 2 sin u
sin 4x 5 (2)(2 sin x cos x)(cos 2x) sin 3u 5 4 cos2 u sin u 2 sin u
5 (2)(2 sin x cos x)(cos2 x 2 sin2 x) If the formula cos 2u 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u is used, the
5 (4 sin x cos x)(cos2 x 2 sin2 x) formula for sin 3u can be developed as follows:
5 4 cos3 x sin x 2 4 sin3 x cos x sin 3u 5 2 cos2 u sin u 1 cos 2u sin u
If the formula cos 2u 5 1 2 2 sin2 u is used, the sin 3u 5 2 cos2 u sin u 1 (cos2 u 2 sin2 u)(sin u)
formula for sin 4x can be developed as follows: sin 3u 5 2 cos2 u sin u 1 cos2 u sin u 2 sin3 u
sin 4x 5 (2)(2 sin x cos x)(cos 2x) sin 3u 5 3 cos2 u sin u 2 sin3 u
5 (2)(2 sin x cos x)(1 2 2 sin2 x) If the formula cos 2u 5 1 2 2 sin2 u is used, the
5 (4 sin x cos x)(1 2 2 sin2 x) formula for sin 3u can be developed as follows:
5 4 sin x cos x 2 8 sin3 x cos x sin 3u 5 2 cos2 u sin u 1 cos 2u sin u
2p !3 sin 3u 5 2 cos2 u sin u 1 (1 2 2 sin2 u)(sin u)
b) The value of sin is . Using the formula sin 3u 5 2 cos2 u sin u 1 sin u 2 2 sin3 u
3 2
sin 4x 5 4 sin x cos x 2 8 sin3 x cos x, b) Since cos (a 1 b) 5 cos a cos b 2 sin a sin b,
sin
2p
5 sin
8p
can be verified as follows: cos 3u 5 cos (2u 1 u) 5 cos 2u cos u 2 sin u sin 2u.
3 3 Since sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u,
sin 4x 5 4 sin x cos x 2 8 sin3 x cos x cos 3u 5 cos 2u cos u 2 (sin u)(2 sin u cos u)
sin 4a b 5 4 sin
2p 2p 2p 2p 2p 5 cos 2u cos u 2 2 sin2 u cos u. At this point, either
cos 2 8 sin3 cos
3 3 3 3 3 the formula cos 2u 5 2 cos2 u 2 1,
!3 !3 cos 2u 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u, or cos 2u 5 1 2 2 sin2 u
b a2 b 2 (8)a b a2 b
3
8p 1 1
sin 5 (4)a can be used to simplify for cos 2u. If the formula
3 2 2 2 2
cos 2u 5 2 cos2 u 2 1 is used, the formula for
3 !3
b
8p 4!3
sin 52 2 (24)a cos 3u can be developed as follows:
3 4 8 cos 3u 5 cos 2u cos u 2 2 sin2 u cos u
2 a2 b
8p 4!3 3!3 cos 3u 5 (2 cos2 u 2 1)(cos u) 2 2 sin2 u cos u
sin 52
3 4 2 cos 3u 5 2 cos3 u 2 cos u 2 2 sin2 u cos u
If the formula cos 2u 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u is used, the
2 a2 b
8p 4!3 6!3
sin 52 formula for cos 3u can be developed as follows:
3 4 4
cos 3u 5 cos 2u cos u 2 2 sin2 u cos u
8p 4!3 6 !3 cos 3u 5 (cos2 u 2 sin2 u)(cos u) 2 2 sin2 u cos u
sin 52 1
3 4 4 cos 3u 5 cos3 u 2 sin2 u cos u 2 2 sin2 u cos u
cos 3u 5 cos3 u 2 3 sin2 u cos u

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:09 PM Page 19
If the formula cos 2u 5 1 2 2 sin2 u is used, the Since cos x 5

adjacent leg
, and since the angle x is in
formula for cos 3u can be developed as follows: hypotenuse
cos 3u 5 cos 2u cos u 2 2 sin2 u cos u the second quadrant, cos x 5 2 13.
cos 3u 5 (1 2 2 sin2 u)(cos u) 2 2 sin2 u cos u Since sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u,
cos 3u 5 cos u 2 2 sin2 u cos u 2 2 sin2 u cos u 2 !2
b a2 b 5 2
1 4!2
cos 3u 5 cos u 2 4 sin2 u cos u sin 2x 5 2 sin x cos x 5 (2)a
3 3 9
tan a 1 tan b
c) Since tan (a 1 b) 5 , b) Since sin2 x 5 89, and since the angle x is in the
1 2 tan a tan b
tan 2u 1 tan u
second quadrant, sin x 5 # 89 5 !8 2 !2
!9 5 3 .
tan 3u 5 tan (2u 1 u) 5
1 2 tan 2u tan u Since sin x 5 2 !2
3 , the leg opposite the angle x in
2 tan u a right triangle has a length of 2 !2, while the

Since tan 2u 5 , hypotenuse of the right triangle has a length of 3.
1 2 tan2 u
2 tan u For this reason, the other leg of the right triangle
1 tan u can be calculated as follows:
1 2 tan2 u
tan 3u 5 x 2 1 (2 !2)2 5 32
12a b (tan u)
2 tan u
1 2 tan2 u
x2 1 8 5 9
2
x 18285928
2 tan u tan u 2 tan3 u
1 x2 5 1
1 2 tan u
2
1 2 tan2 u
5 x 5 21, in quadrant II
2 tan2 u
12 Since cos x 5
adjacent leg
, and since the angle x is
1 2 tan2 u
2 tan u tan u 2 tan3 u hypotenuse
1 in the second quadrant, cos x 5 2 13. Since
1 2 tan2 u 1 2 tan2 u
5 cos 2u 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u,
1 2 tan2 u 2 tan2 u
2 cos 2x 5 cos2 x 2 sin2 x
1 2 tan u
2 1 2 tan2 u
2 tan u 1 tan u 2 tan3 u 2 !2 2
5 a2 b 2 a b
1 2
1 2 tan2 u
5 3 3
1 2 tan2 u 2 2 tan2 u
1 8 7
1 2 tan2 u 5 2 52
3 tan u 2 tan3 u 9 9 9
1 2 tan2 u (The formulas cos 2u 5 2 cos2 u 2 1 and cos 2u
5 5 1 2 2 sin2 u could also have been used.)
1 2 3 tan2 u
1 2 tan2 u c) Since sin2 x 5 89, and since the angle x is in the
!8
5
3 tan u 2 tan3 u
3
1 2 tan2 u second quadrant, sin x 5 # 89 5 !9 5 2 !2
3 .
1 2 tan2 u 1 2 3 tan2 u
Since sin x 5 2 !2
3 , the leg opposite the angle x in a
right triangle has a length of 2 !2, while the
3
3 tan u 2 tan u
5
1 2 3 tan2 u
13. a) Since sin2 x 5 89, and since the angle x is in For this reason, the other leg of the right triangle
the second quadrant, sin x 5 # 89 5 !8 2 !2
!9 5 3 .
Since sin x 5 2 !2
3 , the leg opposite the angle x in a
x 2 1 (2 !2)2 5 32
right triangle has a length of 2 !2, while the 2
x2 1 8 5 9
hypotenuse of the right triangle has a length of 3. x 18285928
For this reason, the other leg of the right triangle x2 5 1
can be calculated as follows: x 5 21, in quadrant II
x 2 1 A2 !2 B 2 5 32
adjacent leg
Since cos x 5 , and since the angle x is
hypotenuse
x2 1 8 5 9
2 in the second quadrant, cos x 5 2 13. Since
x 18285928 u
x2 5 1 cos 2u 5 2 cos2 u 2 1, cos u 5 2 cos2 2 1, and
2
x 5 21, in quadrant II

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:09 PM Page 20
u angle a can be found with the formula x 2 1 y 2 5 r 2.

since cos x 5 2 13, 2 13 5 2 cos2 2 1. The value of x
2 Once x is determined, cos a can be written as r , and
u
cos can now be determined as follows: since the terminal arm of angle a lies in the second
2
1 u quadrant, cos a is negative. With sin a and cos a
2 5 2 cos2 2 1 known, sin 2a can be found with the formula
3 2
1 u sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u, Therefore, an appropriate
2 1 1 5 2 cos2 2 1 1 1 flow chart would be as follows:
3 2
2 u y
5 2 cos2 Write sin a in terms of r .
3 2
2
u
3 2 cos2 2 Solve for x using the Pythagorean
5
2 2 theorem, x 2 1 y 2 5 r 2.
u 2 1
cos2 5 3
2 3 2 Choose the negative value of x since
u 2 1
aP c , pd , and determine cos a.
cos2 5 5 p
2 6 3 2
u 1 !1 1 !3
2 Ä3 !3 !3
cos 5 5 5 5
3
x
d) Since sin2 x 5 89, and since the angle x is in the Write cos a in terms of r .
second quadrant, sin x 5 # 89 5 !8 2 !2
!9 5 3 . Since
sin x 5 2 !2
3 , the leg opposite the angle x in a right Use the formula sin 2a 5 2 sin a cos a
triangle has a length of 2 !2, while the hypotenuse to evaluate sin 2a.
of the right triangle has a length of 3. For this
reason, the other leg of the right triangle can be 15. a) Since sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u,
calculated as follows: sin 2x 5 2 sin x cos x. For this reason,
sin 2x 2 sin x cos x
x 2 1 (2!2)2 5 32 5 5 sin x cos x.
Therefore, the
2 2
x2 1 8 5 9 graph of f(x) 5 sin x cos x is the same as that of
x2 1 8 2 8 5 9 2 8 sin 2x sin 2x
x2 5 1 f(x) 5 The graph of f(x) 5
. can be
2 2
x 5 21, in quadrant II obtained by vertically compressing f(x) 5 sin x by
adjacent leg a factor of 12 and horizontally compressing it by a
Since cos x 5 , and since the angle x is
hypotenuse factor of 12. The graph is shown below:
in the second quadrant, cos x 5 2 13. Since
y
sin 3u 5 3 cos2 u sin u 2 sin3 u,
0.5
sin 3x 5 3 cos2 x sin x 2 sin3 x
2 !2 3
5 (3)a2 b a b2a b
1 2 2!2
3 3 3
x
5 (3)a b a b2
1 2!2 16!2
0
9 3 27 –p –p p p
2 2
6 !2 16 !2
5 2
27 27
10!2 –0.5
52
27
y
14. If sin a is written as r , where y is the side b) Since cos 2u 5 2 cos2 u 2 1,
opposite angle a in a right triangle, and r is the cos 2x 5 2 cos2 x 2 1. For this reason,
radius of the right triangle, the side x adjacent to cos 2x 1 1 5 2 cos2 x 2 1 1 1 5 2 cos2 x.

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 7:22 PM Page 21
Therefore, the graph of f(x) 5 2 cos2 x is the same tan21 x 5 2A

as that of f(x) 5 cos 2x 1 1. The graph of tan21 x
A5
f(x) 5 cos 2x 1 1 can be obtained by horizontally 2
compressing f(x) 5 cos x by a factor of 12 and y 5 tan A
vertically translating it 1 unit up. The graph is tan21 y 5 tan21 (tan A)
shown below: A 5 tan21 y
tan21 x
y Since A 5 and A 5 tan21 y,
2
2 tan21 x
5 tan21 y
2
1 b) To eliminate A from the equations x 5 cos 2A
and y 5 cos A to find an equation that relates x to y,
x
first take the cos21 of both sides of both equations
0
and solve for A as follows:
–p –p p p x 5 cos 2A
2 2
cos21 x 5 cos21 (cos 2A)
–1 cos21 x 5 2A
2 tan u 2 tan x cos21 x
c) Since tan 2u 5 , tan 2x 5 . A5
1 2 tan2 u 1 2 tan2 x 2
2 tan x y 5 cos A
tan 2x 1 2 tan2 x cos21 y 5 cos21 (cos A)
For this reason, 5
2 2 A 5 cos21 y
2 tan x 1 tan x
5 3 5 . Therefore, the graph of cos21 x
1 2 tan2 x 2 1 2 tan2 x Since A 5 and A 5 cos21 y,
tan x tan 2x 2
f(x) 5 is the same as that of f(x) 5 . cos21 x
1 2 tan2 x 2
tan 2x 5 cos21 y
The graph of f(x) 5 can be obtained by 2
2 c) To eliminate A from the equations x 5 cos 2A
vertically compressing f(x) 5 tan x by
and y 5 csc A to find an equation that relates x to y,
a factor of 12 and horizontally compressing it by a
first take the cos21 of both sides of the first equation
factor of 12. The graph is shown below:
and the csc21 of both sides of the second equation
y and solve for A as follows:
4
x 5 cos 2A
cos21 x 5 cos21 (cos 2A)
2 cos21 x 5 2A
x cos21 x
A5
–p 0 p
2
–p p
A 5 csc A
2 2
–2 csc21 y 5 csc21 (csc A)
A 5 csc21 y
–4 cos21 x
Since A 5 and A 5 cos21 y,
2
cos21 x cos21 x
5 sin21 a b
16. a) To eliminate A from the equations x 5 tan 2A 1
5 csc21 y, or
and y 5 tan A to find an equation that relates x to y, 2 2 y
first take the tan21 of both sides of both equations d) To eliminate A from the equations x 5 sin 2A
and solve for A as follows: and y 5 sec 4A to find an equation that relates x
x 5 tan 2A to y, first take the sin21 of both sides of the first
tan21 x 5 tan21 (tan 2A)

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 7:23 PM Page 22
equation and the sec21 of both sides of the second 2 cos2 x 2 2 sin x cos x 5 0
equation and solve for A as follows: (2 cos x)(cos x 2 sin x) 5 0
x 5 sin 2A 2 cos x 5 0
sin21 x 5 sin21 (sin 2A) 2 cos x 0
5
sin21 x 5 2A 2 2
sin21 x cos x 5 0
A5 p 3p
2 x 5 or
y 5 sec 4A 2 2
sec21 y 5 sec21 (sec 4A) or cos x 2 sin x 5 0
sec21 y 5 4A cos x 2 sin x 1 sin x 5 0 1 sin x
sec21 y cos x 5 sin x
A5 p 5p
4 x 5 or
sin21 x sec21 y 4 4
Since A 5 and A 5 , p p 5p 3p
2 4 Therefore, x 5 , , , or .
sin21 x sec21 y sin21 x cos21 ( 1y) 4 2 4 2
5 , or 5 18. First write sin u and cos u in terms of tan u.
2 4 2 4
17. a) Since cos 2u 5 1 2 2 sin2 u, the equation sin u
sin u 5 3 cos u
cos 2x 5 sin x can be rewritten 1 2 2 sin2 x 5 sin x. cos u
This equation can be solved as follows: tan u
5
1 2 2 sin2 x 5 sin x sec u
1 2 2 sin x 1 2 sin2 x 2 1 5 sin x 1 2 sin2 x 2 1
2 tan u
5
2 sin2 x 1 sin x 2 1 5 0 "1 1 tan2 u
(2 sin x 2 1)(sin x 1 1) 5 0 sin u
tan u 5 , so
2 sin x 2 1 5 0 cos u
2 sin x 2 1 1 1 5 0 1 1 sin u
2 sin x 5 1 cos u 5
tan u
2 sin x 1 tan u
5
2 2 !1 1 tan2 u
5
1 tan u
sin x 5 1
2 5
p 5p "1 1 tan2 u
x 5 or
6 6 a) sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u
or sin x 1 1 5 0 tan u
ba b
1
5 2a
"1 1 tan u "1 1 tan2 u
sin x 1 1 2 1 5 0 2 1 2
sin x 5 21
2 tan u
3p 5
x5 1 1 tan2 u
2
b) cos 2u 5 cos 2 u 2 sin2 u
p 5p 3p
5a b a
2
tan u
b
1 2
Therefore, x 5 , , or .
2
"1 1 tan2 u "1 1 tan2 u
6 6 2
b) Since sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u, and since 2
cos 2u 5 2 cos2 u 2 1, the equation 1 2 tan u
5
sin 2x 2 1 5 cos 2x can be rewritten 1 1 tan2 u
2 sin x cos x 2 1 5 2 cos2 x 2 1. This equation c) Use the results from parts a) and b)
can be solved as follows: 2 tan u
2 sin x cos x 2 1 5 2 cos2 x 2 1 sin 2u 1 1 tan2 u
5 1 2 tan2 u
2 sin x cos x 2 1 1 1 5 2 cos2 x 2 1 1 1 1 1 cos 2u 11 2
2 sin x cos x 5 2 cos2 x 1 1 tan u
2 sin x cos x 2 2 sin x cos x
5 2 cos2 x 2 2 sin x cos x

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 7:24 PM Page 23
2 tan u d) Since 2cos u 5 cos (p 1 u),

1 1 tan2 u
5 cos ap 1 b
5 1 1 tan2 u 1 1 2 tan2 u 2p 2p
2cos
5 5
1 1 tan2 u
5 cos a 1 b 5 cos
5p 2p 7p
2 tan u
5 5 5
1 1 tan2 u
5 2 e) Since 2sin u 5 sin (p 1 u),
5 sin ap 1 b
1 1 tan2 u 9p 9p
2sin
2 tan u 1 1 tan2 u 7 7
5 2 3
1 1 tan u
5 sin a 1 b 5 sin
2 7p 9p 16p
5 tan u 7 7 7
d) Use the results from parts a) and b) Since sin u 5 sin (u 2 2p),
1 2 tan2 u
5 sin a
12 16p 16p
1 2 cos 2u 1 1 tan2 u sin 2 2pb
5 2 tan u
7 7
sin 2u
5 sin a b
1 1 tan2 u 16p 14p
2
1 1 tan2 u 2 1 1 tan2 u 7 7
1 1 tan2 u 2p
5 2 tan u 5 sin
7
1 1 tan2 u
2 tan2 u 9p 2p
Therefore, 2sin 5 sin .
1 1 tan2 u 7 7
5
2 tan u f) Since tan (p 1 u) 5 tan u, tan u 5 tan (p 1 u).
1 1 tan2 u
5 tan ap 1 b
3p 3p
2 tan2 u 1 1 tan2 u Therefore, tan
5 3 4 4
1 1 tan u2
2 tan u
5 tan a b 5 tan
4p 3p 7p
5 tan u 1
4 4 4
2. Since cos u 5 sin Q u 1 R , the equation
p
Mid-Chapter Review, p. 411 2
y 5 26 cos Q x 1 R 1 4 can be rewritten
p
1. a) Since cos (2p 2 u) 5 cos u, 2
y 5 26 sin Q x 1 1 R 1 4
cos u 5 cos (2p 2 u). Therefore, p p
2 2
5 cos a2p 2 b
p p
cos 5 26 sin (x 1 p) 1 4. Since a horizontal
16 16
translation of p to the left or right is equivalent
5 cos a 2 b
32p p to a reflection in the x-axis, the equation
16 16 y 5 26 sin (x 1 p) 1 4 can be rewritten
31p y 5 6 sin x 1 4. Therefore, the equation
5 cos
y 5 26 cos Q x 1 R 1 4 can be rewritten
p
16
2
b) Since sin (p 2 u) 5 sin u, sin u 5 sin (p 2 u). y 5 6 sin x 1 4.
5 sin ap 2 b
7p 7p
Therefore, sin 3. a) Since cos (a 1 b) 5 cos a cos b 2 sin a sin b,
9 9
5p 5p 5p
5 sin a 2 b 5 sin 2 sin x sin
9p 7p 2p
9 9 9 3 3 3
!3
5 (cos x)a b 2 (sin x)a2 b
c) Since tan (p 1 u) 5 tan u, tan u 5 tan (p 1 u). 1
5 tan ap 1 b
9p 9p 2 2
!3
Therefore, tan
10 10 1
5 cos x 1 sin x
5 tan a 1 b 5 tan
10p 9p 19p 2 2
10 10 10

