Marshall Cavendish UA) tcc: i ICS GCE 'O’ LEVEL 4th Edition Dr Charles Chew * Chow Siew Foong Dr Ho BoonTiong * Tan Peng Yeon Workbook Name Cla© 1995 Federal Publications (© 2001 Times Media Prvate Limited (© 2003, 2007, 2013 Marshall Cavendish Intemational (Singapore) Private Limited © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Us Published by marshall Cavendish Education Times Cen, 1 New indusial Road, singapore 536196 Costomer Service Hotine: (65) 6213 9688 mal: se@mceducation com Website: werwnceducation com Fist published 1995 Second edition 2001 Third edn 2007 Fouth edition 2013, Reprinted 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 llrightsreserved, 'No part ofthis publication may be reproduced stored in a retieval system transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission othe copyight ownet. Any requests for permission shouldbe andiessed tothe Publisher. ‘Marshall Cavendish I registered trademark of Times Publishing Limited, 150N 978-981-0117115, Printed in malaysia Acknowledgements ‘The publisher would like to acknowledge the fllowing wie have kindly given permission for the use of copyright matesal Front cover © Redbaron/Oreamstime.cam, Yu_afcus/Oreamstime.com (Singapore) Private Limited2 4th Edition Workbook Dr Charles Chew + Chow Siew Foong Dr Ho Boon Tiong + Tan Peng Yeon Marshall Cavendish AS) iictionPhysics Matters for GCE ‘0’ Level Workbook (4th Edition) is the companion workbook to our exciting new Physics Matters for GCE ‘0’ Level textbook. It is specifically developed to fulfil the latest GCE ‘O" Level syllabus requirements set by the Ministry of Education (MOE). All aspects of this new edition have been re-designed to strengthen understanding of concepts, provide ample practice and equip you with the edge and confidence to excel in Physics. —— Comprehensive exercises —— Each worksheet comprises a complete range of exercises — multiple-choice, structured and freezesponse — to give you all the practice you need. The questions are designed to support learning with understanding and give you a firm grounding in conceptual understanding. Self-directed leaming ——____— Work On It! is an enhanced selfdiagnostic tool at the end of each worksheet. It will help you identify concepts that still need working on. In addition, it matches each question to the relevant leaming outcome and Textbook section. This matching gives you the option of building your understanding by topical revision,Handling information and solving problems Data-based questions in the worksheets present information and problems in. real-life contexts. You will evaluate, interpret data and solve interesting problems applicable to everyday situations. Answer It Right! Answer It Right! guides you on how to interpret questions, so you understand exactly what a question is asking for. AS you go through the pointers and accompanying worked examples, you will pick up the secrets to answering questions well. ‘Theme 3: Light, Waves 2nd SoundContents THEME 1: GENERAL PHYSICS Answer It Right! 4 Chapter 1. Measurement Worksheet 1 All topics 5 Chapter 2 Kinematics Worksheet 2A 2.1 Distance and Displacement a 2.2 Speed, Velocity and Acceleration 2.3 Displacement-Time Graphs Worksheet 28 2.2 Speed, Velocity and Acceleration 15 2.3. Velocity-Time Graphs 2.4 Acceleration due to Gravity Chapter 3. Forces Worksheet 3. All topics 23 Chapter 4 Mass, Weight and Worksheet 4 All topics 33 Density Chapter 5 Turning Effect of Forces. Worksheet 5 All topics. 39 Chapter 6 Energy, Work and Power Worksheet 6 All topics 45 Chapter 7 Pressure Worksheet 7 All topics 55 THEME 2: THERMAL PHYSICS Answer It Right! 63 Chapter 8 Temperature Worksheet 8 All topics 67 Chapter 9 Kinetic Model of Matter Worksheet 9. All topics a Chapter 10 Transfer of Thermal Worksheet 10 All topics 7 Energy Chapter 41 Thermal Properties Worksheet 11 All topics 87 of MatterTHEME 3: LIGHT, WAVES AND SOUND Answer It Right! 99 Chapter 12 Light Worksheet 128 12.1 Reflection of Light 103 42.2. Refraction of Light 42.3 Total Internal Reflection Worksheet 128 12.4 Refraction by Thin Lenses 115 42.5. Ray Diagrams for Thin Converging Lenses Chapter 13 Waves Worksheet 13 All topics 123 Chapter 14 Electromagnetic Worksheet 14 All topics 133 Waves Chapter 15 Sound Worksheet 15 All topics 137 THEME 4: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM Answer It Right! 447 Chapter 16 Static Electricity Worksheet 16 All topies 151 Chapter 17 Current Electricity Worksheet 17 All topies t64 Chapter 18 D.C. Circuits Worksheet 18A 18.1 Series Circuits 169 18.2 Parallel Circuits 18.3. Resistors in Series and Parallel Worksheet 188 18.4 Potential Dividers 178 48.5. Input Transducers Chapter 19 Practical Electricity Worksheet 19 All topics 179 Chapter 20 Magnetism Worksheet 20 All topics 189 Chapter 21 Electromagnetism Worksheet 24 All topics 197 Chapter 22 Electromagnetic Worksheet 22 22.1 Electromagnetic Induction 207 Induction 22.2 Alternating Current Generators Worksheet 228 22.3 Transformers 211 22.4 CathodeRay OscilloscopesBLANKTheme 1: General Physics Answer It Right! Go through the following worked examples. Use the tips provided to help you answer questions well. Worked Example 1 Acar travels along a straight road from rest. The velocity of the car at various intervals is recorded and tabulated as shown below. T eWay, DuslY | JeMsuy Velocity/m s* 0.00 | 8.50 | 15.00 | 20.00 | 23.00 | 24.00 Time/s oo | 20 | 40 | 60 | 80 | 100 (a) Plot a graph of velocity against time for the car from time t= 0.0 s to time t= 10.0 s, using a best fit curve. Answer Veto s* 24.00 4 22.00 20.00 18.00 16.00 18.00 12.00 10.00 200 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 oo 10 20 (© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte td 30 60 70 90 100 Time/s a2 (b) From the graph plotted in (a), estimate the acceleration of the car at time + Remember to label both the vertical axis and the horizontal axis with the correct physical quantity and its unit. In this example, the vertical axis and horizontal axis are labelled “Volocity/m s** and “Time/s* respectively. * Check whether you need to start the graph from the origin, Le. at (0,0). In this example, the intial velocity is 0.00 m s* at time t = 0.0 s, so you should mark your scales for the vertical axis and horizontal axis from the origin. + Plan carefully to determine suitable scales for the two axes, end such that your plotted graph fills at least half of the graph paper. + Plot all the points of the graph carefully and cleary using small crosses. (Contrast this to sketching a graph, where no points are plotted and no actual values are necessary.) + For:more tips on graph plotting, go to Answer It Right! (pages 147 to 149). 5.0. ‘+ When asked to “estimate” the value of a physical quantity, you should provide an answer (measured or Calculated) of reasonable magnitude, using approximated information. ‘+ Here, the acceleration of the car is found by determining the gradient of the best fit graph at time Answer ven crsat0e > tere at 20 a ae ce 20.00 + 18.00 4-1 Thome 4 (Answor It Right!) © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pe td(24,00 - 8,00) _ Att = 5.0 s, gradient = 20 — EO. The acceleration at time t = 5.0 s is 2.5m. Bear in mind to draw the tangent to the curve at the correct point. A large triangle should be used to determine the gradient. The hypotenuse of this triangle is the tangent to the curve. Worked Example 2 box is pulled along a rough horizontal surface at constant velocity with a force of 15 N. ox moving at constant velocity a5N eo rough horizontal surface (a) On the diagram, draw an arrow to indicate the frictional force on the horizontal surface that acts ‘on the box. Label this frictional force R. Answer box moving at constant velocity 15 ugh horlzonta surface z “+ When drawing an arrow to show how a force acts on a body, remember that the arrow should originate from the point where the force acts, The arrow should be attached to the body, and not ‘float’ in the jagram. Give the arrow an appropriate label, and according to what is asked by the question. * In this example, you ate asked to draw an arrow to indicate the frictional force on the horizontal surface. Thus, the arrow should lle along the horizontal surface, and the direction of the arrow should be opposite to the motion of the box. © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pe Lid{b) Determine the value of the frictional force. Answer Since the box is moving at constant velocity, the resultant force on the box is zero. Frictional force = pulling force =15N (c) The box is then pulled along the surface with a force of 40 N, over 2.5 minutes. Determine the power of the 40 N force. Answer Time taken = 2.5 min x 60 = 150 s work done time a distance of 100 m in (a). Suggest a method of reducing the fritional force between the box and the horizontal surface. Answer small wheels or rollers can be attached tothe bottom of the box to reduce the fictional force. / A lubricant ‘can be applied to the surface to reduce the frictional force. “Tome 4 (Ancwer It Right!) {© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pe LtdName: ———_________ ia Date Worksheet 1 4. The diagram shows a pair of vernier calipers used to measure the diameter of a ball. What is the diameter of the ball? 1.44 om 1.34 om 2.44 om 2.24. em vom> 2. The diagram shows the reading on a pair of vernier calipers. What is the reading shown? 