AP NOTES (LESSON 1-2)

Lesson 1

. Ang globo ay modelo ng mundo, samantalang ang mapa ay ang patag na represantasyon
ng mundo.
. Ipinapakita sa mapa at globo ang:
*lawak at laki ng isang lugar
*direksiyon mula sa guhit na itinakda sa ibat ibang lugar
*eskalang ginamit sa pagtukoy ng sukat at layo; at
* hugis o anyo ng mga kalupaan at katubigan sa mundo.
. Eskala ang tawag sa paraan ng pagpapakita ng tunay na sukat ng mga lugar sa mapa.
. Ang mapa at globo ay may pahalang at patayong likhang guhit.
. Sa gitna ng isang globo ay may pahalang na guhit. Ito ang naghahati sa globo sa
dalawang magkasinlaking bahagi. Hatingglobo ang tawag sa bawat bahagi. Ang bahaging
nasa gawing itaas ng globo ay tinatawag na hilagang hatingglobo, samantalng ang nasa
ibaba namn ng globo ay timog hatingglobo.
. May mga guhit na pahalng din sa globo na tinatawag na parallel o latitud.
. Umiikot ang mga guhit na ito hanggang 90-degree pataas o pababa mula sa ekwador.
. May iba pang itinuturing na espesyal na guhit latitude tulad ng sumusunod:

 Tropiko ng kanser- nasa 23.5 H

 Kabilugang Artiko-nasa 66.5 H
 Tropiko ng kaprikorniyo- nasa 23.5 T
 Kabilugang Antartiko-nasa 66.5 T
. Sinusukat ang longhitud sa pamamagitan ng dagre. Ang prime merdian ay nasa 0 degree.
. Ang absolute location o tiyak na lokasyon nito ay nasa pagitan ng apat na degree at
dalawangpu’t tatlong minuti o 4*23.
. Ang ating bansa ay binubuo ng 7,641 pulo.
. Ang kasunduan sa Paris noong 1898 ( disyembre 10)
. Kasunduan ng spain at united states noong 1900
. Kasunduan ng United States at Great Britain, kinilala sa kasunduan na bahagi ng
kapuluan ng Pilipinas ang turtle Islands at Mangsee Islands na nasa pagitan ng Borneo at
Sulu. NIlagdaan ito noong Enero 2 1930.
. Ang konstitusyon ng 1935- Naging bahagi ng pilipinas ang mga pulo ng batanes dahil sa
paninirahan at pag mamay-ari ng mga mamayang pilipino sa mga pulong ito.
. Ang konstitusyon ng 1973 at 1987- Nakalahad dito na ang pambansang teritoryo ng
pilipinas ay binubuo ng kapuluan ng pilipinas kasama ang lahat ng mga pulo at tubig na
sakaw nito.

LESSON 2
. Ang pag bubukas ng Pilipinas sa pandaigdigang kalakalan-1834
. Limang antas sa lipunan

 Peninsulares- mga espanyol na ipinanganak sa spain

 Insulares- mga espanyol na ipinanganak sa bansang kolonya ng spain.
 Mestizo- anak ng mga Pilipino na nahaluan ng dugong espanyol o Tsino.
 Principalia- mayayamang mamayanang Pilipino.
 Illustrado- mga nakapag aral namga Pilipino na naging kabilang din sa principalia.
 Indio- ang itinuturing na pinakamababang antas o uri ng katayuan sa lipunan ay
mga katutubong Pilipino
. Mga Pilipinng kabilang sa panggitnang lipunan (middle class) nakapag aral

 Jose Rizal
 Marcelo Del Pilar
 Graciano Lopez Jaena
 F. Hidalgo
 Antonio Luna
. Nag bukas ng mga paaralang pambayan ayon sa itinadhana ng kautusan noong- 1863
. Nag bukas ang Suez Canal noong-1869
. Gobernador Carlos Maria Dela Torre- nagpatupad siya ng mahusay na mga patakaran at
naging maganda ang pakikitungo sa mga Pilipino at naging pantay ang pagtingin niya sa
mga Esapanyol at mga Pilipino.
. Pagbitay ng mga Espanyol sa Tatlong martir noong- febuary 17 1876
. GomBurZa

 Gom- Padre Mariano Gomez

 Bur- Padre Jose Burgos
 Za- Padre Jacinto Zamora.