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:09 PM Page 24
b) Since sin (a 1 b) sin a cos b 1 cos a sin b, d) Since sin (a 2 b) 2 sin a cos b 2 cos a sin b,
sin ax 1 b 5 (sin x)acos b 1 (cos x)asin b sin ax 2 b 5 (sin x)acos b 2 (cos x) asin b
5p 5p 5p 2p 2p 2p
6 6 6 3 3 3
!3 !3
5 (sin x)a2 b 2 (cos x)a b
1
b 1 (cos x)a b
1
5 (sin x)a2 2 2
2 2
1 !3 1 !3
5 cos x 2 sin x 5 2 sin x 2 cos x
2 2 2 2
tan a 1 tan b tan a 2 tan b
c) Since tan (a 1 b) 5 , 5. a) Since tan (a 2 b) 5 ,
1 2 tan a tan b 1 1 tan a tan b
8p 5p
5p tan 2 tan
5p 5 tan a 9 2 9 b
tan x 1 tan 9 9 8p 5p
tan ax 1 b5
5p 4 8p
4 5p 1 1 tan tan
1 2 tan x tan 9 9
4
5 tan 5 !3
3p p
tan x 1 1 5 tan
5 9 3
1 2 (tan x)(1) b) Since sin (a 2 b) 5 sin a cos b 2 cos a sin b,
1 1 tan x 299p p 299p p
5 sin cos 2 cos sin
1 2 tan x 298 298 298 298
d) Since cos (a 1 b) 5 cos a cos b 2 sin a sin b,
5 sin a b 5 sin
299p p 298p
2
4p 4p 4p 298 298 298
2 sin x sin
3 3 3 5 sin p 5 0
!3
5 (cos x)a2 b 2 (sin x)a2 b
1 c) Since sin (a 2 b) 5 sin a cos b 2 cos a sin b,
2 2 sin 50° cos 20° 2 cos 50° sin 20°
!3 1 1
5 sin x 2 cos x 5 sin (50° 2 20°) 5 sin 30° 5
2 2 2
4. a) Since sin (a 2 b) 5 sin a cos b 2 cos a cos b, d) Since sin (a 1 b) 5 sin a cos b 1 cos a sin b,
sin ax 2 b 5 sin x cos sin 5 sin a 1 b
11p 11p 11p 3p p 3p p 3p p
2 cos x sin sin cos 1 cos
6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 8
!3
b 2 (cos x)a2 b
1 4p p
5 (sin x)a 5 sin 5 sin 5 1
2 2 8 2
!3 1 tan a 1 tan b
5 sin x 1 cos x 6. a) Since tan (a 1 b) 5 ,
2 2 1 2 tan a tan b
2 tan x tan x 1 tan x
tan a 2 tan b 5
b) Since tan (a 2 b) 5 , 1 2 tan x2
1 2 (tan x)(tan x)
1 1 tan a tan b
p 5 tan (x 1 x) 5 tan 2x
tan x 2 tan 3
tan ax 2 b 5
p b) Since sin (a 1 b) 5 sin a cos b 1 cos a sin b,
p
3 1 1 tan x tan
5 sin a 1 b
3 x 4x x 4x x 4x
sin cos 1 cos sin
tan x 2 !3 tan x 2 !3 5 5 5 5 5 5
1 1 (tan x)( !3) 1 1 !3 tan x
5 5 5x
5 sin 5 sin x
5
c) Since cos (a 2 b) 5 cos a cos b 1 sin a sin b,
c) cos a 2 xb 5 cos cos x 1 sin sin x
p p p
cos ax 2 b 5 (cos x)acos b 1 (sin x)asin b
7p 7p 7p
2 2 2
4 4 4
!2 !2
5 (0) cos x 1 (1) sin x 5 sin x
5 (cos x)a b 1 (sin x)a2 b
d) sin a 1 xb 5 sin cos x 1 cos sin x
2 2 p p p
!2 !2
2 2 2
5 cos x 2 sin x 5 (1) cos x 1 (0) sin x 5 cos x
2 2

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 7:24 PM Page 25
adjacent to the angle x in a right triangle has a length

e) cos a 1 xb 1 cos a 1 xb 5 2 cos a 1 xb
p p p
4 4 4 of !110, while the hypotenuse of the right triangle
has a length of 11. For this reason, the other leg of
5 2 c cos cos x 2 sin sin xd
p p
the right triangle can be calculated as follows:
4 4
( !110)
2
!2 !2 1 y 2 5 112
5 2ca b cos x 2 a b sin xd
2 2 110 1 y 2 5 121
5 !2(cos x 2 sin x) 110 1 y 2 2 110 5 121 2 110
y 2 5 11
tan x 2 tan Q R
p
y 5 2 !11, in quadrant II
f) tan ax 2 b 5
p 4 tan x 2 1
5
1 1 tan x tan Q R
4 p 1 1 tan x opposite leg
4 Since sin x 5 , and since angle x is in
hypotenuse
7. a 5 !3 and b 5 23, so the third quadrant, sin x 5 2 !11
11 .
R 5 ! ( !3 )2 1 (23)2 5 !12 5 2 !3 b) Since cos2 x 5 10 , cos x 5 6 !10
#11 5 6 !11
10
!3
11
1 5 6 !110
11 , and since angle x is in the third quadrant,
2 !3
cos a 5 5
cos x is negative. For this reason, cos x 5 2 !110
2
23 2 !3 11 .
!10
2 !3 11 , cos x 5 6#11 5 6 !11
sin a 5 5 c) Since cos2 x 5 10 10
2
Since cos a is positive and sin a is negative, a is in 5 6 !110
p cos x is negative. For this reason, cos x 5 2 !11011 .
the fourth quadrant. a 5 2 !110
3 Since cos x 5 2 11 , the leg adjacent to the angle
So, !3 cos x 2 3 sin x 5 2 !3 cos ax 1 b.
p x in a right triangle has a length of !110, while the
3 hypotenuse of the right triangle has a length of 11.
8. a) Since cos 2u 5 2 cos2 u 2 1,
2 1 5 cos a(2)a bb ( !110)2 1 y 2 5 112
2p 2p
2 cos2
3 3
110 1 y 2 5 121
4p 1 110 1 y 2 2 110 5 121 2 110
5 cos 52
3 2 y 2 5 11
b) Since sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u, y 5 2 !11, in quadrant II
5 sin a(2)a bb
11p 11p 11p
2 sin cos opposite leg
12 12 12 Since sin x 5 , and since angle x is in
hypotenuse
5 sin
22p
5 sin
11p
52
1 the third quadrant, sin x 5 2 !11 11 . Since
12 6 2 sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u, sin 2x 5 2 sin x cos x
!11 !110 2 !10
2 2
c) Since cos 2u 5 cos u 2 sin u,
5 (2)a2 b a2 b5 .
5 cos a(2)a bb
7p 7p 7p 11 11 11
cos2 2 sin2 !10
d) Since cos2 x 5 10 11 , cos x 5 6#11 5 6 !11
8 8 8 10
14p 7p "2 5 6 !110

5 cos 5 cos 5
8 8 2 cos x is negative. For this reason, cos x 5 2 !110 11 .
2 !110
d) Since cos 2u 5 1 2 2 sin u, Since cos x 5 2 11 , the leg adjacent to the angle x
1 2 2 sin2 5 cos a(2)a bb 5 cos p 5 21
p p in a right triangle has a length of !110, while the
2 2 hypotenuse of the right triangle has a length of 11.
9. a) Since cos x 5 11, cos x 5 6# 10
2 10
11
For this reason, the other leg of the right triangle can
5 6 !10
!11 5 6 !110
, and since angle x is in the be calculated as follows:
( !110)2 1 y 2 5 112
11
third quadrant, cos x is negative. For this reason,
cos x 5 2 !110 !110
11 . Since cos x 5 2 11 , the leg
110 1 y 2 5 121
110 1 y 2 2 110 5 121 2 110

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:09 PM Page 26
y 2 5 11 For this reason, the other leg of the right triangle

y 5 2 !11, in quadrant II can be calculated as follows:
opposite leg
42 1 y 2 5 52
Since sin x 5 , and since angle x 16 1 y 2 5 25
hypotenuse
is in the third quadrant, sin x 5 2 !11
16 1 y 2 2 16 5 25 2 16
11 . Since
y2 5 9
cos 2u 5 cos u 2 sin u, cos 2x 5 cos2 x 2 sin2 x
2 2
!11 2 y 5 3, in quadrant III

5 1011 2 (2 11 ) 5 11 2 11 5 11 . (The formulas
10 1 9
opposite leg
cos 2u 5 2 cos2 u 2 1 and cos 2u 5 1 2 2 sin2 u Since tan x 5 , tan x 5 34. (The reason
adjacent leg
could also have been used.) the sign is positive is because angle x is in the third
10. Since sin x 5 35, the leg opposite the angle x in 2 tan u
quadrant.) Since tan 2u 5 ,
a right triangle has a length of 3, while the 1 2 tan2 u
hypotenuse of the right triangle has a length of 5. 2 tan x (2)( 34) 3
2
For this reason, the other leg of the right triangle tan 2x 5 5 5
1 2 tan2 x 1 2 ( 34) 2 1 2 169
3 3
x 2 1 32 5 52 2 2 3 16 24
5 16 5 5 3 5
x 2 1 9 5 25 16 2 169 7
16 2 7 7
x 2 1 9 2 9 5 25 2 9
x 2 5 16 7.4 Proving Trigonometric Identities,
x 5 4, in quadrant I
adjacent leg
pp. 417–418
Since cos x 5 , cos x 5 45. Therefore, p
hypotenuse 1. Although sin x 5 cos x is true for x 5 , it is not
4
since sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u, true for all values of x, and therefore, it is not an
sin 2x 5 2 sin x cos x 5 (2)a b a b 5 .
3 4 24 identity. A counterexample is a value of x for which
5 5 25 sin x 5 cos x is not true. Many counterexamples
Also, since cos 2u 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u, exist, so answers may vary. One counterexample is
p p p !3
cos 2x 5 cos2 x 2 sin2 x 5 ( 45)2 2 ( 35)2 x 5 , since sin 5 12, and since cos 5 2 .
6 6 6
5 16 9 7 2
25 2 25 5 25 . (The formulas cos 2u 5 2 cos u 2 1 2. a) The graphs of f(x) 5 sin x and
2
and cos 2u 5 1 2 2 sin u could also have been used.) g(x) 5 tan x cos x are as follows: f(x) 5 sin x:
11. Since sin x 5 135 , the leg opposite the angle x
in a right triangle has a length of 5, while the
x 2 1 52 5 132
x 2 1 25 5 169 g(x) 5 tan x cos x:
2
x 1 25 2 25 5 169 2 25
x 2 5 144
x 5 12, in quadrant I
adjacent leg 12
Since cos x 5 , cos x 5 13 .
hypotenuse
Therefore, since sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u,
b) Since the graphs of f(x) 5 sin x and
sin 2x 5 2 sin x cos x 5 (2)a b a b 5
5 12 120
. g(x) 5 tan x cos x are the same, sin x 5 tan x cos x.
13 13 169 c) To prove that the identity sin x 5 tan x cos x is
12. Since cos x 5 2 45, the leg adjacent to the angle true, tan x cos x can be simplified as follows:
x in a right triangle has a length of 4, while the
tan x cos x 5 a b (cos x) 5
sin x sin x cos x
hypotenuse of the right triangle has a length of 5. 5 sin x
cos x cos x

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/18/08 12:55 PM Page 27
d) The identity is not true when cos x 5 0 because The graph of y 5 1 1 2 sin x cos x is as follows:
when cos x 5 0, tan x, or
sin x
is undefined. This
, y
cos x 2
is because 0 cannot be in the denominator of a fraction.
3. a) The graph of y 5 sin x cot x is as follows:
1
y
1 x
x –2p –p 0 p 2p
–2p –p 0 p 2p Since the graphs are the same, the answer is B.
–1 d) The graph of y 5 sec2 x is as follows:
y
8
The graph of y 5 cos x is as follows:
y
1 4
x x
–2p –p 0 p 2p –2p –p 0 p 2p
–1 The graph of y 5 sin2 x 1 cos2 x 1 tan2 x is as

follows:
Since the graphs are the same, the answer is C. y
b) The graph of y 5 1 2 2 sin2 x is as follows: 8
y
1 4
x x
–2p –p 0 p 2p –2p –p 0 p 2p
–1 Since the graphs are the same, the answer is A.

4. a) The identity sin x cot x 5 cos x can be proven
The graph of y 5 2 cos2 x 2 1 is as follows: as follows:
y
b5
cos x sin x cos x
1 sin x cot x 5 (sin x)a 5 cos x
sin x sin x
x b) The identity 1 2 2 sin2 x 5 2 cos2 x 2 1 can be
–2p –p 0 p 2p proven as follows:
1 2 2 sin2 x 5 2 cos2 x 2 1
–1 1 2 2 sin x 2 2 cos2 x 1 1 5 0
2
2 2 2 sin2 x 2 2 cos2 x 5 0
Since the graphs are the same, the answer is D. 2 2 2(sin2 x 1 cos2 x) 5 0
c) The graph of y 5 (sin x 1 cos x)2 is as follows: 2 2 2(1) 5 0
y 22250
2 050
c) The identity (sin x 1 cos x)2 5 1 1 2 sin x cos x
1 can be proven as follows:
(sin x 1 cos x)2 5 sin2 x 1 2 sin x cos x 1 cos2 x
x
5 (sin2 x 1 cos2 x) 1 2 sin x cos x
–2p –p 0 p 2p 5 1 1 2 sin x cos x

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:09 PM Page 28
p
d) The identity sec2 x 5 sin2 x 1 cos2 x 1 tan2 x One counterexample is x 5 , since
3
can be proven as follows:
cos a2a bb 5 cos a b 5 2 , and since
p 2p 1
sin2 x 1 cos2 x 1 tan2 x
3 3 2
5 (sin2 x 1 cos2 x) 1 tan2 x
!3 2
1 1 2 sin2 a b 5 1 1 (2)a b
5 1 1 tan2 x p
cos2 x sin2 x 3 2
5 1
5 1 1 (2)a b 5 1 5
2
cos x cos2 x 3 4 6 10 5
5
sin x 1 cos2 x
2
4 4 4 4 2
5
cos2 x 6. Answers may vary. For example, the graph of
1 1 2 tan2 x
5 the function y 5 is as follows:
cos2 x 1 1 tan2 x
5 sec2 x y
1
5. a) The equation cos x 5 is not true for all 1
cos x
values of x, and therefore, it is not an identity. x
A counterexample is a value of x for which –2p–3p –p – p 0 p p 3p 2p
1
cos x 5 is not true. Many counterexamples 2 2 2 2
cos x –1
exist, so answers may vary. One counterexample
is x 5 , since cos 5 !3
p p 1
6 6 2 , and since p
cos The graph is the same as that of the function
6
5 2 !3
1 2 y 5 cos 2x, so an appropriate conjecture is that
5 "3 5 !3 3 .
2
cos 2x is another expression that is equivalent to
1 2 tan2 x
b) The equation 1 2 tan2 x 5 sec2 x is not true for .
1 1 tan2 x
all values of x, and therefore, it is not an identity. 1 2 tan2 x
A counterexample is a value of x for which 7. The identity 5 cos 2x can be proven as
1 1 tan2 x
1 2 tan2 x 5 sec2 x is not true. Many counterexamples follows:
exist, so answers may vary. One counterexample cos2 x sin2 x cos2 x 2 sin2 x
2 2
since 1 2 tan2 Q R 5 1 2 (1)2 1 2 tan2 x
p p 2
cos2 x
isx5 ,
4 4 2 5 cos x 2 cos x 5
1 1 tan x sec x sec2 x
5 1 2 1 5 0, and since sec2 Q R 5 ( !2)2 5 2.
p
2 2
4 cos x 2 sin x 1
5 2 3
c) The equation cos x sec2 x
sin (x 1 y) 5 cos x cos y 1 sin x sin y is not true for 2 2
cos x 2 sin x
all values of x and y, and therefore, it is not an identity. 5 3 cos2 x 5 cos2 x 2 sin2 x
cos2 x
A counterexample is values for x and y for which 5 cos 2x
sin (x 1 y) 5 cos x cos y 1 sin x sin y is not true. 1 1 tan x 1 2 tan x
Many counterexamples exist, so answers may vary. 8. The identity 5 can be proven
1 1 cot x cot x 2 1
p
One counterexample is x 5 and y 5 p, since as follows:
2
1 1 tan x 1 2 tan x
sin Q 1 p R 5 sin Q R 5 21, and since
p 3p
LS 5 RS 5
2 2 1 1 cot x cot x 2 1
cos Q R cos p 1 sin Q R sin p
p p
1 1 tan x 1 2 tan x
2 2 5 1 5 1
5 (0)(21) 1 (1)(0) 5 0 1 0 5 0. 11 21
tan x tan x
d) The equation cos 2x 5 1 1 2 sin2 x is not true 1 1 tan x 1 2 tan x
for all values of x, and therefore, it is not an 5 tan x 1 1 5 1 2 tan x
identity. A counterexample is a value of x for tan x tan x
which cos 2x 5 1 1 2 sin2 x is not true. Many 5 tan x 5 tan x
counterexamples exist, so answers may vary. Since the right side and the left side are equal,
1 1 tan x 1 2 tan x
5
1 1 cot x cot x 2 1

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:09 PM Page 29
cos2 u 2 sin2 u 1 2 cos u 1 1 cos u

9. a) The identity 2 5 1 2 tan u can 5 1
cos u 1 sin u cos u 1 2 cos u 2
1 2 cos2 u
be proven as follows:
1 2 cos u 1 1 1 cos u 2 2
cos2 u 2 sin2 u 5 2 5 2 5
1 2 cos u 1 2 cos u sin2 u
cos2 u 1 sin u cos u 3 2
10. a) The identity cos x tan x 5 sin x tan x can
(cos u 2 sin u)(cos u 1 sin u)
5 be proven as follows:
(cos u)(cos u 1 sin u) cos x tan3 x 5 sin x tan2 x
cos u 2 sin u cos u sin u cos x tan3 x sin x tan2 x
5 5 2 5 1 2 tan u 5
cos u cos u cos u 2
tan x tan2 x
b) The identity tan2 x 2 sin2 x 5 sin2 x tan2 x can cos x tan x 5 sin x
be proven as follows:
b 5 sin x
sin x
LS 5 tan2 x 2 sin2 x (cos x)a
cos x
sin2 x
5 2 sin2 x sin x 5 sin x
cos2 x
b) The identity sin2 u 1 cos4 u 5 cos2 u 1 sin4 u can
1
5 sin2 xa 2 2 1b be proven as follows:
cos x sin2 u 1 cos4 u 5 cos2 u 1 sin4 u
5 sin x(sec2 x 2 1)
2
sin2 u 1 cos4 u 2 sin4 u 5 cos2 u 1 sin4 u 2 sin4 u
5 sin2 x tan2 x sin2 u 1 cos4 u 2 sin4 u 5 cos2 u
5 RS sin2 u 1 cos4 u 2 sin4 u 2 sin2 u 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u
So tan2 x 2 sin2 x 5 sin2 x tan2 x. cos4 u 2 sin4 u 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u
Since csc2 x 5 1 1 cot2 x is a known identity, (cos2 u 1 sin2 u)(cos2 u 2 sin2 u) 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u
tan2 x 2 sin2 x must equal sin2 x tan2 x. cos2 u 1 sin2 u 5 1
c) The identity 151
1 c) The identity
tan2 x 2 cos2 x 5 2 1 2 cos2 x can be proven
b5
cos2 x tan2 x 1 1 1 1
(sin x 1 cos x)a 1
as follows: tan x cos x sin x
1
tan2 x 2 cos2 x 5 2 1 2 cos2 x;
b5
cos2 x tan2 x 1 1 1 1
(sin x 1 cos x)a 1
1 tan x cos x sin x
tan2 x 2 cos2 x 1 cos2 x 5 21
cos2 x
b5
2
sec x sin x cos x
2 cos2 x 1 cos2 x; (sin x 1 cos x)a 1
tan x cos x sin x sin x cos x
1
(sin x 1 cos x)a 2 b a b5
tan2 x 5 2 1; 1 1 sin x 1 cos x
cos2 x
cos x tan x cos x sin x
1 cos2 x
tan2 x 5 2 ;
(sin x 1 cos x)a 2 b a b5
2 1 cos x sin x 1 cos x
cos x cos2 x
1 2 cos2 x cos x sin x cos x sin x
tan2 x 5 ;
b5
cos2 x 1 sin x 1 cos x
(sin x 1 cos x)a
sin2 x cos x sin x cos x sin x
tan2 x 5 ;
cos2 x sin x 1 cos x sin x 1 cos x
5
tan2 x 5 tan2 x cos x sin x cos x sin x
1 1 2 1
d) The identity 1 5 2 can be d) The identity tan2 b 1 cos2 b 1 sin2 b 5
1 1 cos u 1 2 cos u sin u cos2 b
proven as follows: can be proven as follows:
1 1 1 2 cos u 1
1 5 tan2 b 1 cos2 b 1 sin2 b 5
1 1 cos u 1 2 cos u (1 1 cos u)(1 2 cos u) cos2 b
1 1 cos u 1
1 tan2 b 1 1 5
(1 2 cos u)(1 1 cos u) cos2 b