3] 4 om Littriidiiel Ta ea eal A 0.07 cm B 3.37cm Cc 3.42cm 8 es 3. Which instruments are most suitable for taking accurate measurements of the diameter of an iron nail and the internal diameter of a test tube? Diameter of an iron nail Internal diameter of a test tube Micrometer screw gauge Metre rule Micrometer sorew gauge Vernier calipers Metre rule Micrometer screw gauge com> Metre rule Vernier calipers © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte id ( ) Measurement T sexdey quewanseay4, The diagram shows a simple pendulum. The bob of the pendulum is released at X. If the pendulum takes 6.4 s to make ten oscillations, how long will it take to swing from X to Y? A 0.165 B 0.325 © 064s D 64s _ Working/Explanation 5. The diagram shows a simple pendulum. Which of the following statements about the period of the pendulum is/are not true? 1. Its the time taken for the bob to swing from Q to P and back to Q. 2 tis independent of the mass of the bob. 3 Itincreases as the length of the pendulum increases. A tonly B 4and2ony © and 3 only D 2and3only( ) Section B: Baers a 1. (a) State the Si unit of length. —_ (b) The diameter of the Earth is about 10 Mm, while the diameter of an atom is 0.5 nm. Express the diameters of the Earth and the atom in metres. (c) How many atoms, when lined up next to each other, make up the diameter of the Earth? 6 worshest 3 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte LtdA student measures the diameter of a garden hose using a pair of vernier calipers (Figure 1.1). luni) tht (a) Write down the reading of the diameter of the garden hose. Diameter = om (b) Describe one precaution you need to take when using vernier calipers to measure length, (e) Describe briefly how you can improve the accuracy of the student's measurement. 3. Table 1.1 shows some readings of a micrometer screw gauge. Complete the table by stating ‘the readings obtained before and after correcting the zero errors. 1 Table 1.4 OES IE? ——_ mm ——_mm —_mm 48 ok-20 e's —_mm eee 07 7 104, Astudent checks the accuracy of an antique clock (Figure 1.2) He uses a digital stopwatch to find the period of the clock's pendulum. (a) If Xand Y are the two extreme positions of each oscillation, l state the path of one complete oscillation. (b) His timings for two separate measurements of 20 oscillations are 35.70 s and 34.98 s, Calculate the average period of the clock’s pendulum, @ Figure 12 () Using the terms “increases”, “decreases” or “remains unchanged”, state the effect (if any) ‘on the period of the pendulum when (i) a heavier pendulum bob is used: ee (il) the number of oscillations is increased: (ili) a smaller angle of swing is used: (iv) a longer pendulum is used: Section C: [Ri CS eS is 4. There are various ways to measure the average diameter of a wire. (a) With the aid of a diagram, describe how you would determine the average diameter of a long wire using only a pencil and a ruler. B Worksheet 1 © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd(b) Suppose you are given a metre rule, a tape measure, a pair of vernier calipers and a micrometer screw gauge. (i) If the average diameter of the long wire in (a) is found to be 0.47 mm, which of these instruments would you use to confirm your result? Explain your answer. (il) If the wire is about 70 cm long, which of these instruments would you use to confirm its length? Data-Based Question a Astudent is given a square, steel plate of known density 7500 kg m-. Using measuring instruments, he attempts to derive the density of the steel plate. Table 1.2 shows the dimensions of the steel Plate he has measured. Table 1.2 Length of steel plate/em Width of steel plate/em ‘Mass of steo! plate/g 30.0 30.0) 651.2 The student then uses a micrometer screw gauge to measure the thickness of the steel plate. Figure 1.3(a) shows the zero reading of the micrometer screw gauge. Figure 1.3(b) shows the reading of the thickness of the steel plate. 10 ’ Es BE E. Es J a a4 — (a) What is the thickness of the steel plate? (b) Using the values in Table 1.2, calculate the volume of the steel plate. Give your answer in cubic centimetres. (© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ld Measurement{e) (i) State the formula for density. (Hint: Think of a unit of density such as kg m* org cm.) (il) Calculate the density of the steel plate correct to two significant figures. Give your answer in kg m*. (a) Suggest one possible reason why the density of the steel plate derived by the student differs so greatly from its known density. @ work ont In the table below, circle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly. Revisit the relevant section(s) in the textbook to strengthen your understanding of the key concept(s). peers eee (a) Show understanding that all physical ‘quantities consist of a numerical - - - 12 magnitude and a unit. (o) Ui base quanti ir {b) List the seven base quantities andthe 2 Ya) 24) 12 (e)_Use prefixes and symbols to indicate very large or very small SI quantities. up) 2b) = (@) Show an understanding of how the Sizes of objects, such as an atom and the Earth, can range in orders of magnitude. - ue) = 13 {e) Describe how to measure a variety ‘of lengths using the appropriate instruments (e.g. tape measure, meve | 4, 2,3 2a |,2ce) 2d) 16 rule, vernier calipers, micrometer screw gauge). (f) Describe how to measure a short period of time with appropriate accuracy, using 4,5 4 - 14 appropriate instruments. 10 Worksheet 1 ‘© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte LidNamez_—___=- ne ae 1. Distance and Displacement 2.2 Speed, Velocity and ‘Agceleration 2.3 Displacement-Time Graphs (lass: —___ Worksheet 2A 4. Aman takes 20 s to walk briskly due east for 10 m and then due west for 12 m. What are the average speed and average velocity of the man during the 20 s? (Take due east to be the positive _ Date: | direction.) Average speed ‘Average velocity A _Oamst 0.1 ms B 1imst Oamst cc dimst =O. ms D dimst Lams* Gs) Working/Explanation 2. When an object is accelerating, which of the following has to change? 1 The speed at which the object is moving 2 The velocity at which the object is moving. 3 The force applied to the object A tonly B 2only © Sony Det oends (|) 3. Aman walks at a velocity of 3 m s* before accelerating at a rate of 2 m s~ for 4 s. What is his velocity at the end of the 4s? A 10ms* B itms* © 14mst D 24mst ( Working/Explanation © 2014 marshall Cavendish Education Pte d Kinematics Z seydeup soneUWaUly4. car's journey is described in the table. asic a Which ofthe following displacement-time Test ron | Gonstant soos graphs shows the motion of the car for the ester oe y whole journey? Second part Not moving Third part Accelerates A Displacement B Displacement ol ie EL. © displacemont Displacement dl = ol ine iS Section B: EEG OCT ES id 1 (a) (i) Define velocity. (ii) State what is meant by uniform acceleration. (b) A cyclist starts from rest and accelerates at 1.5 m s~. Calculate the amount of time taken for his velocity to reach 2,25 m s*. 12 Worksheet 28 © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Ple Ltd2. (a) Define speed. (b) Is speed a scalar or vector quantity? Explain your answer. (ce) Aman leaves Singapore at 8.00 a.m. for Kuala Lumpur, which is 384 km away. If he reaches his destination at 4.00 p.m., calculate his average speed in () kmas (i) mss [koi Free-Response Questions 4. Figure 2.1 shows the displacement-time graph of an object. (a) Determine the velocity of the object during the first 3 s. (b) Determine the velocity of the object from t= 3 s to t= 10s. (©) Determine the velocity of the object from t= 10 s to t= 15 s. © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Lid Kinematics 13(d) Determine the acceleration of the object at t= 11 s. (e) Determine the value of b. (f) Find the distance travelled in the first 12 s. (g) State the displacement at t @ work ont In the table below, circle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly. Revisit the relevant section(s) in the textbook to strengthen your understanding of the key concept(s). (e) Understand ond stays bemroon scalar | : and vector quantities. 2b) 2a (b) Distinguish between speed and velocity. 