ENGLISH NOTES (LESSON 1-2)

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE:
. ONOMATOPOEIA- is the use that imitate sounds
. ALLITERATION- is the repetition of beginning sounds in word within a line
ASSONANCE- is the repetition of vowel sounds in words with different consonants in a
line.
PERSONIFICATION- is a writer giving human characteristics to an object, animal or idea.
IRONY- are used to mean the opposite of their original meaning.
HYPERBOLE- EXAGGERATION IN A SENTENCE
SIMILE- AN COMPARISON USING LIKE OR AS
IDIOM- A PHARES THAT IS NOT INTENDED TO BE TAKEN LITERALLY
METAPHOR- TWO UNLIKE OBJECTS COMPARED
PLURAL FORM OF REGULAR & IRREGULAR NOUNS
REGULAR NOUNS:
1. ADD S OR ES TO MOST NOUNS
2. ADD ES TO NOUNS ENDING WITH THE SOUNDS /CH/,/S/,/SH/,/Z/, AND/KS/
3. NOUNS ENDING IN F OR FE, CHANGE F OR FE TO V AND ADD ES.
4. NOUNS ENDING IN Y PRECEDED BY A CONSONANT, CHANGE Y TO I AND ADD ES.
5. ADD ES TO SOME NOUNS ENDING IN O, TO OTHERS ADD AN S ONLY
IRREGULAR NOUNS:
1.SOME IRREGULAR NOUNS CHNAGE THEIR SPELLING OR ADD A DIFFERENT ENDING TO
FORM THEIR PLURAL.
2. FOREIGN NOUNS BORROWED MOSTLY LATIN WORDS FORM THEIR PLURA BY
CHANGING LAST LETTER OT LETTERS TO I, A, AE OR ES
. FROM US TO I. FROM UM TO. FROM A TO AE. FROM IS TO ES
3. A FEW NOUNS HAVE THE SAME SPELLING IN BOTH SINGULAR AND PLURAL FORMS.

SCIENCE NOTES (HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS)

. Mixture- it is the combination of two or more substances in which each pure substance
retains its individual chemical properties.
. Heterogeneous- they do not have uniform composition. It does not blend throughout.
The mixture is cognizable and remain distinct.
. Homogeneous- mixtures that have uniform composition throughout. It can be solid or
liquid form. Only one phase is visible after mixing the different components.
KINDS OF MIXTURES 5
. Solution- formed when one substance dissolved in another substance
. Solute-is the substance that is dissolved in a solution.
. Solvent- is the solution in which solute is dissolved.
. Miscisble solution- is formed when two soluble liquids dissolve each other.

 A substance that dissolves in a solvent is said to be soluble in that solvent

. Immiscible solution- is formed when two liquids are insoluble to each other.

 Insoluble- the substance that does not dissolve in a solvent.