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 7:25 PM Page 30
tan2 b 1 1 5 sec2 b 2 cos2 x

5 cot x
Since tan2 b 1 1 5 sec2 b is a known identity, 2 sin x cos x
1 cos x
tan2 b 1 cos2 b 1 sin2 b must equal . 5 cot x
cos2 b sin x
e) The identity cot x 5 cot x
sin Q 1 x R 1 sin Q 2 x R 5 !2 cos x
p p
sin 2x
4 4 b) The identity 5 cot x can be proven as
1 2 cos 2x
can be proven as follows: follows:
sin a 1 xb 1 sin a 2 xb 5 !2 cos x;
p p sin 2x
4 4 5 cot x
1 2 cos 2x
p p p 2 sin x cos x
sin cos x 1 cos sin x 1 sin cos x 5 cot x
4 4 4 1 2 (1 2 2 sin2 x)
2 cos sin x 5 !2 cos x;
p
4 2 sin x cos x
5 cot x
2 sin cos x 5 !2 cos x;
p 1 2 1 1 2 sin2 x
4 2 sin x cos x
!2
5 cot x
b (cos x) 5 !2 cos x;
2 sin2 x
(2)a
2 cos x
5 cot x
!2 cos x 5 !2 cos x sin x
cot x 5 cot x
f) The identity sin Q 2 x R cot Q 1 x R 5 2sin x
p p
2 2 c) The identity (sin x 1 cos x)2 5 1 1 sin 2x can
can be proven as follows: be proven as follows:
(sin x 1 cos x)2 5 1 1 sin 2x;
sin a 2 xb cot a 1 xb 5 2sin x;
p p
2 2 sin2 x 1 sin x cos x 1 sin x cos x 1 cos2 x
p 5 1 1 2 sin x cos x;
cos ( 2 1 x)
sin a 2 xb ° ¢ 5 2sin x;
p sin2 x 1 2 sin x cos x 1 cos2 x 5 1 1 2 sin x cos x;
p
2 sin ( 2 1 x) (cos2 x 1 sin2 x) 1 2 sin x cos x
5 1 1 2 sin x cos x;
asin
p p
cos x 2 cos sin xb 1 1 2 sin x cos x 5 1 1 2 sin x cos x
2 2 d) The identity cos4 u 2 sin4 u 5 cos 2u can be
p p
cos x 2 sin sin x
cos proven as follows:
3 ° ¢ 5 2sin x;
2 2
p p cos4 u 2 sin4 u 5 cos 2u
sin cos x 1 cos sin x
2 2 (cos2 u 1 sin2 u)(cos2 u 2 sin2 u) 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u
((1)(cos x) 2 (0)(sin x)) (1)(cos2 u 2 sin2 u) 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u
a b 5 2sin x;
(0)(cos x) 2 (1)(sin x) cos2 u 2 sin2 u 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u
(1)(cos x) 1 (0)(sin x) e) The identity cot u 2 tan u 5 2 cot 2u can be
b 5 2sin x;
0 2 sin x proven as follows:
(cos x 2 0)a
cos x 1 0 cot u 2 tan u 5 2 cot 2u
cos u sin u
b 5 2sin x;
sin x cos 2u
(cos x)a2 2 52
cos x sin u cos u sin 2u
2sin x 5 2sin x
b
2 2
cos u sin u cos 2u
cos 2x 1 1 2 5 (2)a
11. a) The identity 5 cot x can be proven sin u cos u cos u sin u 2 cos u sin u
sin 2x
as follows: cos2 u 2 sin2 u cos 2u
5
cos 2x 1 1 sin u cos u cos u sin u
5 cot x cos 2u cos 2u
sin 2x 5
cos u sin u cos u sin u
2 cos2 x 2 1 1 1
5 cot x
2 sin x cos x

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/18/08 12:55 PM Page 31
f) The identity cot u 1 tan u 5 2 csc 2u 2 cos2 x

can be proven as follows: 5 ;
2 sin x cos x
cot u 1 tan u 5 2 csc 2u 1 cos2 x 2 sin2 x 2 cos2 x
cos u sin u 1 1 5 ;
1 52 2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x
sin u cos u sin 2u 1 1 cos2 x 2 sin2 x 2 cos2 x
5 ;
b
cos2 u sin2 u 1 2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x
1 5 (2)a
sin u cos u cos u sin u 2 cos u sin u 1 1 cos2 x 2 sin2 x 2 cos2 x
cos2 u 1 sin2 u 1 2
5 2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x
sin u cos u cos u sin u 2 cos2 x 2 cos2 x
1 1 5 2 ;
5 2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x
cos u sin u cos u sin u 1 1 cos2 x 2 sin2 x 2 2 cos2 x
5 0;
5 tan Q x 1 R
1 1 tan x p
g) The identity can be 2 sin x cos x
1 2 tan x 4
1 2 sin2 x 2 cos2 x
proven as follows: 5 0;
2 sin x cos x
5 tan ax 1 b
1 1 tan x p
1 2 (sin2 x 1 cos2 x)
1 2 tan x 4 5 0;
p 2 sin x cos x
1 1 tan x tan x 1 tan
5
4 121
1 2 tan x 1 2 tan x tan
p 5 0;
4 2 sin x cos x
1 1 tan x tan x 1 1 0
5 5 0;
1 2 tan x 1 2 (tan x)(1) 2 sin x cos x
1 1 tan x 1 1 tan x 050
5 2 tan x
1 2 tan x 1 2 tan x i) The identity 2 5 sin 2x
1 1 tan x
h) The identity csc 2x 1 cot 2x 5 cot x can be can be proven as follows:
proven as follows: 2 tan x
5 sin 2x
csc 2x 1 cot 2x 5 cot x; 1 1 tan2 x
1 1 2 tan x
1 5 cot x; 5 sin 2x
sin 2x tan 2x sec2 x
1 1 2 tan x
1 2 tan x 5 cot x; 1 5 sin 2x
2 sin x cos x
1 2 tan2 x cos2 x
1 1 2 tan x2 (2 tan x)(cos2 x) 5 sin 2x
1 5 cot x;
a b (cos2 x) 5 sin 2x
2 sin x cos x 2 tan x 2 sin x
1 1 2 tan2 x cos x
1 sin x 5 cot x; sin 2x 5 2 sin x cos x
2 sin x cos x 2 cos x
Since sin 2x 5 2 sin x cos x is a known identity,
1 (cos x)(1 2 tan2 x) cos x 2 tan x
1 5 ; must equal sin 2x.
2 sin x cos x 2 sin x sin x 1 2 tan2 x
csc t
1 (cos x)(1 2 tan2 x)(cos x) j) The identity sec 2t 5
1 csc t 2 2 sin t
2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x can be proven as follows:
(cos x)(2 cos x) csc t
5 ; sec 2t 5
(sin x)(2 cos x) csc t 2 2 sin t
1
1 (cos2 x)(1 2 tan2 x)
1 1
2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x 5 1 sin t
cos 2t 2 2 sin t
2 cos2 x sin t
5 ;
2 sin x cos x 1
1 cos2 x 2 (tan2 x)(cos2 x) 1 sin t
1 5 1 2 sin2 t
2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x cos 2t 2
sin t sin t

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/18/08 12:55 PM Page 32
1 The graph is the same as that of the function

1 sin t y 5 tan x, so an expression equivalent to
5 1 2 2 sin2 t
cos 2t sin x 1 sin 2x
sin t is tan x.
1 1 cos x 1 cos 2x
1 1 sin t sin x 1 sin 2x
5 3 13. The identity 5 tan x can be
cos 2t sin t 1 2 2 sin2 t 1 1 cos x 1 cos 2x
1 1 proven as follows:
5
cos 2t 1 2 2 sin2 t sin x 1 sin 2x
1 1 5 tan x
5 1 1 cos x 1 cos 2x
cos 2t cos 2t sin x 1 2 sin x cos x
k) The identity csc 2u 5 12 sec u csc u 5 tan x
1 1 cos x 1 cos 2x
can be proven as follows: (sin x)(1 1 2 cos x)
1 5 tan x
csc 2u 5 sec u csc u 1 1 cos x 1 cos 2x
2 (sin x)(1 1 2 cos x)
5 tan x
5 a ba ba b
1 1 1 1 1 1 cos x 1 2 cos2 x 2 1
sin 2u 2 cos u sin u (sin x)(1 1 2 cos x)
5 tan x
1 1 cos x 1 2 cos2 x
5
sin 2u 2 cos u sin u (sin x)(1 1 2 cos x)
5 tan x
1 1 (cos x)(1 1 2 cos x)
5
2 sin u cos u 2 sin u cos u sin x
sin 2t cos 2t 5 tan x
l) The identity sec t 5 2 cos x
sin t cos t tan x 5 tan x
can be proven as follows: 14. A trigonometric identity is a statement of the
1 2 sin t cos t 2 cos2 t 2 1 equivalence of two trigonometric expressions. To
5 2
cos t sin t cos t prove it, both sides of the equation must be shown
2
sin t 2 sin t cos t (sin t)(2 cos2 t 2 1) to be equivalent through graphing or simplifying/
5 2
cos t sin t sin t cos t cos t sin t rewriting. Therefore, the chart can be completed as
sin t 2 sin t cos2 t 2 cos2 t sin t 2 sin t follows:
5 2
cos t sin t sin t cos t cos t sin t Definition Methods of Proof
sin t 2 sin t cos t 2 (2 cos2 t sin t 2 sin t)
2
A statement of the Both sides of the
5
cos t sin t sin t cos t equivalence of two equation must be
sin t 2 sin t cos t 2 2 sin t cos2 t 1 sin t
2 trigonometric shown to be equivalent
5 expressions through graphing or
cos t sin t sin t cos t
sin t sin t simplifying/rewriting.
5
cos t sin t cos t sin t Trigonometric
12. Answers may vary. For example, the graph of
sin x 1 sin 2x
Identities
the function y 5 is as follows:
1 1 cos x 1 cos 2x
y Examples Non-Examples
4 cos 2x 1 sin2 x 5 cos2 x cos 2x 2 2 sin2 x 5 1
3 cos 2x 1 1 5 2 cos2 x cot2 x 1 csc2 x 5 1
2
1
x
–2p –p 0 p 2p
–1 15. She can determine whether the equation
–2 2 sin x cos x 5 cos 2x is an identity by trying to
–3 simplify and/or rewrite the left side of the equation
–4 so that it is equivalent to the right side of the

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/18/08 12:55 PM Page 33
equation. Alternatively, she can graph the functions (4)(2 cos2 x 2 1), can be added to the expression
y 5 2 sin x cos x and y 5 cos 2x and see if the 8 cos4 x 2 8 cos2 x 1 1 as follows:
graphs are the same. If they’re the same, it’s an 8 cos4 x 2 8 cos2 x 1 1 1 (4)(2 cos2 x 2 1)
identity, but if they’re not the same, it’s not an
8 cos4 x 2 8 cos2 x 1 1 1 8 cos2 x 2 4
identity. By doing this she can determine it’s not
8 cos4 x 2 3
an identity, but she can make it an identity by
changing the equation to 2 sin x cos x 5 sin 2x. Since adding 4 cos 2x to the expression eliminated
16. a) To write the expression 2 cos2 x 1 4 sin x cos x the term 28 cos2 x, the value of b must be 4. Now,
in the form a sin 2x 1 b cos 2x 1 c, rewrite the to turn the expression 8 cos4 x 2 3 into the expression
8 cos4 x, 3 must be added to it as follows:
expression as follows:
8 cos4 x 2 3 1 3
2 cos2 x 1 4 sin x cos x
8 cos4 x
5 2 cos2 x 1 (2)(2 sin x cos x)
Therefore, the value of c must be 3, and the
5 (2 cos2 x 2 1) 1 (2)(2 sin x cos x) 1 1 expression must be cos 4x 1 4 cos 2x 1 3.
5 cos 2x 1 2 sin 2x 1 1 a 5 1, b 5 4, c 5 3
5 2 sin 2x 1 cos 2x 1 1
Since the expression can be rewritten as 7.5 Solving Linear Trigonometric
2 sin 2x 1 cos 2x 1 1, the values of a, b, and c are Equations, pp. 426–428
a 5 2, b 5 1, and c 5 1.
b) To write the expression 22 sin x cos x 2 4 sin2 x 1. a) From the graph of y 5 sin u, the equation
p
in the form a sin 2x 1 b cos 2x 1 c, rewrite the sin u 5 1 is true when u 5 .
2
expression as follows: b) From the graph of y 5 sin u, the equation
22 sin x cos x 2 4 sin2 x 3p
sin u 5 21 is true when u 5 .
2
5 22 sin x cos x 1 (2 2 4 sin2 x) 2 2 c) From the graph of y 5 sin u, the equation
5 22 sin x cos x 1 (2)(1 2 2 sin2 x) 2 2 p 5p
sin u 5 0.5 is true when u 5 or .
5 2sin 2x 1 2 cos 2x 2 2 6 6
d) From the graph of y 5 sin u, the equation
Since the expression can be rewritten as
7p 11p
2sin 2x 1 2 cos 2x 2 2, the values of a, b, and c sin u 5 20.5 is true when u 5 or .
6 6
are a 5 21, b 5 2, and c 5 22. e) From the graph of y 5 sin u, the equation
17. To write the expression 8 cos4 x in the form sin u 5 0 is true when u 5 0, p, or 2p.
a cos 4x 1 b cos 2x 1 c, it’s first necessary to develop f) From the graph of y 5 sin u, the equation
a formula for cos 4x. Since cos 2x 5 2 cos2 x 2 1, !3 p 2p
cos 4x 5 2 cos2 2x 2 1. The formula sin u 5 2is true when u 5 or .
3 3
cos 2x 5 2 cos2 x 2 1 can now be used again to 2. a) From the graph of y 5 cos u, the equation
further develop the formula for cos 4x as follows: cos u 5 1 is true when u 5 0 or 2p.
cos 4x 5 2 cos2 2x 2 1 b) From the graph of y 5 cos u, the equation
cos 4x 5 (2)(2 cos2 x 2 1)2 2 1 cos u 5 21 is true when u 5 p.
cos 4x 5 (2)(4 cos4 x 2 2 cos2 x
c) From the graph of y 5 cos u, the equation
p 5p
2 2 cos2 x 1 1) 2 1 cos u 5 0.5 is true when u 5 or .
3 3
cos 4x 5 (2)(4 cos4 x 2 4 cos2 x 1 1) 2 1 d) From the graph of y 5 cos u, the equation
cos 4x 5 8 cos4 x 2 8 cos2 x 1 2 2 1 2p 4p
cos u 5 20.5 is true when u 5 or .
3 3
cos 4x 5 8 cos4 x 2 8 cos2 x 1 1 e) From the graph of y 5 cos u, the equation
Since cos 4x 5 8 cos4 x 2 8 cos2 x 1 1, the value of p 3p
a must be 1. Now, to turn the expression cos u 5 0 is true when u 5 or .
2 2
8 cos4 x 2 8 cos2 x 1 1 into the expression 8 cos4 x, f) From the graph of y 5 cos u, the equation
the terms 28 cos2 x and 1 must be eliminated. !3 p 11p
First, to eliminate 28 cos2 x, 4 cos 2x, or cos u 5 2 is true when u 5 or .
6 6
!3
3. a) Given sin x 5 2 and 0 # x # 2p,

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 7:25 PM Page 34
!3 p !3 11p !3
2 solutions must be possible, since sin x 5 2 c) Since cos 5 2 and cos 5 2 , the
in 2 of the 4 quadrants. 6 6
!3 p
!3
solutions to the equation cos u 5 2 are u 5
b) Given sin x 5 and 0 # x # 2p, the 11p 6
2
or .
solutions for x must occur in the 1st and 2nd 6
5 2 !3 5 2 !3
4p 5p
quadrants, since the sine function is positive in d) Since sin 2 and sin 2 , the
3 3
these quadrants.
solutions to the equation sin u 5 2 !3
4p
!3 2 are u 5
c) Given sin x 5 2 and 0 # x # 2p, the related 5p 3
p or .
acute angle for the equation must be x5 , since 3
3 3p 1 5p 1
p !3
e) Since cos 5 2 !2 and cos 5 2 !2 , the
sin 5 2 .
4 4
3 1 3p
!3 solutions to the equation cos u 5 2 !2 are u 5
d) Given sin x 5 2 and 0 # x # 2p, the solutions 5p 4
p 2p or .
to the equation must be x5 or , since 4
5 !3 5 !3,
3 3 p 4p
f) Since tan and tan the
p !3 2p !3 3 3
solutions to the equation tan u 5 !3 are u 5
sin 5 2 and sin 5 2 .
p
3 3 or
3
4. a) Given cos x 5 20.8667 and 0° # x # 360°, 4p
.
two solutions must be possible, since 3
cos x 5 20.8667 in two of the four quadrants. 7. a) The equation 2 sin u 5 21 can be rewritten as
b) Given cos x 5 20.8667 and 0° # x # 360°, the follows:
solutions for x must occur in the second and third 2 sin u 5 21
quadrants, since the cosine function is negative in 2 sin u 1
52
these quadrants. 2 2
c) Given cos x 5 20.8667 and 0° # x # 360°, the 1
sin u 5 2
related acute angle for the equation must be x 5 30°, 2
since cos 30° 5 20.866. Given sin u 5 2 12 and 0° # u # 360°, the solutions
d) Given cos x 5 20.8667 and 0° # x # 360°, the to the equation must be u 5 210° or 330°, since
solutions to the equation must be x 5 150° sin 210° 5 2 12 and sin 330° 5 2 12.
or 210°, since cos 150° 5 20.866 and b) The equation 3 cos u 5 22 can be rewritten as
cos 210° 5 20.866. follows:
5. a) Given tan u 5 2.7553 and 0 # u # 2p, two 3 cos u 5 22
solutions must be possible, since tan u 5 2.7553 3 cos u 2
in two of the four quadrants. 52
3 3
b) Given tan u 5 2.7553 and 0 # u # 2p, the 2
solutions for u must occur in the first and third cos u 5 2
3
quadrants, since the tangent function is positive in Given cos u 5 2 23 and 0° # u # 360°, the solutions
these quadrants. to the equation must be u 5 131.8° or 228.2°.
c) Given tan u 5 2.7553 and 0 # u # 2p, the
c) The equation 2 tan u 5 3 can be rewritten as
related acute angle for the equation must be
follows:
u 5 1.22, since tan 1.22 5 2.7553.
2 tan u 5 3
d) Given tan u 5 2.7553 and 0 # u # 2p, the
2 tan u 3
solutions to the equation must be u 5 1.22 or 4.36, 5
since tan 1.22 5 2.7553 and tan 4.36 5 2.7553. 2 2
p 5p 3
6. a) Since tan 5 1 and tan 5 1, the solutions tan u 5
4 4 2
p 5p
to the equation tan u 5 1 are u 5 or . Given tan u 5 32 and 0° # u # 360°, the solutions to
4 4
p 1 3p 1
the equation must be u 5 56.3° or 236.3°.
b) Since sin 5 !2 and sin 5 !2 , the solutions
4 4
1 p 3p
solutions to the equation sin u 5 !2 are u 5 or .
4 4