1 AlaKti, 2(a)_ - 2.2 Oe eee een Ee 21) a 22 (d) State what uniform acceleration is and calculate the value of acceleration using 2,3 ‘fei, 4b) 5 22 ee eee TO) Pot and understand a doplacenont-ine - Bota 4 1 23 aia ancaaren eae ee : ; a San iamicenine ge Worksheet 28 {© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte ltdeS {For topies 2.2 Speed, Velocity Class: Dales oe and Acceleration 2.3. Velocity-Time Worksheet 2B 24 Keeton Section DCm eS 4. Acyolist riding at a velocity of 5 m s braked with uniform deceleration and travelled 3 m before she came to a stop. How long did she take to stop? A 06s B 12s © 133s D 30s ey Working/Explanation 2. Which of the following velocity-time graphs shows the motion of a piece of paper dropping vertically through air? A Webeiy B_Vebciy + o- ——rrine o ie © Vela D Velocity i of rime 3 Time (> © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Lis Kinomaties z Jaxdeuo soneweuryA car's journey is described in the table. Which of the following velocity-time graphs shows the motion of the car for the whole journey? A locity Ne © Velocity Part of journey Motion First part Accelerates from rest Second part Constant velocity Third part Decelerates to rest Veleity Velo ; [XZ Which of the following graphs shows a moving object undergoing increasing deceleration? A elcity ° ime CC weloaty a {A stone is thrown upwards into the air. The velocity-time graph of the stone during the first 2 s of its motion is shown, What is the acceleration of the stone at its maximum height? A 10ms? B 20ms? 16 Worksheet 28 ms No a y 7 30ms? D B Wociy NX D eociy LZ o) 4oms? ( ) © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pe td6. The graph below shows how the velocity of an object changes with time. 25. us 25 Which of the following graphs shows how the acceleration of the object varies with time? A aims Bo ams? . vs t— WW j—_- 6 © aims? Dams? us 4 TT «) eg Structured Questions 4. Figure 2.2 shows the velocity-time graph for eat s* the first 425 s of the journey of a lorry. S . (a) During the journey of the lorry, describe 20 what happens to _ ()) the velocity of the lorry; 20 1 10 5 stiners A= oye any eu) eb uo) 0 (il) the acceleration of the lorry. a Figure 2.2 | | (b) Determine the maximum velocity of the lorry in km fr. © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Lid Kinematics 172. (a) Complete Table 2.1 by sketching the correct velocity-time graphs of an object in motion. Table 2:1 ‘Motion of object Velocity-time graph (1) Object is moving with constant acceleration, (i) Object is moving with zero acceleration. {lll) Object is moving with increasing acceleration. (b) A ball is thrown upwards vertically. The initial velocity of the ball is 20 m s*. The ball takes, 2s to reach the maximum height. (Draw the velocity-time graph for the frst two seconds of its motion. (Assume that air resistance is negligible.) (il) Using the graph in (b)(I), calculate the acceleration due to gravity. 1B Worksheet 28 ‘© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Lid3. Figure 2.3 shows the velocity-time graph of a car travelling a straight path vim s iu a Figure 23 (a) Determine the acceleration in each of the four phases A, B, C and D. {c) Calculate the average speed for the whole journey. 4. Air is removed from a tall jar to create a vacuum. A feather and a coin that are released together from the top of the jar reach the bottom of the jar at the same time. (a) Describe the motion of the two falling objects,(b) Sketch the velocity-time graph of the two falling objects. Fat icn kl Free-Response Questions 4. Cars A and B are in a race. The velocity-time graph “5 in Figure 2.4 shows the motion of both cars during. 9 a the race. Both cars are at the same starting position qf at t=0, 8 cor 10 5 d vs > Figwe 24 2 40 60 «80 (a) Describe the motion of cars A and B up until the time when their velocities become constant. (b) Calculate the distance travelled by both cars at t= 40 s. (c) Determine the distance separating both cars at t= 40 s, State which car is in the lead. (4) (I) Describe the motion of cars A and B from t= 40 s onwards, 20 Worksheet 28 (© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte id(ii) Calculate the time when both cars are at the same position again. Data-Based Question 2. Figure 2.5 shows an athlete training to achieve maximum distance in the long jump. The objective of the approach run is for the athlete to achieve the ideal velocity before he takes off. Table 2.2 shows how the horizontal velocity of the athlete changes from the start of his approach run to the moment he takes off. oe Time/s: 0 4 2 3 4 5 6 Velocity/m s* 0.0 O7 27 6.1 8.6 94 99 (a) On the grid provided, plot the velocity-time graph for the athlete. me wos ° = 60. 50. 40. 30. 20: 10.(b) Estimate his maximum acceleration. {e) Estimate the distance the long jumper runs before he takes off. WORK ON IT! In the table below, circle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly. Revisit the relevant section(s) in the textbook to strengthen your understanding of the key concept(s). (6) Understand examples of nonuniform ut i acceleration. i. rant) 22 {Plot and understand a velocip-time want. | _ 3 12a |e 28 ()_Deduoe Information about motion ftom the | 4,2,3, 4 Shape of a vlociyume Bap Ze | 1200.3 | 4.2 23 @ Determine dspacement by catelating - we ama) 23 area under a velocity-time graph. (k) State that the acceleration of free fall rear the Earth's surface is constant, at 5 2tbyil) a 2.8 approximately 10 m s, (1) Describe the motion of free-falling bodies with or without air resistance, Understand what terminal vel 22 Workshost 28 © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte LtdName - Class: _ ate: Worksheet 3 Section Minos 1. In which of the following is Fthe resultant force? A B c D C= )) 2. The diagram below shows two forces acting at right angles to each other. aN aw Which of the following shows the resultant force? A B c LO D NN Working/Explanation Which of the following is/are possible when an object experiences two equal and opposite forces, as shown below? — 1 The object remains stationary. F object ie 2 The object accelerates. 3. The object moves at constant speed. A tonly B tand2ony © tand3ony DB 41,2and3 C7) © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Utd Forces se0104 :¢ saydeyo4. Two forces are applied to a block of mass 0.25 kg in the directions shown below. Assuming no friction is present, what is the acceleration of the block? 15N 126 A 12ms? B 48ms? © coms? D 108ms? to) Working/Explanation 5. Two unequal forces act on a moving object as shown below. What is a possible effect of these two forces acting on the moving object? 1 The object accelerates. Sect ctetn | 2 The object decelerates. | 3 The object stops moving and does not move again. = 4s} abject jee | A 3only B tand2only ¢ tand3only DB 2and3ony ( ) The diagram shows a car of mass 1000 kg travelling at a uniform speed of 12 m s* resiotve force tomation foward civng force If the forward driving force is 2000 N, what is the magnitude of the resistive force to motion that acts on the car? A ON B 2000 © 3000N D 12000N co 24 Worksheet 3 © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte ltd7. Aforward force Facts on a block moving on a rough surface. A frictional force facts in the opposite direction. If Fis equal in magnitude to f, the block will undergo constant acceleration. undergo constant deceleration. move forward with constant velocity. move in the opposite direction with constant velocity. c) your 8. The diagram below shows three forces acting on an object Q. CTT Which of the following forces, if added above, will result in object Q being at equilibrium? A B c D ~~ —. oe es 9. The diagram shows a box resting on the floor. The following forces are at work. Fog: Gravitational force acting on the box by the Earth Fg: Contact force acting on the floor by the box Fy: Contact force acting on the box by the floor Fg: Gravitational force acting on the Earth by the box Which of the following pairs show action-reaction forces at work? donk | 92 ents | seen 4 Fy and Fey A Land 2 only B 2and 3 only © 3and4 only D 1and 3 only (od (© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ld Forces10. A 12 N force acts on a 4 kg mass and a 3 kg mass ‘as shown. Which of the following pairs of forces . \ wn is correct? ele ee Force of 4 kg mass Force of 3 kg mass acting on 3 kg mass acting on 1 kg mass A 3N ON B ON 3N ie ail —————E—E D ON ON a) Working/Explanation Section B: Faire 4. Figures 3.4 to 3.4, drawn to scale (1 cm : 2 N), each show a 3 N force and 4N force acting on an ‘object. Find the resultant force when the two forces act (a) inthe same direction; ans} an a eure 3. (c) at right angles; aN 0" iN 4 Figure 3.3 an Worksheet 2 (b) (a) in opposite directions; an % >4N Figure 3.2 at angles to each other. an © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd2. Figure 3.5 shows a bob of weight 40 N suspended by a string at P. The bob is pulled to one side by a spring balance, which registers a reading of 30 N. With the aid of a diagram, determine the ‘magnitude and direction of the tension in the string acting on the bob. spring balance 4ow a Figure 3.5, 3. Two forces F, and F, act on a small bead P as shown in Figure 3.6 (scale 1.om : 1 N). A third force F, acts on P so that P Is in equilibrium. Find the magnitude and the direction of F,. roof] 8 A > 4 4 Figure 3.64 (a). Write down (in symbols) the equation relating the resultant force F, mass m and acceleration a of a body. (b) Atrolley of mass 3 kg is pulled by @ constant force on a frictionless surface. (i) Ifthe acceleration of the trolley is 2 m s”, caloulate the resultant force. (li) Ifthe force applied is 3 N, calculate the aoceleration of the trolley (©) When the trolley in (b) is pushed along a different surface with a force of 6 N. it mares With a constant speed of 0.40 ms. When the trolley Is pushed along the surface With a force of 15 N, describe and explain what happens in terms of the acceleration of the trolley. 