11

READING AND WRITING

Concepts of Organization, Coherence and Cohesion,
Language Use and Mechanics
(Second Semester | Quarter 3 | )

Contextualized Learning Resource

Republic of the Philippines | Department of Education

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BAGO CITY
INTRODUCTION:

This Module in Reading and Writing for Grade 11 is simplified and localized to suit
the needs of the learners. The purpose of this module is to expose the learners to a lesson
that will lead them to effectively select and organize ideas. Further, this module will task
them to evaluate a sample of paragraph based on the criteria of a well-written text which
include organization, coherence and cohesion, language use and mechanics.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module, the learners will be able to:

➢ Identify concepts of organization, coherence and cohesion, language use and

mechanics.
➢ Evaluate a written text based on its properties (organization, coherence and
cohesion, language use and mechanics) (MELC)

PRELIMINARY TASK

Read the text below and answer the questions that follow:

Mr. Tupsy-Turvy: Never a Tupsy-Turvy Anymore

Mr. Tupsy-turvy was once a litterbug in his own room. Crumpled papers, curl
wrappers, wiring of gadgets, shoe boxes, art materials and many more scattered everywhere
on the floor. His bed was a clutter of pillows, blankets, towels, bags, soiled clothes and other
litters. Likewise, his cabinet was a muddle of clothes tumbling inside. Yes, they were indeed
sores to the eyes. But, Mr. Tupsy-turvy
never dared to organize them because for
him as long as he didn’t goof up with others,
he was still at peace. Until one day,
cockroaches invaded his room, haunted him
everynight and brought chaos in his life.
Cockroaches didn’t give him any choice but
to get rid of these tiny and smelly creatures
he was most afraid of. He had no other way
out except to make things in order. At last,
Mr. Tupsy-turvy started to fix everything and
never did he mess up even with himself
anymore.
Illustrator: Nierves 2022
 What value is emphasized in the text? Why is being organized important? How do
you become an organized person?

Organization is also important in writing. It is one of the properties of a well-written

text. Other properties are coherence and cohesion, language use and mechanics. All these
properties will be discussed in this lesson to enable you to evaluate a paragraph properly
through the use of rubric.

PRESENTATION OF THE LESSON

A good paragraph should be well-organized. Organization refers to the arrangement

of ideas which include three parts:
1. Introduction is the first sentence in the paragraph that introduces the topic clearly.
It should be inviting to the readers to attract their attention and encourage them to finish
reading the whole paragraph.
2. Supporting details are the logically-arranged sentences that provide substantial
details about the topic.
3. Conclusion is the last sentence in the paragraph that summarizes the topic
effectively and interestingly.

Coherence and cohesion means that all sentences in the paragraph are
meaningfully connected to each other. It also shows logical arrangement of sentences and
clear transition of ideas from one sentence to another. Coherence and cohesion is achieved
through the use of connecting devices or transition signals.
Connecting devices or transition signals are words or phrases used to connect
sentences in order to understand better the relationships between and among ideas. Each
connecting device has specific function in order to achieve coherence and cohesion in
writing.

Examples of Connecting Devices:

Contrast: but, while, contrastingly, nevertheless, however, although

Addition: moreover, and, further, additionally, better still

Similarity: likewise, similarly, in the same way

Cause and Effect: therefore, as a result of, due to, consequently, because, so that

Place: below, above, around, beside, near

Time: first, next, then, before, now

Language use includes the use of appropriate vocabulary and suitability of tone or
formality level in writing. There is good vocabulary when the words are richly and
appropriately used according to the purpose of writing. On the other hand, the tone/ formality
level is achieved when the writer successfully establishes rapport with the reader and
considers the formality level of the text.

The formality level of the language should jive with the purpose of writing and the
relationships between the writer and reader.

Formal language is serious and polite in tone. It is used in writing researches,

laboratory reports, position papers and other professional or academic texts. It prohibits
using informal language, contractions, first person persona, etc. It allows using modal verbs
like would, could, etc.

On the other hand, informal language is casual, personal and friendly in tone. It is
used in writing personal emails or chat, text messages, blogs, personal letters, etc. The
receiver of the message is usually family members, friends or other persons closely related
to the writer. It allows using two-word verbs, abbreviations, contractions or other informal
expressions to convey the message.

