PAF- KARACHI INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS & TECHNOLOGY
College Of Engineering
EE4414 – Computer Communication Network
Semester: ______________________
Student name: __________________
Student ID: ____________________
Class ID: ____________________
Lab08
Configuring OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) and BGP (Border Gateway
Protocol)
PLO2 – Problem Analysis
PLOs
PLO8 – Ethics
CLO’s Aspects of Assessments
Problem Analysis Apply
knowledge of various routing
protocols and infer a suitable
one and understanding IP
CLO4 addresses and Subnetting.
90% Moreover, to be able to apply
appropriate engineering
techniques to enable switch
security and VLAN and
understand the working of hub.
Lab Safety Properly handle
CLO6
10%
lab infrastructure/safety
precautions
(Department of Electrical Engineering)
LAB TASK PERFORMANCE
Excellent
(75-100%)
Properly and appropriately
infer a suitable routing
protocol and implement done
subnetting and it correctly.
Moreover, VALNs and switch
security should be
implemented according to the
requirements given in a task.
Properly handle lab equipment
& obey safety measures.
Date of Experiment: _____________________
Faculty Signature: ______________________
Remarks/Comments: ____________________
C4- Analyze
Bloom’s Taxonomy
P2 – Set
Average Poor
Marks
(50-75%) (<50%)
Infer the proper routing protocol Does not able to infer a suitable or
and implement subnetting and proper protocol and not able to do
that protocol with minor error subnetting and don’t implement it
that will be corrected easily. correctly and have no idea how to
Move over, implement VLANs implement VLANs and switch
and switch security slightly security.
differ from the required
conditions given in a task.
Moderate level lab handling Minor or no safety measurements
and safety measurements has been considered.
Total Marks: 10
Objective:
• Familiar with the concept of OSPF and BGP.

Link State Protocol:

Link state routing protocols maintain complete road map of the network in each router running a link
state routing protocol. Each router running a link state routing protocol originates information about
the router, its directly connected links, and the state of those links. This information is sent to all the
routers in the network as multicast messages. Link-state routing always try to maintain full networks
topology by updating itself incrementally whenever a change happens in network

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First):

OSPF is a link state protocol that, as the name implies, uses Dijkstra's Shortest Path First (SPF)
algorithm. It is an open standards protocol—that is, it isn't proprietary to any vendor or organization.
Link-state routing protocols perform the following functions:

1. Respond quickly to network changes

2. Send triggered updates only when a network change has occurred
3. Send periodic updates known as link-state refreshes
4. Use a hello mechanism to determine the reachability of neighbors
• Each router keeps track of the state or condition of its directly connected neighbors by
multicasting hello packets
5. Each router also keeps track of all the routers in its network or area of the network by using link-
state advertisements (LSAs).

Like all link state protocols, OSPF's major advantages over distance vector protocols are fast
convergence, support for much larger internetworks, and less susceptibility to bad routing information.
Other features of OSPF are:
• The use of areas, which reduces the protocol's impact on CPU and memory, contains the flow of
routing protocol traffic, and makes possible the construction of hierarchical internetwork topologies
• Fully classless behavior, eliminating such class-full problems as dis-contiguous subnets. Support of
classless route table lookups, VLSM, and super-netting for efficient address management
• A dimensionless, arbitrary metric
• Equal-cost load balancing for more efficient use of multiple paths.
• Support of authentication for more secure routing
• The use of route tagging for the tracking of external routes

DR (Designated Router):

DR has the following duties:

▪ To represent the multi-access network and its attached routers to the rest of the internetwork
▪ To manage the flooding process on the multi-access network.
▪ The concept behind the DR is that the network itself is considered a "pseudo node," or a virtual
router. Each router on the network forms an adjacency with the DR which represents the pseudo-
node. Only the DR will send LSAs to the rest of the internetwork.

BDR (Backup Designated Router):

A Backup Designated Router (BDR) is a hot standby for the DR on multi-access links. The BDR
receives all routing updates from OSPF adjacent routers but doesn’t flood LSA updates.

1. Assign the IPs accordingly to the network given above.

2. After assigning IP addresses to interfaces of the routers the following IP Routing commands of OSPF
on each other will be given as below.

Router A:
Router_A#config t
Router_A(config)#router ospf 1
Router_A(config-router)#network 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.63 area 0
Router_A(config-router)#network 192.168.10.64 0.0.0.63 area 0

3. Same configuration is done for router 1 and router 2.

4. Ping PC1 from PC0.

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP):

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is protocol that manages how packets are routed across the internet
through the exchange of routing and reachability information between edge routers. BGP directs
packets between autonomous systems (AS) -- networks managed by a single enterprise or service
provider.

Autonomous System:

The Internet is a network of networks; it’s broken up into hundreds of thousands of smaller networks
known as autonomous systems (AS). Each of these networks is essentially a large pool of routers run
by a single organization.

The diagram above illustrates a simplified version of BGP. In this version there are only 6 autonomous
systems on the Internet. If AS1 needs to route a packet to AS3, it has two different options:

Hopping to AS2 and then to AS3:

AS2 → AS3

Or hopping to AS6, then to AS5, AS4, and finally to AS3:

AS6 → AS5 → AS4 → AS3

In this simplified model, the decision seems simple. The AS2 route requires fewer hops than the AS6
route, and therefore it is the quickest, most efficient route. Now imagine that there are hundreds of
thousands of AS’s and that hop count is only one part of a complex route selection algorithm. That’s
the reality of BGP routing on the Internet.

Explanation of BGP:

In the picture above we see multiple autonomous systems. These could be large networks from service
providers who are connected to each other. Within each autonomous system we are running an Interior
gateway protocol. AS100 might be running OSPF, perhaps AS200 is running EIGRP and AS300 and
AS400 something else.

The routers that are connecting the different autonomous systems to each other are running BGP.
Because we are setting up BGP between 2 different autonomous systems this is what we call “External
BGP”.

There are 3 different autonomous systems, AS100, AS200 and AS300. As you can see AS200 is
running OSPF inside it’s autonomous system. We don’t care about what AS100 or AS300 is running
inside it’s autonomous system for this scenario. We are using the following ip addressing scheme
within the autonomous system
BGP has been configured between the 3 autonomous systems, and since it’s between autonomous
systems this is EBGP (external BGP).
Example:

Configuring BGP in Router 1:

Configuring BGP in Router 0:

Configuring BGP in Router 2:

Difference between OSPF and BGP:

The main difference between OSPF vs BGP is that the OSPF is an intra-domain routing protocol using
link state routing, and the routing operation is performed inside an autonomous system while BGP is
the inter-domain routing protocol that uses path vector routing,

Lab Task:

1. Implement OSPF protocol using 3 routers and place all networks in area 0. (Marks: 2.5)
2. Implement BGP protocol using 3 routers and each router act as BGP peers to communicate with
other AS. (Marks: 2.5)

Home Task:
1. Implement the following network using 3 bits subnetting. Configure OSPF protocol and dividing
a network into 3 areas as shown below. (Marks: 4)
Attach the print out of the following:
a. Network Diagram
b. Configure window of any 3 routers
c. Command Prompt window of any one PCs ping to remaining 2 PCs.