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/18/08 12:55 PM Page 35
d) The equation 23 sin u 2 1 5 1 can be rewritten 2 cos x 5 !3

as follows: 2 cos x !3
23 sin u 2 1 5 1 5
2 2
23 sin u 2 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 !3
23 sin u 5 2 cos x 5
2
23 sin u 2 !3
5 Given cos x 5 2 and 0 # x # 2p, the solutions
23 23 to the equation must be x 5 0.52 or 5.76.
2 c) The equation cos x 2 1 5 2cos x can be
sin u 5 2
3 rewritten as follows:
Given sin u 5 2 23 and 0° # u # 360°, the solutions cos x 2 1 5 2cos x
to the equation must be u 5 221.8° or 318.2°. cos x 2 1 1 cos x 5 2cos x 1 cos x
e) The equation 25 cos u 1 3 5 2 can be rewritten 2 cos x 2 1 5 0
as follows: 2 cos x 2 1 1 1 5 0 1 1
25 cos u 1 3 5 2 2 cos x 5 1
25 cos u 1 3 2 3 5 2 2 3 2 cos x 1
25 cos u 5 21 5
2 2
25 cos u 21 1
5 cos x 5
25 25 2
1 Given cos x 5 12 and 0 # x # 2p, the solutions to
cos u 5
5 the equation must be x 5 1.05 or 5.24.
1
Given cos u 5 5 and 0° # u # 360°, the solutions to d) The equation 5 sin x 1 1 5 3 sin x can be
the equation must be u 5 78.5° or 281.5°. rewritten as follows:
f) The equation 8 2 tan u 5 10 can be rewritten as 5 sin x 1 1 5 3 sin x
follows: 5 sin x 1 1 2 3 sin x 5 3 sin x 2 3 sin x
8 2 tan u 5 10 2 sin x 1 1 5 0
8 2 tan u 1 tan u 5 10 1 tan u 2 sin x 1 1 2 1 5 0 2 1
8 5 10 1 tan u 2 sin x 5 21
8 2 10 5 10 1 tan u 2 10 2 sin x 1
tan u 5 22 52
2 2
Given tan u 5 22 and 0° # u # 360°, the solutions 1
to the equation must be u 5 116.6° or 296.6°. sin x 5 2
2
8. a) The equation 3 sin x 5 sin x 1 1 can be Given sin x 5 2 12 and 0 # x # 2p, the solutions to
rewritten as follows: the equation must be x 5 3.67 or 5.76.
3 sin x 5 sin x 1 1
3 sin x 2 sin x 5 sin x 1 1 2 sin x
9. a) The equation 2 2 2 cot x 5 0 can be rewritten
2 sin x 5 1
as follows:
2 2 2 cot x 5 0
2 sin x 1
5 2 2 2 cot x 1 2 cot x 5 0 1 2 cot x
2 2
2 5 2 cot x
1
sin x 5 2 2 cot x
2 5
2 2
Given sin x 5 12 and 0 # x # 2p, the solutions to
cot x 5 1
the equation must be x 5 0.52 or 2.62.
b) The equation 5 cos x 2 !3 5 3 cos x can be
Given cot x 5 1 and 0 # x # 2p, the solutions to
rewritten as follows:
5 cos x 2 !3 5 3 cos x
b) The equation csc x 2 2 5 0 can be rewritten as
5 cos x 2 !3 2 3 cos x 5 3 cos x 2 3 cos x
follows:
2 cos x 2 !3 5 0
csc x 2 2 5 0
2 cos x 2 !3 1 !3 5 0 1 !3
csc x 2 2 1 2 5 0 1 2
csc x 5 2

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 7:26 PM Page 36
Given csc x 5 2 and 0 # x # 2p, the solutions to equal 4.19 1 2kp or 5.24 1 2kp. Therefore, the
the equation must be x 5 0.52 or 2.62. solutions to the equation must be x 5 4.193 5 1.40,
c) The equation 7 sec x 5 7 can be rewritten as follows: 5.24
3 5 1.75, 3.49, 3.84, 5.59, or 5.93.
7 sec x 5 7 1
d) Given cos 4x 5 2 !2 and 0 # x # 2p, 4x must
7 sec x 7
5 equal 2.36 1 2kp or 3.93 1 2kp. Therefore, the
7 7 solutions to the equation must be x 5 2.364 5 0.59,
sec x 5 1 3.93
5 0.985, 2.16, 2.55, 3.73, 4.12, 5.30, or 5.697.
4
Given sec x 5 1 and 0 # x # 2p, the solutions to e) Given cos 2x 5 2 12 and 0 # x # 2p, 2x must
the equation must be x 5 0 or 6.28. equal 2.09 1 2kp or 4.19 1 2kp. Therefore, the
d) The equation 2 csc x 1 17 5 15 1 csc x can be solutions to the equation must be x 5 2.092 5 1.05,
rewritten as follows: 4.19
5 2.09, 4.19, or 5.24.
2
2 csc x 1 17 5 15 1 csc x
f) Given cos 5 !3
x x
2 csc x 1 17 2 csc x 5 15 1 csc x 2 csc x 2 and 0 # x # 2p, must equal
2 2
csc x 1 17 5 15 0.52 or 5.76. Therefore, the solution to the equation
csc x 1 17 2 17 5 15 2 17 must be x 5 (2)(0.52) 5 1.05. 5.76 is not a solution
csc x 5 22 to the equation since (2)(5.76) 5 11.52 is greater
Given csc x 5 22 and 0 # x # 2p, the solutions to than 2p.
the equation must be x 5 3.67 or 5.76. 11. When graphed, the function modelling the city’s
e) The equation 2 sec x 1 1 5 6 can be rewritten as daily high temperature is as follows:
follows:
40
2 sec x 1 1 5 6
2 sec x 1 1 2 1 5 6 2 1 30
Temperature (˚C)
2 sec x 5 5
20
2 sec x 5
5
2 2 10
5
sec x 5 0
2 73 146 219 292 365
Given sec x 5 52 and 0 # x # 2p, the solutions to –10
–20
f) The equation 8 1 4 cot x 5 10 can be rewritten Day of the year
as follows:
First it’s necessary to find the first day when the
8 1 4 cot x 5 10
temperature is approximately 32°C. This can be
8 1 4 cot x 2 8 5 10 2 8
done as follows:
4 cot x 5 2
2p
4 cot x 2 32 5 228 cos d 1 10
5 365
4 4
2p
1 32 2 10 5 228 cos d 1 10 2 10
cot x 5 365
2
2p
Given cot x 5 12 and 0 # x # 2p, the solutions to 22 5 228 cos d
the equation must be x 5 1.11 or 4.25. 365
10. a) Given sin 2x 5 !2 1
and 0 # x # 2p, 2x must 22 228 2p
5 cos d
equal 0.79 1 2kp or 2.36 1 2kp. Therefore, the 228 228 365
solutions to the equation must be x 5 0.79 2p
2 5 0.39, 20.7857 5 cos d
2.36 365
2 5 1.18, 3.53, or 4.32.
b) Given sin 4x 5 12 and 0 # x # 2p, 4x must equal
cos21 (20.7857) 5 cos21 acos
2p
0.52 1 2kp or 2.62 1 2kp. Therefore, the solutions to db
365
the equation must be x 5 0.52 2.62
4 5 0.13, 4 5 0.65, 1.70, 2p
2.23, 3.27, 3.80, 4.84, and 5.37. 2.4746 5 d
365
c) Given sin 3x 5 2 !3 2 and 0 # x # 2p, 3x must

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:09 PM Page 37
365 2p 365 t 2 1 1 1 5 0.8596 1 1

2.4746 3 5 d3
2p 365 2p t 5 1.86
d 5 143.76 Since the first time when the nail is at the surface of the
Since the first day when the temperature is water is 1.86 s, and since the period of the function is
approximately 32 °C is day 144, and since the 8 s, the next time the nail is at the surface of the water
period of the function is 365 days, the other day is 6 2 1.86 5 4.14 s. Therefore, the nail is below the
when the temperature is approximately 32 °C is water when 1.86 s , t , 4.14 s. Since the cycle
365 2 144 5 221. Therefore, the temperature is repeats itself two more times in the first 24 s that the
approximately 32 °C or above from about day 144 to wheel is rotating, the nail is also below the water when
about day 221, and those are the days of the year 9.86 s , t , 12.14 and when 17.86 s , t , 20.14 s.
13. To solve sin Q x 1 R 5 !2 cos x for
p
when the air conditioners are running at the City Hall.
4
12. When graphed, the function modelling the
0 # x # 2p, graph the functions y 5 sin Q x 1 R
p
height of the nail above the surface of the water is 4
as follows: and y 5 !2 cos x on the same coordinate grid as
8 follows:
y
6 1
4 x
Height
2 0 p p 3p 2p
2 2
0 –1
4 8 12 16 20 24
–2 p
Since the graphs intersect when x 5 and when
4
–4 5p p 5p
Time (s) x5 , the solution to the equation is x 5 or .
4 4 4
First it’s necessary to find the first time when the 1
14. Given sin 2u 5 2 !2 and 0 # x # 2p, 2u must
nail is at the surface of the water. This can be done 5p 7p
equal 1 2pk or 1 2pk. Therefore, the
as follows: 4 4
p solutions to the equation must be
0 5 24 sin (t 2 1) 1 2.5
4 5p
1 2pk 5p
p u5 4
5 1 pk or
0 2 2.5 5 24 sin (t 2 1) 1 2.5 2 2.5 2 8
4
7p
p 1 2pk 7p
22.5 5 24 sin (t 2 1) 4
5 1 pk
4 2 8
22.5 24 p 5p 7p 13p 15p
5 sin (t 2 1) So the solution are , , , and . When
24 24 4 8 8 8 8
the solutions are plotted on the graph of the
p
0.625 5 sin (t 2 1) function y 5 sin 2u for 0 # u # 2p, the graph
4 appears as follows:
sin21 (0.625) 5 sin21 asin (t 2 1)b
p y
4 1.5
p 1.0 13p 2
0.6751 5 (t 2 1) 8 ,– 2
4 0.5
x
4 p 4
0.6751 3 5 (t 2 1) 3 0 p p 3p
p 4 p –0.5 2 2
t 2 1 5 0.8596 –1.0
5p 2 7p 2 15p 2
–1.5 8 , – 2 8,– 2 8 ,– 2

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/18/08 12:55 PM Page 38
15. The value of f(x) 5 sin x is the same at x 2 cos x 1

52
and p 2 x. In other words, it is the same at x 2 2
and half the period minus x. Since the period of 1
p cos x 5 2
f(x) 5 25 sin (x 1 20) 2 55 is 100, if the 2
50
function were not horizontally translated, its value at x The solutions to the equation cos x 5 2 12 occur at
would be the same as at 50 2 x. The function is 2p 4p
x5 1 2np or 1 2np, where nPI, since
horizontally translated 20 units to the left, however, 3 3
so it goes through half its period from x 5 220 to the period of the cosine function is 2p. Therefore, the
x 5 30. At x 5 3, the function is 23 units away solutions to the equation 2 sin x cos x 1 sin x 5 0
2p 4p
from the left end of the range, so it will have the are x 5 0 1 np, 1 2np, or 1 2np, where
3 3
same value at x 5 30 2 23 or x 5 7, which is nPI.
23 units away from the right end of the range. 18. a) Since sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u, the equation
16. To solve a trigonometric equation algebraically, sin 2x 2 2 cos2 x 5 0 can be rewritten as follows:
first isolate the trigonometric function on one side of sin 2x 2 2 cos2 x 5 0
the equation. For example, the trigonometric equation 2 sin x cos x 2 2 cos2 x 5 0
5 cos x 2 3 5 2 would become 5 cos x 5 5, which (2 cos x)(sin x 2 cos x) 5 0
would then become cos x 5 1. Next, apply the Since (2 cos x)(sin x 2 cos x) 5 0, either
inverse of the trigonometric function to both sides of 2 cos x 5 0 or sin x 2 cos x 5 0 (or both). If
the equation. For example, the trigonometric equation 2 cos x 5 0, x can be found by first rewriting the
cos x 5 1 would become x 5 cos21 1. Finally, equation as follows:
simplify the equation. For example, x 5 cos21 1 2 cos x 5 0
would become x 5 0 1 2np, where nPI. 2 cos x 0
To solve a trigonometric equation graphically, first 5
2 2
isolate the trigonometric function on one side of the
cos x 5 0
equation. For example, the trigonometric equation
The solutions to the equation cos x 5 0 occur at
5 cos x 2 3 5 2 would become 5 cos x 5 5, which p 3p
would then become cos x 5 1. Next, graph both x 5 or . If sin x 2 cos x 5 0, x can be found by
2 2
sides of the equation. For example, the functions first rewriting the equation as follows:
f(x) 5 cos x and f(x) 5 1 would both be graphed. sin x 2 cos x 5 0
Finally, find the points where the two graphs sin x 2 cos x 1 cos x 5 0 1 cos x
intersect. For example, f(x) 5 cos x and f(x) 5 1 sin x 5 cos x
would intersect at x 5 0 1 2np, where nPI. The solutions to the equation sin x 5 cos x occur
p 5p
Similarity: Both trigonometric functions are first at x 5 or . Therefore, the solutions to the
4 4
isolated on one side of the equation. p p 5p
Differences: The inverse of a trigonometric function is equation sin 2x 2 2 cos2 x 5 0 are x 5 , , ,
3p 4 2 4
not applied in the graphical method, and the points of or .
2
intersection are not obtained in the algebraic method.
b) Since cos 2u 5 1 2 2 sin2 u, the equation
17. To solve the trigonometric equation
3 sin x 1 cos 2x 5 2 can be rewritten as follows:
2 sin x cos x 1 sin x 5 0, first factor sin x from the
3 sin x 1 cos 2x 5 2
left side of the equation as follows:
3 sin x 1 1 2 2 sin2 x 5 2
2 sin x cos x 1 sin x 5 0
3 sin x 1 1 2 2 sin2 x 2 2 5 2 2 2
(sin x)(2 cos x 1 1) 5 0
3 sin x 2 1 2 2 sin2 x 5 0
Since (sin x)(2 cos x 1 1) 5 0, either sin x 5 0
22 sin2 x 1 3 sin x 2 1 5 0
or 2 cos x 1 1 5 0 (or both). If sin x 5 0, one
(21)(22 sin2 x 1 3 sin x 2 1) 5 (21)(0)
solution to the equation is x 5 0 1 np, where nPI.
2 sin2 x 2 3 sin x 1 1 5 0
If 2 cos x 1 1 5 0, x can be found by first rewriting
(2 sin x 2 1)(sin x 2 1) 5 0
the equation as follows:
Since (2 sin x 2 1)(sin x 2 1) 5 0, either
2 cos x 1 1 5 0
2 sin x 2 1 5 0 or sin x 2 1 5 0 (or both).
2 cos x 1 1 2 1 5 0 2 1
2 cos x 5 21

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/18/08 12:55 PM Page 39
If sin x 2 1 5 0, x can be found by first rewriting 2. a) The equation y 2 5 13 can be solved as follows:
the equation as follows: 1
2 sin x 2 1 5 0 y2 5
3
2 sin x 2 1 1 1 5 0 1 1
"y 2 5 6
1
2 sin x 5 1
2 sin x 1 Å3
5 1
2 2
Å3
y56
1
!3
sin x 5
2
y56
The solutions to the equation sin x 5 12 occur at 3
p 5p Likewise, the equation tan2 x 5 13 can be solved
x5 or . If sin x 2 1 5 0, x can be found by
6 6 as follows:
first rewriting the equation as follows:
1
sin x 2 1 5 0 tan2 x 5
3
sin x 2 1 1 1 5 0 1 1
"tan2 x 5 6
sin x 5 1 1
The solution to the equation sin x 5 1 occurs at Å3
p
x 5 . Therefore, the solutions to the equation 1
2
Å3
p p 5p tan x 5 6
3 sin x 1 cos 2x 5 2 are x 5 , , or .
!3
6 2 6
tan x 5 6
7.6 Solving Quadratic Trigonometric 3
The solutions to the equation tan x 5 6 !3 3 occur
Equations, pp. 435–437
p 5p 7p 11p
1. a) The expression sin2 u 2 sin u can be factored at x 5 , , , or .
6 6 6 6
as follows: b) The equation y 2 1 y 5 0 can be solved as
sin2 u 2 sin u follows:
(sin u)(sin u 2 1) y2 1 y 5 0
b) The expression cos2 u 2 2 cos u 1 1 can be (y)(y 1 1) 5 0
factored as follows: Since (y)(y 1 1) 5 0, either y 5 0 or y 1 1 5 0
cos2 u 2 2 cos u 1 1 (or both). If y 1 1 5 0, y can be solved for as
(cos u 2 1)(cos u 2 1) follows:
c) The expression 3 sin2 u 2 sin u 2 2 can be y1150
factored as follows: y11215021
(3 sin u 1 2)(sin u 2 1) y 5 21
d) The expression 4 cos2 u 2 1 can be factored as Therefore, the solutions to the equation y 2 1 y 5 0
follows: are y 5 0 or y 5 21. Likewise, the equation
4 cos2 u 2 1 sin2 x 1 sin x 5 0 can be solved as follows:
(2 cos u 2 1)(2 cos u 1 1) sin2 x 1 sin x 5 0
e) The expression 24 sin2 x 2 2 sin x 2 2 can be (sin x)(sin x 1 1) 5 0
factored as follows: Since (sin x)(sin x 1 1) 5 0, either sin x 5 0 or
24 sin2 x 2 2 sin x 2 2 sin x 1 1 5 0 (or both). The solutions to the
(6 sin x 2 2)(4 sin x 1 1) equation sin x 5 0 occur at x 5 0, p, or 2p. If
f) The expression 49 tan2 x 2 64 can be factored as sin x 1 1 5 0, x can be solved for as follows:
follows: sin x 1 1 5 0
49 tan2 x 2 64 sin x 1 1 2 1 5 0 2 1
(7 tan x 1 8)(7 tan x 2 8) sin x 5 21
The solution to the equation sin x 5 21 occurs
3p
at x 5 , so the solutions to the equation
2
2 3p
sin x 1 sin x 5 0 are x 5 0, p, , or 2p.
2
08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/18/08 12:55 PM Page 40
c) The equation y 2 2yz 5 0 can be solved as tan x sec x 2 tan x 5 0