5. Acari travelling at @ constant speed of 20 m s* along a road with a fictional force of 500 N. 2B Worksheet 3 (2) (i). State the resultant force acting on the Caf. (li) State the driving force of the car. ee (b) When the speed is 20 m 5, the car engine is switched off. (State and explain what happens to the motion of the car when Its engine Is switched off. — a (il) Given that the car has a mass of 400 kg, calculate the deceleration of the car- (lit) Calculate the speed of the car 4 s after its engine Is switched off. © 2014 Mashall Cavendish ucaton Pte Ltd6. (a) Give one example each of how friction can act as a constructive force and a destructive force. (b) Figure 3.7 shows a 2 kg box being pushed by an external force F of 10 N along a rough tabletop. This causes the box to move at constant speed, constant speed aoe nee 37 rough tabletop (There is another horizontal force acting on the box in Figure 3.7. Name this force. (ii) On Figure 3.7, draw the other horizontal force. Include its direction and magnitude. (ill) If Fis increased to 20 N, calculate the acceleration produced. fT 4i ktm Free-Response Questions 1A metal box attached to a small parachute is dropped from a helicopter. The parachute opens shortly after the metal box is dropped. (a) Explain, in terms of the forces acting, why (i) the velocity of the metal box increases immediately after being dropped;(li) the metal box reaches uniform velocity after a short time. (b) The total force opposing the motion of the metal box and parachute at a particular instant during their fall is 30 N. The combined mass of the box and parachute is 5 kg. (i) Calculate the resultant force acting on the box and parachute. (Take g= 10 ms) (Wl) Briefly describe the motion of the box and parachute at this instant. Data-Based Question 2. The GMax Reverse Bungy (Figure 3.8) is a thrilling ride at Clarke Quay in Singapore, ‘A specially designed openair reinforced steel capsule, which seats up to three passengers, is attached by two 15 m bungy cords to two towers. Each tower is 35 m high. At the start of each ride, the cords are tightened and then released, catapulting the capsule as high as 60 ml a Fiewe 38 ‘elastic bungy cords ‘reinforced stel capsule cleewomagnetc lock Just before releasing the capsule, the cords are stretched 20 m to a length of 35 m each. The ‘elastic force Fon each cord is given by the following formula (Hooke's Law): Feaxe where 0. = proportionality constant (in N mm); extension (in m). BO) Worsnost 2 © 2014 Masa Cavendish dation Pe idFor a particular ride, the total mass of the capsule and its passengers is 250 kg. Figure 3.9 shows the Fe graph for one of the cords. Fp 4 Figue 3.9 ym (a) Determine the value of c. Draw the freebody diagram of the capsule just after it is released. Identify all the (b) acting on the capsule and indicate their magnitudes (take F, to be a vertical forces force). Include your working to show how you derived the magnitudes of these forces. (Take g= 10 N ke) (© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Lid(c) Using Newton's Second Law of Motion and assuming that the cords are vertically hung, calculate the acceleration of the capsule just after itis released. WORK ON In the table below, circle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly. Revisit the relevant section(s) in the textbook to strengthen your understanding of the key concept(s). Question(s) Learning Objective ‘mutipte- | Free: Se ‘Structured ‘Section(s) Choice Response (2) Add two vectors, including using 2 aos | 123 = 50 graphical method. (b) Solve problems that involve three forces acting on a static body using a 8 2.3 2b) 32 graphical method. (©) Apply Newton's Laws of Motion to describe how a force may change the 5.7 lc), S(O) 40a) 3.3 motion of a body. (6) Anly Newton's Laws of Maton to AKe), 5(a, scribe the effects of balanced forces and unbalanced forces acting | 95:67 | SXbMD, GIN, | Ae), 200K) eS ‘on a body. Co) (e) Apply Newton’s Laws of Motion to identify action-reaction forces acting 9,10 _ o 33 ‘on two interacting bodies. (f) Solve problems by applying the 4, SiON), formula force = mass acceleration. | #10 ‘seen | 20K: 200 33 (6) Spainpow tion tects Wenn [ so - = {h) _Ieently the fores acting ona body and sketch a freebody diagram to : 2 200 35 represent these forces. B2 worksheet 3 {© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pe idName oe C4 Ch Worksheet 4 4. Mass is the amount of ‘A space between the particles ina body. B gravitational force acting on a body. © substance in a body. D charge in a body. «) 2. An aeroplane cruises at normal speed. Upon flying into turbulent (unstable) air, it suddenly drops downwards vertically. Passengers in the aeroplane who are not wearing seat belts will Asueq pue UBIEm ‘Sse; *7 40}de49_ DB A Hitte seats infront of them, B hit the ceiling of the aeroplane. © be pushed against the back of their seats. D be pushed down into their seats. ( ) 3. Anastronaut conducts an experiment in outer space by throwing a bowling ball upwards. Which of the following statements is correct? ‘A__Itis easier to throw the bowling ball upwards in outer space than on Earth. B It is easier to throw the bowling ball upwards on Earth than in outer space. © [tis as difficult throwing the bowling ball upwards in outer space as it is on Earth. D__ The bowling ball is heavier in outer space. (on) ‘A paperweight is placed on a newton balance A and then on a beam balance B. What does each balance measure? balance 8 ‘Balance A Balance B > A Mass Mass 8 Mass Weight c Weight Mass D Weight Weight 28 ia operon Cc) paperweight 5, The weight of an object on the Moon is 34 N. What is the weight of the object on Earth? { (Take Sexe = 10 N KE Bap = 1.7 N KE) | A 58N B 34N © 20N D 200N «) | | Working/Explanation {© 2014 Marshall Cavendish fucation Pe id Mase, Weight and Density | 33.6. Which block, P, Q, R or S, is made of the densest material? Block Mass/e | Length/om | Breadth/cm | Height/em A Pp 360 6 4 3 a {@ 480 5 4 4 © an 600 5 5 3 D s 800 10 5 3 u Working/Explanation 7. The table shows the results of an experiment in which a solid object is placed in three different liquids. Mercury 44 000 The abject float: Seawater 4100 ‘The object floats. Paraffin 700 The object What is the density of the object? A Exactly 700 kg mv? © Exactly 1400 kg mr? Section B: EG UICUDLCS 4. Explain the following observations. Between 700 kg m-and 1.100 kg mr? D_ Between 1100 kg mand 14 000 kgm*( {a) The mass of an apple is the same on Earth and on the Moon. (b) The weight of an apple Is different on Earth and on the Moon. BA) worateet (© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte td(a) (i). Distinguish between mass and inertia. (il) Explain which has more inertia, a person or a truck. {b) In many countries, it is mandatory for vehicles to be fitted with seat belts, in order to protect passengers in the event of an accident. Explain why. (©) Figure 4.4 shows a truck transporting a passenger and logs of wood. Ropes are used to secure the logs to the truck. If the ropes come loose and the moving truck comes to a sudden hait, explain why the passenger in front of the logs is in danger of becoming seriously injured. (2)-Aman has a mass of 70 kg, The gravitational field strength on the Moon is 2 of that on Earth. The gravitational field strength on Jupiter is 2.64 times greater than that on Earth. Find his weight on the Moon and on Jupiter. (Take Zea = 10 m s-) (b) Explain whether it would be easier for a man to lift @ 10 kg box on Earth or on the Moon. eee a(b) | (©) (@ (b) Define the density of a substance. Given that @ wooden cube of length 10 cm has a mass of 600 g, calculate the density of the wood in g em’, Iron has a density of 7900 kg n#. Calculate the volume of 2 kg of iron. Given that the density of airis 1.25 kgm, calculate the mass of air in an empty room of size 6mx5mx3m. A copper ball has a mass of 1 kg. Calculate the radius of the ball, given that the density of ‘copper is 8900 kg mr’. An empty beaker has a mass of 88 g. When 20 om? of mercury is poured into the beaker, the total mass of the beaker and mercury is 360 