AREA PROBLEM

EXERCISES: In each of the following cases , express the area as a definite integral
Find the area under the curve where the function lies above x-axis

a. y = x2 in the interval 0 < x < 5 . ans . 125/3 sq.units

3 2
b. y = x – x – 5x – 4 in the interval - 1 < x < 2 . ans. 27/4 sq.u.
c. y = sinx in the interval 0 < x < ᴫ . ans. 2 sq. units
d. y = 4x2/3 in the interval 1 < x < 8 . ans. 12 sq.u.
e. y = (x2 + 4)/x in the interval 1< x < 4 . ans. 8 + 4ln4 – ½ s.u

RECTILINEAR MOTION:
Recall that if an object ( or particle ) moving along a straight line is at the position s(t) at time t , then its
velocity is given by v = ds/dt and its acceleraion by a = dv/dt

(1) v(t) = s’(t) the antiderivative of velocity is displacement s(t)

(2) a(t) = v’(t) = s”(t) the antiderivative of acceleration is velocity v(t)

For a body falling or rising vertically near the earth’s surface , there is a constant acceleration due to
gravity denoted by g. If positive direction is taken upward , then

(3) a = v’(t) = - g
where the constant acceleration a = g , ( 32 ft/s2 ; 9.8 m/s2 )
FINDING POSITION s AND VELOCITY v FROM ACCELERATION a

IF THE ACCELERATION a(t) OF THE OBJECT IS KNOWN ,

THEN ITS VELOCITY v is the indefinite integral of the acceleration a

𝒗(𝒕) = ∫ 𝐚(𝐭)𝐝𝐭

AND POSITION s is the indefinite integral of the velocity v

𝒔(𝒕) = ∫ 𝐯(𝐭)𝐝𝐭

Example 1:
A car traveling along a straight flat road at an initial velocity of 108 km per hour is
brought to a halt by a steadily increasing braking force . The acceleration measured
from the moment at which the brakes are applied is - 0.6 t m/s2 . How far will the
car travel before it stops?
Solution: a(t) = - 0.6t
 𝒗(𝒕) = ∫ −𝟎 . 𝟔𝐭𝐝𝐭 = −𝟎. 𝟑𝒕𝟐 + 𝐂

Initial condition : at t=0 , the initial velocity is 108 km/hr = 30 m/s

𝒗(𝟎) = 𝟑𝟎 = −𝟎. 𝟑(𝟎)𝟐 + 𝐂

C = 30

Thus the instantaneous velocity is : 𝒗(𝒕) = −𝟎. 𝟑𝒕𝟐 + 𝟑𝟎

𝒔(𝒕) = ∫ (−𝟎. 𝟑𝒕𝟐 + 𝟑𝟎)𝐝𝐭 = −𝟎. 𝟏𝒕𝟑 + 𝟑𝟎𝒕 + K

Initial condition : at t=0 , the initial position is s = 0

𝒔(𝟎) = 0 = −𝟎. 𝟏𝒕𝟑 + 𝟑𝟎𝒕 + K , K = 0

Thus The position at anytime t : 𝒔(𝒕) = −𝟎. 𝟏𝒕𝟑 + 𝟑𝟎𝒕

When the car stops v(t) = 0;

𝒗(𝒕) = 𝟎 = −𝟎. 𝟑𝒕𝟐 + 𝟑𝟎

t = 10 or - 10
the car stops in 10 sec.
and then in 10 sec the car travels a distance of

𝒔(𝟏𝟎) = −𝟎. 𝟏(𝟏𝟎)𝟑 + 𝟑𝟎(𝟏𝟎) = 200

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒓 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒔 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎 𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒕 𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒑𝒔

Example 2:
A ball is thrown vertically upward from a point 64 ft above the ground with an initial
velocity of 48 ft/s . Determine when the ball hits the ground.
Solution: a(t) = - 32

𝒗(𝒕) = ∫ −𝟑𝟐𝐝𝐭 = −𝟑𝟐𝒕 + 𝐂

Initial condition : at t=0 , the initial velocity is 48 ft/s

𝒗(𝟎) = 𝟒𝟖 = −𝟑𝟐(𝟎) + 𝐂
C = 48
Thus the instantaneous velocity is : 𝒗(𝒕) = −𝟑𝟐𝒕 + 𝟒𝟖