follows: (tan x)(sec x 2 1) 5 0
y 2 2yz 5 0 Since (tan x)(sec x 2 1) 5 0, either tan x 5 0 or
(y)(1 2 2z) 5 0 sec x 2 1 5 0 (or both). The solutions to the equation
Since (y)(1 2 2z) 5 0, either y 5 0 or 1 2 2z 5 0 tan x 5 0 occur at x 5 0, p, or 2p. If sec x 2 1 5 0,
(or both). If 1 2 2z 5 0, z can be solved for as x can be solved for as follows:
follows: sec x 2 1 5 0
1 2 2z 5 0 sec x 2 1 1 1 5 0 1 1
1 2 2z 1 2z 5 0 1 2z sec x 5 1
1 5 2z The solutions to the equation sec x 5 1 occur at
1 2z x 5 0 or 2p, so the solutions to the equation
5
2 2 (tan x)(sec x 2 1) 5 0 are x 5 0, p, or 2p.
1 3. a) The equation 6y 2 2 y 2 1 5 0 can be solved
z5 as follows:
2
Likewise, the equation cos x 2 2 cos x sin x 5 0 6y 2 2 y 2 1 5 0
can be solved as follows: (2y 2 1)(3y 1 1) 5 0
cos x 2 2 cos x sin x 5 0 Since (2y 2 1)(3y 1 1) 5 0, either 2y 2 1 5 0 or
(cos x)(1 2 2 sin x) 5 0 3y 1 1 5 0 (or both). If 2y 2 1 5 0, y can be
Since (cos x)(1 2 2 sin x) 5 0, either cos x 5 0 or solved for as follows:
1 2 2 sin x 5 0 (or both). The solutions to the 2y 2 1 5 0
p 3p 2y 2 1 1 1 5 0 1 1
equation cos x 5 0 occur at x 5 or . If 2y 5 1
2 2
1 2 2 sin x 5 0, x can be solved for as follows: 2y 1
5
1 2 2 sin x 5 0 2 2
1 2 2 sin x 1 2 sin x 5 0 1 2 sin x 1
1 5 2 sin x y5
2
1 2 sin x If 3y 1 1 5 0, y can be solved for as follows:
5
2 2 3y 1 1 5 0
1 3y 1 1 2 1 5 0 2 1
sin x 5
2 3y 5 21
The solutions to the equation sin x 5 12 occur at 3y 1
p 5p
52
x5 or , so the solutions to the equation 3 3
6 6 1
p p 5p 3p y52
cos x 2 2 cos x sin x 5 0 are x 5 , , , or . 3
6 2 6 2
d) The equation yz 5 y can be solved as follows: Therefore, the solutions to the equation
yz 5 y 6y 2 2 y 2 1 5 0 are y 5 12 or 2 13.
yz 2 y 5 y 2 y b) The equation 6 cos2 x 2 cos x 2 1 5 0 for
yz 2 y 5 0 0 # x # 2p can be solved as follows:
(y)(z 2 1) 5 0
Since (y)(z 2 1) 5 0, either y 5 0 or z 2 1 5 0 6 cos2 x 2 cos x 2 1 5 0
(or both). If z 2 1 5 0, z can be solved for as (2 cos x 2 1)(3 cos x 1 1) 5 0
follows: Since (2 cos x 2 1)(3 cos x 1 1) 5 0, either
z2150 2 cos x 2 1 5 0 or 3 cos x 1 1 5 0 (or both). If
z21115011 2 cos x 2 1 5 0, x can be solved for as follows:
z51 2 cos x 2 1 5 0
Therefore, the solutions to the equation yz 5 y 2 cos x 2 1 1 1 5 0 1 1
are y 5 0 or z 5 1. Likewise, the equation
tan x sec x 5 tan x can be solved as follows:
tan x sec x 5 tan x
tan x sec x 2 tan x 5 tan x 2 tan x
08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/18/08 12:55 PM Page 41
2 cos x 5 1 1
cos u 5 6
2 cos x 1 2
5
2 2 The solutions to the equation cos u 5 612 occur at
1 u 5 60°, 120°, 240°, or 300°.
cos x 5
2 e) The equation 3 tan2 u 5 1 can be solved as
The solutions to the equation cos x 5 12 occur at follows:
x 5 1.05 or 5.24. If 3 cos x 1 1 5 0, x can be 3 tan2 u 5 1
solved for as follows: 3 tan2 u 1
5
3 cos x 1 1 5 0 3 3
3 cos x 1 1 2 1 5 0 2 1 1
tan2 u 5
3 cos x 5 21 3
3 cos x 1
"tan2 u 5 6
52 1
3 3 Å3
!3
1
cos x 5 2
3 tan u 5 6
The solutions to the equation cos x 5 2 13 occur at 3
x 5 1.91 or 4.37. Therefore, the solutions to the The solutions to the equation tan u 5 6 !3 3 occur
equation 6 cos2 x 2 cos x 2 1 5 0 are x 5 1.05, at u 5 30°, 150°, 210°, or 330°.
1.91, 4.37, or 5.24. f) The equation 2 sin2 u 5 1 can be solved as follows:
4. a) The equation sin2 u 5 1 can be solved as 2 sin2 u 5 1
follows: 2 sin2 u 1
sin2 u 5 1 5
2 2
"sin2 u 5 6 !1 1
sin u 5 61 sin2 u 5
2
The solutions to the equation sin u 5 61 occur at
"sin2 u 5 6
1
Å2
u 5 90° or 270°.
b) The equation cos2 u 5 1 can be solved as follows:
cos2 u 5 1 !2
sin u 5 6
"cos2 u 5 6 !1 2
cos u 5 61 The solutions to the equation sin u 5 6 !2 2 occur at
The solutions to the equation cos u 5 61 occur at u 5 45°, 135°, 225°, or 315°.
u 5 0°, 180°, or 360°. 5. a) Since sin x cos x 5 0, either sin x 5 0 or
c) The equation tan2 u 5 1 can be solved as follows: cos x 5 0 (or both). If sin x 5 0, the solutions
tan2 u 5 1 for x occur at x 5 0°, 180°, or 360°. If cos x 5 0,
"tan2 u 5 6 !1
the solutions for x occur at x 5 90° or 270°.
Therefore, the solutions to the equation occur at
tan u 5 61
x 5 0°, 90°, 180°, 270°, or 360°.
The solutions to the equation tan u 5 61 occur at
b) Since sin x(cos x 2 1) 5 0, either sin x 5 0
u 5 45°, 135°, 225°, or 315°.
or cos x 2 1 5 0 (or both). If sin x 5 0, the
d) The equation 4 cos2 u 5 1 can be solved as
solutions for x occur at x 5 0°, 180°, or 360°. If
follows:
cos x 2 1 5 0, x can be solved for as follows:
4 cos2 u 5 1
cos x 2 1 5 0
4 cos2 u 1
5 cos x 2 1 1 1 5 0 1 1
4 4 cos x 5 1
1 The solutions to the equation cos x 5 1 occur at
cos2 u 5
4 x 5 0° or 360°. Therefore, the solutions to the
"cos2 u 5 6
1 equation sin x(cos x 2 1) 5 0 occur at x 5 0°,
Å4 180°, or 360°.

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/18/08 12:55 PM Page 42
c) Since (sin x 1 1) cos x 5 0, either sin x 1 1 5 0 !2 sin x 1

!2 !2
or cos x 5 0 (or both). If sin x 1 1 5 0, x can be 52
solved for as follows:
1
sin x 1 1 5 0
!2
sin x 5 2
sin x 1 1 2 1 5 0 2 1
sin x 5 21 !2
sin x 5 2
The solution to the equation sin x 5 21 occurs at 2
x 5 270°. If cos x 5 0, the solutions for x occur at The solutions to the equation sin x 5 2 "22 occur
x 5 90° or 270°. Therefore, the solutions to the at x 5 225° or 315°. Therefore, the solutions to the
equation (sin x 1 1) cos x 5 0 occur at x 5 90°
equation ("2 sin x 2 1)("2 sin x 1 1) 5 0 occur
or 270°.
d) Since cos x (2 sin x 2 !3) 5 0, either cos x 5 0
at x 5 45°, 135°, 225°, or 315°.
f) Since (sin x 2 1)(cos x 1 1) 5 0, either
or 2 sin x 2 !3 5 0 (or both). If cos x 5 0, the sin x 2 1 5 0 or cos x 1 1 5 0 (or both). If
solutions for x occur at x 5 90° or 270°. If sin x 2 1 5 0, x can be solved for as follows:
2 sin x 2 !3 5 0, x can be solved for as follows: sin x 2 1 5 0
2 sin x 2 !3 5 0 sin x 2 1 1 1 5 0 1 1
2 sin x 2 !3 1 !3 5 0 1 !3
sin x 5 1
The solution to the equation sin x 5 1 occurs at
2 sin x 5 !3 x 5 90°. If cos x 1 1 5 0, x can be solved for as
2 sin x !3 follows:
5
2 2 cos x 1 1 5 0
!3 cos x 1 1 2 1 5 0 2 1
sin x 5 cos x 5 21
2
The solution to the equation cos x 5 21 occurs at
The solutions to the equation sin x 5 !32 occur at x 5 180°. Therefore, the solutions to the equation
x 5 60° and 120°. Therefore, the solutions to the (sin x 2 1)(cos x 1 1) 5 0 occur at x 5 90°
equation cos x(2 sin x 2 !3) 5 0 occur at x 5 60°, or 180°.
90°, 120°, or 270°. 6. a) Since (2 sin x 2 1) cos x 5 0, either
e) Since ( !2 sin x 2 1)( !2 sin x 1 1) 5 0, either 2 sin x 2 1 5 0 or cos x 5 0. If 2 sin x 2 1 5 0,
!2 sin x 2 1 5 0 or !2 sin x 1 1 5 0 (or both). If x can be solved for as follows:
2 sin x 2 1 5 0
!2 sin x 2 1 5 0, x can be solved for as follows: 2 sin x 2 1 1 1 5 0 1 1
!2 sin x 2 1 5 0 2 sin x 5 1
!2 sin x 2 1 1 1 5 0 1 1 2 sin x
5
1
!2 sin x 5 1 2 2
!2 sin x
1
1 sin x 5
!2 !2
5 2
The solutions to the equation sin x 5 12 occur at
1 p 5p
x5 or . Also, the solutions to the equation
!2
sin x 5 6 6
p 3p
!2 cos x 5 0 occur at x 5
2
or
2
. Therefore, the
sin x 5
2 solutions to the equation (2 sin x 2 1) cos x 5 0
The solutions to the equation sin x 5 !22 occur at occur at x 5 , ,
p p 5p
, or
3p
.
x 5 45° or 135°. If !2 sin x 1 1 5 0, x can be
6 2 6 2
b) Since (sin x 1 1)2 5 0, sin x 1 1 5 0, so x can
solved for as follows:
be solved for as follows:
!2 sin x 1 1 5 0 sin x 1 1 5 0
!2 sin x 1 1 2 1 5 0 2 1 sin x 1 1 2 1 5 0 2 1
!2 sin x 5 21 sin x 5 21

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 7:27 PM Page 43
The solution to the equation sin x 5 21 occurs at e) Since ( !2 cos x 2 1)( !2 cos x 1 1) 5 0, either
!2 cos x 2 1 5 0 or !2 cos x 1 1 5 0 (or both).
3p
x 5 , so the solution to the equation
2
(sin x 1 1)2 5 0 occurs at x 5
3p
. If !2 cos x 2 1 5 0, x can be solved for as follows:
!2 cos x 2 1 5 0
2
c) Since (2 cos x 1 !3) sin x 5 0, either
2 cos x 1 !3 5 0 or sin x 5 0 (or both). If !2 cos x 2 1 1 1 5 0 1 1
2 cos x 1 !3 5 0, x can be solved for as follows: !2 cos x 5 1
2 cos x 1 !3 5 0 !2 cos x 1
!2 !2
5
2 cos x 1 !3 2 !3 5 0 2 !3
2 cos x 5 2 !3 1
!2
cos x 5
2 cos x "3
2
52
2 !2
cos x 5
!3 2
The solutions to the equation cos x 5 !2
cos x 5 2
2 2 occur at
The solutions to the equation cos x 5 2 !3
2 occur x5
p
or . If !2 cos x 1 1 5 0, x can be solved
7p
5p 7p 4 4
at x 5 or . Also, the solutions to the equation for as follows:
!2 cos x 1 1 5 0
6 6
sin x 5 0 occur at x 5 0, p, or 2p. Therefore, the
solutions to the equation (2 cos x 1 !3) sin x 5 0 !2 cos x 1 1 2 1 5 0 2 1
5p 7p !2 cos x 5 21
occur at x 5 0,
6
, p, ,
6
or 2p. !2 cos x 1
d) Since (2 cos x 2 1)(2 sin x 1 !3) 5 0, either !2 !2
52
2 cos x 2 1 5 0 or 2 sin x 1 !3 5 0. If 1
!2
cos x 5 2
2 cos x 2 1 5 0, x can be solved for as follows:
2 cos x 2 1 5 0 !2
cos x 5 2
2 cos x 2 1 1 1 5 0 1 1 2
2 cos x 5 1 The solutions to the equation cos x 5 2 !2
2 occur
2 cos x 1 3p 5p
5 at x 5 or . Therefore, the solutions to the
2 2 4 4
1 equation ( !2 cos x 2 1)( !2 cos x 1 1) 5 0 occur
cos x 5 p 3p 5p 7p
2 at x 5 , , , or .
The solutions to the equation cos x 5 12 occur at 4 4 4 4
x 5 or . If 2 sin x 1 !3 5 0, x can be solved

p 5p f) Since (sin x 1 1)(cos x 2 1) 5 0, either
3 3 sin x 1 1 5 0 or cos x 2 1 5 0 (or both). If
for as follows:
2 sin x 1 !3 5 0
sin x 1 1 5 0, x can be solved for as follows:
sin x 1 1 5 0
2 sin x 1 !3 2 !3 5 0 2 !3 sin x 1 1 2 1 5 0 2 1
2 sin x 5 2 !3 sin x 5 21
2 sin x !3 The solution to the equation sin x 5 21 occurs at
52 3p
2 2 x 5 . If cos x 2 1 5 0, x can be solved for as
!3
2
follows:
sin x 5 2
2 cos x 2 1 5 0
The solutions to the equation sin x 5 2 !3
2 occur
cos x 2 1 1 1 5 0 1 1
4p 5p cos x 5 1
at x 5 or . Therefore, the solutions to the
3 3
equation (2 cos x 2 1)(2 sin x 1 !3) 5 0 occur at
p 4p 5p
x5 , , or .
3 3 3

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/18/08 12:55 PM Page 44
The solutions to the equation cos x 5 1 occur at The solution to the equation sin u 5 21 occurs at
x 5 0 or 2p. Therefore, the solutions to the equation 3p
x5 . Therefore, the solutions to the equation
3p 2
(sin x 1 1)(cos x 2 1) 5 0 occur at x 5 0, , p 5p 3p
2 2 sin2 u 5 1 2 sin u occur at u 5 , , or .
6 6 2
or 2p.
c) The equation cos2 u 5 2 1 cos u can be rewritten
7. a) Since 2 cos2 u 1 cos u 2 1 5 0,
and factored as follows:
(2 cos u 2 1)(cos u 1 1) 5 0. For this reason,
cos2 u 5 2 1 cos u
either 2 cos u 2 15 0 or cos u 1 1 5 0 (or both). 2
cos u 2 2 2 cos u 5 2 1 cos u 2 2 2 cos u
If 2 cos u 2 1 5 0, u can be solved for as follows:
cos2 u 2 cos u 2 2 5 0
2 cos u 2 1 5 0
(cos u 2 2)(cos u 1 1) 5 0
2 cos u 2 1 1 1 5 0 1 1
Since (cos u 2 2)(cos u 1 1) 5 0, either
2 cos u 5 1
cos u 2 2 5 0 or cos u 1 1 5 0. If cos u 2 2 5 0,
2 cos u 1
5 the equation can be rewritten as follows:
2 2 cos u 2 2 5 0
1 cos u 2 2 1 2 5 0 1 2
cos u 5
2 cos u 5 2
The solutions to the equation cos u 5 12 occur at Since cos u can never equal 2, the factor cos u 2 2
p 5p can be ignored. If cos u 1 1 5 0, u can be solved
u5 or . If cos u 1 1 5 0, u can be solved for
3 3 for as follows:
as follows:
cos u 1 1 5 0
cos u 1 1 5 0
cos u 1 1 2 1 5 0 2 1
cos u 1 1 2 1 5 0 2 1
cos u 5 21
cos u 5 21
The solution to the equation cos u 5 21 occurs at
The solution to the equation cos u 5 21 occurs at
u 5 p. Therefore, the solution to the equation
u 5 p. Therefore, the solutions to the equation
p 5p cos2 u 5 2 1 cos u occurs at u 5 p.
2 cos2 u 1 cos u 2 1 5 0 occur at u 5 , p, or . d) Since 2 sin2 u 1 5 sin u 2 3 5 0,
3 3
2
b) The equation 2 sin u 5 1 2 sin u can be rewritten (2 sin u 2 1)(sin u 1 3) 5 0. For this reason, either
and factored as follows: 2 sin u 2 1 5 0 or sin u 1 3 5 0. If 2 sin u 2 1 5 0,
2 sin2 u 5 1 2 sin u u can be solved for as follows:
2
2 sin u 2 1 1 sin u 5 1 2 sin u 2 1 1 sin u 2 sin u 2 1 5 0
2 sin2 u 1 sin u 2 1 5 0 2 sin u 2 1 1 1 5 0 1 1
(2 sin u 2 1)(sin u 1 1) 5 0 2 sin u 5 1
Since (2 sin u 2 1)(sin u 1 1) 5 0, either 2 sin u 1
5
2 sin u 2 1 5 0 or sin u 1 1 5 0 (or both). If 2 2
2 sin u 2 1 5 0, u can be solved for as follows: 1
sin u 5
2 sin u 2 1 5 0 2
2 sin u 2 1 1 1 5 0 1 1 The solutions to the equation sin u 5 12 occur at
2 sin u 5 1 p 5p
u5 or . If sin u 1 3 5 0, the equation can be
2 sin u 1 6 6
5 rewritten as follows:
2 2
sin u 1 3 5 0
1
sin u 5 sin u 1 3 2 3 5 0 2 3
2
sin u 5 23
The solutions to the equation sin u 5 12 occur at
Since sin u can never equal 23, the factor sin u 1 3
p 5p
u5 or . If sin u 1 1 5 0, u can be solved for can be ignored. Therefore, the solutions to the
6 6 p
as follows: equation 2 sin2 u 1 5 sin u 2 3 5 0 occur at u 5
6
sin u 1 1 5 0 or
5p
.
sin u 1 1 2 1 5 0 2 1 6
sin u 5 21