g. Calculate the density of mercury in g em? and kgm. 36 Worishoot 4 © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte LtdFT Tamim Free-Response Questions L (a) Explain why a piece of expanded polystyrene feels much lighter than a piece of lead of equal volume. (b) Air is made up of about 80% nitrogen and 20% oxygen by volume. The densities of air and ‘oxygen are 1.29 kg m*and 1.43 kg m*respectively. Find the density of nitrogen. Data-Based Question 2. Dr. Xhas developed a new liquid. The volume of this new liquid changes when placed in different surroundings (e.g. on different planets) {a) State how the mass of the liquid is affected on different planets. {b) Complete Table 4.1 to show how the density of the new liquid changes on different planets and on the Moon. Table 4 Planet | Massof | Gravitational | Volume of | Weight of | Density of new liquid | field strength | new liquid | new liquid | new liquid Earth 100g 10 N kg 10 em? [Moon 16 N kg Som Mars 37 N ket 0.25 g om? Jupiter ___| 24.9. Nke* | 5000 om? 2.49 N (c) The gravitational field strength, g, depends on the mass of a planet and the distance from its. centre of gravity. It is given by the formula: 6.67 x 10 x mass of planet go Gradius of planet)? © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Fducation Pte Lid ‘Mass, Weight and Density 37(1) Suggest why the gravitational field strength Is different on different planets, a (i) The radius of the Earth Is 6.4 x 10 m and its mass is 6.0 x 10% Ke. Calculate Earth's gravitational field strength using the formula given. {ay To find the mass of a planet, scientists estimate its radlus and calculate ts Mats by Using the given formula for g. if the radius of Jupiter is estimated to be 7-2 x 10° m, find its mass using the data in Table 4.1. (work oni In the table below, citcle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly. Revisit the relevant section(s) in the textbook to strengthen your understanding of the Key concept(s). (a) Define mass. 1 4e), ani) 4a (b) Define gravitational leld. 3 Ub), 3¢b) S aa {e) Define gravitational field strength &. = - 240) at (@) Differentiate between mass and weight. 4 1 = 4a (e) Recall and apply the formula weight = mass x gravitational field strength 10 5 340 2b) 4a solve problems. (f) Define inertia. 2 2 - 42 (e) Recall and apply the formula censity «255-10 solve problems 67 48 1, 2(0) 43 ty = ora 10 SONG Pi | BB worksheet 4 ‘© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte LtdName: —— Class: Worksheet 5 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. The diagram shows a non-uniform tree trunk with a weight of 1000 N. It rests horizontally on two supports at Q and S. The centre of the mass of the tree trunk is at R. What is the minimum downward force that must be applied at point P to lift the tree trunk off the support at S? i 70m 0m aom som A 500N B 750N © 1000N De 2c0Ne te) Working/Explanation 2. The diagram shows a thin irregular-shaped piece of aluminium sheet of uniform thickness. It hangs freely from a nail at position X. An iron block is attached to the aluminium sheet. Which position, A, B, C or D, is most likely to be the centre of gravity of the setup? lumina sheet: iron block 3. The diagram shows two egg-shaped objects X and Y. Objects X and Y each have a piece of lead embedded within, in the positions shown. Which of the following correctly describes the types of ‘equilibrium for objects X and Y? plastic shot Object X Object ¥ A Stable Unstable B Stable Neutral e Unstable Stable D Unstable Neutral © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Lid Turing Effect of Forces G saydey se0104 JO JOa4J9 BSUIWINYThe diagram shows a toy bird pivoted on a support and in stable equilibrium. When designing the toy bird the manufacturer needs to plan the position of its centre of gravity. Which position, A, B, € or D, should the centre of gravity be? Section SC rue dh Loud 4. (a) Suppose you are supplied with a plane mirror (Figure 5.4), a concave mirror (Figure 5.2), a convex mirror (Figure 5.3) and three small rubber balls. On Figures 5.1 to 5.3, indicate | where you would place the balls to illustrate the three kinds of equilibrium. Also, state the ‘ype of equilibrium in each case: stable, unstable or neutral. | | a Figure 5.4 a Figue 5.2 a Flewe 5.3, equilibrium = _____ equilibrium | _____ equilibrium (b) Explain the following observations. (i) The base of a Bunsen burner is designed to be large and heavy. (il) The inverted conical flask in Figure 5.5 is easier to topple over when disturbed than the identical inverted flask in Figure 5.4. emety son stopper Figure 5.4 4 Figure 5.5 40 Worksheet 5 {© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Lid3, (a) Figure 5.6 shows a balanced uniform A 8 beam that is supported atts centre 1 __A, Find the ratio of mass Ato mess B “ {soem 2 a Figure 5.6 (b) Figure 5.7 shows a 1m long beam of negligible mass pivoted at P. A mass of é faa 2 kg rests on the beam, at 60 om from P. AtQ, the beam rests on a support that Se } support exerts a force Ron the beam. Calculate the i magnitude of R. (Take g= 10 N kg") Times, (a) Define centre of gravity. (b) A300 g walking stick is placed on a 1008 pivot and balanced by a 100 g mass, as shown in Figure 5.8. Calculate the 7 distance of the centre of gravity of the ! i stick from the pivot. ’ A Figure 5.8 Figure 5.9 shows a person supporting a book 3 y— between his fingers and thumb. If the point of contact is at the corner of the book eu ae and the weight W of the book is 1.N, calculate the moment of the force provided by the (a) weight W of the book about the point of contact; a Flewe 5.9 wean © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ld Turning Effect of Forces a(b) person to support the book. 5. (a) Figure 5.10 shows a heavy uniform : 30m ' ————E plank of length 3.0 m supported by ' om! we a {025m osom | two forces F, and F). Calculate the pan “ a ie weight of plank & 4 Figure 5.40 (b) gure 5.11 shows a uniform 11m plank XY of weight 200 N hinged to a wall at X. A500 N force acts ‘ Gdownwards on the plank 20 om from X. The plank i am held horizontally by a force F acting upwards from Y. 20cm Caleulate the magnitude of force F + = v TT 200 SOON a Faure 844 Section Free-Response Questions 1. (a) Explain the moment of a force and state its $I unit. (b)_ State the Principle of Moments. AZ worksheet 5 (© 2014 marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ldamma. | (e) Figure 5.12 shows the same force F being applied toa metal od at postions A, Band oe C on separate occasions to lift a large stone. neta 2 = State the poston, A, Bor Cin which force FM a exerts the largest moment about the smal | stone, Give a reason for your answer. t anprasa tt (d) Figure 5.13 shows an angler holding a stiff 300m, 90cm fishing rod (of negligible mass) in ahorzontal pee # >" _ position to support a fish of mass 3 kg. \F the rod in the horizontal position. (Take g= 10 N kg) hand hand he 1 Figure 5:13 Data-Based Question 2. Cranes such as the one in Figure 5.14 are used to move heavy loads across large distances. The maximum load a crane can carry depends on its given working radius, i.e. the given length of the jib, at a specific angle. A crane operator can refer to the data in Table 5.1 to find out the maximum load a crane can lift for a particular working radius at an angle of 30°. a Figure 5.14 Table 62 Working radius/m. 14 20 28 36 ‘Maximum load/N 900 630 450 350 (a) Using the data in Table 5.1, deduce the maximum moment provided by the crane.WORK ON IT! In the table below, circle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly. Revisit the relevant section(s) in the textbook to strengthen your understanding of the key concept(s). (b) Suppose the crane has a minimum working radius of 8 m. Calculate the maximum load the crane can carry when its working radius is at the minimum length. (e) State why it is important that the crane operator works within the load specified. (a) In Table 5.2, fill in the missing values for the working radius and the maximum load when the jib is horizontal. Table 5.2 Working radius /m 14 20 36 Maximum load/N 390 Question(s) issu Learning 0 * hoe ‘Multiple- Free- Section(s) choice | Sted | Response (a) State the moment ofa force as a measure of the turning effect of / - ue) aa 8 force, and relate It 10 everyday " examples. (b) State the formula moment ofa force {or tongue) = free x perpendicular ‘i 2, 300), ta), | 40 2te 5a distance from the pivot, and use it to 5 Dae ‘ solve problems. (@) State the Princiole of Moments for a - body in equiliorium, - te) bod (@)_ Use the Principle of Moments to 2, 3(b), 40, solve problems. 2 5 uo) aad (e) Explain what is meant by the centre - of gravity of a body. ° - a (f) Describe the relationship between the position of tre centre of gravity of | 3, 4 1 . 