Mechanics refers to the application of rules in grammar and sentence structure as

well as spelling, punctuation mark, capitalization, abbreviation, italics and numbers which
conform to the convention of Standard English.

Some Rules to Remember:

Rules on Subject- Verb Agreement:

1. Singular subject takes singular verb.
Singular verb is usually formed by adding s to the base form of the verb.
Ex: starts (base form= start + s)
2. Plural subject takes plural verb.
Plural verb is expressed in the base form of the verb.
Ex: start

Rules on Capitalization:
1. Write the first word of every sentence in capital letter.
2. Write proper noun such as names of persons, places, etc. in capital letter.

Rules on Punctuation:
1. Use period at the end of every sentence.
2. Use apostrophe to denote possession.
3. Use comma to separate ideas that are enumerated.

Rules on Numbers:
1. Use words to write a number at the start of a sentence.
 ACTIVITIES

I. Read and answer each question correctly. Encircle the letter of the correct
answer.

1. Which sentence doesn’t follow proper abbreviation?

A. In front of the coliseum, stood the lofty monument of G. Juan
Araneta.
B. Tinago Mountain Resort is a nice destination for families who want
to escape the bustles of the city.
C. Rafael Salas Park and Nature Center offers peaceful venues for
seminars, trainings and workshops.
D. Bantayan Park is a nice place to hang out while waiting for the
sunset.

2. Which of the following sentences contains error in the use of punctuation

mark?
A. Sea salt farm in Barangay Sampinit continues to produce rock salt
through manual labor.
B. Kakanins are peddled in Bago Public Market to satisfy the cravings
of the public.
C. Sericulture in OISCA is a lively trade producing world-class quality
products.
D. The kwakoy of Brgy. Sagasa is such a sweet delicacy, says a
Bagonhon.

3. Which of the following sentences has correct subject verb agreement?

A. Babaylan Festival, a dance drama depicting rituals of marriage,
baptism and healing are celebrated every 19 th day of February.
B. “Lights of Bago”, the annual musical fireworks display of Bago City
attract huge crowd not only from Bago City but also from
neighboring cities and municipalities.
C. Every June 24 when Bago City celebrates its Patronal Fiesta, the
fluvial procession is an interesting event to witness.
D. The re-enactment of Al Cinco de Noviembre revolution through the
“Sigabong sa Kanyon” are ear-defeaning but exciting event.

4. Which sentence contains error in spelling?

A. Mirienda spots where you could savor a variety of flaky, cheesy,
sweetish and saucy bites abound in Bago City.
B. Resto cafés which offer excellent quality of coffee and other
beverages capture the tastes of coffee drinkers.
C. Bantayan Food Park provides a cozy venue for family diners while
enjoying their tasty meals.
D. Carinderias serving healthful foods like vegetable and fish servings
are everywhere in Bago.
5. Which sentence has errors in writing figures?
A. Bago City is the rice granary of Negros Occidental providing 20%
rice production for the whole province.
B. 24 barangays comprise Bago City with 8 rural and 16 urban.
C. Brgy. Ilijan, is the farthest barangay with a distance of 30.50
kilometers from the city proper.
D. Brgy. Bacong is the widest barangay with land area of 4,827.0350
hectares

6. Which of the following sentences is informal in tone?

A. Hey, travellers, don’t miss Bantayan Food hub in your choices for
hearty meals in the cozy ambiance of the river.
B. More than ninety-nine percent of the residents of Bago are Ilonggo
speakers.
C. Bago City is known as the “Home of Historical and Natural
Treasures,” because of its rich cultural heritage and abundant trees,
flowers and natural land and water forms.
D. Every February 12-19, Bago City celebrates its Agro Industrial,
Cultural, & Educational Fair which the 24 barangays exhibit their
products in their booths.

7. Which of the following sentences is irrelevant to the topic, “The Hidden

Resort”.
A. It is an awesome mountain resort with swimming pools for toddlers,
children and adults.
B. It is fun listening to the water rushing in their infinity pool and looking
at their huge rocks.
C. It is enjoyable to trek towards their wonderful water falls.
D. My family has always been my shopping buddy on weekends.