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:09 PM Page 45
e) The equation 3 tan2 u 2 2 tan u 5 1 can be The solutions to the equation sin u 5 23 occur at
rewritten and factored as follows: u 5 0.73 or 2.41. Therefore, the solutions to the
3 tan2 u 2 2 tan u 5 1 equation 12 sin2 u 1 sin u 2 6 5 0 occur at
3 tan2 u 2 2 tan u 2 1 5 1 2 1 u 5 0.73, 2.41, 3.99, or 5.44.
3 tan2 u 2 2 tan u 2 1 5 0 8. a) Since sec x csc x 2 2 csc x 5 0,
(3 tan u 1 1)(tan u 2 1) 5 0 (csc x) (sec x 2 2) 5 0. For this reason, either
Since (3 tan u 1 1)(tan u 2 1) 5 0, either csc x 5 0 or sec x 2 2 5 0. Since csc x can never
3 tan u1 1 5 0 or tan u 2 1 5 0 (or both). If equal 0, the factor csc x can be ignored. If
3 tan u 1 1 5 0, u can be solved for as follows: sec x 2 2 5 0, x can be solved for as follows:
3 tan u 1 1 5 0 sec x 2 2 5 0
3 tan u 1 1 2 1 5 0 2 1 sec x 2 2 1 2 5 0 1 2
3 tan u 5 21 sec x 5 2
3 tan u 1 The solutions to the equation sec x 5 2 occur at
52
3 3 p 5p
x5 or . Therefore, the solutions to the equation
1 3 3
tan u 5 2 p 5p
3 sec x csc x 2 2 csc x 5 0 occur at x 5 or .
3 3
The solutions to the equation tan u 5 2 13 occur at b) Since 3 sec2 x 2 4 5 0,
u 5 2.81 or 5.96. If tan u 2 1 5 0, u can be solved ( !3 sec x 2 2) (!3 sec x 1 2) 5 0. For this reason,
for as follows: either !3 sec x 2 2 5 0 or !3 sec x 1 2 5 0
tan u 2 1 5 0 (or both). If !3 sec x 2 2 5 0, x can be solved for
tan u 2 1 1 1 5 0 1 1 as follows:
tan u 5 1 !3 sec x 2 2 5 0
!3 sec x 2 2 1 2 5 0 1 2
The solutions to the equation tan u 5 1 occur at
p 5p
!3 sec x 5 2
u5 or . Therefore, the solutions to the equation
4 4
!3 sec x
p 5p
3 tan2 u 2 2 tan u 5 1 occur at u 5 , 2.82, , 2
!3 !3
or 5.96.
4 4 5
f) Since 12 sin2 u 1 sin u 2 6 5 0,
2
!3
(4 sin u 1 3) (3 sin u 2 2) 5 0. For this reason, sec x 5
either 4 sin u 1 3 5 0 or 3 sin u 2 2 5 0 (or both).
If 4 sin u 1 3 5 0, u can be solved for as follows: 2 !3
sec x 5
4 sin u 1 3 5 0 3
4 sin u 1 3 2 3 5 0 2 3 The solutions to the equation sec x 5 2"3
3 occur at
If !3 sec x 1 2 5 0, x can be solved

4 sin u 5 23 p 11p
x5 or .
4 sin u 3 6 6
52 for as follows:
4 4
3 !3 sec x 1 2 5 0
sin u 5 2
4 !3 sec x 1 2 2 2 5 0 2 2
The solutions to the equation sin u 5 2 34 occur at !3 sec x 5 22
!3 sec x
u 5 3.99 or 5.44. If 3 sin u 2 2 5 0, u can be solved
2
for as follows:
!3 !3
52
3 sin u 2 2 5 0
3 sin u 2 2 1 2 5 0 1 2 2
!3
sec x 5 2
3 sin u 5 2
3 sin u 2 2!3
5 sec x 5 2
2 3 3
2
sin u 5 The solutions to the equation sec x 5 2 2"3
3 occur
3

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/18/08 12:55 PM Page 46
at x 5
5p
or
7p
. Therefore, the solutions to the csc x 1 !2 5 0. The solutions to the equation
If csc x 2 !2 5 0,
6 6 p 3p
2 p 5p 7p cot x 5 0 occur at x 5 or .
equation 3 sec x 2 4 5 0 occur at x5 , , , 2 2
6 6 6 x can be solved for as follows:
11p
csc x 2 !2 5 0
or .
c) Since 2 sin x sec x 2 2 !3 sin x 5 0,
6
csc x 2 !2 1 !2 5 0 1 !2
(sin x) (2 sec x 2 2 !3) 5 0. For this reason,
either sin x 5 0 or 2 sec x 2 2 !3 5 0 (or both). csc x 5 !2
The solutions to the equation sin x 5 0 occur at The solutions to the equation csc x 5 !2 occur at
If csc x 1 !2 5 0, x can be solved for
x 5 0, p, or 2p. If 2 sec x 2 2!3 5 0, x can be p 3p
x5 or .
solved for as follows: 4 4
2 sec x 2 2 !3 5 0
as follows:
csc x 1 !2 5 0
2 sec x 2 2 !3 1 2 !3 5 0 1 2 !3
csc x 1 !2 2 !2 5 0 2 !2
2 sec x 5 2 !3
csc x 5 2 !2
2 sec x 2 !3 The solutions to the equation csc x 5 2 !2 occur at
5
2 2 5p 7p
sec x 5 !3
4 4
The solutions to the equation sec x 5 !3 occur at p p 3p 5p 3p
cot x csc2 x 5 2 cot x occur at x 5 , , , ,
4 2 4 4 2
x 5 0.96 or 5.33. Therefore, the solutions to the 7p
or .
equation 2 sin x sec x 2 2!3 sin x 5 0 occur at 4
x 5 0, 0.96, p, 5.33, or 2p. f) Since 3 tan3 x 2 tan x 5 0,
(tan x)( !3 tan x 2 1)( !3 tan x 1 1) 5 0. For
d) To solve the equation 2 cot x 1 sec2 x 5 0, graph
the function y 5 2 cot x 1 sec2 x as follows:
this reason, either tan x 5 0, !3 tan x 2 1 5 0, or
y
10 !3 tan x 1 1 5 0. The solutions to the equation
8 tan x 5 0 occur at x 5 0, p, and 2p. If
6 !3 tan x 2 1 5 0, x can be solved for as follows:
4 !3 tan x 2 1 5 0
2
x !3 tan x 2 1 1 1 5 0 1 1
0 p p 3p !3 tan x 5 1
–2 2 2 !3 tan x 1
–4
!3 !3
5
3p 1
Since the graph intersects the x-axis at x 5 and
!3
4 tan x 5
7p
4
, the solutions to the equation 2 cot x 1 sec2 x 5 0 !3
3p 7p tan x 5
occur at x 5 or . 3
The solutions to the equation tan x 5 "3
4 4
3 occur at
e) The equation cot x csc2 x 5 2 cot x can be
If !3 tan x 1 1 5 0, x can be solved
p 7p
rewritten and factored as follows: x5 or .
6 6
cot x csc2 x 5 2 cot x for as follows:
!3 tan x 1 1 5 0
2
cot x csc x 2 2 cot x 5 2 cot x 2 2 cot x
cot x csc2 x 2 2 cot x 5 0
!3 tan x 1 1 2 1 5 0 2 1
(cot x)(csc x 2 !2)(csc x 1 !2) 5 0
!3 tan x 5 21
Since (cot x)(csc x 2 !2)(csc x 1 !2) 5 0,
!3 tan x
either cot x 5 0, csc x 2 !2 5 0, or
1
!3 !3
52

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:09 PM Page 47
1 20 cos2 x 2 10 2 8 cos x 1 1 5 0
!3
tan x 5 2
20 cos2 x 2 8 cos x 2 9 5 0
!3 (10 cos x 2 9)(2 cos x 1 1) 5 0
tan x 5 2 For this reason, either 10 cos x 2 9 5 0 or
3
2 cos x 1 1 5 0 (or both). If 10 cos x 2 9 5 0,
The solutions to the equation tan x 5 "3
3 occur x can be solved for as follows:
5p 11p 10 cos x 2 9 5 0
at x 5 or . Therefore, the solutions to the
6 6 10 cos x 2 9 1 9 5 0 1 9
3 p
equation 3 tan x 2 tan x 5 0 occur at x 5 0, , 10 cos x 5 9
5p 7p 11p 6
, p, , , or 2p. 10 cos x 9
6 6 6 5
10 10
9. a) Since cos 2u 5 2 cos2 u 2 1, the equation
9
5 cos 2x 2 cos x 1 3 5 0 can be rewritten and cos x 5
factored as follows: 10
5 cos 2x 2 cos x 1 3 5 0 The solutions to the equation cos x 5 109 occur at
(5)(2 cos2 x 2 1) 2 cos x 1 3 5 0 x 5 0.45 or 5.83. If 2 cos x 1 1 5 0, x can be solved
10 cos2 x 2 5 2 cos x 1 3 5 0 for as follows:
10 cos2 x 2 cos x 2 2 5 0 2 cos x 1 1 5 0
(5 cos x 1 2)(2 cos x 2 1) 5 0 2 cos x 1 1 2 1 5 0 2 1
For this reason, either 5 cos x 1 2 5 0 or 2 cos x 5 21
2 cos x 2 1 5 0 (or both). If 5 cos x 1 2 5 0, x can 2 cos x 1
52
be solved for as follows: 2 2
5 cos x 1 2 5 0 1
cos x 5 2
5 cos x 1 2 2 2 5 0 2 2 2
5 cos x 5 22 The solutions to the equation cos x 5 2 12 occur at
5 cos x 2 2p 4p
52 x5 or. Therefore, the solutions to the equation
3 3
5 5 2p
2 10 cos 2x 2 8 cos x 1 1 5 0 occur at x 5 0.45, ,
3
cos x 5 2 4p
, or 5.83.
5 3
The solutions to the equation cos x 5 2 25 occur at c) Since cos 2u 5 1 2 2 sin2 u, the equation
x 5 1.98 or 4.30. 4 cos 2x 1 10 sin x 2 7 5 0 can be rewritten and
If 2 cos x 2 1 5 0, x can be solved for as follows: factored as follows:
2 cos x 2 1 5 0 4 cos 2x 1 10 sin x 2 7 5 0
2 cos x 2 1 1 1 5 0 1 1 (4)(1 2 2 sin2 x) 1 10 sin x 2 7 5 0
2 cos x 5 1 4 2 8 sin2 x 1 10 sin x 2 7 5 0
2 cos x 1 28 sin2 x 1 10 sin x 2 3 5 0
5
2 2 (21)(28 sin2 x 1 10 sin x 2 3) 5 (21)(0)
1 8 sin2 x 2 10 sin x 1 3 5 0
cos x 5
2 (4 sin x 2 3)(2 sin x 2 1) 5 0
The solutions to the equation cos x 5 12 occur at For this reason, either 4 sin x 2 3 5 0 or
p 5p 2 sin x 2 1 5 0 (or both). If 4 sin x 2 3 5 0, x can
3 3 p be solved for as follows:
5 cos 2x 2 cos x 1 3 5 0 occur at x 5 , 1.98, 4 sin x 2 3 5 0
5p 3
4.30, or . 4 sin x 2 3 1 3 5 0 1 3
3
4 sin x 5 3
b) Since cos 2u 5 2 cos2 u 2 1, the equation
4 sin x 3
10 cos 2x 2 8 cos x 1 1 5 0 can be rewritten and 5
4 4
factored as follows:
3
10 cos 2x 2 8 cos x 1 1 5 0 sin x 5
(10)(2 cos2 x 2 1) 2 8 cos x 1 1 5 0 4

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/18/08 12:55 PM Page 48
The solutions to the equation sin x 5 34 occur at 2b 6 "b 2 2 4ac

x 5 0.85 or 2.29. If 2 sin x 2 1 5 0, x can be solved u5
2a
2 (28) 6 "(28)2 2 4(8)(1)
for as follows:
2 sin x 2 1 5 0 5
2(8)
2 sin x 2 1 1 1 5 0 1 1
2 sin x 5 1 8 6 !64 2 32
5
2 sin x 1 16
8 6 !32
5
2 2
5
1 16
sin x 5
2 8 6 4 !2
The solutions to the equation sin x 5 12 occur at 5
16
p
2 6 !2
5p
6 6 p 5
4 cos 2x 1 10 sin x 2 7 5 0 occur at x 5 , 0.85, 4
6
5p 5 0.1464 or 0.8536
, or 2.29. Since u 5 0.1464 or 0.8536, sin x 5 0.1464 or
6
d) Since cos 2u 5 1 2 2 sin2 u, the equation 0.8536. If sin x 5 0.1464, x 5 0.15 or 2.99. If
22 cos 2x 5 2 sin x can be rewritten and factored sin x 5 0.8536, x 5 1.02 or 2.12. Therefore, the
as follows: solutions to the equation 8 sin2 x 2 8 sin x 1 1 5 0
22 cos 2x 5 2 sin x occur at x 5 0.15, 1.02, 2.12, or 2.99.
(22)(1 2 2 sin2 x) 5 2 sin x 11. Since the solutions of the quadratic trigonometric
p p 7p
22 1 4 sin2 x 5 2 sin x equation cot2 x 2 b cot x 1 c 5 0 are , , , and
6 4 6
22 1 4 sin2 x 2 2 sin x 5 2 sin x 2 2 sin x 5p
4 sin2 x 2 2 sin x 2 2 5 0 , the cotangent of these solutions must be found.
4
is !3, while the
(2)(2 sin x 1 1)(sin x 2 1) 5 0 p 7p
The cotangent of both and
For this reason, either 2 sin x 1 1 5 0 or p
6
5p
6
sin x 2 1 5 0 (or both). If 2 sin x 1 1 5 0, x can cotangent of both and is 1. For this reason,
4 4
be solved for as follows: cot x 5 !3 and cot x 5 1, so cot x 2 !3 5 0
and cot x 2 1 5 0. If the factors cot x 2 !3
2 sin x 1 1 5 0
2 sin x 1 1 2 1 5 0 2 1
and cot x 2 1 are multiplied together as follows,
2 sin x 5 21
the quadratic trigonometric equation
2 sin x 1
52 cot2 x 2 b cot x 1 c 5 0 is formed:
2 2 (cot x 2 !3)(cot x 2 1) 5 0
cot x 2 !3 cot x 2 cot x 1 (21)(2 !3) 5 0
1
sin x 5 2 2
2
The solutions to the equation sin x 5 2 12 occur at cot2 x 2 (1 1 !3) cot x 1 !3 5 0
x5
7p
or
11p
. If sin x 2 1 5 0, x can be solved Therefore, b 5 1 1 !3 and c 5 !3.
6 6 12. It’s clear from the graph that the quadratic
for as follows: trigonometric equation sin2 x 2 c 5 0 has solutions
sin x 2 1 5 0 p 3p 5p 7p
sin x 2 1 1 1 5 0 1 1 at x 5 , , , and , so the sine of these
4 4 4 4
sin x 5 1 p 3p
solutions must be found. The sine of both and
The solution to the equation sin x 5 1 occurs at 4 4
!2
is 2 !2
p 5p 7p
x 5 . Therefore, the solutions to the equation is 2 , while the sine of both and 2 .
2 4 4
22 cos 2x 5 2 sin x occur at x 5 ,
p 7p
, or
11p
. For this reason, sin x 5 !2 !2
2 and sin x 5 2 2 , so
sin x 2 !2 !2
2 6 6
10. To solve the equation 8 sin2 x 2 8 sin x 1 1 5 0, 2 5 0 and sin x 1 2 5 0. If the factors
first substitute u for sin x. The equation then becomes sin x 2 !2 !2

2 and sin x 1 2 are multiplied together
8u2 2 8u 1 1. Next, use the quadratic formula to
solve for u as follows:

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/18/08 12:55 PM Page 49
as follows, the quadratic trigonometric equation p p 2p 2p 4p 4p 5p

d, ; ,d, ; ,d, ; ,d, ;
sin2 x 2 c 5 0 is formed: 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
!2 !2
5p p
d . . First, the region d , can be tested by
asin x 2 b asin x 1 b50 3 3
finding h Q R as follows:
2 2 p
!2 !2
6
sin2 x 2
ha b 5 4 cos2 a b 2 1
sin x 1 sin x p p
2 2
!2 !2
6 6
1 a2 ba b50 !3 2
2 2 5 4a b 21
2
2
sin2 x 2 5 0
5 4a b 2 1 5 3 2 1 5 2
3
4
1 4
Since h Q R is positive, the height of the rolling
sin2 x 2 5 0 p
2 6
Therefore, c 5 12. hills above sea level relative to Natasha’s home is
p
13. To solve the problem, first the zeros of the function positive in the region d , . Next, the region
3
h(d) 5 4 cos2 d 2 1 must be found as follows:
can be tested by finding h Q R as
p 2p p
h(d) 5 4 cos2 d 2 1 ,d,
3 3 2
0 5 4 cos2 d 2 1 follows:
ha b 5 4 cos2 a b 2 1
(2 cos d 2 1)(2 cos d 1 1) 5 0 p p
Since (2 cos d 2 1)(2 cos d 1 1) 5 0, either 2 2
2 cos d 2 1 5 0 or 2 cos d 1 1 5 0 (or both). If 5 4(0)2 2 1 5 4(0) 2 1
2 cos d 2 1 5 0, d can be solved for as follows: 5 0 2 1 5 21
2 cos d 2 1 5 0
Since h Q R is negative, the height of the rolling
p
2 cos d 2 1 1 1 5 0 1 1 2
2 cos d 5 1 hills above sea level relative to Natasha’s home is
p 2p
2 cos d 1 negative in the region , d , . Next, the region
5 3 3
2 2 2p 4p
1 ,d, can be tested by finding h(p) as
3 3
cos d 5 follows:
2
The solutions to the equation cos d 5 12 occur at h(1) 5 4 cos2 (p) 2 1
p 5p 5 4(21)2 2 1 5 4(1) 2 1
d5 or . If 2 cos d 1 1 5 0, d can be solved
3 3 542153
for as follows: Since h (p) is positive, the height of the rolling hills
2 cos d 1 1 5 0 above sea level relative to Natasha’s home is positive
2 cos d 1 1 2 1 5 0 2 1 2p 4p
in the region ,d, . Next, the region
2 cos d 5 21 3 3
can be tested by finding h Q R
4p 5p 3p
2 cos d 1 ,d, as
52 3 3 2
2 2 follows:
1
ha b 5 4 cos2 a b 2 1
cos d 5 2 3p 3p
2 2 2
The solutions to the equation cos d 5 2 12 occur at 5 4(0)2 2 1
2p 4p
d5 or . Therefore, the zeros of the function 5 4(0) 2 1 5 0 2 1 5 21
3 3
Since h Q R
p 2p 4p 5p 3p
h(d) 5 4 cos2 d 2 1 are at d 5 , , , or . 2
is negative, the height of the rolling
3 3 3 3
With the zeros known, the 2p stretch of rolling hills 4p 5p
negative in the region ,d, . Finally, the
can be broken down into the following regions: 3 3

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 7:27 PM Page 50
can be tested by finding h Q R