54 an object and its stabil 44 Worksheet 5 © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Edocaton Pte tdName: — Clee eee ae Worksheet 6 1 9 Jaydeyo ion DT are Cd The diagram below shows the side view of a roller coaster track. The car is released from position P. Jamod pue 410M ‘AB18Ug Which of the following statements is/are true? 1. The total energy is the same at each of the three positions shown. 2 The kinetic energy of the car is greater at Q than at R. 3 The gravitational potential energy of the car is greater at R than at P. A tony Band 2only © and 3 only De tends A boy drops a ball from a height. Ignoring the effects of air resistance, the total energy is, bal O2 Os TTT A greatest at point 1. B greatest at point 2. © greatest at point 3. D the same at al three points. co) (© 2014 MashallCavenlsh Education Pte Lid Energy, Work and Power 453. An arrow is shot vertically upward with an initial speed of 12 ms“, What is the maximum height the arrow can reach? (Take g = 10 N kg") A 7.2m B 72m © 144m D Cannot be determined ( ) Working/Explanation 4. A 2 kg box slides from the top to the bottom of a ramp. Given that the speed of the box is 10 m s* at the bottom of the ramp, calculate the total amount of energy lost to the surroundings. (Take g= 10 N kg) A 205 B 80) © 100) D 120) (9) Working/Explanation5. An 80 kg man walks up a flight of steps to reach a height of 4 m in 16 seconds. Calculate the minimum power required by the man. (Take g = 10 N kg) A 20W B sow © 200W D s1200W ( ) Working/Explanation 6. A box is pushed 10 m along a horizontal surface by a force of 8 N. The frictional force opposing the motion is 6 N. How much of the work done is converted to thermal energy and kinetic energy? aN. The diagram shows a force fof 10 N supporting the weight W of a 1500 kg load on a hydraulic press. Both pistons are of negligible weight. Caloulate piston 3158 # area A. (Take gravitational field strength g=10N kg) i 150016 piston rea 4 A 15cm? B 150 cm? © 1500 cm* D 15000em*( ) Working/Explanation © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pe id Pressure 1 sade ainssald4. Two cylinders placed on the ground are made of the same material but are of different sizes. The larger cylinder exerts a pressure of 18 Pa on the ground. The weight of the larger cylinder is six times greater than that of the smaller cylinder, while its base area is four times larger than that of the smaller cylinder. What Is the pressure exerted by the smaller cylinder on the ground? A 12Pa B 18Pa © 415Pa D 27Pa (9 Working/Explanation aide Structured Questions 4. (a) Define pressure. What is the SI unit of pressure? (b) (i) Arhinoceros weighing 20 kN stands on the ground. If each of its four feet has an area of 200 cm? in contact with the ground, calculate the average pressure (in N cnr) exerted on the ground by each foot, (li) A person weighs 600 N. He exerts a pressure on the ground that is equal to the average pressure exerted by one foot ofthe rhinoceros in (b)(i). Calculate the area the person is standing on. 2. Amarine biologist dives in the sea to observe marine life. Given that the density of seawater p is 1025 kg nr, gravitational field strength g is 10 N ke* and atmospheric pressure p, Is 1.01 x 10° Pa, (a) calculate the pressure acting on the marine biologist when he is (i) at the surface of the sea; BE Worksheet 7 © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd(ii) 5 m below the surface of the sea. at the sea (b) calculate the difference in pressure exerted on the marine biologist when he surface and when he is 5 m below the sea surface. son Figure 7.1. shows a hydraulic press. ‘The small piston and the large piston have areas of 20 cm? and 300 cm* respectively. A student applies a force of 120 N on the small piston to lift a load placed on the large piston, Calculate the large piston. hd smal piston Figure 7.4 (a) pressure exerted on the liquid by the small piston; (b) pressure exerted on the large piston; {c) total weight lifted by the student. (a) Ameteorologist makes an observation of a mercury barometer. He states that “The mercury barometric height is 76.0 cm.” What does his statement mean? (b) Calculate the atmospheric pressure in Pa, based on the meteorologist's observation in (a) (Take density of mercury p = 13 600 kg m-*; gravitational field strength g= 10 N ke“) 1© 2014 Marshall Cavenlsh Education Pte Lid Pressure5. (a) Figure 7.2 shows a simple mercury barometer. The height of the mercury column is fr cm. What is the pressure (in Pa) at points 0, P and Q in terms of fh? (Take density of mercury p= 13 600 kg mr®; gravitational field strength g= 10 N kg) 8 1 Figure 7.2 (b) Explain three advantages of using mercury over water in a barometer. 6. Figure 7.3 shows an inflated balloon that has just been attached to the left arm of a mercury manometer. (a) What will happen to the mercury level in the manometer Immediately after the balloon is attached? Explain your answer. 14 Figure 7.3 (b) Describe what would happen to the mercury level if there was a small hole in the balloon. (c) Suggest how the manometer setup could be adjusted in order for the pressure in the balloon to produce a larger difference in liquid level. SB Worksheet 7 ‘© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Lid7. (a) Figures 7.4 and 7.5 each show a mercury manometer connected to a large vessel containing, neon gas. If the atmospheric pressure p, is 760 mm Hg, calculate the pressure pof the neon gas in the vessels in Figures 7.4 and 7.5. Why are solids better conductors of heat than liquids? The particles in solids are not free to move about. The particles in solids are arranged more closely together, The particles in solids vibrate faster. The particles in solids move more randomly. () vow Which types of surfaces are good absorbers and poor emitters of radiation? Good absorbers | Poor emitters A |_Black and shiny | Black and dull B | White and shiny | White and shiny © | Black and dull_| Black and dull > [Black and dull_| White and shiny 4) A heating coil at the bottom of a rice cooker heats the base of a rice pot. The rice pot is filled with a mixture of uncooked rice and water. What are the main processes by which the following heat transfers take place? ‘Transfer of heat from heating ‘Transfer of heat inside coll to base of rice pot rice pot mixture A Conduction Convection’ B Convection Conduction ce Radiation Convection D Conduction Radiation ) © 2014 Marshall Cavendsh education Pte id Transfer of Thermal Energy 775. Acar was painted black while a second car was painted white. Both cars were left in the Sun to dry, The black paint dried more quickly than the white paint. Which property of black paint makes it dry more quickly? A. itis a better conductor of heat, B itis a better absorber of heat. € itis abetter insulator of heat. D It is a better reflector of heat. ) 6. Apperson sits in front of a campfire. What is/are the main process(es) by which thermal energy is transferred to the person? A Radiation only B Convection and radiation only © Conduction and radiation only D Conduction, convection and radiation ( 7. Why is the ice not completely melted yet, even though ‘the water at the surface is already boiling? A Ice is a poor radiator of heat. B Convection cannot occur in water. © The metal gauze prevents heat from melting the ice. Water is a poor conductor of heat. ) Tae Structured Questions 4. Hot coffee in a plastic foam cup cools down via three methods of thermal energy transfer to the surroundings. (a) State these three methods. boting water las test tube metal gauze Bunsen burner (b) Of the three methods in (a), which one of them enables (i) thermal energy to be transferred most quickly from the hot coffee to a person's hand placed above it? Explain your answer. (il) the coffee below the liquid surface to cool down, after heat is lost from the coffee surface to the air above? Assume that no heat is lost through the plastic foam cup. Explain your answer. TB workshest 10 © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Lid2. Figure 10.1 shows an electric kettle. plastic nance ! fA polished booy a Fgue 10.4 1 (a) Explain the function of the polished kettle surface. (b) Explain why the heating element is positioned near the bottom of the kettle, | (©) Explain why plastic is used to make the handle ofthe Kettle. | 3. Explain the following phenomena in terms of thermal energy transfer. ’ (a) Birds usually fluff up their feathers in cold weather. (b) The surface of a black car is hotter than that of a white car when both cars are parked under direct sunlight for several hours. © 2014 Marshall Cavendsh aucation Pte Lid ‘Transfer of Thermal Energy 79)During the day, the land is higher in temperature than the sea, At night, the land becomes lower in temperature than the sea, (a) State the main process by which heat is transferred from the land and sea surfaces to the air directly above them, (b) During the day, a sea breeze blows from the sea towards the land, while at night, a land breeze blows from the land towards the sea. State and explain the process of heat transfer that forms these breezes. 5. (a) State and describe the molecular mechanism that allows copper to conduct heat quickly. (b) Figure 10.2 shows a safety lamp used by miners in the nineteenth century. The lamp was designed to prevent explosions caused by flammable gases such as methane in mines, brass pllar ass cover ol 44 Figure 10.2 BO Worksheet 10 © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte LidA safety feature of the lamp is the copper gauze. Suggest how the copper gauze helps to prevent explosions when methane gas Is present. (Hint: Methane gas will burn only if the surrounding air reaches its ignition temperature.) Figure 10.3 shows a refrigerator. | — tiquis ccotant in pies metal fine pump = 4 Figure 10.3 (a) Thermal energy is transferred from the refrigerator to the cooling unit. Explain how cold air circulates in the refrigerator. (b) When the refrigerator door is opened for a short time, some of the cold air inside the refrigerator Is replaced by the warmer air outside. Explain why there is little effect on the temperature of the contents in the lower part of the refrigerator. (© 2014 marshall Cavendish Education Pte id ‘Transfer of Thermal Energy SALFigure 10.4 shows a household hot water system, SS 8 hot water tap {— hot water |— not water tenk cold water boler—f a Figure 10.4 (a) State the process by which the heated water rises from the boiler to the hot water tank. (b) Name the pipe (P or Q) through which the heated water rises from the boiler to the hot water tank. Explain your answer. (©) Explain why pipe R is connected to the lower half, and not the upper half, of the hot water tank. (a) Describe the function of pipe S. 82 worshost 10 (© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte tdPut Free-Response Questions 1. Explain how the principle of thermal energy transfer is used in the following everyday applications. (a) Cooking pots and pans are usually made of aluminium or stainless steel. | (b) Sawdust is used to cover ice blocks to keep them frozen. > {e) Potatoes are wrapped in aluminium foil before they are placed in a barbecue pit. ‘A pot of water is heated on an electric stove, as shown in Figure 10.5. wooden handle ‘metal pot ) «Figure 10.5 (a) Although both metal and wood conduct heat, metal is a much better conductor of heat than ‘wood. Discuss this in terms of thermal energy transfer at the molecular level. (© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Eduction Pte Ld ‘Transtor of Thermal Energy{b) With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe the process of convection by which the water in the pot is heated, Data-Based Question In the construction of modern houses, many kinds of materials are used. These materials are Used to build structures such as the walls, roof and windows. Most of these materials, such as fibreglass and wood, are poor conductors of heat (insulators). (a) _Interms of comfort and energy efficiency, state and explain whether you would choose a material of higher or lower thermal conductivity to build the walls, roof and windows of a house. (b) Table 10.1 lists the thermal conductivities of some materials. The thermal conductivity of ‘a material indicates how well it can conduct heat. The higher 2 is, the higher the rate of heat conduction. ble s0.4 Material ‘Thermal conductivity 2/W m= K* Expanded polystyrene foam 0.012 Air 0.024 Soft wood 0.40 - Rubber 0.20 Brick 0.60 Glass 0.80 Aluminium 205 = Copper - 385 84 workshoot 10 {© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte UtdExplain which material in Table 10.4 is most suitable to be used to fill the gap between the inner and outer walls of houses. (c) The rate of heat transfer through a wall is given by the following formula (provided the wall is of constant thickness) _ 4as0 tod where Q= thermal energy (in J}: time taken (in s); thermal conductivity (ia W mr K*); area (in m’}; A@= difference in temperature (in °C); wall thickness (in m). Calculate the minimum thickness (in mm) of a glass window of area 2m? needed to prevent the heat entering through the window from exceeding 2500 J s*. (Take the outside temperature ‘to be 30°C and the inside temperature to be 27°C). ann weenieWORK ON IT! In the table below, circle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly, Revisit the relevant section(s) in the textbook to strengthen your understanding of the key concept(s). Question(s) Textbook Learning Objective Muttipte- rea |. FO Sections) (a) Show an understanding that thermal ‘energy is transferred from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. - a (0) 10.4 (b) Describe how energy transfer occurs ee 5(a) in Solids at the molecular level. 20) foe (6) Describe convection in fuids (iauids Oxi, 210), and gases) in terms of density 1 ab), 6, 7), | 24) 10.3 changes. fa (4) Explain energy transfer of a body by radiation and state the factors that affect the rate of energy transfer by radiation. 35 UBM, 2a) - 10.4 (©) Describe how the concept of thermal energy transfer by conduction, 4567 | 223 convection and radiation applies to ~ 4,5,6,7 [___ everyday te 1,23 10.5 86 Worksheet 10 © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte LidWorksheet 11 Section are eee ns 1. 2400 J of energy is used to heat up a 3 kg copper block from 20°C to 22°C. What are the specific heat capacity of copper and the heat capacity of the copper block? Specific heat capacity Heat capacity of copper/J kg* °C* of copper block/J °C** A 400 1200 B 400 2400 c 2400 1200 D 2400 2400 Jo) Working/Explanation 2. A student places @ 300 g brass block at 100°C in an insulated cup of water at 25°C, The final © 2014 Marshall Cavendish cation Pe td temperature of the water and the block is 35°C. What is the mass of the water in the cup? (Take specific heat capacity of brass = 380 J ke KY; specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg? K*) A OTA kg B 0.074 kg Cc 0.18 kg De cote =) Working/Explanation Thermal Propertis of Mattor TT sadeyg JeNeW Jo seniedorg jeWueyL 873. Calculate the total time taken for a 100 W heater to heat 2 kg of ice at -20°C to water at 30°C. (Take specific heat capacity of ice = 2100 Jkg**C~; specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg* °C; specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 340 000 J kg") A 33min B 67min © 433 min D 469min ( ) Working/Explanation 4. AA kg piece of Iron undergoes three different processes, P, Q and R, involving energy change. P: Itis heated from 15°C to 30°C, Q: Its lifted vertically through a height of 2 m. R: It is brought to rest from an initial speed of 10 m s Which of the following shows the processes arranged in order of increasing energy change? (Take specific heat capacity c of iron = 460 J kg* °C; acceleration due to free fall g = 10 ms) A PQR B GPR cc PRQ D QRP Co) Working/Explanation BE Worksheet 11 ‘© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd (Section B: ERG TCD TCS ig 4. (a). State four differences between boiling and evaporation. (b) Using the kinetic model of matter, explain why the evaporation of aliquid causes its temperature to fall 2. (a) State the meaning of the terms heat capacity and specific heat capacity. (b) A huge metal block of mass 10 kg is initially at a temperature of 30°C. A 500 W heater is placed in a narrow cavity inside the block. Within 6.3 minutes, the temperature of the metal rises to 80°C. Calculate the (i) thermal energy supplied by the heater; (il) specific heat capacity of the metal. Sir saesescrevan encarta oo ae3. An electric kettle has a power rating of 25 W. Calculate the (a) quantity of thermal energy it generates in 2 s; (b) rise in temperature of 150 g of water if the electric kettle is switched on for 5 min. (Take specific heat capacity of water = 4 J g* K*) 4. A100 W heater is switched on for 5 min to heat a metal block of mass 1 kg. (a) Calculate the amount of thermal energy supplied by the heater during the 5 min. (b) During the 5 min of heating, the temperature of the metal block rises from 22°C to 65°C. Calculate the amount of thermal energy absorbed by the metal block. (Take specific heat capacity of the metal = 380 J kg* °C) (c) Calculate the amount of thermal energy lost to the surroundings during the 5 min. 5. An experiment is carried out to determine the specific heat capacity of an unknown metal, using a 41 kg block of the metal (Figure 11.1). The heater is switched on for 500 s. The following readings are obtained: low de. Ahermometer . votege supp Change in thermometer reading = 50°C Ammeter reading = 5 A Voltmeter reading = 8 V heater «Figure a1 metal block 90 Worksheet 13. {© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ld(a) Calculate the specific heat capacity of the unknown metal. (Hint: Use the formula power P = current I x voltage V. You will learn more about this formula in Chapter 19.) (b) State why it is not advisable to take the thermometer reading immediately after switching off the current. 