8. Which of the following can be a concluding sentence?

A. Likewise, it is a romantic place to witness the golden sun sinks on its
throne every afternoon.
B. Moreover, it is energy-boasting to get pricked by the morning
sunlight for joggers.
C. Further, on Friday nights, teenagers and band-lovers gather to
witness the bands play their music.
D. Indeed, Bantayan Park is a place where spectators could have
enjoyable activities.

9. Which sentence uses connecting device to show addition?

A. It highlights “Sigabong sang mga Kanyon Competition” among the
barangays of Bago City.
B. Cinco de Noviembre holds various events to commemorate the
bloodless revolution that freed Negros from the Spanish colonizers.
C. It features the drum and lyre competition among the high schools
and elementary schools in the Division of Bago City for additional
exciting events.
D. Furthermore, it hosts an Invitational Fancy Drill Competition among
its neighboring towns and cities to delight the celebration.
 10. Which sentence is a good introductory sentence?
A. Biray sa Bantayan is celebrated every June 24 in honor of St. John
the Baptist as Bago City’s patron saint.
B. It begins with a procession of the image of St. John the Baptist from
the Roman Catholic Church to Bantayan Park.
C. It is highlighted with a fluvial parade where decorated boats cruise
the calm water of Bago River.
D. This celebration is sponsored by the City Government of Bago and
Purok Sunflower, Barangay Poblacion.

II. Read the paragraph below and evaluate its development by answering the questions
below:

Are you looking for a place to satisfy your weekend? Well, you don’t need to tire
yourself with long travel hours because we’ve got it here right in our own locality! Bago City
has a variety of natural sites which could satisfy every traveller’s whim. For those wanting to
escape the noise of the city, have a peaceful stay at Rafael Salas Park and Nature Center
situated at the heart of the verdant mountains and feast on the scenic view while being
caressed with the soothing wind. Moreover, for those who wish to take a refreshing bath,
spend your day at Kipot Falls where you could freshen up in the cool dripping water of the
falls and take stealthy steps on the huge rocks scattered everywhere. Further, for those who
want to have a cold bath and enjoy the colorful view of nature, visit Buenos Aires where you
could chill in the cold water of the pool or walk leisurely on the sloping trail while lavishing
the picturesque view of lush trees and blooming flowers. Finally, for those who want to
instantly reach the site of the falls without taking effort in going up and down the slopes,
choose Pataan Falls which powerfully greets approaching visitors with strong rushing sound
of the fall and the murmur of the flowing stream at the entrance. Best travels need not to be
far because Bago City possesses what it takes to have a revitalizing sojourn for your family
and friends over the weekend.

1 Which is the introductory sentence of the paragraph?

A. Are you looking for a place to satisfy your weekend?
B. Well, you don’t need to tire yourself with long travel hours because we’ve
got it here right in our own locality!
C. Bago City has a variety of natural sites which could satisfy every traveller’s
whim.
D. Best travels need not to be far because Bago City possesses what it takes
to have a revitalizing sojourn for your family and friends over the weekend.
2. Which is the concluding sentence of the paragraph?
A. Bago City has a variety of natural sites which could satisfy every traveller’s
whim.
B. For those wanting to escape the buzzle of the city, have a peaceful stay at
Rafael Salas Park and Nature Center situated at the heart of the verdant
mountains and feast on the scenic view while being caressed with the
soothing wind.
C. Finally, for those who want to instantly reach the site of the falls without
taking effort in going up and down the slopes, choose Pataan Falls which
powerfully greets approaching visitors with strong rushing sound of the fall
and the murmur of the flowing stream at the entrance.
D. Best travels need not to be far because Bago City possesses what it takes
to have a revitalizing sojourn for your family and friends over the weekend.
3. Are the details relevant to the topic sentence?
A. Yes, all details are relevant.
B. No, all details are irrelevant.
C. One of the details is irrelevant.
D. Only one detail is relevant.