5p 11p 3 cos x 1
region d . 52
3 6 3 3
as follows: 1
cos x 5 2
b 5 4 cos2 a b21
11p 11p 3
ha
6 6 The solutions to the equation cos x 5 2 13 occur at
!3 2
b 21
x 5 1.91 or 4.37. Therefore, the solutions to the
5 4a
2 equation 6 sin2 x 5 17 cos x 1 11 occur at x 5 1.91
or 4.37.
5 4a b 2 1 5 3 2 1 5 2
3
4 15. a) Since sin2 u 1 cos2 u 5 1, or
sin2 u 5 1 2 cos2 u, the equation
Since h Q R is positive, the height of the rolling
11p
6 sin2 x 2 !2 cos x 5 cos2 x 1 !2 cos x 1 2
hills above sea level relative to Natasha’s home is can be rewritten and factored as follows:
5p
sin2 x 2 !2 cos x 5 cos2 x 1 !2 cos x 1 2;
positive in the region d . . Therefore, the
3
1 2 cos2 x 2 !2 cos x 5 cos2 x 1 !2 cos x 1 2;
intervals at which the height of the rolling hills
1 2 cos2 x 2 !2 cos x 2 cos2 x 2 !2 cos x 2 2
above sea level relative to Natasha’s home is
p 2p
negative are km , d , km and
4p
3
5p
3 5 cos2 x 1 !2 cos x 1 2 2 cos2 x 2 !2 cos x 2 2;
3
km , d , km.
3 1 2 cos2 x 2 !2 cos x 2 cos2 x
14. Since sin2 u 1 cos2 u 5 1, or sin2 u 5 1 2 cos2 u, 2 !2 cos x 2 2 5 0;
the equation 6 sin2 x 5 17 cos x 1 11 can be 22 cos x 2 2 !2 cos x 2 1 5 0;
2
rewritten and factored as follows:

a2 b (22 cos2 x 2 2 !2 cos x 2 1) 5 0;
1
6 sin2 x 5 17 cos x 1 11;
2
6 sin2 x 2 17 cos x 2 11 5 17 cos x 1 11
cos2 x 1 !2 cos x 1 5 0;
1
2 17 cos x 2 11;
6 sin2 x 2 17 cos x 2 11 5 0; 2
!2 2
6(1 2 cos2 x) 2 17 cos x 2 11 5 0; acos x 1 b 50
6 2 6 cos2 x 2 17 cos x 2 11 5 0; 2
Since (cos x 1 !2 !2
2
26 cos2 x 2 17 cos x 2 5 5 0; 2 ) 5 0, cos x 1 2 5 0. For
2
(21)(26 cos x 2 17 cos x 2 5) 5 (21)(0); this reason, x can be solved for as follows:
6 cos2 x 1 17 cos x 1 5 5 0; !2
(2 cos x 1 5)(3 cos x 1 1) 5 0 cos x 1 50
2
For this reason, either 2 cos x 1 5 5 0 or
3 cos x 1 1 5 0. If 2 cos x 1 5 5 0, x can be solved cos x 1 !2 2 !2 5 0 2 !2
for as follows: 2 2 2
2 cos x 1 5 5 0 !2
cos x 5 2
2 cos x 1 5 2 5 5 0 2 5 2
2 cos x 5 25 The solutions to the equation cos x 5 2 !2 2 occur
2 cos x 5
52 3p 5p
2 2 at x 5 or , so the solutions to the equation
4 4
sin x 2 !2 cos x 5 cos2x 1 !2 cos x 1 2 occur at
5 2
cos x 5 2
2 3p 5p
Since cos x can never equal 2 52, the factor 2 cos x 1 5 x5 or .
4 4
can be ignored. If 3 cos x 1 1 5 0, x can be solved for
as follows: b) Since the period of the cosine function is 2p, a
3 cos x 1 1 5 0
general solution for the equation in part (a) is
3p 5p
3 cos x 1 1 2 1 5 0 2 1 x5 1 2np or 1 2np, where nPI.
4 4
3 cos x 5 21
16. It is possible to have different numbers of solutions
for quadratic trigonometric equations because, when
factored, a quadratic trigonometric equation can be
08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/18/08 12:56 PM Page 51
one expression multiplied by another expression or y

it can be a single expression squared. For example, 4
the equation cos2 x 1 32 cos x 1 12 becomes
(cos x 1 1)(cos x 1 12 ) when factored, and it 2
2p 4p
has the solutions , p, and in the interval x
3 3
0 # x # 2p. In comparison, the equation 0 p p 3p 2p
cos2 x 1 2 cos x 1 1 5 0 becomes (cos x 1 1)2 2 2
–2
when factored, and it has only one solution, p, in the
interval 0 # x # 2p. Also, different expressions
produce different numbers of solutions. For example, It’s apparent from the graph that the x-intercepts are
p 3p
the expression cos x 1 12 produces two solutions in at x 5 0.72, , p, , and 5.56. Therefore, the
2 2
the interval 0 # x # 2p Q R Q3R
2p 4p
and because solutions to the equation 2 cos 3x 1 cos 2x 1 1 5 0
3 p 3p
cos x 5 2 12 for two different values of x. The occur at x 5 0.72, , p, , or 5.56.
2 2
expression cos x 1 1, however, produces only one 2 tan u
19. Since tan 2u 5 , the equation
solution in the interval 0 # x # 2p(p), because 1 2 tan2 u
cos x 5 21 for only one value of x. 3 tan2 2x 5 1 can be rewritten as follows:
17. To determine all the values of a such that 3 tan2 2x 5 1;
b
f(x) 5 tan (x 1 a), first graph the functions 2 tan x 2
3a 5 1;
tan x cot x 1 2 tan2 x
f(x) 5 2 and g(x) 5 tan x
1 2 tan x 1 2 cot x
b
4 tan2 x
on the same coordinate grid as follows: 3a 5 1;
1 2 tan2 x 2 tan2 x 1 tan4 x
y 12 tan2 x
8 5 1;
1 2 2 tan2 x 1 tan4 x
6
1 2 2 tan2 x 1 tan4 x 5 12 tan2 x;
4
1 2 2 tan2 x 1 tan4 x 2 12 tan2 x 5 12 tan2 x
2 2 12 tan2 x;
x
4 2
0 p p 3p
tan x 2 14 tan x 1 1 5 0
–2 2 2 At this point the quadratic formula can be used to
–4 solve for tan2 x as follows:
–6 2b 6 "b 2 2 4ac
–8 tan2 x 5
2a
2 (214) 6 "(214)2 2 4(1)(1)
It’s apparent from the graphs that if the graph of the 5
p 2(1)
function g(x) 5 tan x were translated units to the
4 14 6 !196 2 4
left, it would be the same as the graph of the function 5
tan x cot x 2
14 6 !192
f(x) 5 2 . For this reason,
1 2 tan x 1 2 cot x
p 5
the graph of the function g(x) 5 tan (x 1 ) 2
4
would be the same as the graph of the function 14 6 8 !3
tan x cot x 5
f(x) 5 2 . The same is true for 2
1 2 tan x 1 2 cot x
5p 5 7 6 4!3
. Therefore, the values of a such that
4 5 0.0718 or 13.9282
p 5p Since tan2 x 5 0.0718 or 13.9282, tan x 5 60.2679
f(x) 5 tan (x 1 a) are a 5 and .
4 4 or 63.7321. Therefore, four solutions for x are
18. To solve the equation 2 cos 3x 1 cos 2x 1 1 5 0, x 5 15°, 75°, 285°, or 345°. Also, since the value of
graph the function f(x) 5 2 cos 3x 1 cos 2x 1 1 on tan x repeats itself every 180°, four more solutions
a coordinate grid as follows: for x are x 5 105°, 165°, 195°, or 255°.

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:09 PM Page 52
20. To solve the equation !2 sin u 5 !3 2 cos u, c) Answers may vary. For example: Since
first square both sides of the equation as follows: 2sin u 5 sin (p 1 u),
!2 sin u 5 !3 2 cos u
5 sin ap 1 b
13p 13p
2sin
( !2 sin u)2 5 ( !3 2 cos u)2 7 7
2 sin2 u 5 3 2 !3 cos u 2 !3 cos u 1 cos2 u 5 sin a
7p
1
13p
b 5 sin
20p
2 sin2 u 5 3 2 2!3 cos u 1 cos2 u 7 7 7
Since sin2 u 1 cos2 u 5 1, or sin2 u 5 1 2 cos2 u, Since sin u 5 sin (u 2 2p),
5 sin a
the equation 2 sin2 u 5 3 2 2!3 cos u 1 cos2 u can 20p 20p
sin 2 2pb
be rewritten as follows: 7 7
5 sin a b 5 sin
2 sin2 u 5 3 2 2!3 cos u 1 cos2 u; 20p 14p 6p
2
2(1 2 cos2 u) 5 3 2 2!3 cos u 1 cos2 u; 7 7 7
13p 6p
2 2 2 cos2 u 5 3 2 2!3 cos u 1 cos2 u; Therefore, 2sin 5 sin .
7 7
2 2 2 cos2 u 2 2 1 2 cos2 u d) Answers may vary. For example: Since
5 3 2 2 !3 cos u 1 cos2 u 2 2 1 2 cos2 u; 2cos u 5 cos (p 1 u),
3 cos2 u 2 2 !3 cos u 1 1 5 0
5 cos ap 1 b
8p 8p
2cos
At this point the quadratic formula can be used to 7 7
solve for cos u as follows:
5 cos a b 5 cos
7p 8p 15p
2b 6 "b 2 2 4ac 7
1
7 7
cos u 5
2a Since cos u 5 cos (u 2 2p),
2 (22 !3) 6 "(22!3)2 2 4(3)(1)
5 cos a
15p 15p
5 cos 2 2pb
2(3) 7 7
2 !3 6 !12 2 12
5 cos a b 5 cos
15p 14p p
5 2
6 7 7 7
2 !3 6 !0 8p p
5 Therefore, 2cos 5 cos .
6 7 7
2!3 6 0 2 !3 !3 2. Since sin u 5 cos au 2 b, the equation
p
5 5 5 2
6 6 3
!3
y 5 25 sin ax 2 b 2 8 can be rewritten
p
Since cos u 5 , u 5 0.96
3 2
y 5 25 cos ax 2 2 b 2 8
p p
Chapter Review, p. 440 2 2
1. a) Answers may vary. For example: Since 5 25 cos (x 2 p) 2 8. Since a horizontal
sin (p 2 u) 5 sin u, sin u 5 sin (p 2 u). translation of p to the left or right is equivalent
to a reflection in the x-axis, the equation
5 sin ap 2 b
3p 3p
Therefore, sin y 5 25 cos (x 2 p) 2 8 can be rewritten
10 10
y 5 5 cos x 2 8. Therefore, the equation
5 sin a b 5 sin
10p 3p 7p
y 5 25 sin x Q 2 2 R 2 8 can be rewritten
p
2
10 10 10
b) Answers may vary. For example: Since y 5 5 cos x 2 8.
cos (2p 2 u) 5 cos u, cos u 5 cos (2p 2 u). 3. a) Since sin (a 2 b) 5 sin a cos b 2 cos a sin b,
sin ax 2 b 5 sin x cos

Therefore, 4p 4p 4p
2 cos x sin
5 cos a2p 2 b
6p 6p 3 3 3
cos !3
5 (sin x)a2 b 2 (cos x)a2 b
7 7 1
2 2
5 cos a b 5 cos
14p 6p 8p
2 !3 1
7 7 7 5 cos x 2 sin x
2 2
08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:10 PM Page 53
b) Since cos (a 1 b) 5 cos a cos b 2 sin a sin b, b) Since cos 2u 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u,
cos ax 1 b 5 cos x cos 5 cos a(2)a bb
3p 3p 3p p p p
2 sin x sin cos2 2 sin2
4 4 4 12 12 12
!2 !2 !3
b 2 (sin x)a b
2p p
5 (cos x)a2 5 cos 5 cos 5
2 2 12 6 2
!2 !2
2
c) Since cos 2u 5 1 2 2 sin u,
52 cos x 2 sin x
5 cos a(2)a bb
2 2 3p 3p
1 2 2 sin2
tan a 1 tan b 8 8
!2
1 2 tan a tan b 6p 3p
p 5 cos 5 cos 52
tan x 1 tan 8 4 2
tan ax 1 b 5
p 3
p 2 tan u
3 1 2 tan x tan d) Since tan 2u 5 ,
3 1 2 tan2 u
tan x 1 !3
p
2 tan
p 5 tan 2a b 5 tan 5 !3
p p
1 2 (tan x)( !3)
5 6
2
1 2 tan 6 3
tan x 1 !3
6
1 2 !3 tan x
5 6. a) Since sin x 5 35, the leg opposite to the angle
d) Since cos (a 2 b) 5 cos a cos b 1 sin a sin b, x in a right triangle has a length of 3, while the
cos ax 2 b
5p
4 can be calculated as follows:
b 1 (sin x) asin b
5p 5p
5(cos x)acos 32 1 y2 5 52
4 4
9 1 y2 5 25
!2 !2
5(cos x)a2 b 1 (sin x)a2 b 9 1 y2 2 9 5 25 2 9
2 2 y2 5 16
!2 !2 y 5 4, in quadrant I
52 cos x 2 sin x adjacent leg 4
2 2 Since cos x 5 , cos x 5 .
tan a 1 tan b hypotenuse 5
4. a) Since tan (a 1 b) 5 ,
1 2 tan a tan b Therefore, since sin 2x 5 2 sin x cos x,
p 7p
sin 2x 5 (2)a b a b 5 .
tan 1 tan 3 4 24
7p 5 tan a 12 1 4 b
12 4 p 7p
p 5 5 25
1 2 tan tan Also, since cos 2x 5 cos2 x 2 sin2 x,
12 4
!3
cos 2x 5 a b 2 a b 5
4 2 3 2 16 9 7
5 tan a b 5 tan
p 21p 22p 11p
1 5 tan 52 2 5 .
12 12 12 6 3 5 5 25 25 25
opposite leg
b) Since cos (a 1 b) 5 cos a cos b 2 sin a sin b, Since tan x 5 , tan x 5 34.
adjacent leg
p 19p p 19p
cos cos 2 sin sin 2 tan x (2) Q 34 R
9 18 9 18 Since tan 2x 5 , tan 2x 5
1 2 tan2 x 1 2 Q 34 R 2
5 cos a 1 b 5 cos a b
p 19p 2p 19p
1
9 18 18 18 3 3
3 3
16 24
!3
2 2 2
21p 7p 5 9 5 16 9 53 7 5 5
5 cos 5 cos 52 12 16 216 16 2 7
16 7
18 6 2 7
b) Since cot x 5 2 24, the leg opposite the angle
5. a) Since sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u, x in a right triangle has a length of 24, while the leg
adjacent to the angle x has a length of 7. For this
5 sin a(2)a bb sin
p p p 2p
2 sin cos reason, the hypotenuse of the right triangle can be
12 12 12 12
calculated as follows:
p 1
5 sin 5 72 1 242 5 c2
6 2 49 1 576 5 c2

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:10 PM Page 54
625 5 c2 2 tan x
Since tan 2x 5 ,
c 5 25 1 2 tan2 x
opposite leg
Since sin x 5 , sin x 5 2425 , and since (2) Q 2 125 R
hypotenuse tan 2x 5
1 2 Q 2 125 R
2
adjacent leg
cos x 5 , cos x 5 2 257 . (The reason
hypotenuse
2 56 2 56 2 56
the sign is negative is because angle x is in the 5 25 5 144 25 5 119
second quadrant.) Therefore, since 1 2 144 144 2 144 144
sin 2x 5 2 sin x cos x, sin 2x 5 (2)a b a2 b

24 7 5 144 120
52 3 52
25 25 6 119 119
336 7. a) Since sin 2 u 5 2 sin u cos u, and since
52 . Also, since cos 2x 5 cos2 x 2 sin2 x, sin 2x 2 sin x cos x
625 cos 2u 5 1 2 2 sin2 u, tan 2x 5 5 .
cos 2x 1 2 2 sin2 x
cos 2x 5 a2 b 2 a b 5
7 2 24 2 49 576 527 2 sin x cos x
2 52 . Therefore, tan 2x 5 is a trigonometric
25 25 625 625 625 1 2 2 sin2 x
identity.
7 24
Since cot x 5 2 , tan x 5 2 b) Since 1 1 tan2 x 5 sec2 x, sec2 x 2 tan2 x 5 1.
24 7. Therefore, since sec2 x 2 tan2 x 5 1 is a
2 tan x
Since tan 2x 5 , trigonometric identity, sec2 x 2 tan2 x 5 cos x must
1 2 tan2 x be a trigonometric equation, because cos x does not
(2) Q 2 247 R 2 487 2 487 always equal 1.
tan 2x 5 5 5 c) Since 1 1 cot2 x 5 csc2 x, csc2 x 2 cot2 x 5 1.
1 2 Q 2 247 R 2
1 2 57649
49
49 2 57649
Therefore, since sin2 x 1 cos2 x 5 1,
2 487 48 49 336 csc2 x 2 cot2 x5 sin2 x 1 cos2 x is a trigonometric
5 527 5 2 3 5
2 49 7 527 527 identity.
d) Since tan2 x 5 1, tan x 5 6 1. Therefore, since
c) Since cos x 5 1213 , the leg adjacent to the angle x
tan x does not always equal 21 or 1, tan2 x 5 1
in a right triangle has a length of 12, while the must be a trigonometric equation.
hypotenuse of the right triangle has a length of 13. 1 2 sin2 x
8. The trigonometric identity 5 1 2 cos2 x
For this reason, the other leg of the right triangle cot2 x
can be calculated as follows: can be proven as follows:
x2 1 122 5 132 1 2 sin2 x
x2 1 144 5 169 5 1 2 cos2 x
cot2 x
2
x 1 144 2 144 5 169 2 144 cos2 x
x2 5 25 5 1 2 cos2 x
cot2 x
x55
opposite leg cos2 x 2
Since sin x 5 , sin x 5 2 135 . (Sine is cos2 x 5 1 2 cos x
hypotenuse
sin2 x
negative because x is in the fourth quadrant.)
Therefore, since sin 2x 5 2 sin x cos x, (cos x)(sin2 x)
2
5 1 2 cos2 x
cos2 x
ba b 5 2
5 12 120
sin 2x 5 (2)a2 . Also, since sin2 x 5 1 2 cos2 x
13 13 169 1 2 cos2 x 5 1 2 cos2 x
cos 2x 5 cos2 x 2 sin2 x,
9. The trigonometric identity
cos 2x 5 a b 2 a2 b
12 2 5 2 2 sec2 x 2 2 tan2 x
13 13 5 sin 2x sec x can be proven as
csc x
144 25 119 follows:
5 2 5 2 sec2 x 2 2 tan2 x
169 169 169 5 sin 2x sec x
opposite leg csc x 2
Finally, since tan x 5 , tan x 5 2 125 . 2
2(sec x 2 tan x)
adjacent leg
5 sin 2x sec x
(The reason the sign is negative is because angle x csc x
is in the fourth quadrant.)

