PAF- KARACHI INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS & TECHNOLOGY

College Of Engineering

(Department of Electrical Engineering)

EE4414 – Computer Communication Network

Semester: ______________________ Date of Experiment: _____________________

Student name: __________________ Faculty Signature: ______________________
Student ID: ____________________ Remarks/Comments: ____________________
Class ID: ____________________

Lab07 IGRP and EIGRP

PLO2 – Problem Analysis C4- Analyze

PLOs
PLO8 – Ethics
CLO’s Aspects of Assessments
Problem Analysis Apply
knowledge of various routing
protocols and infer a suitable
one and understanding IP
CLO4 addresses and Subnetting.
90% Moreover, to be able to apply
appropriate engineering
techniques to enable switch
security and VLAN and
understand the working of hub.
Lab Safety Properly handle
CLO6
10%
lab infrastructure/safety
precautions
LAB TASK PERFORMANCE
Excellent
(75-100%)
Properly and appropriately
infer a suitable routing
protocol and implement done
subnetting and it correctly.
Moreover, VALNs and switch
security should be
implemented according to the
requirements given in a task.
Properly handle lab equipment
& obey safety measures.
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Average
(50-75%)
Infer the proper routing protocol
and implement subnetting and
that protocol with minor error
that will be corrected easily.
Move over, implement VLANs
and switch security slightly
differ from the required
conditions given in a task.
Moderate level lab handling
and safety measurements
P2 – Set
Poor
Marks
(<50%)
Does not able to infer a suitable or
proper protocol and not able to do
subnetting and don’t implement it
correctly and have no idea how to
implement VLANs and switch
security.
Minor or no safety measurements
has been considered.
Total Marks: 10
Objective:
▪ Familiar with IGRP and EIGRP dynamic routing protocols.

Distance Vector Routing Protocol:

Distance Vector protocols are the simplest among Routing Protocols. Distance vector routing
protocols use the distance and direction (vector) to find paths to destinations. A router which is running
a Distance Vector routing protocol informs its neighbors about the network topology changes
periodically. Distance Vector protocols use the Bellman-Ford algorithm for finding best paths to
destinations.

Bellman-Ford Algorithm:

The Bellman–Ford algorithm is an algorithm that computes shortest paths from a single
source vertex to all of the other vertices in a weighted digraph. It is slower than Dijkstra's algorithm for
the same problem, but more versatile, as it is capable of handling graphs in which some of the edge
weights are negative numbers.

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP):

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) is a distance vector interior gateway protocol
(IGP) developed by Cisco. It is used by routers to exchange routing data within an autonomous system.
IGRP is a proprietary protocol. IGRP was created in part to overcome the limitations of RIP (maximum
hop count of only 15, and a single routing metric) when used within large networks. IGRP supports
multiple metrics for each route, including bandwidth, delay, load, and reliability; to compare two routes
these metrics are combined together into a single metric, using a formula which can be adjusted through
the use of pre-set constants. By default, the IGRP composite metric is a sum of the segment delays and
the lowest segment bandwidth. The maximum configurable hop count of IGRP-routed packets is 255
(default 100), and routing updates are broadcast every 90 seconds (by default). IGRP uses protocol
number 9 for communication. IGRP is considered a classful routing protocol.
EIGRP:

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is an advanced distance-vector routing

protocol that is used on a computer network for automating routing decisions and configuration. EIGRP
is used on a router to share routes with other routers within the same autonomous system. Unlike other
well-known routing protocols, such as RIP, EIGRP only sends incremental updates, reducing the
workload on the router and the amount of data that needs to be transmitted. Almost all routers contain a
routing table that contains rules by which traffic is forwarded in a network. If the router does not contain
a valid path to the destination, the traffic is discarded. In addition to routing table, it contains following
tables as well.

Neighbor Table: The neighbor table keeps a record of the IP addresses of routers that have a direct
physical connection with this router. Routers that are connected to this router indirectly, through another
router are not recorded in this table as they are not considered neighbors.
Topology Table: The topology table stores routes that it has learned from neighbor routing tables.
Unlike a routing table, the topology table does not store all routes, but only routes that have been
determined by EIGRP. The topology table also records the metrics for each of the listed EIGRP routes,
the feasible successor and the successors. Routes in the topology table are marked as "passive" or
"active". Passive indicates that EIGRP has determined the path for the specific route and has finished
processing. Active indicates that EIGRP is still trying to calculate the best path for the specific route.
Routes in the topology table are not usable by the router until they are inserted into the routing table.
The topology table is never used by the router to forward traffic. Routes in the topology table will not
be inserted into the routing table if they are active, are a feasible successor, or have a higher
administrative distance than an equivalent path.

