Integrals involving or Yielding Trigonometric Functions

Recall: u – technique

GIVEN
Transform
∫ 𝑔(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Eliminate x

EXAMPLES: Evaluate each integral.

1. ∫ cos 𝑥 (2 + sin 𝑥)9 𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑢 = 2 + sin 𝑥 . Then 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .

1
Then ∫ cos 𝑥 (2 + sin 𝑥)9 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢9 𝑑𝑢 = (2 + sin 𝑥)10 + 𝐶
10

sec 2 𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 4 tan 𝑥

Let 𝑢 = 1 + 4 tan 𝑥 . Then 𝑑𝑢 = 4sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .

sec 2 𝑥 1 𝑑𝑢 1
Then ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ = ln | 1 + 4 tan 𝑥 | + 𝐶
1 + 4 tan 𝑥 4 𝑢 4

2𝑥
3. ∫ 10cos sin(2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑢 = cos 2 𝑥 . Then 𝑑𝑢 = −2 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − sin(2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

2
cos 2𝑥 𝑢
10cos 𝑥
Then ∫ 10 sin(2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ − 10 𝑑𝑢 = − +𝐶
ln 10
4. ∫ tan 𝑦 ln(cos 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦

sin 𝑦
Let 𝑢 = ln(cos 𝑦) . Then 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑑𝑦 = − tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
cos 𝑦
1
Then ∫ tan 𝑦 ln(cos 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − ln2 (cos 𝑦) + 𝐶
2

INTEGRAL OF TANGENT, COTANGENT, SECANT, AND COSECANT

1. ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ln |cos 𝑥| + 𝐶 or ln |sec 𝑥| + 𝐶

sin 𝑥
Write tan 𝑥 = . Let 𝑢 = cos 𝑥 . Then 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
cos 𝑥

𝑑𝑢
Then ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ −
𝑢

2. ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | sin 𝑥| + 𝐶

cos 𝑥
Write cot 𝑥 = . Let 𝑢 = sin 𝑥. Then the remaining computation is similar
sin 𝑥
with (1).

3. ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥| + 𝐶

sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥+sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥

Write sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 = . Let 𝑢 = sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 .
sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥
Then 𝑑𝑢 = ( 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + sec 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑑𝑢
Thus, ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ .
𝑢
4. ∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥| + 𝐶

csc 𝑥−cot 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥−csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥

Write csc 𝑥 = csc 𝑥 = . Let 𝑢 = csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 . Then
csc 𝑥−cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥−cot 𝑥
proceed with your computation same as (3).

The table to the right summarizes the

integration formulas for trigonometric
functions

INTEGRALS INVOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS WHOSE

ANGLE IS A FUNCTION

If angle is f(x) , then let u = f(x).

𝑑𝑥
1. ∫
x cot(ln 𝑥)

1
Let 𝑢 = ln 𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Hence, ∫ = ∫ tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sec(ln 𝑥)| + 𝐶
x cot(ln 𝑥)
2. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 csc(𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 . Then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Thus , ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 csc(𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln | csc(𝑒 𝑥 ) − cot(𝑒 𝑥 ) | + 𝐶

3. ∫ sin 𝑡 sin(cos 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

Let u=cos t . Then du= − sin t dt

This implies that ∫ sin 𝑡 sin(cos 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ − sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = cos(cos 𝑡) + 𝐶

Exercise:
𝑑𝑦
1. ∫ Ans: − ln | csc(𝑒 −𝑦 ) − cot(𝑒 −𝑦 )| + 𝐶
𝑒 𝑦 sin( 𝑒 −𝑦 )
2
2. ∫ √𝑥 csc(𝑥 √𝑥 ) cot(𝑥√𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 − csc(𝑥√𝑥 ) + 𝐶
3

3. ∫(ln 𝑥 + 1) cot(𝑥 ln 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 ln | sin(𝑥 ln 𝑥 )| + 𝐶

1 (1+4 sin 𝑥)
4. ∫ 𝑒 (1+4 sin 𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 +𝐶
4

sin(3𝑡) 1
5. ∫ 𝑑𝑡 sec(3𝑡) + 𝐶
cos 2 (3𝑡) 3

𝑥 sec(𝑥 2 ) tan(𝑥 2 ) 1
6. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ln|5+sec(𝑥 2 )| + 𝐶
5+sec(𝑥 2 ) 2

1
7. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cot(𝑒 𝑥 ) csc 2 (𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 − cot 2 (𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝐶
2