4. The transition signals, ‘moreover’ and ‘further’ suggest __________.

A. addition
B. cause and effect
C. comparison and contrast
D. explanation

5. The vocabulary is appropriate because _____________

A. the paragraph uses words that lead to a clearer understanding of the text.
B. there are figures of speech used in the paragraph.
C. the paragraph is rich in symbolism.
D. the paragraph expresses facts.

6. Which is true among the sentences below?

A. The text is formal because it promotes the treasures of Bago City.
B. The text is formal because it has complete parts which are introduction,
body and conclusion.
C. The text is informal because it is friendlier in tone
D. The text is informal because it is written in the third person.

7. Are there errors in grammar, spelling, capitalization and punctuation marks?

A. The first sentence contains error in spelling
B. The second sentence contains error in the use of contraction
C. The third sentence contains error in capitalization
D. All sentences have correct grammar, spelling, capitalization and
punctuation marks.

ASSESSMENT

Read and evaluate the paragraph below using the rubric provided.

Bago City has a teeming history and culture preserved in historical landmarks. First is
the Balay ni Tan Juan which is a memorabilia of Spanish- design house and safely keeps
antiquated household tools and equipment used by Tan Juan’s family. Another, is the
century-old John the Baptist Catholic Church which features Mexican architectural design
where folk worshippers converted to Christianity took refuge during the Spanish era. Next, is
the General Juan A. Araneta Monument which is a reminder of heroism of Gen. Juan
Araneta who outwitted the Spanish conquerors and drove them away using fake rifles and
cannons. Finally, is the Bago City Old Bridge which left ruins that told about the bravery of
an American who died while defending the bridge against the forces of the Japanese.
Indeed, Bago City is a landscape of cultural heritage.
 COMPONENTS 3 2 1
1. ORGANIZATION
The introductory The introductory No introductory
sentence sentence doesn’t sentence is used
introduces the introduce the main
Introduction
main topic clearly topic clearly and is
and is inviting to confusing to the
the reader reader
The supporting The supporting details The supporting
sentences are are limited and not details are
Supporting Details
substantial and arranged logically irrelevant
arranged logically
The concluding The concluding There is no
sentence sentence summarizes concluding
Conclusion summarizes the the topic ineffectively sentence.
topic effectively and disruptively
and interestingly
2. COHERENCE AND COHESION
All connecting Only a few of the There are no
devices are used connecting devices connecting
effectively to show are used effectively to devices used
logical and clear show logical and clear
transitions among transition among ideas
ideas.
3. LANGUAGE USE
The vocabulary is The vocabulary is The vocabulary is
rich and used limited. not suitable for the
Vocabulary
appropriately in text.
the text.
The writer The writer tries to The writer doesn’t
successfully establish rapport with establish rapport
establishes the readers but with the readers
rapport with the doesn’t clearly build and creates
Tone/ Formality Level
readers and the formality level of confusion on the
clearly builds the the text. formality level of
formality level of the text.
the text.
4. MECHANICS
There are no There are some errors There are severe
errors in grammar in grammar usage and errors in grammar
Usage/ Structure
usage and structure. usage and
structure. structure.
Spelling, Punctuation There are no There are some errors There are severe
mark, Capitalization, errors in spelling, in spelling, errors in spelling,
Abbreviation, Italics and punctuation mark, punctuation mark, punctuation mark,
Numbers capitalization, capitalization, capitalization,
abbreviation, abbreviation, italics abbreviation,
italics and and numbers italics and
numbers. numbers.

Total Score: ______/ 24

 Numerical Rating Descriptive Rating

8-13 Needs Improvement

14- 19 Fair
20-23 Superior
24 Excellent

Suggestions/ Comments:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

ENRICHMENT

Develop your own paragraph and exchange it with a partner for evaluation using the rubric
above.

References:

https://manual.eg.poly.edu/index.php/Writing_Numbers,_Units_of_Measure,_and_Equations
https://www.uts.edu.au/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/grammar/formal-
and-informal-language
http://bagocity.gov.ph/geographical-features/
https://adventurerisk.wordpress.com/bago-city/

Prepared by:

GIRLIE A. PANAGUITON
Teacher III/ RTNHS-SHS