EIGRP is a distance vector routing protocol that uses the diffusing update algorithm (DUAL) to improve
the efficiency of the protocol and to help prevent calculation errors when attempting to determine the
best path to a remote network. EIGRP determines the value of the path using five metrics: bandwidth,
load, delay, reliability and MTU.

EIGRP routing information exchanged to a router from another router within the same autonomous
system has a default administrative distance of 90. EIGRP routing information that has come from an
EIGRP-enabled router outside the autonomous system has a default administrative distance of 170.

Adding routers and installing modules

a) In the Network Component Box, click on the router.

b) Select two 1841 routers, and place them in working area.

c) Select a router, turn off the device and place two WIC – 2T cards.
d) Power the device back on.
e) Do the same for other router as well.

Diagram:

1. Check the Routing Table of Router 0:

Router # Sh ip route

2. Check the Routing Table of Router 1:

Router # Sh ip route

3. Enable the EIGRP protocol on Router 0:

4. Enable the EIGRP protocol on Router 1:

5. Check the Routing Protocol on Router 0:

6. Check the Routing Protocol on Router 1:

7. Check the routing table of Router 0 after enabling EIGRP:

 8. Check the routing table of Router 1 after enabling EIGRP:

EIGRP Metrics and K-Values:

K1 Bandwidth (Static)
K2 Load (Dynamic)
K3 Delay (static)
K4 Reliability (dynamic)
K5 MTU
Bandwidth:
Bandwidth is a static value. It will change only when we make some physical (layer1) changes in route
such as changing cable or upgrading link types.

Load:
Load is a dynamic value that changes frequently. It is based on packet rate and bandwidth of interface.
It calculates the volume of traffic passing through the interface in comparison of maximum capacity. It
is expressed on a scale of 255 where 1 represent that an interface is empty and 255 represent that an
interface is fully utilized.
Since data flows from both directions, router maintains two separate metric counters;

• Txload for outgoing traffic

• Rxload for incoming traffic

If K2 is enabled, maximum Txload value will be used in composite metric calculation formula.

Delay:
Delay reflects the time taken by a packet in crossing the interface. It is measured in fractions of
seconds.

Reliability:
Just like load, reliability is also a dynamic value. It compares all successfully received frames against
all received frames. 100% reliability indicates that all the frames which we received were good.
Reliability is expressed as the fraction of 255. 255 expresses 100% reliability while 0 represents 0%
reliability.
MTU:
MTU stands for maximum transmission unit. It is advertised with routing update, but it does not
actively participate in metric calculation. EIGRP allows us to load balance between equal cost paths.
EIGRP Variance:
Use the variance n command in order to instruct the router to include routes with a metric of less
than n times the minimum metric route for that destination. The variable n can take a value between 1
and 128. The default is 1, which means equal cost load balancing. Traffic is also distributed among the
links with unequal costs, proportionately, with respect to the metric.

• E-B-A with a metric of 30

• E-C-A with a metric of 20
• E-D-A with a metric of 45
Router E chooses the path E-C-A with a metric of 20 because 20 is better than 30 and 45. In order to
instruct EIGRP to select the path E-B-A as well, configure variance with a multiplier of 2:
router eigrp 1
network x.x.x.x
variance 2
Lab Task:
1. Attach the devices as shown in the topology diagram, and cable as necessary (Marks:5.5)
a. Assign IP addresses to PCs and Routers
b. Send the packets from PC 0 to PC 1
c. Use EIGRP as routing protocol.

Home Task:
1. Build a Network consist of the Routers based on the last digit of your SID and EIGRP protocol. Use IP
addresses of your own choice and label the network with IP addresses. (Marks:3.5)

Number of routers are = (( last digit of SID x 5 ) % 4 ) + 4

For example, SID: 4512
Number of routers are = ((2 x 5) % 4) +4 = 6 routers
Note: If last digit is 0 then build network using 5 routers
Attach the print out of the following:
a. Network diagram
b. Routing table and protocol of each router
c. Command Prompt of PC1 ping PC2