. concentrated solution- contains large amount of dissolved solute. that darker tea juice or
coffee has more amount of solute.
. dilute solution- contains a small amount of dissolve solute. when you add solvent you
form a dilute solution.
. Suspension- is a heterogeneous mixture containing larger particles that settle out when
left undisturbed. there are some substances that do not mix when combined. we just
settle at the bottom or float on top.
WAYS OF SEPERATING MIXTURES
. Decantation- used in separating a less than substance from a denser one. Oil and water
can be removed by decantation.
. Evaporation- used in separating a soluble solid from a liquid.
. Filtration- uses a prorous barrier to separate solid (insoluble) from a liquid.
. Sieving- used in separating mixtures with big and fine components. It involves using
strainer or big screen to sperate components of solid mixtures.
. Using magnets- used in separating metals to nonmetals.
. Chromatography- a process for separating components of a mixture.
. Distillation- separating liquid from a solution.
FILIPINO NOTES
MGA URI NG PANGNGALANG PAMBALANA:
1. Tahas- pangngalang nararanasan ng isa sa mga limang pandamdam.
2. Basal- pangngalang tumutukoy sa kaisipan o konsepto na hinde nararanasan ng
limang pandamdam at walang pisikal na katangian. Hinde ito nakakakita o
nahahawakan.
3. Hango- pangngalang tumutukoy sa payak na pangngalan na may panlapyi.
4. Lansak- pangngalang nangangahulugan ng karamihan o Kalipunan ng marami.
5. Patalinghaga- pangngalang pambalanang di-tuwirang tumutukoy sa pinag-uukulan
ng salita kundi sa katulad o halimbawa nito.
KAYARIAN NG PANGNGALAN:
1. Payak-ito ay binubuo ng salitang-ugat lamang.
2. Maylapi- ito ay binubuo ng salitang-ugat at panlapi na maaaring matagpuan sa
unahan, gitna, o hulihan.
3. Inuulit- ito ay binubuo sa pamamagitan ng pag-uulit ng unang dalawang pantig ng
salitang –ugat o ng buong salitang ugat na maaaring mayroon o walang dagdag na
panlapi.
4. Tambalan- ang pangngalang binubuo ng pagsasama ng dalawang magkaibang
salita.
GAMIT NG PANGNGALAN:
1. Simuno o paksa- ang pinaguusapan sa pangungusap.
2. Kaganapang Pansimuno- ito ang pangngalang nasa bahaging panaguri. ( Sa
pangungusap ay Pangngalan tapos “ ay” tapos ang panaguri)
3. Tuwirang Layon o Layon ng pandiwa- pangngalang tumatanggap sa kilos ng
pandiwa.
4. Pamuno- ang nagbibigay-turing o paliwanag sa paksa.( sa pangungusap ay
pangngalan tapos “ ang” tapos ung nag dedecribe about sun sa pangngalan)
5. Panawag- pangngalang ginagamit sa panawag
6. Layon ng pangukol- ito ay gumagamit ng “ sa, para sa, para kay, tungkol sa”
MAPEH NOTES
MUSIC:

NOTES NAME BEATS/ VALUE RESTS

WHOLE NOTE 4 beats

HALF NOTE 2 beats

QUARTER NOTE 1 beats

EIGHTH NOTE ½ beats

SIXTEENTH NOTE ¼ beats

ARTS:
. LOGOS- are symbols. Represnts something as symbols, logos convey a message, an idea
or information about which they represent. Logo design is about communicating a specific
message to attract the audience.
. Personal logos- used as personal images represent brand possessions achievements or
even personal identity.
. Business and product logos- business entities in to have company logos that was or
visible symbol of a stand out product.
. Crest- these are used to identify a family country organisation
. Colours- very powerful tool presented in a logo that creates variety of emotion for the
customers.
. Digital logos- These logos are available in soft copies in the computer.
. Fonts- this style of lettering or typeface speaks a lot about the visual story of a logo.
. Logo designers- people who decide such identifying symbols or logos.
. art director- is the person that's to manage the logo design project of a company. guiding
him is a design brief he / she makes together with his team.
. graphic designer- these are artist what then to the visual presentation of a logo.
. Symbols- instantly make people associate traits or messages with a company group
product or service

P.E:
. Fitneess- is the ability to perform physical activities without getting tired easily.
Health related fitness components
. body composition- refers to the amount of fat mass and fat free mass in the body.
. cardio respiratory endurance- the ability of the heart and lungs to sustain prolong the
activities.
. muscular strength and endurance- the ability of the muscles to repeatidly exert force
while moving or in fixed position.
. Flexibility- the ability of the joints to move through its full range of motion.
Skill related fitness components
. Agility- the ability to quickly change directions
. Balance- the ability to support proposition of the body whether moving or stationary
. Coordination- the ability to use sentence together with the body parts.
. Power- the ability to combine strength and speed
. reaction time- the ability to quickly respond to a stimulus
. Speed- the ability to do things in the shortest time possible

HEALTH:
1 height and weight problems
. stunned growth- Refers to the normal growth rate in a person has been reduced this
could be her dairy or could be due to malnutrition in early childhood.
. Obesity- or excessive fatness shows this proportion body an obvious individual would
find it difficult to move around quickly. obesity of 10 results from over eating consuming
unhealthy food and eating on balanced diet.
2 hearing related problems
. Cerumen- or ear wax is brushed against the ear drum by cotton buds or other hard
objects, the ear canal gets blocked.
. swimmers ear- when water is trapped in the ears bacteria or other microorganisms in the
water may spread to the inner ear and cause infection. an infection can result in a painful
condition, as this usually happens to those in regular contact with water lake swimmers.
. Otitis media-- this is a viral or bacterial infection in the middle ear due to common colds.
Otitis media Bismarck common in children than adults because the tube that allows fresh
air in the middle ear is not yet fully developed.
3 vision related problems
. astigmatism- is a common eye problem condition experienced by young and old people
alike. a person with astigmatism has the defective lenses caused by deviation from the
normal spiracle's curvature. this prevents the light rays from meeting at the common
point as a result the images of people or things appear to be distorted and blurred this
condition can be corrected by wearing eyeglasses.
. nearsightedness or myopia- where sentence can see the objects that are close but have
problems seeing objects that are far. Optometrists an ophthalmologist say that
nearsightedness may be related to eye fatigue from computer use and prolong the
exposure to gadgets
. farsightedness or hyperopia- people with hyperopia can see clearly objects that are far
but have difficulty focusing on objects that are close.
. Xerophthalmia- is a abnormal eye condition which literally means dry eyes. it is
associated with vitamin A deficiency that leads to dry cornea and conjunctiva.
. Strabismus- our cross tide is characterised by an imbalance in alignment off the ice when
looking at an object.
4. skin hair and nail problems
. Sunburn- Chris when the skin is exposed to the sun for a long period of time. burned skin
turns red and gets irritated sunburn can cause skin swelling and may lead to the deadly
Melanoma or cancer.
. Dandruff- miss a condition wherein white flakes appear on the hair or scalp. it is
sometimes itchy causing discomfort the person with dandruff.
. Corns and calluses- hard thick hard and layers of the skin on the hands and fingers. Corns
and calluses are usually found on the toes and feet since these parts are commonly
rubbed against hard surfaces or objects.
. Blisters- I small raised areas of this skin filled with watery liquid. these can be caused by
scratching burning and other skin damages.
. ingrown toenail- result when a nail is curved and grows into the skin usually at the sides
of the nail it is caused by improper trimming wearing very tight footwear and fungal
infection.
5. posture and spine disorders
. Scoliosis- is the sideways curving on the right or left side of the spine this is condition
usually happens just before puberty or during the teenage years when there is a growth
spurt or rush.
. Lordiosis- is a condition characterised by excessive curve of spine in the lower back this
can cause pain which the increase in Word curving of the lumbar spine just above the
buttocks that creates pressure to the internal organs.
. Kyphosis- is the extreme noticeable output giving of once by causing the hunching of the
back.
7. oral and dental problems
. Cavities- occur as a result of tooth decay. tooth decay occurs when the tooth structure is
destroyed this can be prevented by proper brushing of the teeth.
. Gingivitis- is a gum disease the bacterial growth in the mouth will cause destruction of
the tissue surrounding the teeth eventually the result is tooth loss.
. Malocclusion- is another word for misaligned of the teeth. Another term for the
condition is crowded teeth this condition may cause health problems if not addressed
properly.
. bad breath or halitosis- is caused by certain foods and poor dental and oral hygiene
proper tooth brushing can prevent bad breath.