𝒔(𝒕) = ∫ (−𝟑𝟐𝒕 + 𝟒𝟖)𝐝𝐭 = −𝟏𝟔𝒕𝟐 + 𝟒𝟖𝒕 + K

Initial condition : at t=0 , the initial position is s = 0

( note: reference point used, when the ball is thrown)

𝒔(𝟎) = 0 = −𝟏𝟔𝒕𝟐 + 𝟒𝟖𝒕 + K , K = 0

Thus the position at anytime t : 𝒔(𝒕) = −𝟏𝟔𝒕𝟐 + 𝟒𝟖𝒕

The ball hits the ground when s(t) = – 64 ft

𝒔(𝒕) = −𝟏𝟔𝒕𝟐 + 𝟒𝟖𝒕 = - 64

𝟏𝟔𝒕𝟐 − 𝟒𝟖𝒕 − 𝟔𝟒 = 0
The equation yields two answers : t = - 1 and 4
Thus ,
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒉𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟒 𝒔𝒆𝒄

Case Study item: definite integral can also be used ,where the limits are the boundary
conditions that must be given:
when t = to , v(to)= vo and when t= tf , v(tf) = vf

𝒗𝒇 𝐭𝐟
∫ 𝐝𝐯 = ∫ 𝐚(𝐭)𝐝𝐭
𝒗𝒐 𝐭𝐨

Similarly,
when t = to , s(to)= so and when t= tf , s(tf) = sf
𝒔𝒇 𝐭𝐟
∫ 𝐝𝐬 = ∫ 𝐯(𝐭)𝐝𝐭
𝒔𝒐 𝐭𝐨

Use definite integral to solve the two examples!

ADDITIONAL STUDY ITEMS:
For example 2,
a. What is the velocity of the ball when it strikes the ground?
b. When the ball stops v(t) = 0; how far is the ball from its starting position? From
the ground?
EXERCISES:
1. The instantaneous velocity of an object moving along a horizontal line relative to a fixed point
O is v(t) = 8t – 5 ft/s . t > 0 . What is the displacement from t = 2 s to t = 5 s ?
ANS.: 69 ft

2. A particle moves along the x-axis with the origin as the reference point so that at time t in
seconds its velocity v(t) in cm/s is given by v(t) = 2t2 – 3t + 2 , t >0 . Its initial position is 5 cm to
the left of the origin. What is its position after 10 seconds?
ANS. : 1595/3 cm to the right of the orign

3. An object moves along the x-axis with its position measured relative to the origin so that its
acceleration at anytime t > 0 is 4 m/s2 . The initial velocity is -50 m/s.
a. Determine the instantaneous velocity at anytime t.
b. what is its velocity after 10 seconds? 15 seconds?
ANS.: a. v(t) = 4t – 50 b.) - 10 m/s ; 10 m/s

4. An object moves along a straight line with its position measured relative to a fixed point O .Its
acceleration at anytime t is a(t) = 6t cm/s2 , t > 0 . The initial velocity of the object is - 25 cm/s
and at t = 1 s its position is 24 cm left of the reference point. Determine when the object is
located left of the reference point.
ANS.: 0 < t < 5 sec

5. The instantaneous acceleration of an object moving along a horizontal straight line relative to a
fixed point O is a(t) = - 6 ft/s2 , t > 0 . What is the change in velocity from t = 2 s to t = 5 s ?
ANS.: - 18 ft/s

6. A stone is thrown vertically upward from a point 150 cm above the earth’s surface with an
initial velocity of 100 cm/s . Determine how long will the stone reach the maximum height and
when the stone hits the ground.
ANS.: 10/9.8 sec ; 2.18 sec

7. A truck traveling along a straight ,level road at 45 miles per hour when the driver is forced to
apply the brakes to avoid an accident. If the brakes supply a constant deceleration of 22 ft/s2,
determine
a.) the expressions for the truck’s velocity v and position c at anytime t
b.) how long will it take to stop?
c.) how far does the car travel before coming to a complete stop?
ANS.:
a.) v(t) = 66 – 22t and s(t) = 66t – 11t2 ; b.) 3 sec. ; c.) 99 feet