6. An object of mass 20 g is subjected to processes 1 and 2 in the sequence shown. Process 1:It is heated in a boiling water bath until its temperature reaches 100°C. Process 2: The object is then placed in an insulated container of 0.10 kg of water at 30°C. The final temperature of the mixture is 35°C. (a) Calculate the specific heat capacity of the object. (Take specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg* °C) (b) In process 4, the initial temperature of the object when it is placed in the boiling water bath is, 16°C. Calculate the amount of thermal energy needed to raise the temperature of the object to 100°C. ores cnet date re ———7. Figure 14.2 shows the heating curve temperature/"C of water. (a) State the portion of the graph that shows when the water is (i) purely liqui (ii) a mixture of liquid and steam. 4 Fgure 14.2 (b) Explain why there is no temperature change in portion BC of the graph although heat is supplied to the water. 8. A heater with a power rating of 500 W is completely enclosed within a block of ice at 0°C. The heater is switched on for ten minutes. The specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.4 x 10°) kg", (a) (B) Explain what is meant by the term specific latent heat of fusion. (ii) Calculate the mass of ice that melts after ten minutes. (b) Caloulate the latent heat of fusion required to melt 3 kg of ice. 92 Worksheet 11 (© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pe td9. Anot water tank uses a 10 kW heater to change 100 kg of water at 100°C into steam at the same temperature. The specific latent heat of vaporisation of water is 2.2 x 10° J ke*. (a) Explain what is meant by the statement “The specific latent heat of vaporisation of water is 2.2 x 10° J ke" (b) Calculate the mass of steam produced in two hours, assuming that no heat is lost to the surroundings. 40. Figure 11.3 shows an experiment that investigates the evaporation of ether. Ether is a volatile liquid, Le. it has @ high evaporation rate. a Figure 14.3 After alr Is pumped into the ether for some time, the film of water freezes. Explain this phenomenon. rere nema evince,41. Figure 11.4 showshow the temperature Temperatue“0 of a substance changes when a heater 225+ supplies thermal energy to it at a rate of 600 J per minute. (a) State the portion of the graph £7 that shows when the substance is 350 boiling, peas 200 “ime in a5 20 25 30 35 40 45 1s Figure 11.4 (b) Given that the substance has a mass of 10 g, calculate the specific latent heat of vaporisation of the substance. 12. Figure 141.5 shows how the temperature changes a5 Temperature/*¢ heat is supplied to ice at -10°C until the ice becomes water at 20°C. (a) State the portion of the graph that shows when the water exists as a mixture of solid and liquid, Tien (b) Explain why there is no temperature change in a Figure 14.5, portion BC of the graph although thermal energy is absorbed by the ice. 94 Worksheot 11, ‘© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Lid(e) Write down either “gain in internal potential energy” or “gain in internal kinetic energy” as the cause of the (i) temperature increase in portion AB: (i) change in state in portion BC: (lil) temperature increase in portion CD: [Section c: Ffeeitoaneek teens 4. Figure 11.6 shows the cooling curve of molten wax. (a) State the portion of the graph that shows when the wax is fopremere (i) purely soli (il) a mixture of solid and liquid; (iii). purely liquid. 0 5 4025-20-25 30, Thme/min (b) State the freezing point of wax. (©) Explain why there is no temperature change in portion QR of the graph although thermal energy is released from the molten wax. (d) State the point (P or Q) at which the wax has higher internal energy.2. Water that is initially at 25°C is heated using a 1 kW heater. The graph in Figure 11.7 shows how the mass of the water changes over time. The water starts to boil at A and the heater is switched off at B. Mass/ig 4 at > 10 - og 08 or 06 | | | | | oF 2 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 4 Figure 12.7 (a) In the grid below, draw the corresponding temperature-time graph of the water. Temperature/ 120 C 100 - 20 60. 4 - 0—}—— 20) + ° > Timers (0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 (b) Calculate the amount of thermal energy provided by the heater for the period of time the water is boiling. (e) Calculate the specific latent heat of vaporisation of the water. (d) State and explain if the calculated value in (¢) is likely to be higher or lower than the actual value, 96 Worksheot 11, © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte LidData-Based Question 3. Charles investigates an instant water heater. Table 11.1 lists the parameters of his experiment. 1 Tobe 2.4 Parameters of experiment on heater Values Power (three adjustable settings) 1 KW, 2 KW and 3 KW Flow rate of water (controlled by water tap) _| 0.0 kg sto 0.1 kg s* Maximum temperature that water is allowed to | 50°C. reach before power is cut off automatically Specific heat capacity of water 4200 J kg °c Range of temperature of tap water in Singapore | 24°C (coldest) to 34°C (hottest) (a) Ona particularly cold day in Singapore, the temperature of the tap water reaches its lowest possible value. Calculate the maximum temperature of water which can be obtained by the heater when the water flow rate is at its maximum, on this cold day. (b) State and explain what will happen to the temperature of the water in (a) if Charles reduces the flow rate of water. (c) State three factors that would contribute to the automatic cut off of the power supply when the water has been heated to Its maximum temperature. 6 2st eed hun Re oe renin ie()_On a particutarty hot day in Singapore, the temperature of the tap water reaches its highest possible value. Calculate the flow rate of water that would allow the heater to obtain a water temperature of 40°C when the power is switched to 2 kW, on this hot day. WORK ON IT! ; In the table below, circle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly. Revisit the relevant section(s) in the textbook to strengthen your understanding of the key concept(s). Questions) Textbook Learning Objective “Muitpte- Free | section(s) Choice | Ste’ | Response (2) Give an account of the rise inthe 226M, temperature of a substance in terms . $2teK, 16) aaa af an increase in ts intemal ene. (8) Define the terms heat capacity and - = : tas specific heat capacity, (6) Recall and use the formula thermal 2.4 ‘energy = mass x specific heat 3, 4, capacity x temperature change to +238 5.6 ° _ solve problems. (@) Give an account of metting/ schon ana bekeg) 2 candensanes pores of = | 7820. | iy i ‘thermal energy transfer without a text) oo dias neeeeete (©) Distngis tween bolrg and : 7 Dist 1.10 uns (0 Det tho rms lot hat na - nal. Specific latent heat. Baxi), 9{@) oe (g) Recall and use the formula thermal S{aV(ii), 8(b), crom=neceespechoinontron | 3 | SSAA | oo. | ane to solve problems. 14(b) (Bola, n olla rns, hat oF latent heat of fusion and Jatent heat - ‘7(b), 12(b) Ale) a of vaporisation are. 13 Draw nd oxpiin averweraire-tine | | Toya | ueam, | ana ah ce ocoatg Seve tae” | He.) | 13 Worksheet 2 (© 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte LtdTheme 3: Light, Waves and Sound Answer It Right! Go through the following worked examples. Use the tips provided to help you answer questions we Worked Example 4 Electromagnetic waves such as visible light are transverse waves, while sound waves are longitudinal waves. (a) State one difference between a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave. ‘The term “state” requires a short answer with no explanation. Answer ‘A transverse wave travels In a direction perpendicular to the direction of wave vibration, while a longitudinal wave travels in a direction parallel to the direction of wave vibration, (b) Electromagnetic waves are used in the broadcasting of television programmes. A particular television channel broadcasts its television programmes using electromagnetic waves of frequency 1.81 x 10° Hz. If the speed of light is 3.00 x 10° m s*, calculate the wavelength of the electromagnetic waves. Answer vated, 3.00 x 10" = 1.81 x 10° x A A= 1.66 m Wavelength = 1.66 m should be expressed as a decimal with the appropriate number of should not write your answer in terms ofa fraction. ty al answer should include both the numerical t. itude "1.66" and the unit “m” should be included. ct your answer and ask yourself whether the numerical value Is reasonable, mich longer than ligt waves, So i your answer i In im, doublecteck your working to S00 Ifyou have used to correct order of magnitude. (c) When sound waves from a loudspeaker travel in air, they produce a series of regions of compressions and rarefactions, caused by the vibration of air molecules. —— ca vivating : 7 Pek re ~ ewoyL j & & S © 2014 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Light, Waves and Sound 9Q