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/18/08 12:56 PM Page 55
2(1) 10 sec x 20
5 sin 2x sec x 52
csc x 10 10
2 sec x 5 22
5 sin 2x sec x
csc x The solutions to the equation sec x 5 22 occur at
2p 4p
2 sin x 5 sin 2x sec x x5 or .
2 sin x cos x 3 3
5 sin 2x sec x 11. a) The equation y 2 2 4 5 0 can be solved as
cos x
follows:
sin 2x
5 sin 2x sec x y2 2 4 5 0
cos x (y 2 2)(y 1 2) 5 0
sin 2x sec x 5 sin 2x sec x Since (y 2 2)(y 1 2) 5 0, either y 2 2 5 0 or
2 y 1 2 5 0 (or both). If y 2 2 5 0, y can be solved
10. a) The trigonometric equation 1 10 5 6
sin x for as follows:
can be solved as follows:
y2250
2
1 10 5 6 y22125012
sin x y52
2 If y 1 2 5 0, y can be solved for as follows:
1 10 2 10 5 6 2 10
sin x y1250
2
5 24 y12225022
sin x y 5 22
24 sin x 5 2
Therefore, the solutions to the equation y 2 2 4 5 0
24 sin x 2
5 are y 5 2 or y 5 22.
24 24
b) The equation csc2 x 2 4 5 0 can be solved as
1
sin x 5 2 follows:
2 csc2 x 2 4 5 0
The solutions to the equation sin x 5 2 12 occur at (csc x 2 2)(csc x 1 2) 5 0
7p 11p Since (csc x 2 2)(csc x 1 2) 5 0, either
x5 or .
6 6 csc x 2 2 5 0 or csc x 1 2 5 0 (or both). If
5 cot x
b) The trigonometric equation 2 1 7
3 5 2 16 csc x 2 2 5 0, x can be solved for as follows:
2
csc x 2 2 5 0
can be solved as follows:
csc x 2 2 1 2 5 0 1 2
5 cot x 7 1
2 1 52 csc x 5 2
2 3 6 The solutions to the equation csc x 5 2 occur at
15 cot x 14 1 p 5p
2 1 52 x5 or . If csc x 1 2 5 0, x can be solved for
6 6 6 6 6
215 cot x 1 14 5 21 as follows:
215 cot x 1 14 2 14 5 21 2 14 csc x 1 2 5 0
215 cot x 5 215 csc x 1 2 2 2 5 0 2 2
215 cot x 215 csc x 5 22
5 The solutions to the equation csc x 5 22 occur at
215 215
7p 11p
cot x 5 1 x5 or . Therefore, the solutions to the
6 6
The solutions to the equation cot x 5 1 occur at p 5p 7p
p 5p equation csc2 x 2 4 5 0 occur at x 5 , , ,
x 5 or . 6 6 6
4 4 11p
c) The trigonometric equation or .
6
3 1 10 sec x 2 1 5 218 can be solved as follows: 12. a) The equation 2 sin2 x 2 sin x 2 1 5 0 can
3 1 10 sec x 2 1 5 218 be solved as follows:
2 1 10 sec x 5 218 2 sin2 x 2 sin x 2 1 5 0
2 1 10 sec x 2 2 5 218 2 2 (2 sin x 1 1)(sin x 2 1) 5 0
10 sec x 5 220

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/18/08 12:56 PM Page 56
Since (2 sin x 1 1)(sin x 2 1) 5 0, either !3

The solutions to the equation tan x 5 3 occur at
2 sin x 1 1 5 0 or sin x 2 1 5 0 (or both). If p 7p !3
2 sin x 1 1 5 0, x can be solved for as follows: x5 or . If tan x 1 3 5 0, x can be solved for
6 6
2 sin x 1 1 5 0 as follows:
2 sin x 1 1 2 1 5 0 2 1 !3
2 sin x 5 21 tan x 1 50
3
2 sin x
52
1 !3 !3 !3
2 2 tan x 1 2 502
3 3 3
sin x 5 2
1 !3
2 tan x 5 2
3
The solutions to the equation sin x 5 2 12 occur at The solutions to the equation tan x 5 2 !3
3 occur
7p 11p 5p 11p
x5 or . If sin x 2 1 5 0, x can be solved for at x 5 or . Therefore, the solutions to the
6 6 6 6
sin x p
as follows: equation tan2 x sin x 2 50 occur at x 5 0, ,
3 6
sin x 2 1 5 0 5p 7p 11p
sin x 2 1 1 1 5 0 1 1 , p, , , or 2p.
6 6 6
sin x 5 1 c) The equation
The solution to the equation sin x 5 1 occurs at 1 2 !2 !2
p cos2 x 1 a b cos x 2 50
x 5 . Therefore, the solutions to the equation 2 4
2
p 7p can be solved as follows:
1 2 !2 !2
2 sin2 x 2 sin x 2 1 5 0 occur at x 5 , ,
cos2 x 1 a b cos x 2
11p 2 6
or . 50
6 2 4
!2
acos x 2 b acos x 1 b 5 0
sin x 1
b) The equation tan2 x sin x 2 50 can be
3 2 2
Since ( cos x 2 !2
solved as follows:
sin x 2 )( cos x 1 1
2 ) 5 0, either
!2
tan2 x sin x 250 1
cos x 2 2 5 0 or cos x 1 2 5 0 (or both). If
3
cos x 2 !22 5 0, x can be solved for as follows:
(sin x)atan2 x 2 b 5 0 !2
1
3 cos x 2 50
!3 !3
2
(sin x)atan x 2 b atan x 1 b50 !2 !2 !2
3 3 cos x 2 1 501
2 2 2
Since (sin x)( tan x 2 !3 !3
3 )( tan x 1 3 ) 5 0, either !2
sin x 5 0, tan x 2 3 5 0, or tan x 1 !3
!3
3 5 0. The
cos x 5
2
solutions to the equation sin x 5 0 occur at x 5 0, The solutions to the equation cos x 5 !2 2 occur at
!3 p 7p
p, or 2p. If tan x 2 5 0, x can be solved for as x5 or . If cos x 1 12 5 0, x can be solved for
3 4 4
follows: as follows:
!3 1
cos x 1 5 0
tan x 2 50 2
3
!3 !3 !3
1 1 1
cos x 1 2 5 0 2
tan x 2 1 501 2 2 2
3 3 3
!3
1
cos x 5 2
tan x 5 2
3 The solutions to the equation cos x 5 2 12 occur at
2p 4p
x5 or . Therefore, the solutions to the
3 3
equation cos x 1 ( 1 22 !2) cos x 2
2 !2
4 50
p 2p 4p 7p
occur at x5 , , , or .
4 3 3 4

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/18/08 12:56 PM Page 57
d) The equation 25 tan2 x 2 70 tan x 5 249 can be 1 2 2 sin2 x x x

1 2 sin cos 5 cos x
solved as follows: cos x 1 sin x 2 2
25 tan2 x 2 70 tan x 5 249 1 2 2 sin2 x
25 tan2 x 2 70 tan x 1 49 5 249 1 49 1 sin x 5 cos x
cos x 1 sin x
25 tan2 x 2 70 tan x 1 49 5 0 1 2 2 sin2 x
(5 tan x 2 7)2 5 0 1 sin x 2 sin x 5 cos x 2 sin x
cos x 1 sin x
Since (5 tan x 2 7)2 5 0, 5 tan x 2 7 5 0. For this 1 2 2 sin2 x
reason, x can be solved for as follows: 5 cos x 2 sin x
cos x 1 sin x
5 tan x 2 7 5 0
1 2 2 sin2 x 5 (cos x 2 sin x)
5 tan x 2 7 1 7 5 0 1 7
3 (cos x 1 sin x)
5 tan x 5 7
cos 2x 5 (cos x 2 sin x)
5 tan x 7
5 3 (cos x 1 sin x)
5 5 cos 2x 5 cos2 x 2 sin2 x
7
tan x 5 cos 2x 5 cos 2x
5
The solutions to the equation tan x 5 75 occur at 2. Since cos 2u 5 1 2 2 sin2 u, the equation
x 5 0.95 and 4.09. Therefore, the solutions to the cos 2x 1 2 sin2 x 2 3 5 22 can be rewritten and
equation 25 tan2 x 2 70 tan x 5 249 occur at solved as follows:
x 5 0.95 or 4.09. cos 2x 1 2 sin2 x 2 3 5 22
13. Since 1 1 tan2 x 5 sec2 x, the equation 1 2 2 sin2 x 1 2 sin2 x 2 3 5 22
1 22 5 22
5 2cos x can be rewritten and factored as Since 22 always equals 22, the equation
1 1 tan2 x
follows: cos 2x 1 2 sin2 x 2 3 5 22 is an identity and is
1 true for all real numbers x, where 0 # x # 2p.
1 1 tan2 x
5 2cos x 3. a) The solutions to the equation cos x 5 !32
1 p 11p
5 2cos x occur at x 5 or .
sec2 x 6 6
cos2 x 5 2cos x b) The solutions to the equation tan x 5 2 !3
2
cos x 1 cos x 5 2cos x 1 cos x 2p 5p
occur at x 5 or .
cos2 x 1 cos x 5 0 3 3
!2
(cos x)(cos x 1 1) 5 0 c) The solutions to the equation sin x 5 2 2 occur
Since (cos x)(cos x 1 1) 5 0, either cos x 5 0 or 5p 7p
at x5 or .
cos x 1 1 5 0 (or both). The solutions to the 4 4
p 3p 4. Since the quadratic trigonometric equation
equation cos x 5 0 occur at x 5 or . If p
2 2 a cos2 x 1 b cos x 2 1 5 0 has the solutions , p,
cos x 1 1 5 0, x can be solved for as follows: 3
5p
cos x 1 1 5 0 and , the left side of the equation must have
3
cos x 1 1 2 1 5 0 2 1 factors of cos x 2 12 and cos x 1 1. This is because
cos x 5 21 p 5p
The solution to the equation cos x 5 21 occurs at the cosine of and is 12, and the cosine of p
3 3
x 5 p. Therefore, the solutions to the equation is 21. For this reason, the quadratic trigonometric
1 p 3p equation can be found as follows:
5 2cos x occur at x 5 , p, or .
1 1 tan2 x 2 2
acos x 2 b (cos x 1 1) 5 0
1
2
Chapter Self-Test, p. 441 1 1
cos2 x 2 cos x 1 cos x 2 5 0
1. The identity 2 2
1 2 2 sin2 x x x 1 1
1 2 sin cos 5 cos x cos2 x 1 cos x 2 5 0
cos x 1 sin x 2 2 2 2

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:10 PM Page 58
also at 3 metres at t 5 7 1 12 5 19 h or at
cos x 2 b 5 (2)(0)
1 1
(2)acos2 x 1 t 5 11 1 12 5 23 h.
2 2
11p
2 cos2 x 1 cos x 2 1 5 0 6. Nina can find the cosine of by using the
4
Therefore, a 5 2 and b 5 1. formula cos (x 1 y) 5 cos x cos y 2 sin x sin y.
5. Since the depth of the ocean in metres can be
7p !2
modelled by the function d(t) 5 4 1 2 sin Q t R ,
p The cosine of p is 21, and the cosine of is 2 .
4
6
7p
when the depth is 3 metres, 3 5 4 1 2 sin Q t R .
p Also, the sine of p is 0, and the sine of is
4
6
2 !2 5 cos Q p 1 R
11p 7p
The equation 3 5 4 1 2 sin Q t R can be solved as
p 2 . Therefore, cos
4 4
!2 !2
6
follows: 5 a21 3 b 2 a0 3 2 b
2 2
3 5 4 1 2 sin a tb
p
6 !2 !2
52 2052
2 2
3 2 4 5 4 1 2 sin a tb 2 4
p
7. The equation 3 sin x 1 2 5 1.5 can be solved as
6 follows:
21 5 2 sin a tb
p 3 sin x 1 2 5 1.5
6 3 sin x 1 2 2 2 5 1.5 2 2
3 sin x 5 20.5
2 sin a tb
p
1 6 3 sin x 0.5
2 5 52
2 2 3 3
sin x 5 20.1667
sin a tb 5 2
p 1
The solutions to the equation sin x 5 20.1667
6 2
occur at x 5 3.31 or 6.12.
sin21 asin a tbb 5 sin21 a2 b
p 1 8. Since tan a 5 0.75, the leg opposite the angle a
6 2 in a right triangle has a length of 3, while the leg
p 7p 11p adjacent to angle a has a length of 4. For this
t5 or reason, the hypotenuse of the right triangle can be
6 6 6
p 7p calculated as follows:
If t 5 , t can be solved for as follows: 32 1 42 5 z 2
6 6
p 7p 9 1 16 5 z 2
t5 25 5 z 2
6 6
z55
a b a tb 5 a b a b
6 p 6 7p adjacent leg
p 6 p 6 Since cos a 5 , cos a 5 45. Also, since
hypotenuse
t57 opposite leg
p 11p sin a 5 , sin a 5 35. In addition, since
If t 5 , t can be solved for as follows: hypotenuse
6 6 tan b 5 2.4, the leg opposite the angle b in a right
p 11p triangle has a length of 12, while the leg adjacent to
t5
6 6 angle b has a length of 5. For this reason, the
a b a tb 5 a b a b
6 p 6 11p hypotenuse of the right triangle can be calculated as
p 6 p 6 follows:
t 5 11 122 1 52 5 z 2
Therefore, two times when the depth of the water is 144 1 25 5 z 2
3 metres are t 5 7 h or 11 h. Also, since the period 169 5 z 2
of the function d(t) 5 4 1 2 sin Q t R is
p z 5 13
6 adjacent leg
p 5 (2p)Q p R 5 12 h, the depth of the water is
2p 6 Since cos b 5 , cos b 5 135 . Also, since
hypotenuse
6 opposite leg 12
sin b 5 , sin b 5 . Therefore, since
hypotenuse 13

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:10 PM Page 59
sin (a 2 b) 5 sin a cos b 2 cos a sin b, "5 2

5 a2 b 2a b
2 2
sin (a 2 b) 5 sin a cos b 2 cos a sin b 3 3
5 a ba b 2 a ba b 5
3 5 4 12 15 48 33 5 4 1
2 52 5 2 5
5 13 5 13 65 65 65 9 9 9
Also, since cos (a 1 b) 5 cos a cos b 2 sin a sin b, (The formulas cos 2u 5 2 cos2 u 2 1 and
cos (a 1 b) 5 cos a cos b 2 sin a sin b cos 2u 5 1 2 2 sin2 u could also have been used.)
c) First note that because x is in the second quadrant,
5 a ba b 2 a ba b 5
4 5 3 12 20 36 16
2 52 x
5 13 5 13 65 65 65 is in the first quadrant, where the cosine is
2
2 4
9. a) Since sin x 5 9, and since the angle x is in positive. Since sin2 x 5 49, and since the angle x is in
the second quadrant, sin x 5 #49 5 !4
5 23.
the second quadrant, sin x 5 # 49 5 !4 2
!9 5 3 .
!9
Since sin x 5 23, the leg opposite the angle x in a
Since sin x 5 23, the leg opposite the angle x in a
right triangle has a length of 2, while the of the right triangle has a length of 3. For this
hypotenuse of the right triangle has a length of 3. reason, the other leg of the right triangle can be
For this reason, the other leg of the right triangle calculated as follows:
can be calculated as follows: x 2 1 (2)2 5 32
x 2 1 (2)2 5 32 x2 1 4 5 9
x2 1 4 5 9 x2 1 4 2 4 5 9 2 4
x2 1 4 2 4 5 9 2 4 x2 5 5
x2 5 5 x 5 "5
x 5 "5 adjacent leg
adjacent leg Since cos x 5 , and since the angle
Since cos x 5 , and since the angle hypotenuse
hypotenuse x is in the second quadrant, cos x 5 2 "5
3 . Since
x is in the second quadrant, cos x 5 2 "5
3 . Since 2 2u
cos 2u 5 2 cos u 2 1, cos u 5 2 cos 2 1, and
sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u, 2
sin 2x 5 2 sin x cos x since cos x 5 2 "5 "5
3 , 2 3 5 2 cos
2 x
2 1. The value
2
!5 x
5 (2)a b a2 b
2 of cos can now be determined as follows:
2
3 3
"5
4 !5
x
2 5 2 cos2 2 1
52 . 3 2
"5
9
b) Since sin2 x 5 49, and since the angle x is in the x
2 1 1 5 2 cos2 2 1 1 1
!4
second quadrant, sin x 5 # 49 5
3 2
5 23. Since
!9
3 2 "5 x
sin x 5 23, the leg opposite the angle x in a right 5 2 cos2
3 2
triangle has a length of 2, while the hypotenuse of ( 3 2 "5 ) 2x
3 2 cos 2
the right triangle has a length of 3. For this reason, 5
2 2
(3 2 !5)
the other leg of the right triangle can be calculated
x
as follows: cos2 5
x 2 1 (2)2 5 32 2 6
(3 2 !5)
cos 5 c d
x2 1 4 5 9 x
2
x 14245924 2 Å 6
x2 5 5 d) Since sin2 x 5 49, and since the angle x is in
x 5 "5
the second quadrant, sin x 5 # 49 5 !4 2
!9 5 3 .
adjacent leg
Since cos x 5 , and since the angle Since sin x 5 23, the leg opposite the angle x in
hypotenuse
x is in the second quadrant, cos x 5 2 "5
a right triangle has a length of 2, while the
3 . Since
cos 2u 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u,
cos 2x 5 cos2 x 2 sin2 x

08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.qxd 7/23/08 2:10 PM Page 60
For this reason, the other leg of the right triangle From the graph, the solutions to the equation
can be calculated as follows: 5p p p 5p
cos x 5 12 occur at x 5 2 ,2 , , or .
x 2 1 (2)2 5 32 3 3 3 3
x2 1 4 5 9 b) The equation 9 2 22 cos x 2 1 5 19 can be
2
x 14245924 solved as follows:
x2 5 5
x 5 "5 9 2 22 cos x 2 1 5 19
adjacent leg 8 2 22 cos x 5 19
Since cos x 5 , and since the angle 8 2 22 cos x 2 8 5 19 2 8
hypotenuse
x is in the second quadrant, cos x 5 2 !5
222 cos x 5 11
3 . Since
222 cos x 11
sin 3u 5 3 cos2 u sin u 2 sin3 u, 5
sin 3x 5 3 cos2 x sin x 2 sin3 x 222 222
!5 2 2
1
b a b2 a b
2 3 cos x 5 2
5(3)a2 2
3 3 3
From the graph, the solutions to the equation
5(3)a b a b 2
5 2 8 4p 2p 2p 4p
cos x 5 2 12 occur at x 5 2 ,2 , , or .
9 3 27 3 3 3 3
30 8 22 c) The equation 2 1 7.5 cos x 5 25.5 can be solved
5 2 5
27 27 27 as follows:
10. a) The equation 2 2 14 cos x 5 25 can be 2 1 7.5 cos x 5 25.5
solved as follows: 2 1 7.5 cos x 2 2 5 25.5 2 2
2 2 14 cos x 5 25 7.5 cos x 5 27.5
2 2 14 cos x 2 2 5 25 2 2 7.5 cos x 27.5
5
214 cos x 5 27 7.5 7.5
214 cos x 27 cos x 5 21
5
214 214 From the graph, the solutions to the equation
1 cos x 5 21 occur at x 5 2p and p.
cos x 5
2

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08-035_07_AFSM_C07_001-060.

qxd 7/18/08 12:55 PM Page 1

Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 7-1

c) From the figure:

7-2 Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations

Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 7-3

Since sin2 u 1 cos2 u 5 1 is true, b) The trigonometric functions y 5 cos u and

sin 5 cos a 2 b 5 cos a 2 b

7-4 Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations

Since tan u 5 cot Q 2 2 u R ,

Therefore, sec u 5 csc a

Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 7-5

7-6 Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations

Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 7-7

7-8 Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations

!3 7. a) Since sin (p 1 x) 5 sin (x 1 p), sin (p 1 x)

Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 7-9

c) Since cos (a 1 b) 5 cos a cos b 2 sin a sin b, 1 1 !3 1 !3 1 3

7-10 Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations

x 2 5 25 c) Since sin x 5 45, the leg opposite the angle x in a

Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 7-11

7-12 Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations

2 asin x cos 1 cos x sin b

Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 7-13

5 (2)aasin b acos b 1 acos b asin bb

5 (2) aasin b acos b acos2 b 1 asin b

3 asin2 b 1 asin b acos b asin2 bb

7-14 Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations

1 cot x cot y 1 2. a) Since sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u,

Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 7-15

7-16 Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations

Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 7-17

7-18 Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations

If the formula cos 2u 5 1 2 2 sin2 u is used, the Since cos x 5

2 tan u a right triangle has a length of 2 !2, while the

Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 7-19

u angle a can be found with the formula x 2 1 y 2 5 r 2.

7-20 Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations

Therefore, the graph of f(x) 5 2 cos2 x is the same tan21 x 5 2A

Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 7-21

7-22 Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations

2 tan u d) Since 2cos u 5 cos (p 1 u),

Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 7-23

7-24 Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations

adjacent to the angle x in a right triangle has a length

14p 7p "2 5 6 !110

Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 7-25

y 2 5 11 For this reason, the other leg of the right triangle

!11 2 y 5 3, in quadrant III

7-26 Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations

–1 The graph of y 5 sin2 x 1 cos2 x 1 tan2 x is as

–1 Since the graphs are the same, the answer is A.

Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 7-27

7-28 Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations

cos2 u 2 sin2 u 1 2 cos u 1 1 cos u

Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 7-29

tan2 b 1 1 5 sec2 b 2 cos2 x

7-30 Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations

f) The identity cot u 1 tan u 5 2 csc 2u 2 cos2 x

Advanced Functions Solutions Manual 7-31

1 The graph is the same as that of the function

7-32 Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations